Brief of Engagement Learning from Engineering Failures
Brief of Engagement Learning from Engineering Failures The essay is about explaining the risk that happened in an event that happened recently or a few years ago. I am to talk about the Brisbane Flood Horrors that happened in Brisbane, Australia in 2017.
I have attached the following files and how they can be used in writing the assignment:
11.Assignment Description :
In this file, you can see what is the student expected to write exactly and a detail explanation of each step has to be mentioned in the assignment so
please look at this file carefully and start from there.
2. Marking sheet: which will help looking at the marking criteria and hence doing the assignment on the basis of it.
3 Here are some links from the internet about the Brisbane Flood in 2011 which will help to know the story before writing about it
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-12/havoc-as-flood-peak-hits-brisbane/1903000
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-12/disaster-in-brisbane-as-water-keeps-coming/1903184
1. Look up the definition of a Fermi Problem in Wikipedia and summarize it.( 3-4 sentences)
2. Review Lawrence Krauss’s video “The Secret Life of Physicists” – link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTie-g0xNQ8
1) Make up an outline of the talk (3-4 sentences)
2) Write up the details of the two Fermi Problems
1> Number of gas molecules in each of your breaths that you share with Julius Caesar.(1-2 sentence)
2>. Number of piano tuners in London(1-2 sentence)
3. Without using Google, find the number of grains of sand on the world’s beaches. You can use maps and globes, and the fact that the Earth has a radius of 6400 km. (1-2 sentence)
**I am looking forward to receiving a quality paper within 12 hours.*** Thanks.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Fermi Problems
A Fermi problem is an estimated problem that is used to dimensional analysis and approximation and is often a back-of-the-envelope calculation. This type of estimation technique was named after the physicist Enrico Fermi, who was widely known for his approximation calculation prowess and at times, with little or no data. Fermi problems are used to justify guesses about their quantities and variance. Enrico has received worldwide recognition for most of his accomplishments, but the major one is his contribution to the development of the atomic bomb.
The talk by Lawrence is significant for physicians primarily to understand Fermi problems. Lawrence gives his viewers a physicist’s perspective of the world. He does so with the help of experiments, for example, he drops a book and a paper and asks which fall first while giving the explanation why the book fell first.
There is a good chance that every time an individual breathes he/she takes in one molecule that was inhaled by Julius Caesar before his assassination. This was achieved using Avogadro’s number (6.02×10²³) and which multiplies the number of molecules in a single breathe and the atmosphere. The next step is finding out the volume of the atmosphere and through calculation arrives at the number of molecules that are consumed by each person.
The number of piano tuners in London varies from 50 to 125. This can be arrived by viewing the whole population in London and estimating the number of households that own one and calculating the number of houses that regularly tune a piano and how many times a piano can tune in a day.
Taking the number of major oceans in the world, say seven, plus any other beaches we would have an approximation of at least 10% of the 30 percent of land (more than 70% of the 6400km is water) would be sand beaches. This means that if we take a bottle cap to contain a million grains of sand, we would simply multiply this a million million million million times (24 zeros). Thus, the grains of sand would be as stated above.
Reference
Krauss, L. (2008). Commentary: World Lines by Lawrence Krauss. New Scientist, 198(2653),
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This paper provides a critique of one research study. In this critique, the hypotheses and research questions are evaluated with the use of Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist as a guide. The type of quantitative research design that was used is also identified and an explanation is provided of how the design was implemented by researchers. Moreover, the alignment among the theory, research questions and hypothesis, problem and design is analyzed.
Research questions and hypotheses
In their study, Long and Ullman (2016) examined an extensive diverse sample of African-American victims of sexual assault (N = 495) for the purpose of determining the correlations of assault characteristics, post-assault psychosocial factors, trauma history, and demographics with drug use and problem drinking with the use of multivariate regressions. The research question which Long and Ullman (2016) sought to answer is as follows:
What is the influence of assault characteristics and traumatic life events on illicit drug use and problem drinking in African-American female victims of sexual assault?
Their hypothesis is as follows:
Basing upon previous research which indicates that prior trauma, re-victimization, and socio-economic status might have an impact on post-assault recovery, the researchers hypothesized that African-American women who have multiple traumatic life experiences would have a higher likelihood of using drugs and alcohol in order to cope with the sexual victimization.
The research question is a logical extension of the study’s main purpose, considering that the study’s purpose was to explore the way in which different factors like history of trauma, socioeconomic status, and age are associated with the utilization of illegal substances following sexual victimization in African-American women (Long & Ullman, 2016). The design which the researchers used in this study is exploratory in nature. The research question is actually aligned with the study’s research design. Exploratory research designs are usually carried out by the researcher regarding a particular research problem when there are very few previous researches to refer to (Balnaves & Caputi, 2013; Creswell, 2010). This design is really appropriate since as Long and Ullman (2016) pointed out, there are really few earlier research studies which have looked into the factors associated with drug use and problem drinking in African-American victims of sexual assault.
