Expansion of Education in the United States of America Order Instructions: Assignment 2: Research Paper Part 1 – The Foundation
Expansion of Education in the United States of America
If you have ever asked a question, wondered why something is as it is, or tried to understand an event, you have engaged in research. For this assignment, you will create the first part of your research paper. You should use the headings below for the sections of your paper.
For this assignment, you will craft the framework of your research using the articles you collected and summarized from Assignment 1 and / or other articles you found that relate to your research topic. Assignments 2, 3, and 4 will all build on each other to create one comprehensive research paper. Each time you submit an assignment, your instructor will provide feedback that you can use moving forward with the other parts of the research paper.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
Describe the:
Introduction to your topic.
Purpose of your research.
Problem statement.
Summarize the literature you collected related to your topic.
Identify the:
Gap(s) in the literature.
Research question or hypotheses of your topic.
Proposed theory for your research.
Include at least six (6) peer-reviewed quantitative or qualitative articles related to your topic.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Identify a research topic and describe why it can and should be studied.
Determine the appropriateness of peer-reviewed literature to support research topics.
Use technology and information resources to research issues related to educational research methods.
Use quantitative and/or qualitative approaches to create research topics.
Analyze research methodologies that support specific research topics.
Evaluate the components of a research proposal.
Write clearly and concisely about educational research methods using proper writing mechanics.
Determine the appropriate research procedures when designing a qualitative study.
Determine the appropriate research procedures when designing a quantitative study.
Expansion of Education in the United States of America Sample Answer
Introduction
The expansion of education in the United States of America remains one of the defining features of this current time. As a result of the pressures exerted by the impacts of globalization and the desire of the society in taking part in knowledge acquisition remains one of the approaches that advance the prosperity of the United States of America. This therefore points out to the need for the proper management of access to equitable higher education as a tool that would shape the course of the society (Bragg, & Durham, 2012). Several research approaches have been developed with the aim of creating an understanding on the inequalities that are engineered and the approaches that can be employed in ensuring equality access to education is employed. This desertification aims at developing a research inquiry that will determine the manner in which equity in educational systems are dispensed in the United States.
Purpose of the Research
In consideration of the fact that several nations have made progress in the enrolment of larger populations of learners that also include the traditional cohort ages, it is of significance to determine that this aspect has been noted to exclude some segments of people in the society. As a result of this factor, there has been an instance of inequality in the manner in which education is dispensed in different institutions in the United States of America (Bragg, & Durham, 2012). This therefore points out to the purpose of this research inquiry which seeks to address and discover how access and equity within the education systems in America can be initiated.
Problem Statement
As mentioned, the increased, enrolments within public educational institutions in the US fails to take cognizance of all the sectors of the population in an equal way. This clearly depicts the fact that the nation needs to ensure appropriate approaches directed towards encouraging the unrepresented groups to enroll for learning in different institutions. Different research inquiries were over the past developed to determine the inequalities in the access to public education in the United States, with many of these studies pegging their findings on the elements that result in these inequalities. This clearly points out to the gap between this research inquiry that aims to determine how access and equity in public education can be dispensed and the significance of these approaches.
Literature Review
It is essential to determine the fact that Bragg, & Durham (2012) eludes that access and equity in the manner in which education is dispensed remain the backbone of development in any nation. The lack of equitable education is both parts of the reason why poverty and its diminution still exist in the society today (pp.107). This, therefore, requires that a sustained and appropriate access to an equitable approach to education remains a critical element in the long-term improvement of the society. In this case, education should be designed in a manner that offers life-long learning abilities and capabilities to the learners with the primary objective of preparing the learners for their success after completing their course irrespective of their ages, genders, physical abilities, economic statuses, and learning abilities.
On the other hand, Bragg, & Durham (2012) alleges that Higher Education is one of the elements that are characterized by hopes for intellectual and civic progress within a nation. For many people in America, education is considered part of societal problems rather than the solution to the challenges that face the society. According to Lubienski (2013), Higher Education benefits individuals since it allows the learners to participate and accrue the benefits to the society. However, it is essential to mention that different kinds of literature have identified that there is a segment of the population within the society that are offered limited opportunities to take advantage of the socioeconomic benefits that come with education. Salmi, & Bassett (2014) provides evidence that show there have been limited attempts to develop policies that are directed towards increasing the access and ensuring equity to education among different segments of people in the society.
According to Gilbert & Heller (2013), it was determined that the cost of Higher Education remained barriers to many of the students in achieving their educational needs. This, therefore, resulted in the nation depriving itself of potential leaders and socially competent individuals by allowing the element of access to be based on the economic status. This, therefore, required the government of the United States of America to play a significant role in Higher Education by providing financial assistance geared towards aiding learners to access education.
Additionally, there was also the need for the government to ensure that Higher Education was equally availed to all learners irrespective of their race, sex, creed and national origin. This is in consideration of the fact that access was also hampered by the element of racism (Gilbert, & Heller, 2014). It is therefore essential to determine that there is a gap in these literature considering the fact that they provide the manner in which access and equity have both been viewed in different institutions. However, the literature do not depict the approaches that may be employed in ensuring that access and equity are incorporated within the education systems of America.
Expansion of Education in the United States of America Research Questions
How can public education be expanded to meet all the segments of society?
What are the substantial elements that need to be incorporated to ensure that this expansion captures all the under-represented segments of the society?
Proposed Theory for the Research
This study is therefore based on determining the element of access and equity within the US public education in different institutions of learning. The research, therefore, involves a qualitative method that is directed towards obtaining the research data. This discipline with therefore takes an investigation aimed at gathering in-depth understanding as to how public education can be expanded to meet each and every segment of the population in the society. This will, therefore, seeks to answer the how in the initiation of these approaches in education. Data is therefore collected within three different institutions of learning; Spring Hill College, Stillman College, and Talladega College, all in the state of Alabama in the United States of America.
Additionally, the research paper will also determine the phenomenon of the elements that need to be incorporated in ensuring that these expansions capture the under-represented groups in the society. This will be done through observations in the numerical reorientations that are provided and a thorough statistical analysis into determining this element (Warren, 2014). Besides this, there will be a questionnaire that will be provided to the authorities in the three educational institutions mentioned to give a statistical representation of the findings in this inquiry. Interviews with these respondents and a few expert personnel’s in this field may also be considered.
Expansion of Education in the United States of America Conclusion
As determined in the study, the expansion of education in the United States of America remains one of the defining features of this current time. As a result of the pressures exerted by the impacts of globalization and the desire of the society in taking part in knowledge, acquisition remains one of the approaches that advance the prosperity of the United States of America (Warren, 2014). This, therefore, requires the development of appropriate interventions that are geared towards ensuring that equity and access to Higher Education are incorporated within educational institutions.
Expansion of Education in the United States of America References
Bragg, D. D., & Durham, B. (2012). Perspectives on Access and Equity in the Era of (Community) College Completion. Community College Review, 40(2), 106-125.
Gilbert, C. K., & Heller, D. E. (2013). Access, Equity, and Community Colleges: The Truman Commission and Federal Higher Education Policy from 1947 to 2011. Journal of Higher Education, 84(3), 417-443.
Gilbert, C. K., & Heller, D. E. (2014). Access, Equity, and Community Colleges: The Truman Commission and Federal Higher Education Policy from 1947 to 2011. Journal of Higher Education, 84(3), 417-443.
Lubienski, C. (2013). Privatizing form or function? Equity, outcomes, and influence in American charter schools. Oxford Review of Education, 39(4), 498-513. doi:10.1080/03054985.2013.821853
Salmi, J., & Bassett, R. (2014). The equity imperative in tertiary education: Promoting fairness and efficiency. International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft, 60(3), 361-377. doi:10.1007/s11159-013-9391-z
Warren, M. R. (2014). Transforming Public Education: The Need for an Educational Justice Movement. New England Journal of Public Policy, 26(1), 1-16.
Access and Equity in US Public Education Order Instructions: The Scavenger Hunt
Access and Equity in US Public Education
I have a research topic consisting of four (4) assignments for this term. This assignment #1 represents the first step through the research. The research topic for this term is:
“Access and Equity in U.S. Public Education”.
Read the instructions below.
Assignment 1: The Scavenger Hunt
In this assignment, find four (4) peer-reviewed quantitative or qualitative articles related to the topic (Access and Equity in U.S. Public Education). Read each article.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
1. Summarize each article [approximately one to two (1-2) paragraphs per article] and identify the:
a. Purpose of the research.
b. Problem statement.
c. Gaps in the literature that studied the problem.
d. Research question and/or hypotheses.
e. Theory or conceptual framework.
f. Findings of the research.
2. Describe one to two (1-2) aspects of each article that are relevant to the research topic you have chosen.
3. Provide a preliminary reference page in APA format of the articles you summarized.
4. Include at least four (4) peer-reviewed quantitative or qualitative articles related to the topic (Access and Equity in U.S. Public Education).
The assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Identify a research topic and describe why it can and should be studied.
• Determine the appropriateness of peer-reviewed literature to support research topics.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues related to educational research methods.
• Use quantitative and/or qualitative approaches to create research topics.
• Analyze research methodologies that support specific research topics.
• Describe ethical considerations in the research process.
• Evaluate the components of a research proposal.
• Write clearly and concisely about educational research methods using proper writing mechanics.
Access and Equity in US Public Education Sample Answer
Introduction
Equity in the manner in which education systems are being dispensed in the United States remains one of the basic tenets within the education sector that has been made but the civil rights legislation. However, it is essential to note that legislation does not provide that all the students will have access and equity that is required in the taking of full advantage of the opportunities provided in educating all the students (Bragg, & Durham, 2012). It is therefore essential to note that in the academic arena, access is determined as enrolling a larger population within an institution who has the urge to get an education while equity requires the element of creating opportunities to all the citizens. This paper, therefore, seeks to determine the element of access and equity as referred to in the U.S public education.
Literature Review
Access and Equity in U.S Public Education
According to Warren (2014), the greater and inclusive participation in public education remains an issue that needs to go beyond the elements of social justice. In this globalized society, the author tends to believe that the economic success of the U.S highly depends on its ability to manage the varied amounts of knowledge with the aim of developing human capital. This is, therefore, the place where the nation’s economic prosperity results; thus making the access and equity to public education a national priority.
Apparently, most nations have made success in the enrolment of a larger percentage that is comprised of the traditional cohort age, a factor that clearly excludes all the segments of the population. According to Bragg, & Durham (2012), the element of equity fails to occur naturally from the access to education, a factor that determines the need to newer interventions in addressing the factors that creates a clear demarcation of the people who enroll and persist through until graduation (p.107).