The method which the researchers have used for data collection is questionnaire survey. The researchers sent to the participants a 45-minute confidential mail survey. Out of all the questionnaire surveys which were mailed out, a total of 1,084 participants – Black women numbering 495 – returned properly completed questionnaires, and the response rate was 90 percent (Long & Ullman, 2016). The data collection method – that is, questionnaire survey – is actually in alignment with the research question since this method allows the researcher to gather data from a large number of participants easily and cheaply.
The study is quantitative in nature. The descriptive question seeks to describe responses to major variables, and the inferential questions actually seek to compare groups. The researchers have first specified the descriptive research question for every major variable and then stated the inferential question which compares groups or relates variables. In addition, the inferential questions follow from a theory: the theory which explains that the reason as to why women who have been re-victimized abuse alcohol and illicit drugs is that they do so as a way of helping themselves to cope with previous abuse (Filipas & Ullman, 2012; Hall, 2011).
The theory that was used by the researchers explains the correlation between dependent variable and independent variable, controlling for the effects of control variable. The researchers expected demographic variables such as socioeconomic status and age, as well as traumatic life events and assault characteristics to be associated with dealing with illegal drugs and alcohol not just within the women’s lifetime, but also within the previous year. The authors then entered the variables that were significant at the bivariate level into backward logistic regressions for the purpose of examining the effect of coping methods, traumatic life events, demographic variables, and assault characteristics (Long & Ullman, 2016). The variables as described in the study are actually positioned consistently from predictor/independent to outcome/dependent in the inferential question. However, the researchers have not provided an alternate and/or null hypothesis as a predictive statement.
Type of quantitative research design used
The researchers used an exploratory research design in carrying out the study. The researchers implemented the design by surveying 495 African American women using a convenience sample in Chicago and its adjacent urban region. These women were studied using the exploratory design to find out the relationships of assault characteristics, post-assault psychosocial factors, trauma history, and demographics with drug use and problem drinking with the use of multivariate regressions.
Alignment among theory, purpose, problem, hypotheses and research questions, and design
The hypothesis is consistent with its respective research question. The research hypothesis, as Farrugia (2010) pointed out, refers to a testable statement of opinion. In the study by Long and Ullman (2016), the research hypothesis has been created by the authors from the research question. The research question has clearly specified the participants, who are African-American female victims of sexual assault.
References
Balnaves, M., & Caputi, P. (2013). Introduction to quantitative research methods: An investigative approach. London, England: SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2010). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Albany, NY: Prentice Hall.
Hall, J. M. (2011). Core issues for female child abuse survivors in recovery from substance misuse. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 612–631.
Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2012). Child sexual abuse, coping responses, self-blame, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adult sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 652–672.
Long, L., & Ullman, S. E. (2016). Correlates of problem drinking and drug use in Black assault victims. Violence and Victims, 31(1): 1-15
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Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry Order Instructions: Assessment
Policy Brief
Prepare a policy brief of 750 words in length, on a topic of your choice in the area of ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT and SUSTAINABILITY. The brief must focus on a particular case study or profile a specific issue.
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry Presentation and Essay
Student will be required to write an essay of 3000 words, as well as deliver a 10-15 minute
presentation based on this essay question below.
For an industry sector of your choice (OIL & GAS INDUSTRY) Describe the regulatory mechanisms
that are, or should be in place, to ensure that the impacts of that industry on the environment and
society in which it operates are both acceptable and contained in a developing world setting.
The essay must be word processed, paged, properly and consistently referenced, and double spaced
with wide margins and in 12 point front size. Use diverse and detailed case studies to illustrate your
arguments.
These are three separate assignment
Policy brief separate (750)
Produce a separate power point presentation of 10-15 minute from the essay itself
The essay itself separate. (3000)
The essay must be structured properly with an introduction.
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry Criteria
Ensure you analyse and critique rather than simply describing the topic. This involves
using an analytical framework; – Choose relevant examples to illustrate your argument.
Tie theoretical perspectives to real-world examples; – Demonstrate comprehension of the
subject and ensure factual accuracy; – Structure their argument clearly – ensuring that their
essay flows from one point to the next; – Ensure you use evidence to back up the points you
are making; – Use high quality, relevant primary and secondary source literature and
reference their sources using a standard referencing protocol; – Proof-read you work before
submission, write in short sentences, use proper punctuation and grammar.
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry Sample Answer
Regulatory mechanisms for the oil and gas industry in a developing world setting
Introduction
As today’s society is organized, oil plays a critical and immense role. Petroleum products represent a lot more than just a major energy source that mankind uses. Other than being a vital source of energy, oil serves as feedstock for a number of consumer goods, and it therefore plays a pertinent and increasing role in the lives of people (Mariano & Rovere, 2012). Conversely, the oil and gas industry holds a significant potential of hazards for the environment and it might impact the environment at dissimilar levels including soil, water and atmosphere, and subsequently every living being on earth. In this context, pollution is the most dangerous and extensive consequence of the activities of the gas/oil industry (Buchsbaum, 2013; Mariano & Rovere, 2012). This essay critically examines the regulatory mechanisms for the gas and oil industry within the context of the developing world. The essay does so by presenting theoretical, legal framework and environmental policies employed by developing countries in managing the impacts of the gas and oil industry.
The essay will particularly explore the regulatory mechanisms in the following oil-producing developing countries located in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America: Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, Algeria, Yemen, Philippines, Cambodia, and Sudan. Others are Papua New Guinea, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Afghanistan, Mauritania, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This essay will also examine the efficacy of the regulatory mechanisms in the aforementioned oil producing developing nations. This will help to determine whether or not the regulatory mechanism has actually been effective in preventing companies in the oil and gas industry from contaminating the environment in their operations.
The paper may determine that in some oil-producing developing nations, there are regulatory mechanisms but their enforcement is weak. This poor implementation of regulatory mechanisms could be due to a number of reasons such as lack of monetary and human resources required to ensure effective environmental governance, as well as corruption (Ingelson & Nwapi, 2014). In the countries with weak environmental laws, this essay provides a number of recommendations to ensure strict enforcement of environment laws for environmental protection in oil-producing developing nations.
Environmental impact of oil and gas industry
Pollution is linked to almost every activity throughout every phase of the production of gas/oil from exploratory activities to refining. Exploration of oil brings about many environmental problems such as the environmental degradation and economic loss due to gas flaring; soil contamination as a result of oil leaks and spill; and increased deforestation (Perunović & Vidić-Perunovié, 2012). Gas emissions, waste waters, aerosols, and solid waste produced throughout drilling, production, refining and shipping amount to more than 810 dissimilar chemicals, amongst which prevail petroleum and oil products. The other impacts on the environment include contamination of the ground water, poorer quality of water, acid rain, and the intensification of the greenhouse effect (Klare, 2014). Additionally, the gas/oil industry might contribute to the loss of biodiversity and the destruction of ecosystems, which might be unique (Mariano & Rovere, 2012).
In any nation around the world, particularly developing nations, the discovery of natural resource could be the start of economic growth in that nation. If managed well, the wealth derived from that natural resource can promote sustained economic development within that nation. Duncan (2013) noted that the exploration and exploitation of natural resources usually comes with a number of challenges, the major one being the industry’s negative environmental impact. It is notable that the environmental impact of the gas and oil industry could be very disastrous to the country, that it necessitates a properly designed policy for managing controlling, and monitoring the industry’s negative impact on the environment (Ingelson & Nwapi, 2014). In many developing countries such as Mauritania, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Colombia, Algeria, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, Peru, Angola, Venezuela, and Ghana among others, the gas and oil industry is marred by various environmental challenges (Tan, Faundez & Ong, 2015). The environmental challenges are even considered a significant national concern since most of these developing nations have actually not performed well in terms of managing environmental problems brought about by the oil and gas industry (Vining, 2012).
The regulatory mechanisms in developing countries
The aim of environmental regulations in the natural gas and oil industry is basically to develop the framework in which regulatory programmes ensure that safeguarding of the environment is given greatest consideration as regards the development of gas and oil resources (Duncan, 2013). The goals of gas and oil regulation are to: present an effective and efficient framework for facilitating development and exploration of the nation’s oil/gas resources; reduce or eliminate risks to public safety and health and the environment and ensure proper resource management; and provide certainty and clarity to license holders with regard to the regulator’s requirements (Anejionu et al., 2015).
There are many developing nations that are producers or potential producers of oil and gas. These are illustrated in the table below:
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Caribbean and South America
Europe and Asia
North Africa and Middle East
Nigeria
Mexico
Papua New Guinea
Yemen
Sao Tome and Principe
Venezuela
Thailand
Syria
Angola
Colombia
China
Egypt
Mauritania
Peru
Philippines
Algeria
Democratic Republic of Congo
Argentina
Azerbaijan
Gabon
Equador
Kazakhstan
Cameroon
Trinidad and Tobago
Afghanistan
Sudan
Brazil
Cambodia
Ghana
Indonesia
In most of these developing nations, there is in place an adequately appropriate, though mostly theoretical, legal framework and environmental policy that is used to manage the impacts of the gas and oil industry (Tan, Faundez & Ong, 2015). On the whole, the regulatory system principles that have been adopted already in many developing nations are for the most part transposed onto the national legislation of these countries. Put simply, most developing nations that produce oil have developed, in theory, a regulatory and legal framework consistent with the ones in place for the benchmark nations (Tan, Faundez & Ong, 2015). Most of these nations have established a dedicated institution whose purpose is to manage the social and environmental impacts of gas and oil industry; in most cases, this is usually a ministry for environment.
The regulatory, legal, and contractual frameworks in oil producing developing nations are as described below: environmental governance objectives – in these countries, the legal system is mainly reliant upon incentives or penalties to accomplish its environmental objectives. Constitutional rights and obligations – in oil producing developing countries, there are constitutional obligations and rights which specifically address ownership of natural resources, address the status of indigenous communities, sustain and protect the environment, and protect the health of people (The World Bank, 2011).