It is however essential to determine that the U.S government and other educational entities and institutions are finding approaches of addressing that challenges that have majorly resulted from the process of recruitment, selection, and support of students from a wider spectrum within the age cohort especially by putting emphasis on the students from the under-represented groups (Gilbert, & Heller, 2013). The growing diversity in education has therefore forced many learning institutions to face the challenges with the aim of ensuring that most of the new students are persistent in the completion of their programs.
On the other hand, Lubienski (2013) alleges that every society faces challenges with inequalities in education, a factor that stands out as a result of the social, historical, and economic factors. According to this author, in order to actually demonstrate the access and a widened secured equity within an environment, it is necessary to have a clear understanding both the demographics and cultures of the education systems and the society. This clearly points out to the fact that there are few if any universal solutions in this case. The element of equity has therefore raised several questions in relation to the interface of the institutions of learning and the society that surrounds them with this clearly depicting the fact that what is universal remains in the solving of complex challenges that are embedded in the conditions that find deeper roots in culture and history.
Purpose of the research
Considering the fact that most nations have succeeded in the enrolment of larger populations of students that are comprised of the traditional cohort age, it is essential to point out to the fact that this clearly excludes all the segments of the population. This factor, therefore, leads to the primary aim of this study remains in determining the manner in which access and equity U.S public education can be initiated within learning institutions.
Problem statement
It is essential to determine the fact that increased enrolments within public institutions in the U.S has does not include all the sectors of the population in an equal manner. This, therefore, indicates the fact that the country needs to introduce approaches that are geared towards encouraging the underrepresented groups within the society to enroll within institutions of learning.
Several kinds of literature have over the past been directed towards determining the major challenges that are related to the access and equity of public education in the United States of America. However, their primary objectives were pegged on determining the factors that result in inequity in the access to public education. This, therefore, draws the gap between this study, which aims to establish the manner in which access and equity to public education can be initiated, and the rationale behind this factor.
Research Questions
How can public education be expanded to meet all the segments of society?
What are the substantial elements that need to be incorporated to ensure that this expansion captures all the under-represented segments of the society?
This study is therefore based on determining the element of access and equity within the US public education in different institutions of learning. The research, therefore, involves a qualitative method that is directed towards obtaining the research data. Data is therefore collected within three different institutions; Spring Hill College, Stillman College, and Talladega College both in the state of Alabama in the United States of America.
Findings of the Research
It is imperative to note that the data collected clearly depict the manner in which huge enrolments in the institutions of learning fail to capture the element of equity and access to public education in the three institutions of learning. Due to this factor, there is a need to, therefore, develop approaches of incorporating the under-represented groups who fail to access public education in the US (Gilbert, & Heller, 2013). This requires institutions to ensure that appropriate approaches and resources are put in place to develop programs that allow such groups to undertake education.
Access and Equity in US Public Education Conclusion
Equity in the manner in which education systems are being dispensed in the United States remains one of the basic tenets within the education sector that has been made but the civil rights legislation. It is therefore important to note that the greater and inclusive participation in public education remains an issue that needs to go beyond the elements of social justice. In this globalized society, the author tends to believe that the economic success of the U.S highly depends on its ability to manage the varied amounts of knowledge with the aim of developing human capital.
Access and Equity in US Public Education References
Bragg, D. D., & Durham, B. (2012). Perspectives on Access and Equity in the Era of (Community) College Completion. Community College Review, 40(2), 106-125.
Lubienski, C. (2013). Privatizing form or function? Equity, outcomes, and influence in American charter schools. Oxford Review of Education, 39(4), 498-513. doi:10.1080/03054985.2013.821853
Gilbert, C. K., & Heller, D. E. (2013). Access, Equity, and Community Colleges: The Truman Commission and Federal Higher Education Policy from 1947 to 2011. Journal of Higher Education, 84(3), 417-443.
Warren, M. R. (2014). Transforming Public Education: The Need for an Educational Justice Movement. New England Journal of Public Policy, 26(1), 1-16.
It is important that the writer closely follow the sample paper attached in the email, and most importantly the writer will have to respect all the headings and sub-headings as in the sample paper. the writer must also include an abstract as it is in the sample paper. The sources for completing the paper cannot be more than 5 years old and must include DOI where necessary.
Lack of Education on Patient with type 2 Diabetes Sample Answer
Lack of proper education on patient with type 2 diabetes
Abstract
Introduction
Diabetes is presently a popular chronic diseases where the patient is required to make a wide array of self-management decisions daily as well as perform complicated care activities. Diabetes self-management education acts as the basis to assist the patients to navigate these activities and decisions. Kapoor and Kleinbart (2012) indicated that it greatly improves health outcomes. diabetes education on self-management can be described as the process through which the skills, knowledge, and ability needed for the disease’s self-care is facilitated. As far as diabetes type 2 is concerned, patient education covers different aspects. Therefore, how effective the education is will greatly determine the extent to which the patient will engage in self-care. some of the aspects that patient education should cover includes the treatment options, disease process, causes, factors contributing to the disease, nutritional plan, exercise plan, knowledge about the medications that are prescribed, monitoring blood glucose, knowledge about the chronic and acute complications, individual approaches for promoting health, and the psychosocial issues (Mshunqane, Stewart & Rothberg, 2012). Type Regardless of how patient education is important, proper education still lacks, and there are a number of factors contributing to this. This paper aims at exploring the lack of proper education among diabetes type 2 patients.
Quality measures
Recently, NICE updated guidance on diabetes type 2 management. The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions developed the guidance. The then NICE guidelines are replaced and recommendations in some technology appraisals updated. The guidance will function as the only reference point for all care aspects. Worth noting, the guidance puts a lot of emphasis on patient education and complexities of management, lifestyle changes, as well as therapy side-effects have been made the priority. There is a recommendation that people suffering from diabetes type 2 should receive continuous education beginning from diagnosis, in addition to tailored dietary advice. The ADA’s (America Diabetes Association) position is that all diabetes patients should be provided with education and support from diagnosis and thereafter (Ruffin, 2016). The position statement is meant for the specific needs of people suffering from diabetes. This gives the indication that awareness among the patients is acknowledged as a very cardinal aspect for successful self-care.
Assessing the Need for Change in Practice
Stakeholders
Diabetes type 2 patients are the key stakeholders. These patients’ caregivers are also cardinal stakeholders since they mostly are concerned with caring for the patients. The entire healthcare team is the main stakeholder based on the fact that there are different aspects that should be monitored in patients on a regular basis (Green, 2014).
Barriers to Change
Some of the barriers that are likely to hinder change include the existing knowledge, fears, and beliefs about the disease, accessibility to care, the influence of friends and peers, and health beliefs affect learning and consequently, the management behaviors. Therefore, it is worth pointing out that comprehending the expectations and needs of diabetes type 2 patients is cardinal in improving and initiating the education programs’ outcomes for effective self-care (Lee et al., 2013).
Facilitators to Change
Change can only be facilitated by making comprehensive explanations about the different aspects of the disease so that the patients can understand the impacts of failing to engage in the recommended practices. If patients have all the necessary details about the disease, then it would be easy for them to do away with the barriers that prevent proper information reception. For example, a patient who knows about the disease well is less likely to continue holding on health and spiritual beliefs that would only contribute to negative consequences (Garber, Gross & Slonim, 2010).
Internal Data
Many people present in healthcare institutions with the symptoms of diabetes type 2. Early diagnosis greatly ensures that complications are avoided and management is done properly.
External Data
Everyone in Ontario ought to comprehend the disease’s seriousness since all are susceptible to it as well as the resulting health impacts. Diabetes type 2’s prevalence is alarmingly high. It is also expected to rise within the coming decade. In Ontario, more than 600,000 people suffer from the disease while many others are not yet aware that they have the disease. 4 out of 10 people suffering from the disease will develop long-term and debilitating complications. The disease is a known main cause of kidney disease, blindness, premature death, stroke, heart disease, and limb amputation among others.
Theoretical Model and Framework
The social learning theory that was crafted by Bandura is proper for exploring this issue at hand. It argues that people gain knowledge and skills after observing and imitating others, and through modeling. It also entails of aspects like memory, attention, and motivation. Learning occurs after people observe the attitudes as well as the behaviors of other people, in addition to the consequences of those attitudes and behaviors. Mostly, learning occurs through modeling and observation (Chijioke, Adamu & Makusidi, 2010). Therefore, if a given community continuously engages in activities aimed at managing and preventing diabetes type 2 which are encouraged by healthcare professionals, with lower disease rates, complications, and deaths as the effects, then all the communities around will imitate the particular community so as to realize similar impacts.
Problem
Regardless of the fact that various members in the community and from the healthcare team contribute in different ways to patient education, there is a great need for the providers as well as the practice settings to possess systematic referral processes and resources so that patients can receive education consistently. For example, the first education session might be offered by the healthcare professional while ongoing education sessions are offered by other practice personnel (Rosenstock & Owens, 2008). This can result in inconsistencies. Many times the programs that are designed fail to address the health beliefs, current knowledge, cultural needs, emotional concerns, physical limitations, financial status, family support, health literacy, medical history, and numeracy among other factors.
Problem Statement
There are numerous barriers that hinder effective patient education. Unless if those barriers are addressed, then even the most comprehensive education sessions will be useless (Stults-Kolehmainen & Sinha, 2014).
Possible Interventions
There is a great need for healthcare professionals to provide structured education to all diabetes type 2 patients and their care givers right from the diagnosis time. this should be accompanied by annual review and reinforcement. In addition, the practitioners ought to inform the caregivers and patients that education is a cardinal component of diabetes care. The reviews should be conducted regularly based on need identification. Education should focus on all the good practice principles. In addition to this, the professionals should be keen at identifying the barriers that are likely to interfere with effective education reception or practice of all that was taught. The barriers should all be eliminated for effectiveness. Valencia and Florez (2014) noted that many patients anticipate diabetes education barriers. He, therefore, recommended that interventions at the multiple levels ought to address the socioeconomic and demographic diabetes education obstacles for effective self-management training (Zoepke & Green, 2012).
Critical Outcome Indicators
Definitely, following effective education among diabetes type 2 patients, numerous critical outcomes indicators would be evident. The patients would be able to make to make informed decisions about the treatment options that need, and understand more about the disease process. Moreover, they would be active in educating others about the causes and factors that contribute to the disease as a preventive measure. Moreover, following awareness creation on the proper diets, the patients would always be able to engage in appropriate nutritional and exercise plans, which would help prevent the related chronic diseases. The patients would also be able to engage actively and appropriately in monitoring blood glucose, taking right medications, taking the necessary measures to prevent the chronic and acute complications, promote health appropriately, and well as address the psychosocial issues (Augustyniak & Tadeusiewicz, 2009).