Environmental policy for the oil and gas industry – in the oil producing developing nations, (i) specific laws have been put in place which establish policy for the development of this industry. Relevant regulations have also been duly enacted which give direction to executing the policy. (ii) There are environmental laws which set policy for addressing environmental issues which arise from the exploration and development of oil and gas. There are a number of regulations duly passed providing direction for execution of policy (The World Bank, 2011). (iii) Within the context of gas and oil industry development, oil producing developing countries have a set of laws which establish policy regarding use of water; emissions and effluents into the water, into the atmosphere, and onto land; noise; pollution; abandonment and decommissioning; and waste management including the management of hazardous wastes (The World Bank, 2011). In addition, appropriate regulations have been duly enacted which give direction to the execution of the policies and have quantitative standards.
Production-sharing agreement/host government agreement – (i) in the oil producing developing countries, there is a particular host government agreement which clearly spells out the contractual obligations and rights of the host government that arise out of a gas and oil development. In addition, this specific agreement directly addresses the host government’s related environmental obligations and rights (The World Bank, 2011). (ii) In these oil producing developing countries, there is a particular production-sharing agreement which spells out the contractual obligations and rights of the proponents of a gas and oil development. Moreover, this production-sharing agreement addresses the proponents’ related environmental obligations and rights (The World Bank, 2011). International agreements and obligations – (i) most national governments of the oil producing developing countries have included international law rights as well as obligations in their legal system which addresses the environmental issues that arise out of gas and oil industry development. (ii) The governments of these developing nations have established policy for addressing possible environmental impacts which affect adjacent nations by means of consultation or notification. (iii) For transnational firms that operate in the gas and oil industry in these nations, the companies are required to comply with the corporate policies developed due to the jurisdictional requirements followed within its country of origin (The World Bank, 2011).
Environmental disputes – (i) in these nations, there is actually an important access to a quasi-judicial commission or board as well as access to a national court system for every stakeholder to a functioning judiciary for ultimate, independent adjudication of disputes and determination of remedies that arise out of the environmental implications of the gas and oil industry development. (ii) These countries also have laws which identify and establish public hearings or appeals process for projects that are complex and/or controversial. (iii) Members of the public have access to the legal system and the court to get remedies for environmental nonconformity (The World Bank, 2011). Protected areas, parks, and other restrictions on gas and oil activities – in many oil producing developing nations, the development of gas and oil is inadmissible within protected areas and parks. Before the bidding process, there are clearly identified restrictions which apply (The World Bank, 2011).
Many developing nations have in place regulations and laws on the environment that seek to regulate the activities of companies in the oil and gas industry to minimize the negative impact of their activities on the environment (Abdalla, Siti-Nabiha & Shahbudin, 2013). There are oil/gas drilling and production regulations that restrict oil/gas companies operating in the developing country from using land within 50 yards of any public road, reservoir, dam or building; establish that oil/gas companies should take appropriate measures to prevent pollution of water, and to stop it if it happens; and prohibit oil and gas companies, without rightful permission, from cutting down of trees in the developing country’s forest reserves (Abdalla, Siti-Nabiha & Shahbudin, 2013). Furthermore, many oil-producing developing nations have in place petroleum refining regulations which require the manager of an oil refinery to take the reasonable measures in preventing and controlling environmental pollution, and which stipulate how infringement of the regulation would be punishable, for instance through imprisonment or fine (Anifowose et al., 2014).
Oil-producing developing nations have also put in place regulations that set down the necessary precautions that any oil and gas company in the production, loading, transportation as well as storage of petroleum products is required by law to take in order to prevent pollution on the environment (Laurent, 2015). There are also relevant regulations concerned with the control and licensing of oil and gas refining activities. Such regulations prohibit unlicensed refining of hydrocarbon oils and petroleum products in locations outside an oil refinery, and require hydrocarbon oil refineries in the oil-producing developing country to maintain pollution prevention facilities (Aldhous, 2012).
In addition, these countries have in place regulations that seek to prevent the discharge of hydrocarbon oil and petroleum products from ships. Such regulations prohibit ships of oil and gas companies in the oil-producing developing country from discharging oil into shorelines or territorial waters (Abdalla, Siti-Nabiha & Shahbudin, 2013). These regulations have also made it an offence for companies that transport petroleum products to discharge any oil on the waters of the developing nation. Oil and gas companies are required to install antipollution equipment in their ships (Atsegbua, 2012). The laws actually make such discharge punishable with a heavy fine and require the oil/gas company to keep records of incidences of oil discharge into the country’s shorelines or territorial waters. The oil-producing developing nations in which oil/gas is extracted offshore have in place relevant laws for oil pollution prevention offshore (Laurent, 2015). All discharges of oil from gas/oil offshore installations need to be controlled in a careful manner in order to reduce marine environment contamination and the contamination of the living resources which the marine environment supports (Farrington, 2014).
Many oil producing developing nations also have some type of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process which has been included in their regulatory and legal framework. Nonetheless, the emphasis of the process is largely directed towards regulatory approval of gas and oil projects and not towards developing a life-cycle approach for reducing social and environmental impacts all through the life of the whole project (Duncan, 2013). Environmental Impact Assessment is essentially a legal procedure wherein the oil and gas company is required to present environmental information to a consenting body so that the information could be utilized to make better informed decisions. In addition, EIA entails publication and public disclosure/comment or consultation. Visser and Larderel (2012) reported that this information is often presented in an Environmental Impact Assessment Report.
There are a number of goals of an Environmental Impact Assessment. An EIA is a tool for identifying possible environmental impacts of a proposed project, assessing how important or significant these environmental impacts are and propose suitable mitigation, monitoring and management measures for preventing or reducing impacts to levels that are good enough (Visser & Larderel, 2012). Environmental Impact Assessment is also a tool and process that aids decision-making. The information collected during an Environmental Impact Assessment could feedback into project design. Outcomes of Environmental Impact Assessment are usually utilized in managing subsequent stages of project design, construction, as well as operation (Visser & Larderel, 2012).
As dictated by best practice, the full extent of the Environmental Impact Assessment process in some oil-producing developing nations has yet to be executed. What lacks in particular is adequate and systematic participation of local stakeholders and the public, access to baseline social and environmental information within the affected areas, comprehensive examination of project alternatives, as well as consideration of cumulative and regional impacts further than the project level (Visser & Larderel, 2012). In most of these nations, project follow-up and environmental monitoring are seen as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment framework regulatory enforced. Even so, actual enforcement practices is usually insufficient, there is inadequate environmental monitoring, and monitoring data are either not divulged or they are not made extensively accessible to the affected stakeholders and the public (The World Bank, 2011). Furthermore, many oil producing developing nations have inadequate – at times completely absent – enforcement and control mechanisms in the post-Environmental Impact Assessment approval stage. Although a lot of oil-producing developing nations claim that risk management procedures and regulatory enforcement mechanisms for gas and oil activities are included into the regulatory framework, actual enforcement of Environmental Impact Assessment approval conditions and regulatory limits on-the-ground is not happening systematically and effectively (The World Bank, 2011).
Regulations and policies to reduce environmental impact of pit-wastewater: some oil-producing developing countries such as Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia and Thailand have in place appropriate regulations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of pit-wastewater which include wastewater and sludge that is generated through drilling activities (Mariano & Rovere, 2012). Oil and gas companies are required to install pit-wastewater processing systems. To avoid affecting local environments, these companies are expected to return pit-wastewater – wastewater that treatment facilities emit and production water attendant to gas and oil – underground, and treat pit-wastewater with the use of microorganisms and discharge the treated water into the ocean (Perunović & Vidić-Perunovié, 2012). Companies are also required to design and install their facilities and establish operating manuals basing upon their risk assessment in order to prevent contamination as a result of crude oil and pit-wastewater leaks (Anomohanran, 2012). Gas and oil companies are also required to establish an operating structure under which they monitor the operations of their facility with the use of twenty-four hour patrols and remote systems. This ensures that even in case of an accident, any leakages could be reduced (Mohamed & Al-Thukair, 2013)
Regulations and policies to prevent air pollution: in a number of oil-producing developing nations including Argentina and Thailand and Egypt, there are laws that require oil and gas companies to avoid air pollution as much as possible. Emissions from combustion equipment utilized in production sites such as gas engines and boilers are required to be below the regulation standard limits for concentrations of nitrous oxide and dust (Managi et al., 2012).
Critique of the impact and application of the regulatory framework in oil-producing developing nations
Even though these developing nations have a regulatory framework, the efficacy of the regulatory frameworks is compromised by the lack of an adequately organized administrative structure which facilitates effective regulatory conformity and enforcement. Furthermore, the other factor that compromises the effectiveness of regulations is the lack of monetary and human resources required to ensure effective environmental governance. In the oil producing developing nations, the institutions that are responsible for environmental management generally have inadequate or little resources – information systems, technology, training, personnel, and budget – to properly execute their strategies and perform their regulatory mandate (The World Bank, 2011). Although the governance structure and frameworks are in existence in oil producing developing countries, the execution of governance in an effective and efficient environmental management system for gas and oil activities is not well established. As such, efforts are required for strengthening the technical and administrative capabilities of governments in such countries so as to improve the environmental governance of the gas and oil industry (Duncan, 2013).
Nowadays, environmental concerns are not regularly taken into account in plans for offshore gas and oil exploration and development. Depending on the oil producing nation where they are working, most oil and gas corporations also operate to different social and environmental standards. In some oil producing developing nations, this implies that even the most fundamental requirements are not met (Tan, Faundez & Ong, 2015). Decommissioning of infrastructure is also a key issue and is rarely taken into account during planning and control. The life of a lot of oil exploration wells is limited; some wells with as short as just 1 – 3 months, though their construction often has long-term impacts. If planning for decommissioning is taken into consideration in the process of design, then environmental disruption will be decreased (Vining, 2012). All in all, thanks to weak environmental laws in many oil producing developing countries, many oil and gas companies continue to cause irreparable damage to the environment through their gas and oil exploration and development activities.