Goals and Purpose
Eliminating the barriers to diabetes education can ultimately improve patient experiences on education and care, improve populations and individuals’ health, as well as minimize diabetes- associated healthcare costs. In addition to eliminating the barriers, it is important to create an algorithm that defines what, how, and when the education should be offered to the patients.
Purpose Statement
Eliminating barriers to education and creating a proper algorithm can greatly promote effective education for better health.
Lack of Education on Patient with type 2 Diabetes References
Augustyniak, P., & Tadeusiewicz, R. (2009). Background 2.
Chijioke, A., Adamu, A. N., & Makusidi, A. M. (January 01, 2010). Mortality patterns among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ilorin, Nigeria: original research. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes in South Africa, 15, 2, 79-82.
Garber, J. S., Gross, M., & Slonim, A. D. (2010). Avoiding common nursing errors. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Green, B. (June 06, 2014). Diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers: an often hidden problem: the review. Sa Pharmacist’s Assistant, 14, 3, 23-26.
Kapoor, B., & Kleinbart, M. (April 01, 2012). Building an Integrated Patient Information System for a Healthcare Network. Journal of Cases on Information Technology (jcit), 14, 2, 27-41.
Lee YK, Ng CJ, Lee PY, Khoo EM, Abdullah KL, Low WY, Samad AA, Chen WS, & Lee, Yew Kong. (2013). What are the barriers faced by patients using insulin? A qualitative study of Malaysian health care professionals’ views. Dove Press.
Mshunqane, N., Stewart, A. V., & Rothberg, A. D. (January 01, 2012). Type 2 diabetes management: patient knowledge and health care team perceptions, South Africa: original research. African Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 4, 1, 1-7.
Rosenstock, J., & Owens, D. (January 01, 2008). Treatment of Type 2 Using Insulin: When to Introduce?.
Ruffin, T. R. (January 01, 2016). Health Information Technology and Change.
Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Sinha, R. (January 01, 2014). The Effects of Stress on Physical Activity and Exercise. Sports Medicine, 44, 1, 81-121.
Valencia, W. M., & Florez, H. (January 01, 2014). Pharmacological treatment of diabetes in older people. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 16, 12, 1192-203.
Zoepke, A., & Green, B. (January 01, 2012). Diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers: an often hidden problem: a general review. Wound Healing Southern Africa, 5, 1, 19-22.
It is important to take note that the writer will be written a synopsis of the company, and the company must be from the U.S
Project Success or Failure
Success or failure in any endeavor is usually determined by numerous factors—some foreseeable and controllable, others not. It’s generally agreed that a good plan, executed well, often results in success. But sometimes, good plans go awry due to sheer happenstance. For example, most sports fans have seen a team’s seemingly brilliant game plan rendered useless by an unfortunate injury to a key player. When that happens, any chance for success is often contingent on the response and leadership of the team’s coaching staff in adjusting the plan.
Similarly, more than a theoretically good plan is needed for projects to be successful. Success or failure often results from the steps taken or not taken by project managers and other key staffers during the course of the plan’s execution. Utilizing your research on factors leading to success and failure of projects, choose a company that is regarded as a model of successful projects in the United States of America. Now, imagine yourself as a project manager for this company.
• Write a brief synopsis of the company, focusing on a particular successful project.
o What specific actions did the leaders take that led to success?
o What qualities did the leaders display that demonstrate a model for what the best project managers do?
• Cite two reasons why this project might have failed if not for the leaders’ management approaches.
o You should reference at least two scholarly resources from your research on causes of project failure.
Resources
Readings
• Cooke-Davies, T. (2007). Project success. In P. W. G. Morris & J. K. Pinto (Eds.), The Wiley guide to project, program & portfolio management (pp. 226–249). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
In Chapter 10, the author discusses the elements of successful project management, outlining typical criteria for success at three different organizational levels. The chapter, as a whole, sets up a framework for thinking and talking about project success with the objective to advance the art and science of project management.
• Abbas, T. P., & Sanavullah, M. Y. (2008). Chaos: The root cause of project failures. ICFAI Journal of Computer Sciences, 2(2), 66–79.
The authors assert that chaos is inherent in the field of software engineering (SE) despite impressive advancements. The study attempts to identify the major factors that prevent appropriate remedies and points to flawed SE practices as the root cause.
• Flinders, K. (2011, September). Just say ‘no’: How to save your IT project—and career—from failure. Computer Weekly.
SAMPLE ANSWER
A project is regarded a success if all its objectives and goals are realized at the end of the project. The major factor to a successful project is by having a talented project manager. Poor managers lead to project failures. Since a project may be a success or a failure, several factors are involved. For project success, smart people, that is the human resource should be considered first. Proper planning is also a key factor. Other factors include open communication, careful risk management, and secure project closure. On the other hand, there exist several factors that lead to project failures. Some of these are poor planning and hence inefficient ways to track progress, weak leadership, failure to manage and set expectations, and inadequately trained project managers. With these factors considered, a project in a company can be regarded a success or a failure (Barker & Cole, 2012).
Google Incorporation, is a corporation based in the United States of America. Throughout its project operations, it has realized success thanks to the excellent factors put in place. Sergey Brin together with Larry page is known to be the founders of Google. They had an objective of making the world’s information accessible and useful together with the organization of the information. Google Inc. has several projects such as the Google self-driving car project. Its developer is the Google X that aims to provide technology for electric vehicles (Barker & Cole, 2012). These cars are designed to use a software named Google Chauffeur. The project is led by the co-founder of the Google Street View known as Sebastian Thrun.
Leaders from the Google self-driving car project employed several factors to realize its objectives (Camilleri, 2011). Proper planning is a crucial factor in any project management. Plan sets up a project to its success from the start. For the project, during its planning stage, all the stakeholders were on board, and it ensured that all of them got to know the direction of the project. Open communication is another step considered by the project leaders to be an important step in realizing the success of the project. Consideration of outside sources of information is vital. Working under defined schedule is important, and this thus leads to the need for an open communication. The team needs to be well informed about the current programs of the project. Open communication is also considered as a factor that helps prevent the occurrence of problems (DuBrin, 2011).
The qualities of the leaders involved in the Google self-driving car project deployed qualities that led to the success of the project. Good communication a very vital tool that is presented by the leaders. Their ability to communicate to almost every staff in the project vicinity prevented a lot of problems from occurring. Integrity is a good quality that is presented by the leaders involved in the project. The actions carried out by the leaders should be of moral standards. The ability to delegate tasks is an essential element that a project manager must deploy to his subjects. It enables proper specialization and also the right workforce for the correct job within the project. With the presentation of these qualities, the leaders in the project were able to realize success (Camilleri, 2011).
In this project that depends mainly on technology, lack of open communication will have led to several problems encountered in the course of the project. Was it not for the quality of open communication portrayed by the project leaders the project might have failed. The lack of proper planning qualities by the leaders could have led to the failure of the project. It is, therefore, essential for every project to consider proper planning (DuBrin, 2011).
Upon conclusion, the Google Self-driving car project has realized success due to the proper leadership with talented leaders. For any project to achieve its success, management of the project should be the priority since it is critical (DuBrin, 2011). Project success and failures all depend mainly on the management and the qualities of the leaders. Failures are in other cases controllable while others are not even certain.
References.
Barker, S., & Cole, R. (2012). Brilliant project management: What the best project managers know, do and say.
DuBrin, A. J. (2011). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Top of Form
Camilleri, E. (2011). Project success: Critical factors and behaviours. Farnham: Gower Pub.
Bottom of Form
Pather, S., Remenyi, B., & Remenyi, D. (2011). Managing risks of ICT projects. Kidmore End: Academic Publishing.
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Collaborative Learning Community CLC Order Instructions: This is a Collaborative Learning Community (CLC) assignment.
Collaborative Learning Community CLC
Choose a nursing problem from your current practice setting, and identify a possible solution to that problem.
Conduct a search of the literature related to this problem.
Analyze and critically appraise evidence-based literature to support the solution to the identified problem. A minimum of six peer-reviewed articles must be identified. These can be the same articles from the previous selected literature review or a mixture of new and previous articles. This may also include guidelines from the National Guideline Clearinghouse, Joanna Briggs Institute, or a review from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review.
Include the following components into the presentation:
1. Present the nursing practice problem with the PICOT question.
2. Discuss your appraisal of the literature that addresses the problem.
3. Present the proposed practice changes from an integration of the findings.
While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.
The PICOT statement will provide a framework for your capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study).
Review the PICOT article “Evidence-Based Practice, Step by Step: Asking the Clinical Question: A Key Step in Evidence-Based Practice” along with the “Chapter 18: Using Research in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice” PowerPoint resource.
The first step of the EBP process is to develop a question from the practice problem you drafted in Topic 1. Start with the patient and identify the clinical problems or issues that arise from clinical care. Consider the research and writing you completed in Topics 1-4.
Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT statement in an area of interest to you, which is applicable to your proposed capstone project.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.
Hello group, sorry I was out of the country so couldn’t do the outline. We all should contribute to all parts of the project since it is extensive and one person cannot do all the literature search or all analysis and critical appraisal. We should conduct a literature search together, share our findings, and pick articles that will suit our problem the most. Afterward each one of us will be able to analyze 1-2 articles and pick important points that we can include in the presentation. We all should come up with solutions that can be discussed in our project. I do not know how long the presentation should be.
1. Choose a nursing practice problem with the PICOT question and identify a possible solution
2. Literature search related to the problem ( minimum of 6 peer-reviewed, evidence-based articles)
3. Analyze and critically appraise the literature supporting the solution to the problem
4. Discuss appraisal of the literature
5. Present the proposed practice changes from an integration of the findings
Collaborative Learning Community CLC Sample Answer
Several studies have documented the high prevalence of nurse fatigue and its detrimental effects on the nurses, patients as well as the healthcare organizations (Chen et al., 2014; Martin, 2015). However, evidence-based practice has outlined interventions that improve nurses physical and mental satisfaction and effectively reducing the associated costs (Hunsaker, Maughan and Heaston, 2015). The following table consists of six articles that were critically appraised:
Author(s)
Year
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Research Design
Data Collection Method
Conclusion
Martin, DM. (2015). Nurse fatigue and shift length: A pilot study. Nursing economics 33:2; 81-90
2015
Nurse experience, length of shift,
Age, gender, ethnic group
Randomized controlled study
Qualitative and quantitative
Study concluded that one of the interventions that can be used to address nurse fatigue is by reducing the nursing shift to 8 hour.
Hunsaker, S., Chen, H., Maughan, D and Heaston, S. (2015). Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurse.Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47:2, 186–194.
2015
Organization culture of the hospital, length of shift, nurse experiences
Age, gender, ethnic group
Descriptive quantitative research method
Quantitative
Study concluded that low levels of support from the nurse managers and long working hours are the main cause of nurse fatigue. Study suggests that developing protocols that improve identification of compassion fatigue will help prevent emotional exhaustion and facilitate the identification of interventions to reduce nurse fatigue
Domen, R., Connelly, C., and Spence, D. (2015). Call shift fatigue and use of countermeasures and avoidance strategies by certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists: A National survey. AANA Journal 83: 2, 123-133
2015
Organization culture of the hospital, length of shift, nurse experiences
Age, gender, ethnic group
Systematic review
Qualitative and quantitative
The study concluded that call shift fatigue is common issue among the CRNAs and is closely correlated with patient safety and negative health outcomes. The study recommends the identification of the CRNA call-shift frequency and length.
Chen J., Davis K.G., Daraiseh N.M., Pan W. & Davis L.S. (2014). Fatigue and recovery in 12-hour dayshift hospital nurses Journal of Nursing
Management 22, 593–603.
2014
Nurse experience, length of shift,
Age, gender, ethnic group
Integrated review on cross sectional survey
Qualitative and quantitative
The paper concludes that despite the widespread acceptance of the 12 hour shift, the study concludes that the nurse experience more fatigue. Additionally, lacks of regular exercises are associated with unhealthy fatigue recovery process. The study concludes that the administrations, the staff and unit managers must collaborate to attain healthy fatigue recovery for the 12-hour shift.
Stewart, W., and Terry, L. (2014). Reducing burnout in nurses and care workers in secure in settings. Nursing standard 28, 34, 37-45.
2014
Nurse experience, length of shift,
Ethnic group, location, age
Systematic review
Qualitative and quantitative
The study suggests that clinical supervision as well as the psychological intervention nurse training are effective in reduction of fatigue and nurse burnout. The study also concluded by stating that supportive relationship effectively facilitates reduction of emotional stress and nurse fatigue.
Barbara, H. (2014). Nursing Burnout interventions; What is being done?Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing • Volume 18, Number 2
2014
Nurse experience, length of shift
Ethnic group, location, age
Systematic review
Qualitative and quantitative
The study concludes that nurse fatigue and burn out can be reduced through employee assistance programs, retreats, promote stress reduction program, improving relaxation as well as family relationships and support of effective communication to help the nurses cope with difficult emotions.
From critical appraisal of the six articles, it is evident that the issue of nurse fatigue is one of the challenges that face the healthcare providers as it is associated with increased patient safety issues of significant importance such as diagnostic errors, medication errors and patient diagnostic errors (Stewart and Terry, 2014). From the critical appraisal, the most recommended strategies included introduction of employee assistance programs, employee motivation such as retreats, fostering self-reflection through expressive writing, and psychiatric programs to improve behavioural interaction and effective communication skills to foster safe working environments that fosters communication that is candid (Barbara, 2014; Domen, Connelly and Spence, 2015).
Collaborative Learning Community CLC References
Barbara, H. (2014). Nursing Burnout interventions; What is being done? Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing • Volume 18, Number 2
Domen, R., Connelly, C., and Spence, D. (2015). Call shift fatigue and use of countermeasures and avoidance strategies by Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists: A National survey. AANA Journal 83: 2, 123-133
Hunsaker, S., Chen, H., Maughan, D and Heaston, S. (2015). Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurse. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47:2, 186–194.
Martin, DM. (2015). Nurse fatigue and shift length: A pilot study. Nursing Economics 33:2; 81-90
Stewart, W., and Terry, L. (2014). Reducing burnout in nurses and care workers in secure in settings. Nursing standard 28, 34, 37-45.
I request writers Bonnie or Sasha (Thanks for consideration), Marvin
Excel dataset is the same as previous SLP assignments but I can send again in email once writer contacts me. Thanks, Marvin
Module 5 – SLP
UNIVARIATE VERSUS BIVARIATE ANALYSES; REGRESSION
Interpret the two models that appear below, and address the following additional questions as they pertain to each:
1. What about confounding? Which of the variables are potential confounders?
2. Compare and contrast matching on potential confounders versus including them in a regression model.
BMI (1 unit) = 1.3 + 2.4 (diabetes) + 2.3 (family history diabetes) + 1.7 (gender) + 1.4 (age) + 1.7 (race) + 2.6 (income) + 3.4 (height), p<0.05
Allergies = 4.5 + 3.8 (Family History Allergies) + 2.1 (gender) + 1.4 (age) + 0.8 (race) + 1.5 (weight), p<0.05
SLP Assignment Expectations
Length: SLP assignments should be at least 2 pages (500 words) in length.
References: At least two references must be included from academic sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (APA format recommended).
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question
Format: APA format is recommended for this assignment. See Syllabus page for more information on APA format.
Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted for minor errors, assignments are expected to adhere to standards guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.
The following items will be assessed in particular:
• Achievement of learning outcomes for SLP assignment.
• Relevance—all content is connected to the question.
• Precision—specific question is addressed; statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate.
• Depth of discussion—points that lead to deeper issues are presented and integrated.
• Breadth—multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues/factors considered/
• Evidence—points are well-supported with facts, statistics, and references.
• Logic—presented discussion makes sense; conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information.
• Clarity—writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples.
• Objectivity—use of first person and subjective bias are avoided.
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Module 5 – Home
UNIVARIATE VERSUS BIVARIATE ANALYSES; REGRESSION
Modular Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes:
• Case
o Distinguish between univariate and multivariate analysis.
o Distinguish between dependent and independent variables.
o Distinguish between logistic and linear regression.
• SLP
o Interpret the results of a regression analysis, both linear and logistic
o Discuss the concept of confounding, and note potential confounders in a hypothetical study.
o Assess the merits of matching on confounders versus adjusting for confounders by including them in a regression model.
• Discussion
o Identify confounders for known diseases.
Module Overview
Univariate versus Multivariate Analysis
Univariate analysis looks at how two variables relate to one another. Often time, it examines whether there is an association between a potential risk factor or background characteristic (e.g. smoking, gender, exercise) with an outcome or disease (e.g. lung cancer, breast cancer, diabetes). The analysis only involves the disease (or outcome) with the potential risk factor (or exposure). Multivariate analysis, on the other hand, examines more than one potential risk factor at the same time, and their potential association to the disease or outcome. For instance, one could examine the effects of smoking, gender, age, obesity, and diabetes together against a potential association with cardiovascular disease.
National Science Digital Library’s Computation Science Education Research Desk: Univariate Data and Bivariate Data. Retrieved from http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/discussions/UnivariateBivariate/
National Science Digital Library’s Computation Science Education Research Desk: Graphing and Interpreting Bivariate Data. Retrieved from http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/discussions/GraphingData/
Dependent versus Independent Variables
In these cases, the outcome or disease status is the dependent variable, whereas any potential exposure or risk factor is an independent variable. Multivariate analysis most often looks at one dependent variable (disease or outcome status) and more than one independent variable (e.g. gender, race, income, medical history, etc.).
Collier, W. Independent & Dependent Variables. University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Retrieved from http://www.uncp.edu/home/collierw/ivdv.htm
Confounder
A confounder is a variable that is linked with a disease (or outcome) and is related with the risk factor (or exposure), that changes the relationship between the exposure and outcome. For instance, let’s say that obesity is a potential risk factor for diabetes. Then consider a third variable, a family history of diabetes, that is also a potential risk factor for diabetes, and is related to obesity. If the addition of the third variable (family history of diabetes) changes the relationship between obesity and diabetes, then the third variable (family history of diabetes) is a confounder in this situation.
Resources
PowerPoint Presentation Regarding How to Control for Confounding: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcphp.sph.unc.edu%2Ffocus%2Fvol4%2Fissue1%2F4-1AdvancedData_slides.ppt&ei=6jkFUq-nMYjw2QWrjYHIBA&usg=AFQjCNEx5DfK5SDgjc_kyaMo1uFkl8zQIA&sig2=887k52Cs6-jotuMeo0iDJQ&bvm=bv.50500085,d.b2I
University of Pennsylvania. Stratification and Matching in Design. Retrieved from http://www.cceb.upenn.edu/pages/localio/EPI521/2007/part4.pdf
Penn State. STAT507 Epidemiological Research Methods: 3.5 – Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification. Retrieved from https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat507/node/34
Health Knowledge. Confounding, interactions, methods for assessment of effect modification. Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1a-epidemiology/confounding-interactions-methods
Logistical and Linear Regression
Unlike univariate analysis, regression models allow researchers to examine more than one independent variable at a time against a dependent variable. This means that confounders or demographic variables may be studied alongside the exposure and outcome variables, to adjust for any potential bias that may arise due to background characteristics (e.g. difference by gender or race or income, etc.). Depending on the outcome variable, logistical regression is used for binary outcomes (e.g. disease status of “yes” or “no,” mortality data, etc.) whereas linear regression is used for continuous outcomes (e.g. blood pressure, bone mass density, fasting blood glucose, etc.). Logistical and Linear models can be interpreted as follows:
Lung Cancer = 4.5 + 2.4 (smoking) + 1.7 (gender) + 2.3 (age) + 0.7 (race), p<0.05
After controlling for gender, age, and race, those with a history of smoking are 2.4 times more likely to have lung cancer than those who do not smoke (p<0.05). In this statement, lung cancer is the dependent variable, history of smoking is the independent variable of interest (the exposure), and gender, age, and race are the confounders. This is a logistical regression model, where the dependent variable is binary: lung cancer versus no lung cancer.
BMI (1 unit) = 3.9 + 3.4 (high fasting glucose) + 1.5 (gender) + 1.3 (age) + 2.7 (race), p<0.05
After controlling for gender, age, and race, a one unit increase in BMI is 3.4 times more likely in those with a high fasting glucose level than those with a lower fasting glucose level. In a linear regression model, the dependent variable is continuous and results are measured in units. The dependent variable here is body mass index (BMI) and the independent variable is fasting glucose levels (high versus low), and the potential confounders are gender, age, and race.