What the governments need to do to strengthen their regulatory framework
Governments of these nations need to establish stringent laws and regulations and take drastic actions against any oil and gas company that violates such laws and regulations not only through paying of fines (Anejionu et al., 2015). Firms that violate the established laws/regulations have to be fined very exorbitantly to serve as a deterrent against other oil and gas companies that plan on deliberately and carelessly polluting the environment during their gas/oil exploration and development in developing nations.
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry Conclusion
In conclusion, most developing nations that produce oil have developed, on paper, a regulatory and legal framework similar to the ones established in the benchmark nations. Many oil-producing developing countries have established a dedicated institution whose main purpose is to manage the environmental impacts of gas and oil industry. Although oil-producing emerging economies have a regulatory framework in place, the efficacy of the regulatory frameworks is compromised by the lack of a properly organized administrative structure that actually facilitates effective regulatory conformity and enforcement.
Regulatory Mechanisms for the Oil and Gas Industry References
Abdalla, Y. A., Siti-Nabiha, A. K., & Shahbudin, A. (2013). Examining the regulatory frameworks for the oil and gas industry in Sudan. Journal Of Environmental Assessment Policy & Management, 15(1), -1. doi:10.1142/S1464333213500063
Aldhous, P. (2012). Drilling into the unknown. New Scientist, 213(2849), 8-10.
Anifowose, B., Lawler, D., Horst, D., & Chapman, L. (2014). Evaluating interdiction of oil pipelines at river crossings using Environmental Impact Assessments. Area, 46(1), 4-17. doi:10.1111/area.12065
Atsegbua, L. A. (2012). The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010: an examination of its regulatory framework. OPEC Energy Review, 36(4), 479-494. doi:10.1111/j.1753-0237.2012.00225.x
Buchsbaum, L. (2013). Oil & gas and agriculture look for common ground on water and environmental issues. Coloradobiz, 40(8), 34.
Duncan, C. (2013). Mediation in the oil and gas industry: Taking the best for the future. Dispute Resolution Journal, 68(4), 71-85.
Farrington, J. W. (2014). Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment II: Fates and Effects of Oil Spills. Environment, 56(4), 16-31. doi:10.1080/00139157.2014.922382
Hamso, B. (2015). New drive to end routine flaring. Energy Policy, 34(7): 21-27
Ingelson, A., & Nwapi, C. (2014). Environmental impact assessment process for oil, gas and mining projects in Nigeria: A critical analysis. LEAD Journal (Law, Environment & Development Journal), 10(1), 1-22.
Klare, M. T. (2014). Petro-machismo. Nation, 298(12), 30-32.
Laurent, G. (2015). A New Regulatory Paradigm for Over-the-Counter Oil Forward Contracts. Economic Affairs, 35(2), 299-305. doi:10.1111/ecaf.1212.
Managi, S., Opaluch, J. J., Di, J., & Grigalunas, T. A. (2012). Environmental Regulations and Technological Change in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Land Economics, 81(2), 303-319.
Mariano, J., & Rovere, E. L. (2012). Environmental impacts of the oil industry. Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems. (EOLSS).
Mohamed, L., & Al-Thukair, A. A. (2013). Environmental Assessments in the Oil and Gas Industry. Water, Air & Soil Pollution: Focus, 9(1/2), 99-105. doi:10.1007/s11267-008-9190-x
Perunović, Z., & Vidić-Perunovié, J. (2012). Environmental Regulation and Innovation Dynamics in the Oil Tanker Industry. California Management Review, 55(1), 130-148.
Senze, M., Kowalska-Góralska, M., Pokorny, P., Dobicki, W., & Polechoński, R. (2015). Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of Baltic Sea Catchment Rivers Affected by Operations of Petroleum and Natural Gas Mines in Western Pomerania, Poland. Polish Journal Of Environmental Studies, 24(5), 2167-2175. doi:10.15244/pjoes/40273
Tan, C., Faundez, J., & Ong, D. M. (2015). Regulating environmental responsibility for the multinational oil industry: Continuing challenges for international law. International Journal Of Law In Context, 11(2), 153-173. doi:10.1017/S1744552315000051
The World Bank. (2011). Environmental governance in oil-producing developing countries. Extractive Industries for Development Series, 17(6): 1-48
Vining, S. K. (2012). Improve emissions monitoring. Hydrocarbon Processing, 77(1), 79.
Visser, J. P., & Larderel, J. A. (2012). Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production: An overview of issues and management approaches. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 3(8): 65-77
The Beneficial Invention on Ocean Driven Hydropower Order Instructions: The Beneficial Invention: We live in an age of great technological change. Imagine that you could choose what the next great invention would be.
The Beneficial Invention on Ocean Driven Hydropower
What invention would be the most beneficial for society, and why? Write a well-organized persuasive essay in which you explain your choice.
The Beneficial Invention on Ocean Driven Hydropower Sample Answer
Ocean-Driven Hydropower
Necessity is the mother of invention, and inventions from typical ones to the most complex and sophisticated ones are majorly motivated towards resolving a particular problem or need. However, with different problems or needs requiring varied solution alternatives, modern-day inventions are no longer driven by necessity but austerity in order to ensure that the most appropriate option is pursued optimal results (Kreis). Thus, De Bono argues that “since the development of the sewing machine to the railway to the telegraph, the nineteenth century was abuzz with inventions” (53). This was immediately followed by other numerous inventions including the light bulb, the typewriter, X-ray as well as the wireless communication all the way up to the most recent inventions that are highly complex and sophisticated solving serious problems in a vast range of problems across all areas affecting the humanity and nature. However, most of these inventions have also presented their fair share of challenges including environmental challenges arising from industrial pollution, in particular the global warming and/or climate change which have been attributed to a myriad of social-economical problems (Fuller).
Nowadays, more emphasis has been focused on mitigating these environmental challenges mostly caused by the sources of energy used in industries as well as powering automobiles through green and sustainable energy. This is a need which has been recognized due to the extent of devastating environmental problems attributable to global warming and/or climate change such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, among others. As a result, the zeal to invent an appropriate to address these challenges has been significantly heightened mostly through green and sustainable energy alternatives that would greatly reduce industrial pollution subsequently ensuring that challenges caused by global warming and/or climate change are alleviated once and for all (Meyer).
As such, ocean-driven hydropower will definitely be one of the greatest inventions in the future envisaged to be the most beneficial as we continue to consistently and rapidly undergo the age of tremendous technological change. Schneider rightfully argues “the potential of ocean-driven hydropower has immense potential in providing substantial green and sustainable energy in the future, which would subsequently result to significant reductions in industrial pollution thereby contributing to the resolving of many environmental issues that confront humanity today” (2). Furthermore, Maynard claims that “the ocean is significantly vast and has an immense potential to be exponentially and infinitely tapped to provided the most need green as well as sustainable energy if the turbines which are currently being designed to harness the ocean’s hydropower potential are commercialized” (633).
This great invention which is envisaged to be almost a panacea to most environmental challenges stemming from industrial pollution in future through utilization of its potential to capture energy from ocean currents subsequently converting this wave power into electricity is not without a feasibility hurdle, because it will require significant amounts of investment. However, Schneider rightfully argues that “these investments are not comparable to the benefits expected to accrue from this great invention not only in cutting energy consumption costs but also in terms of reducing the costs involved in mitigating the environmental risks as well as addressing environmental problems or issues arising from industrial pollution caused by conventional sources of energy such as biofuels and biomass fuels” (3). Thus, this beneficial invention will be a great breakthrough towards addressing energy needs as well as environmental challenges in the future.
The Beneficial Invention on Ocean Driven Hydropower Works Cited
De Bono, Edward. “Eureka! An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer”, Thames & Hudson, 2014.
Fuller, Edmund. Tinkers and Genius: The Story of the Yankee Inventors. New York: Hastings House, 2015.
It is important that the writer pay attention to all details and respond accordingly. The 3 main questions pose here must be responded to in detail.
Variable Relationships
This week we enter the world of relationships between variables. It is a common mistake to assume causation when a correlation is present. As an applied doctoral student, it is important that you understand the role of relationships between variables. So, to facilitate that understanding, in this paper, please post a 3 paragraph statement minimum that illuminates correlation in your currently conceived DBA doctoral study topic (which may or may not be appropriate for correlational methods, but for the purpose of this paper, pretend it is). Doctoral study topic is (The Effects of Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices on Employee Performance). To do this present the following:
1. State your proposed research questions and hypotheses for your DBA doctoral study research.
2. Present how your study constructs are relational, and not causal (unless you have a true experimental condition. If you have a true experimental condition, with all expected components, defend all causal conditions).
3. Finally, discuss how and whether your envisioned DBA doctoral study’s questions will be sufficiently answered by bivariate correlations, or whether multivariate methods are more appropriate.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Correlation does not always imply that causation exists. Causation refers to any act or process of triggering something to happen or to exist. It is an explanation of the relationship between a situation or event and its possible cause. Hence, a correlation between any two variables does not directly imply that one causes another. Correlation can be used further as a basis for the testing hypothesis of a true existence of the relationship.
Research question
Research question identification forms one of the major elements in any research. It narrows down the focus of a study. The elements necessary for the research question should focus on the core meaning and individual’s personal experiences. Qualitative factors rather than quantitative factors need to be considered. Also, individual experiences need to be expressed in an intimate manner and be formed without bias (Batt, et’al,.2011). Therefore, the research questions in this research study are the following: What are the effects of Human Resource Practices on employee performance.
A major role is to design interview questions to gain an understanding of human resource and employees. These questions facilitated understanding of value formation, development, how they are applied and how the results can help the business society understand effects of the variables. A phenomenological methodology will allow for an understanding of the effects of human resource practices on employee performance (Guest, D. E. 2011). The following interview questions are intended to answer the research question.