Additional Resources
Lowry, Richard. Simple Logistical Regression. VassarStats: Website for Statistical Computation.http://www.vassarstats.net/logreg1.html
Ludford, Pamela J. University of Minnesota, College of Science and Engineering. Linear Regression. Retrieved from http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~ludford/Stat_Guide/Linear_Regression.htm
McDonald, John H. Logistic Regression. Handbook of Biological Statistics. Retrieved from http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/statlogistic.html
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Both univariate and bivariate or multivariate analyses are used in determining the relationship between two or more variables (Arsham, 2012; Chatterjee, 2012). For instance, in univariate analysis the relationship between two variables i.e. an independent variable against a dependent variable is examined, whereas bivariate and multivariate analysis the analysis between one dependent variable and two or more that two independent variables respectively is examined in what is known as multiple linear or logistical regression model (Babbie, 2009; Warne, Ramos & Ritter, 2012). In the regression models considered in this assignment, the disease status or outcome is the dependent variable, while the potential risk factors or exposures are the independent variables.
Interpretation of Regression Models
Unlike in univariate analysis, logistical and linear regression models allow the examination of more than one independent variable at once against a dependent variable (Arsham, 2012). In the logistical and linear regression models considered in this case or scenario, the disease status or outcome is the dependent variable, while the potential risk factors or exposures are the independent variables (Chatterjee, 2012). Thus, since the logistical and linear regression models represent multivariate analysis, the relationship between examined is between one dependent variable (outcome status or disease) and more than one or multiple independent variables (e.g. age, gender, race, weight, height, medical/family history, income, etc.). Interpretation of the models is as follows:
After controlling for family history diabetes, gender, age, race, income, and height, a BMI’s increase in one unit is 2.4 times more likely in those with diabetes than those without diabetes. Considering that in a linear regression model, the measurement of the dependent variable results is done in units and also it is continuous. For instance, in this regression model the body mass index (BMI) is the dependent variable and the independent variable is diabetes (presence versus absence), and the potential confounders are family history diabetes, gender, age, race, income, and height.
After controlling for gender, age, race and weight, those with a family history allergies are 3.8 times more likely to have allergies than those without family history allergies (p<0.05). In this statement, allergies is the dependent variable (the outcome or disease), whereas family history allergies is the independent variable of interest (the risk factor or exposure), and gender, age, race, and weight are the confounders. As a result, it means this regression model is a logistical regression model, in which the representation of the dependent variable is form of a binary data i.e. allergies versus no allergies.
Questions
Confounding in Regression Models
Confounding is the presence of variables linked with an outcome (or disease) and related with the exposure (or risk factor) in a regression model, that changes how the exposure relates to the outcome (Chatterjee, 2012; Chvatal, 2013). For example, in model 1 the potential confounders are family history diabetes, gender, age, race, income, and height, while in model 2 the potential confounders are gender, age, race, and weight.
Comparing and contrasting the matching on potential confounders versus their inclusion in a regression model
Potential confounders changes how the exposure relate to the outcome in a regression model. For instance, before controlling for potential confounders (matching) in model 1, a BMI’s increase in one unit is 1.3 times more likely in those with diabetes than those without diabetes but after controlling for potential confounders (inclusion in regression model) a BMI’s increase in one unit increased to 2.4 times more likely in those with diabetes than those without diabetes. In model 2 before controlling for potential confounders (matching), those with a family history allergies are 4.5 times more likely to have allergies than those without family history allergies (p<0.05) but after controlling for potential confounders (inclusion in regression model) the likelihood of those with a family history allergies to have allergies than those without family history allergies dropped to 3.8 times (p<0.05).
References
Arsham, H. (2012). Foundation of Linear Programming: A Managerial Perspective from Solving System of Inequalities to Software Implementation, International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences, 3(3), 40-60.
Babbie, E. R. (2009). The Practice of Social Research, (12th ed.). New York, NY: Wadsworth Publishing.
Chatterjee, S. (2012). Regression analysis by example. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Chvatal, V. (2013). Linear Programming. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Warne, R. L., Ramos, T., & Ritter, N. (2012). Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(3), 134–149.
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System analysis refers to a technique that is usually used to solve the various problems that arise in a particular system. It usually involves a very detailed study of the system and all its components with an aim of understanding the role played by every component so as to enhance the effectiveness of the system (Hoffer, 2012). There are various phases of system development processes that are analysis based; these are as discussed below.
The first phase is the system study. This involves the detailed investigation of the system to understand fully what it lacks and how it can be improved and made more efficient (Dennis et al, 2015). A lot of research is usually invested here, and the output should be a system that is executable.
The second phase is the feasibility study. Here, various factors should be put into consideration to ensure that the system is executable. The system’s workability and financial implications are some of the factors that should be considered. The output should result in the system being implemented as it is or whether it should be redrafted (Kersting, 2012).
The next phase is the detailed system analysis. It is the process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning (Dennis et al, 2015). The input here is the creativity of the system analyst while the output is a logical system design.
The last phase involves testing and implementation of the system. Having ensured that all the above factors are rightly executed, the system should, therefore, be tested and all other execution issues addressed. The implementation of the entire system then takes place. The output here is the final and very efficient system.
Question 2
Systems design is the process of defining the physical processes, the components, and all the input that is involved in ensuring that a system satisfies all its requirements and meets its objectives. It can also be defined as the application of various system theories with an aim of coming up with a final product (Hoffer, 2012).There are various phases of system development processes that are design based; these are as discussed below.
The first phase involves pulling together of all physical and technical data, trying to come up with a clear work plan that is aimed at helping execute the particular system. The greatest input here is the strong analytical skills as all the factors considered at this stage must be geared towards the success of the system’s implementation.
In this next phase, the actual system designing therefore takes place. Here, the software system design is prepared with close emphasis put on the guidelines discussed in the first phase above (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). This stage specifies the hardware and other system requirements. It also helps in defining the overall system architecture. The input here is the various hardware that are used to try come up with the final system.
The third phase is the coding phase, here, on receiving the various system design work plans and executable procedures, the work is divided into units and actual coding is started. Since, in this phase the code is produced, it is the main focus for any system designer (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). It is also the longest phase of the system development process.
The last phase involves system maintenance. Here, the execution of the entire system is put under close supervision, and any issues that may arise are handled as promptly as possible.
Question 3
Modeling refers to how data should be used to meet the requirements of a given system. It involves structuring and organizing data so as to be executed in a particular database management system. Modeling, therefore, outlines all the rules for data handling in a particular system (Hoffer, 2012). Modeling can be used in the designing phase as it will be very handy in trying to influence the overall system software.
There are three types of modeling, and each is meant to achieve a particular objective in the final system structure. The first type of modeling is referred to as data-centric modeling. It is all about turning the numbers into knowledge. Here you assess all the assets you have at your disposal, the assets, in this case, are regarding the various hardware you will use in the entire system (Kersting, 2012).
Question 4
In essence, a successful project is one which achieves the purpose. The purpose being did the project accomplish what it was supposed to do? In this sense, there are a few things to consider. For instance, if the project was in the form of the design of a system to solve a certain problem in an organization. In this case, the phone would judge a successful project as one which upon accomplishment it has effectively addressed the issues at the organization (Satzinger et al, 2011). Furthermore, regarding the organization, a project is supposed to cost as affordable as in the range of the organization’s economic capability. Moreover, the project should, in fact, have taken an appropriate amount of time to be accomplished.
The requirements for the analysis and design process are many. However, these requirements are categorized into three categories. The functional requirements, non-functional and requirements specification. The functional requirements refer to what the system is supposed to do. It defines the functionality of the system in the organization (Satzinger et al, 2011). Therefore, the functional requirement gives an idea of what the system is supposed to do. Non-functional requirements, on the other hand, dictate how the system is supposed to look. This takes into account requirements like usability among other non-functional requirements. Requirements specification is a category of requirements that are involved in defining how the system will do what it was supposed to do. It goes into the finer details of the structure of the system in respect to the specific problem the system is supposed to solve (Satzinger et al, 2011).
The most important things during the analysis and design phase in software development lifecycle are the design activities, feasibility studies, CASE tools, types of designs and the cost-based analysis.
The design activities are three. They include, design architecture, detailed design and lastly the design testing. Design architecture refers to the design of the system to conform to the functional requirements of the organization (Hoffer, 2012). Detailed design involves the specific algorithms, data structures and the data to be implemented in the system. Design testing is the final process of the design. It includes the process of validating the design by ensuring it conforms to the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. These design activities are the steps to ensure coming up with a good design. A good design takes less time to implement, is cost-effective, meets the user’s requirements, easily maintainable and can be reused for the design of other systems.
Feasibility studies are required and very significant in the analysis and design phase. The study entails ensuring the viability of the system in different dimensions. There are three categories of feasibility studies. They include technical feasibility, economic and operational feasibility. The technical feasibility study is carried out to find out whether the system is viable in the technological perspective (Satzinger et al, 2011). Operational feasibility studies are done to find out whether the system is going to fit into the structure and operations of the specific organization it is begin built for. The economic feasibility finds out whether the cost of the system will fit into the economic hurdles of the organization. The above three types of feasibility studies are important to an IT practitioner when he or she is designing and building and developing systems to be used in the different organization.
CASE tools are there to make use of technology to simplify the process of developing a system for an organization. Essentially the significance of using CASE tools cannot be ruled out at any point. These tools can be used at different phases of the system development lifecycle (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). The CASE tools help improve the development process, reduce the time for development of a computer program. They also improve the documentation of the development process.
The development of a system is made easier by understanding the different design methodologies that are used to design good systems. Essentially, this will help in creating a good system design. Lastly, a cost-based analysis is an important tool in the creation of a good system product. This will help determine if the design is effectively in the perspective of the cost it will take to finish the whole project (Kersting, 2012).
A
B
C
References
Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., & Tegarden, D. (2015). Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley & Sons.
Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e. Pearson Education India.
Kersting, W. H. (2012). Distribution system modeling and analysis. CRC press.
Khalili, N. R., & Duecker, S. (2013). Application of multi-criteria decision analysis in design of sustainable envronmental management system framewrk. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, 188-198.
Satzinger, J., Jackson, R., & Burd, S. D. (2011). Systems analysis and design in a changing world. Cengage Learning.