What factors in your background influence your job performance?
How does motivation impact on the level of production from individual employee levels?
The hypothesis found the correlation between motivation and performance. A well-motivated workforce with effective reward formula leads to an increased level of production. Also, state factors in the background of the safety at workplaces and their effects on performance.
From the hypothesis, the variables are relational. This mainly arises because one variable has a positive effect on another. In the case of motivation, it positively impacts how employees behave in their workplaces. A rational manager who focuses on strategies to motivate employees realizes the benefits positively. In the presence of this, the employees have a self drive and, thus, perform duties without much supervision. One feels appreciated and the contribution he/she awards the organization is appreciated (Guest, D. E. 2011). Concerning background, employees who work in the safe environment can perform tasks positively. Safety and a clean working environment are a key factor in optimizing production. Management can consider restructuring the organization structure to enhance employee performance. However, some employees tend to perform similarly even if the background of their workplaces are changed or altered. Hence, the hypothesis relates to the problem and should not be considered causation (Jiang, et’al,.2012).
The relationship between these variables can be tested using bivariate relationship. Thus is an implication that as one variable increases, the other variable increases. This contributes to a linear relationship. Similarly, as one variable decreases, the other variable also increases. This implies that when the management’s motivational tasks are increased, there is a positive result on production. Any additional unit gives an additional effort to employees (Bratton, et’al,.2012). This can be achieved through focused employee activities that include the award of tokens on any overtime worked and other similar activities. Thus, human resource practices affect job performance of employees, and one should consider improving this performance based on employee needs by establishing their needs and capabilities.
References
Batt, R., & Colvin, A. J. (2011). An employment systems approach to turnover: Human resources practices, quits, dismissals, and performance. Academy of management Journal, 54(4), 695-717.
Bratton, J., & Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of management Journal, 55(6), 1264-1294.
Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(1), 3-13.
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1. You are an IT consultant working for a biomedical company named ADAM Metals. ADAM is researching the effects of Adamantium on the human body. Their work
is secret and they are highly protective of their research and their data. They do not want wired connections in the lab area, so they have asked for you to
develop a secure wireless strategy for their researching labs. Create a brief recommendation of the technology systems required and the security measures
needed to implement secured wireless. All wireless traffic should be encrypted and all devices must be in an “approved” list prior to joining the network.
The general health of the devices should also be reviewed prior to joining the network.
You must use Microsoft technologies because ADAM cannot buy additional systems. (Yes, they’ll need wireless access points, but that’s not important for this
proposal). Be thorough and justify everything. They want to know why you are recommending each technology, so they can fully understand the risks,
assumptions, and potential issues with the new system.
2. Explain PXE and its role in WDS. While PXE plays a big part in WDS, it is not completely necessary. What are some options using WDS with and without PXE.
What are the benefits of using WDS over traditional imaging process? What are the requirements for implementing WDS?
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One page:
Describe the Chromatic Dispersion (EG&G CD-300). (Figure 3,4). As an instrument only, how the instrument works precisely (from the beginning of connecting the fiber till we get the result on the screen.. like the light travels through the fiber and.. e.t.c , .), and the parameters in this device. In general how close it work practically. 1/2 page
Then describe the graph of a sample of fiber of CD test (Figure 5) (just general description what it means the parameters in the graph, short explanation).
Also short description about: Lambda-zero, s-zero, total dispersion. 1/2 page
One page:
Describe the instrument of polarization mode dispersion (PMD-440 EG&G-USA) (Figure 6), as above, how does it work practically in precise way, from we connect the fiber till we get the result on the screen. Then explain the graph, and what it means?, and the parameters given in the graph (PMD, PMD/root/km, second order PMD, fit coefficient. Short explanation(only to refer to the graph in my thesis) (Figure 7).
One page:
Describe Cut-off Wavelength device practically (photon kinetics PK-2210 ) (Figure 8), how does it work practically in precise way?. And why we are using only 22 meters sample for testing, and using 2 objects with diameter of 4 cm and 2 cm (to make banding on the fiber, why?) .
Then, explain the attached graph and what it means? (Figure 9).
Two pages:
I attached the practical side of my work, I need you to explain and put some comments regarding to what I wrote and obtained from the figures (17, 18 and
19), to accomplish the tests in shortest possible time (to be an optimal order of testing) (taking into account the rejection rate and the time of test and
preparation),what I wrote was not enough from the doctors point of view. write and put more comments and advantages and any thing can be enough to cover the obtained results. The graphs in results chapter (17, 18 and 19).
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Please review the attachments to obtain the details of the paper. May you please relate the whole coursework to the regulations of the United Kingdom as the project is based in London.
Every bit of information must be cited
USE PEER REVIEWED SOURCES AND SCHOLARLY SOURCES FOR ACCURATE INFORMATION AND WELL RESEARCHED ASSIGNMENTS FOR VALIDITY.
Review the grading rubric on turntin to avoid penalization which will lead to low grades.Also make sure you submit assignment in time.
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