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Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry Order instruction: Introduction
Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
Healthcare industry is a very complex healthcare system. This is because of the increased diversity of the stakeholders and the reduced homogeneity of the workforce. The increased new trends in technology make the system even more complex and even more dynamic. Additionally, the healthcare system expectations from the community are high, which causes the establishment of new standards to ensure that healthcare quality is sustained. To do this, the healthcare professionals are expected to continue learning to keep themselves abreast with the emerging trends in the healthcare. This continued learning improves the professional skills, competencies as well as behaviors, especially when interacting with the various healthcare stakeholders (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
Task 1.1 Personal values and principles vs workplace values and principles
Personal values and principles are powerful instruments as they shape their professional thinking and their interaction within the organization. The personal values and principles form individual culture, as they impact on the contributions of the healthcare providers. Personal values and beliefs are influenced by various factors including social values, instrumental, religious and political values (Healey, 2013). The instrumental values include a person’s acts such as empathy, honesty, courageousness, and politeness. Through these values, patient dignity and autonomy are respected. These instrumental values promote the implementation of nursing principles of justice, maleficence, beneficence, and autonomy, thus improving delivery of care at the Regent Ward. These personal values ensure that healthcare providers are competent and embrace cultural competencies (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
The healthcare provider motivation and commitment shape their personal values and principles. These are also influenced by the economic values within the healthcare facility. For instance, implementation of standards that will ensure quality delivery of services such as automated system will require a large amount of money. Additionally, well-paid employees are well motivated if they are well paid than the overworked and underpaid employees (Crow, 2008).
The social factors that influence personal values at the Regent wards include equality, justice, and freedom. These values ensure that the concepts of teamwork are attained, improving the levels of trustworthiness, professionalism, reliability, and competitiveness with other healthcare providers in the neighborhoods. Other factors that influence employees include religious values because spirituality is a core factor in healthcare. Respecting a patient’s cultural diversity and their religious beliefs improve their relationship with healthcare, improving the delivery of care (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
Task 1.2 Influence of personal culture on the delivery of care and Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
The healthcare system consists of from different cultural background. Respecting and valuing other people’s culture and the traditional background is the key to the effective delivery of services. At the Regent’s Ward, the healthcare respects their diversity and do not enforce their cultures or values to other healthcare providers or the service users. This ensures that patients are treated equally without discrimination. Cultural competence within the healthcare organization ensures that the service users are protected from abuse, patient information is held confidentially, privacy and dignity are sustained (Fatoki, 2014).
I come from a community that really uphold their culture, the Hispanic culture. Originally, this culture influenced my productivity. To begin with, I felt awkward when assigned to take care for patient of the opposite gender, especially the elderly. This is because it is a taboo to see your seniors naked. Previously, I found myself interacting with people from my ethnic background because we tend to share values and believe. However, from nursing education and experience, I understand the importance of the professional relationship with the various stakeholders including the workmates and the service users. I have learned to interact with people from different background, and have learned to respect and value other cultures beliefs and tradition (Rogers et al., 2013).
Additionally, my culture emphasizes respect, empathy, honesty, and integrity. These backgrounds have enabled me to foster positive interactions that are used to foster quality care to all clients without discrimination. However, the journey has not been easy as in this industry involves interaction with people who have varying views and values. In some cases, the patients make it difficult, especially if their values conflict with professional values. However, through effective interactions with the nurses, an awareness is established which improves the delivery of quality care, reducing healthcare disparities (Putnam, 2014).
Task 1.3 New Changes in healthcare that improve the delivery of care for Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
The developments and new changes are achieved through learning during professional studies. These are aimed at broadening students way of thinking and solving the problems. Most of the healthcare changes are enhanced through information technology. The healthcare educators, supervisors, managers and mentors improve healthcare developments and changes through the use of refresher training programs and using content from the evidence-based practice. Student learning opportunities are also improved as they interact in formal and informal learning activities such as voluntary services and professional development courses (Melville-Wiseman, 2011).
At the legislative level, the healthcare providers improve the quality of care by integrating new changes and developments by reforming the existing ones and additions of new standards and policies. These include acts such as Children Act 2000 and the Equal Opportunities Act that is used to ensure that people’s preferences and dignity are protected and maintained. Other legislative that are important in shaping the healthcare include the Children Act 2004, National Health Service Act 2006, Health and Safety Act 2012. These legislations improve partnership and interagency collaborations, minimizing increased fragmentation in the healthcare department, which led to the death of baby Peter. This ensures that the NHS embrace the proposed concepts, increased allocation of resources and ensures that there is pooled of efforts and resources within the healthcare system (Rogers et al., 2013).
2.1 Assessment of the current skills as well as learning and Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
The learning styles were introduced during my first year. Initially, they did not make any sense as I was not conscious enough. The learning styles are important as they determine the development of skills, abilities and core competencies. The learning styles include the aural, solitary, logical and visual learning style. These learning styles have influenced by nursing understanding in a positive way (Melville-Wiseman, 2011). For example, the solitary learning style has improved my ability for critical thinking and analyses of context in a holistic manner. This learning style has improved my ability to explore evidence-based practice, and the ability to convert challenges in the healthcare into opportunities. The social learning has enabled to strengthen the interpersonal skills and improving the cultural competencies. These improved my ability to value and respect other people’s cultures as well as their preferences. The audiovisual has been beneficial to me, especially when learning on theories that need to be incorporated into clinical practice (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
These learning styles have improved my understanding of core principles and code of ethics expected during the delivery of care. The use of case studies and case scenarios places me in a situation that improves my critical thinking in a situation that is a simulation of reality. This has improved my ability to interact with the peers and the service users. The benefits of integrating all this learning system are that disadvantages of one type of learning styles are complemented by the advantage of the other, which stimulates my memory cells with ease (McSheehy, 2010).
2.2 Personal Long, medium and short-term goals as well as holistic goals for Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
The development plan described below is based on my career objectives, competencies, abilities and the areas that need to be improved. Findings from my personal evaluation programs, my strengths include effective communication skills, rapid response, critical thinking abilities and improved positivity and commitment to my career. This has enabled me to improve and grow effectively (Melville-Wiseman, 2011).
The main weakness includes poor leadership skills which are attributable to low self-confidence. This has made me relax and fail to navigate the extra talents that lie within me. Additionally, my mentor keeps on saying that I am not assertive and often lack initiative. This implies that I have the tendency to initiate a program and will hardly see to its completion. Additionally, I sometimes feel overwhelmed and increased anxiety, especially when confronted with ethical dilemmas of increased workloads that need to be addressed. In a summary, the issues that need to be improved in my career include courage, self-confidence, improve assertiveness and enhance my leadership skills (Yalli & Albrithen, 2011).
My aim is to improve the ability to undertake tasks with authority and increased confidentiality. This implies that I need to develop an intervention that will help me believe in my decision making, ideas and opinions, and explore other opportunities that will improve my self-confidence. The short and medium-term goals include finishing a leadership program that will help boost my confidence through the application of the principles taught. To improve my decision-making process, I will increase article reading practices by enrolling in journal databases, which will enable me to keep abreast with the study findings. The long-term goal is to ensure that I have the command and leadership skills. I also want to learn to remain calm even during challenging situations (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011). The timeline of achieving these activities is shown in the table below.
Focus area 1
Start date: 11/11/2015
Short term goal: 10/12/2015
Long term goal: 18/1/2016
Focus area 2
Start date: 13/11/2015
Short term goal: 21/12/2015
Long term goal: 28/1/2016
Focus area 3
Start date 20/11/2016
Short term goal: 21/12/2015
Long term goal: 18/1/2016
2.3 Monitoring personal development against personal competencies according to the standards of health and social care
In order to remain relevant in this complex industry, it is important to ensure that there is personal development is sustained. Monitoring personal development facilitates the evaluation of whether the personal goals are in line with standards of the healthcare and the core values of the Regent ward. Research indicates that personal development based on external reasons such as pleasing of the bosses reduced the chance for commitment and career fulfilment because they lack emotional satisfaction (Guru, 2009).
In this context, there will be monthly personal reviews of the proposed areas of the development with the aim of identifying the extent of progress. Additionally, every week, I will fill in a journal to reflect on my achievements and failures. This will facilitate when tracking the progress and in identifying the areas that need improvement. Additionally, there will be a periodic assessment with my mentor. My mentor will give pastoral support and encourage me as I work towards improving my areas of weaknesses. I will also attend developmental programs with the aim of having guidance from the experts in these fields (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
2.4 Effectiveness of the PPD
The main reason for PPD was developed is to ensure those professional skills and the core competencies. This aims at ensuring that the professional goals and objectives of an individual are promoted and ensure that there is safe delivery of care. Therefore, if the positive professional attributes are achieved, the quality of care and professional improvements are obtained automatically (McLaughlin & Scholar, 2014).
The evaluation process indicates that my self-confidence has improved considerably. This is evidenced by my ability to implement strategies that are evidence-based and those that address the ethical dilemmas. I have become assertive and have managed to finish two interventions into completion. The leadership skills have not yet been developed completely. The issue of anxiety is also not fully covered. I have enrolled in psychosocial programs as the anxiety behavior has been traced from my childhood. This is important as it is indicated that in the healthcare profession, the professional interactions with people from the diverse background. In summation, I have established that 75% of the target objectives have been achieved (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
The PPD has enriched me with the ways to explore new areas with confidence. It has improved my critical thinking ability. This has helped me identify new opportunities in the healthcare that needs improvement and has facilitated the ability to use research, interact with my superiors and respond according to my mentor’s feedback. This activity has improved my organization skills, improved my commitment and responsibilities through continual learning and professional development (Melville-Wiseman, 2011).
3.1 Various professional relationships in Regents Ward for Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
The professional relationship involves the interaction between various stakeholders within the healthcare facility. The first type of interaction reckoned at the Regent ward is that of service user and health care providers. Effective interaction between the two improves the trust and cohesion, which improves the livery of care (McSheehy, 2010). The healthcare provider must inform the service user about the health complication, its management, prevention and alternative medicine that is available. The healthcare provider must respect patient preferences and choices must be respected. Other patient rights including privacy, dignity, and justice must be observed. This improves the nature of the relationship and the ultimate delivery of care (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
The second type of interaction is that between the healthcare staff within the organization. Evidence based research indicates that healthcare facilities that work as a team improve the productivity of the facility. Therefore, the staff must learn to work in partnership, respecting one another choices in order to improve the delivery of care. This cohesion in healthcare enables the staff to share their experiences and to brainstorm on issues that are of ethical concern. To sustain cohesion between the staff, the organization must promote cultural competency. Disciplinary actions must be undertaken for people who bully, discriminate or even harass other staff members (McSheehy, 2010).
Lastly, there is the relationship between the various external organizations. This includes the regulatory bodies and another healthcare facility. Positive relationship improves the healthcare facility competitiveness within the region. Increasing trust between the various stakeholders involved improves collaboration, and consequently, improved patient satisfaction through effective delivery of care (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
3.2 promoting and supporting patient rights at the Regents Ward
My main responsibility is to ensure that I offer support to the patient in all ways possible to improve their health. My first responsibility is that of caregiving. This entails ensuring that the patient needs and wants are met holistically. To effectively meet these demands, I will use Maslow’s hierarchy of need, so as to ensure that patient health and quality of care is sustained (Yalli & Albrithen, 2011).
My responsibility as an educator includes ensuring that people’s health literacy and knowledge is improved. The patient will be taught on ways to manage their health, lifestyle modification and other aspects of alternative care for health complications. As an advocate, I will ensure that patient’s preferences are protected at the Regent Ward. I will also ensure that patients are respected, dignity upheld and that there is no discrimination based on their socioeconomic status, gender or ethnic background. Additionally, I will ensure that the patient confidentiality, privacy and person’s wishes as well as views are maintained. This is will facilitate in ensuring that disparities within the healthcare are reduced through the promotion of cultural competency (McSheehy, 2010).
Additionally, I have the responsibility to ensure that the patient undergoes a smooth transition from the healthcare facility to home. This will be done by establishing trust between the healthcare user and the healthcare providers. Ethical attributes and principles such as dependency, trustworthiness, reliability, and honesty will be highly promoted. This will help to respect other people views, value, and self-esteem, which will improve interaction and quality of care (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
3.3 Emerging issues of professional relationship on Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
One of the common issues that affect professional relationship is the ethical dilemma from the established relationship. This is because establishing too much trust between a nurse and a patient could lead to vulnerability, especially if there is an overreliance on the healthcare provider. This especially affects patients who have longer hospitalization days. The peaceful interaction between the healthcare provider and the patient interferes once the patient is discharged. In this context, it is the responsibility of the healthcare providers to ensure that the professional boundaries are not surpassed. Additionally, they should ensure that the patient is self-reliant and all psychological issues that could arise in the future are addressed accordingly (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
Other issues that arise include the conflicts between the cultural values and principles with that of the healthcare. This includes issues such as behavioral risks and confidentiality.
For instance, if a child has to be vaccinated to prevent them from acquiring communicable infection can be difficult if the patient religion and culture do not believe in vaccination. In this content, who should the healthcare provider follow, the law that insists that all children welfare must be protected, or the patient wishes? In this context, it is important to seek solutions from higher authorities to describe if they can refer the client other alternative care medicine of same religion and one that will accord quality care (Yalli & Albrithen, 2011).
The issue of confidentiality and disclosure is also common in the healthcare industry. If the patient discloses to a healthcare provider of a deep secret about their health condition or mistreatment at their homes or healthcare facility, should the healthcare provider report the matter to the authorities, or should they respect patient confidentiality? In my views, if the information disclosed affects the healthcare user, it must be reported to avoid more harm to the patient (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
4.1 healthcare contributions in delivering care at the Regents and Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry
At the Regent ward, my responsibility is to ensure that quality care is delivered. This is achieved by developing a patient centered care plan, identifying the most effective interventions, and implementation of the interventions. In order this to occur. There is a need to ensure that there is effective communication between the various stakeholders, in order to ensure that patient needs as indicated by Maslow are met. This also includes an in-depth analysis of the evidence-based research with the aim of determining the new strategies in healthcare that can be integrated at Regent healthcare facility (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
For example, I have been actively involved in the installation of an automated system that involves issuing of a patient tag that has a barcode. This barcode is used to retrieve patient information at all healthcare departments the patient will visit within Regent healthcare facility. This aims at reducing patient identification errors that have been the key issue of concern at the Regent ward (Fatoki, 2014).
4.2 healthcare providers limits effects at the Regents ward
Every healthcare staff is giving responsibilities based on their experiences, qualifications, and talent. As a trainee, my ability of participation within the clinical matter is limited. For example, I am not allowed to perform any clinical activity unless I am supervised. In all decisions made on tasks assigned must be in agreement with the mentor and supervisor. This includes the processes of administering medication or giving clinical advice to the patients (Healey, 2013).
In some situations, my opinion has been disregarded by my peers, which has taken a toll on my confidence level. I feel that these limitations at the Regent ward affect the organization in a negative way. This is because they insist on standards and procedures, and have zero tolerance for new ideas. This is a barrier to innovative thinking and continual improvement of the healthcare facility (Rogers et al., 2013).
4.3 minimizing barriers in in Regents ward
Effective teamwork is the key factor in minimizing barriers at the healthcare facility.
Effective teamwork is very vital in the delivery of quality care. Teamwork is faced by various barriers such as poor communication, interpersonal interaction, and leadership. This often leads to distrust and reduces employee’s motivation, especially if the healthcare facility does not promote innovative thinking. This is the key challenge at the Regent Ward facility (Guru, 2009).
To effectively eradicate these barriers, there is a need to establish effective leadership. This includes a type of leadership that ensures that there is improved communication, trust, and honesty within the organization. The healthcare facility leaders should establish programs that will ensure cohesiveness between the team members including team building activities which will ensure that the colleagues trust each other. Leaders must also empower the staff by ensuring that they deliver care according to the employee’s abilities, focus on their individualized performances and offer criticism that is constructive whenever necessary. The leaders should enroll the staff in professional motivation programs to ensure that the employees remain motivated, have professional development and improve the delivery of services (Ledlow & Coppola, 2011).
4.4 Ways to contribute to a team’s effectiveness in Regents ward
All healthcare staff contribution is very valuable and important. This is because it improves the quality of care. I have contributed significantly at the Regent ward in various activities including sharing my opinion and support to my peers, which improved delivery of care,
Additionally, I have excellent interpersonal skills, which enabled me to solve disputes and conflicts between my colleagues, especially when making decisions on ethical dilemma matters (Crow, 2008).
My main contribution involved conducting research to determine the new EBP strategies in which can be integrated into the Regent ward. For example, I have been actively involved in the installation of an automated system that involves issuing of a patient tag that has a barcode. This barcode is used to retrieve patient information at all healthcare departments the patient will visit within Regent healthcare facility. This aims at reducing patient identification errors that have been the key issue of concern at the Regent ward. The current research that I am undertaking is strategies to minimize surgical sites infections (Yalli & Albrithen, 2011).
Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry Conclusion
In summation, the healthcare system is a dynamic and complex system. To maintain high quality and ethical standards, healthcare professionals are expected to continue learning to keep themselves abreast with the emerging trends in healthcare. This continued learning improves the professional skills, competencies as well as behaviors, especially when interacting with the various healthcare stakeholders
Dynamic and Complex Healthcare System Industry References
Crow, F. (2008). Learning for well€being: personal, social and health education and a changing curriculum. Pastoral Care In Education, 26(1), 43-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643940701848612
Fatoki, O. (2014). The Personal Values of University Students in South Africa. MJSS. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p758
Guru, S. (2009). Islam and Social Work: Debating Values, Transforming Practice. Health & Social Care In The Community, 17(5), 539-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00883_10.x
Healey, C. (2013). Development of a plan for improved recruitment and retention of Hispanic practical nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 33(1), 10-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.05.015
Ledlow, G., & Coppola, M. (2011). Leadership for health professionals. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett.
McLaughlin, H., & Scholar, H. (2014). Advancing Excellence in Social Work Education. Social Work Education, 33(4), 417-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.903113
McSheehy, L. (2010). The National Skills Academy for Social Care: A values-based model of excellence in training and learning in adult social care. Journal Of Care Services Management, 4(4), 280-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175016810×12773688140347
Melville-Wiseman, J. (2011). Professional sexual abuse in mental health services. Social Work And Social Sciences Review, 15(3), 26-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/095352212×655320
Putnam, M. (2014). The Importance of Peer Reviewers for Advancing the Field. Journal Of Gerontological Social Work, 58(1), 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2015.992690
Rogers, A., Gualco, K., Hinckle, C., & Baber, R. (2013). Cultivating Interest and Competency in Gerontological Social Work: Opportunities for Undergraduate Education. Journal Of Gerontological Social Work, 56(4), 335-355.
Yalli, N., & Albrithen, A. (2011). The Perceptions of the Personal and Professional Factors Influencing Social Workers in Hospitals: A Qualitative Analysis. Social Work In Health Care, 50(10), 845-862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2011.595478
No Title Page Required…
I will email the case reading for that order.
This case focuses on the difference between a business that produces a standard good (and uses standard costing) and on that produces custom goods and uses job costing. Although numbers are included in this case, they are their to help illustrate the effect of changing the system.Your options for this case are:
•Keep the existing system
•Change to a standard costing system
•Use a hybrid form of costing that utilizes both standard and job costing features.
There are many correct answers to this case; however, all involve giving specific examples to justify which accounting method you prefer.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Bennett Body Company
In the accounting literature, cost accumulation methods and inventory valuation methods are often called cost accounting systems. Even so, these techniques are just elements of a system or subsystem (Kaplan, 2011). Basing on the provided case, this paper describes the most appropriate accounting system for Bennett Body Company. The paper highlights that the hybrid system is the most suitable.
The most appropriate option for Bennett Body Company entails the use of a hybrid form of costing in which both job costing and standard costing features are employed. A hybrid costing system is particularly important when the manufacturing company handles batches of products in lots and charges the cost of materials to those lots, similar to how it occurs in a job costing environment, whilst increasing overhead and labour costs at the work centre or departmental level and assigning these costs at the individual unit level, similar to how it occurs in a process costing environment (Jinga et al., 2010).
In essence, hybrid costing system is often utilized in situations in which there is identical processing of a baseline product, and individual modifications which are made beyond baseline processing level. Nita (2014) pointed out that hybrid systems are employed in cases in which more than a single method of cost accumulation is needed. In some situations, for instance, standard costing method is utilized for direct materials whereas job costing technique is employed for conversion costs, that is, factory overhead and direct labour. In some other situations, job costing method may be employed for direct materials whereas standard costing method is utilized for conversion costs (Kaplan, 2011). The different operations or departments in the company may necessitate dissimilar methods of cost accumulation. As such, hybrid cost accumulation techniques are at times called operational costing methods.
Hybrid costing system is appropriate for Bennett Body Company since the company manufactures custom truck bodies and some customers would at times re-order the exact duplicate of a truck body that was ordered previously, although some modifications cause changes in design and therefore in cost. Hybrid costing system is also relevant for Bennett Body Company since the company manufactures identical products, that is truck bodies, until they get to a particular stage in which some modifications are made in order to make the truck body custom. Basically, manufacturing each of the truck bodies requires the same processing, although different amounts of material. The company can utilize a job costing system in assigning differing quantities of materials to each truck body, whilst employing the standard costing method in allocating the cost of overhead and labour equally across each of the truck bodies produced (Nita, 2014).
A hybrid of job costing and standard costing is useful in situations in which there is a common production process which applies to several batches but where the materials content varies from one batch to another one. Having a hybrid accounting system is better than having either a strict job costing system or a strict standard costing system. A standard costing system is essentially a predetermined estimate of what it should cost or is anticipated to cost to produce a single unit of a given product (Kaplan, 2011). With the hybrid system, standard costing and job costing would be employed. With standard costing, every production cost would be applied or charged to the inventory with the use of predetermined or standard prices, and quantities. The differences between the actual costs and applied costs would be charged to variance accounts. The variances basically offer the foundation for the notion of accounting control. With job costing, the costs would be accumulated by lots, contracts, orders or jobs. The main thing is that the work would be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the client. Therefore, every job may be inclined to be different (Sandretto, 2012).
It is worth mentioning that the main issue in selecting to utilize a hybrid accounting system is whether some elements of the manufacturing process are more easily accounted for under a dissimilar system than the system which is utilized by the majority of the production operation (Jinga et al., 2010). A lot of business organizations are actually not aware that they are utilizing a hybrid costing system – in essence, they have just adapted their cost accounting systems to their business model’s operational requirements. When employing a hybrid cost accounting system, a consideration is the added cost of employing 2 dissimilar cost tracking systems instead of just one cost tracking concept for all operations. Nita (2014) reported that a hybrid system should only be utilized if the resultant information is very different from what would have been obtained from making use of a single costing system.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Bennett Body Company should employ a hybrid of job costing system and standard costing system. Therefore, the accounting system will have features of both job costing system and standard costing system. Hybrid costing system is relevant for Bennett Body Company given that the firm manufactures identical products – truck bodies – until they get to a particular stage in which some changes are made so as to make the truck body custom-made to the customer.
References
Jinga, G., Dumitru, M., Dumitrana, M., & Vulpoi, M. (2010). Accounting systems for cost management used in the Romanian economic entities. Accounting & Management Information Systems / Contabilitate Si Informatica De Gestiune, 9(2), 242-267.
Kaplan, R. S. (2011). Accounting Lag: The Obsolescence of Cost Accounting Systems. California Management Review, 28(2), 174-199.
Nita, C. G. (2014). Management accounting and control systems. Management Intercultural, 16(2), 257-262.
Sandretto, M. J. (2012). What kind of cost system do you need?. Harvard Business Review, 63(1), 110-118.
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The writer will have to read each of this post and react to them by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the two post must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments in each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources.
I will send the doc via email too be use in completing this paper. It is important that the writer read and constructively criticizes this paper with sources not older than 5 years old to support your point.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The writer will have to read each of this post and react to them by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the two post must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments in each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources.
Article 1
Briefly describe the types of validity presented. What are the critical differences among them? Assess the authors’ performance in explaining them.
The main reason for validation in research is to give the readers and researchers a measure of assuredness and confidence that the methods and approaches are sound and useful (Lucko and Rojas, 2009). Straub, Boudreau, and Gefen (2004) discuss the major types of validity as, “content validity, construct validity, reliability, manipulation validity, and statistical conclusion validity” (p. 382). While Straub et al. (2004) acknowledge these are not the only concepts of validity; the authors are seeking to stimulate interest in using these measures for validity. Content validity is a validity check to ensure the data collection instruments have a holistic approach to measuring the construct accurately (Straub et al., 2004). Construct validity seeks to determine is the instrument chosen and construct alignment (Straub et al., 2004). Reliability measures the consistency of measurement amongst the variables (Straub et al., 2004). Manipulation validity is a measure of perceptions of the subjects in the study (Straub et al., 2004). Statistical conclusion validity focuses on the statistics used in the experiments (Straub et al., 2004). Straub et al. (2004) provide a working knowledge of the validities while using language the novice research can understand. The different validities focus on different aspects of the Doctoral Study, yet maintain alignments within the validation concepts (Straub et al., 2004).
Select a previous article from this course that presents a quantitative study. How would you assess the study’s validity? What information would you need in order to be able to do so, and is that information present in the article?
To assess the validity of the Ongori and Agolla (2008) study a researcher would need to focus on content validity, construct validity, reliability, manipulation validity, and statistical conclusion validity. Throughout the Ongori and Agolla (2008), study the authors reflect on the choices made to maintain the validity of the study. Some of the things done to enhance the validity were the pilot study, peer review, and statistical experiments (Ongori&Agolla, 2008). Through content validity, the researcher would assess the instrument to determine if there were biases present (Straub et al., 2004). The researcher would also assess whether there was a holistic approach to the instrument (Straub et al., 2004). To ensure reliability, the researcher would evaluate the consistency between the wording and view of the instrument (Straub et al., 2004). Ongori and Agolla (2008) study assessed manipulation validity through the work done with the pilot study. The pilot study incorporated the participant’s views and perceptions to eradicate biases in the questionnaire (Ongori&Agolla, 2008). Although a researcher will need to assess the content validity, construct validity, reliability, manipulation validity, and statistical conclusion validity the Ongori and Agolla (2008) does not provide all of the information necessary to make the evaluation. The researcher will need to review the research question, hypothesis, instrument, and raw data collected to help assess the studies validity. A researcher would question the validity of the study from Ongori and Agolla (2008) because, after receipts of the survey results, the authors decided to combine some of the responses without a full explanation why. Ongori and Agolla (2008) also bring in validity concerns with the application of meaning into the assessment of the responses.
Based on Table 8 on page 415 in the article by Straub, Boudreau, &Gefen, which positivist design contingency best describes the previous article for this course? Which best describes your potential Doctoral Study? Explain your selections.
The Straub et al. (2004) positivist design contingency that best fits with the Ongori and Agolla (2008) study is the “confirmatory research in well-established research streams” (Straub et al., 2004, p. 415). Determining the design contingency that best fits the researchers Doctoral Study is difficult. The researcher feels portions of several of the design contingencies fit with the proposed Doctoral Study, but largely the design contingency of “Theoretical Work” (Straub et al., 2004, p. 415). The researcher’s Doctoral study focuses on software requirement stability role in project success. While is current research available about requirement stability and project success, however, they have not been researched in the limited context the researcher is proposing. There are published theories concerning requirements stability and project success, but the researcher would refine those theories and then test them. The researcher is primarily looking for the relationships between requirements stability and project success.
References
Lucko, G., & Rojas, E. M. (2009). Research validation: Challenges and opportunities in the construction domain. Journal of construction engineering and management, 136(1), 127-135. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000025
Ongori, H., &Agolla, J. E. (2008). Occupational stress in organizations and its effects on organizational performance. Journal of Management Research, 8(3), 123–135. Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=36351240&S= R&D=bth&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeprE4zOX0OLCmr02eqK5Srqa4SLGWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGss0q1qK5IuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA
Straub, D., Boudreau, M. C., &Gefen, D. (2004). Validation guidelines for IS positivist research. The Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 13(1), 380-427. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3243&context= cais&seiredir=1&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3DValidation%2Bguidelines%2Bfor%2BIS%2Bpositivist%2Bresearch#search=%22Validation%20guidelines%20positivist%20research%22
Include the one paragraph comments hear using ana pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.
Indeed, it is very important for researchers to understand various types of validity to boost the confidence of the researcher uses. The article has provided a precise discussion of various kinds of validities. Some of them are content validity, reliability, manipulation validity, construct validity, and statistical conclusion. These are the most important types of validity that researchers must ensure when carrying out their research. For instance, using manipulation validity will help understand the perception of subjects in the study and assess for any biasness in the study. Ways of assessing validity of a study have also been discussed in a precise manner. This has demonstrated in depth understanding on the various kinds of validity. Using peer review, pilot studies, or statistical experiments are essential ways to identify or assess validity in quantitative studies. This has been well illustrated and it makes it easy to understand. The article has as well tackled the issue of positivist design contingency well an indication of understanding in the areas. The article in general is credible and precise, as the author has based argument on evidence.
Article 2
Validity of any type of research falls under quality of a given study. There are different types of concerns in each type of methodology. For example, inn qualitative research, concern about assessing quality has manifested itself recently in the proliferation of guidelines for doing and judging qualitative work. Guidelines are developed by expert users and researchers and they usually set a standard parameter for distinguishing between a good vs. bad research. The issue of quality in qualitative research is part of a much larger and contested debate about the nature of the knowledge produced by qualitative research, whether its quality can legitimately be judged, and, if so, how. Even in a quantitative study, it is critical to assess the validity of research.
The article in question elaborates on four different types of validity; instrument, internal, external and statistical conclusion (Straub, Boudreau, &Gefen, 2004). It is important to analyze the validity of the doctoral study, since I am conducting a research within the healthcare sector; I reviewed an article that assessed quality in terms of validity. In healthcare, it is very important to study the patient behavior in terms of being complaint with their medical recommendations. The literature on patient adherence to treatment includes hundreds of empirical studies. A comprehensive examination of the findings requires the organization and quantification that is possible with meta-analysis (DiMatteo& Robin, 2004). The method used for this research was calculation of a meta-analysis of 569 studies reporting adherence to medical treatment prescribed by a non-psychiatrist physician, and 164 studies providing correlations between adherence and patients’ age, gender, education, and income/socioeconomic status; group comparison and multiple regression analysis of moderator (DiMatteo& Robin, 2004). The results showed significant insights into the literature on patient adherence, providing direction for future research. It was concluded that focus on reliability and validity of adherence measurement and systematic study of substantive and methodological moderators are recommended for future research on patient adherence (DiMatteo& Robin, 2004).
Straub, D., Boudreau, M.-C., &Gefen, D. (2004). Validation guidelines for IS positivist research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 380-427. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais
Include the one paragraph comments hear using an a pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.
This article has provided insights on the aspect of validity. The article is precise but with wealth of ideas. Various types of validity are applicable in different types of research methodology and therefore, it is very important that any researcher put this into consideration. Assessment of validity of research has to be done in both qualitative researches as well as in quantitative research. Actually, experts and researchers have the audacity to provide the guide on this as this will strike a balance. I do appreciate the balanced view on the researchers when it comes to assessing validity in qualitative studies as it illustrates that indeed there are inherent challenges and differences in opinion on the use of thee validity types. This has made the article objective and professional. The article has mentioned some types of validity as internal, instrument, external and statistical conclusion. These are important in any doctoral study to ensure that the researcher remain objective when carrying out the study. For instance, doctoral research in the field of health care would require the researcher to check and verify the findings of various empirical studies to ascertain whether they are reliable and valid. Use of meta-analysis techniques can actually be helpful in this as the article clearly explains. I conquer with the ideas enlisted in the article. The article is as well written and is objective, hence reliable.
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