Psychological Consequences of Optical Illusion See the video from YouTube https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Iw8idyw_N6Q
And answer question (do not copy from the website, use own words)
Psychological Consequences of Optical Illusion
1. According to the video, what can optical illusions tell us about our brains?
2. According to the video, how can optical illusions be the difference between life and death, but in nature and in warfare?
3. How did the Soviet Union manipulate the United States in a film real of an airshow by way of an optical illusion? What were some real-life consequences to
the U.S. and citizens?
4. Describe an example of an optical illusion found in architecture, and describe some of the real-life consequences.
5. What is the “End of History Illusion“; and what are some of the psychological consequences to human beings?
6. What is the “Illusion of Control”; and what are the consequences to both individuals and to society?
(Please just answer questions on the paper and mark 1,2,3,4,5,6 before the answer.)
The concept of recovery oriented practice has increasingly become a prominent concept in mental health policy internationally. This notion originated from consumer perspectives that challenged traditional beliefs about course of mental health disorders and the effective treatment strategies, and it has become widely conceptualized that recovery oriented care is a deeply unique process that changes a person’s attitudes, feelings, values, goals and skills with the aim of improving life limitations caused by the mental illness (Doran et al., 2015). Using Janet’s case study Version 1 and Version 2, this essay expounds on the concept of recovery oriented care by focusing on recovery principles; and elaborating how recovery principles differ from clinical principles.
Recovery principles
Recovery principles refer to the collective approach used to respond to the mental health distress by supporting empowerment, autonomy and retention of hope. Fundamentally, the recovery principles focus on the benefit of acknowledging a person as a whole instead of defining them by their deficits or difficulties (Evans et al., 2017). In this context, recovery is supported through the implementation of collaborative and consultative treatment strategies to people with mental health issues. These strategies place the client at the center of care and emphasize on individuals strengths to support their self determination. The recovery principles are core to the professional standards for Australian and New Zealand mental health includes uniqueness of an individual, autonomy, rights and attitude of their carers, treating mentally ill people with dignity and respect, collaborative care enhanced through effective communication (Mental Health Commission, 2012).
Based on recovery principles, helping patients who experience mental health issues with psychotic clinical issues, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, requires a range of skills and attitudes that are developed from sound knowledge foundation as well as inquisitive approach. The core recovery principle in this group of attributes is the ability to establish a respectful support and collaborative relationship (therapeutic alliance) with the client, their relatives, friends and their loved ones (Slade et al., 2014).
The main challenge for clinical practice during the recovery paradigm is the capacity to remain responsive to the patient’s change and family/loved ones concerns. However, this is vital because client’s capacity to exercise autonomy during decision making may fluctuate over time. For instance, the client may change their desired treatment approach frequently or the client’s family may hold different opinions about the best treatment. Therefore, the recovery principles enable the provider to develop the capacity to ‘be with’ instead of insisting on the standard clinical practice. For instance, in Janet’s Case study Version 2, “the psychiatrist was happy to reduce drugs after 10 days when Janet told her how horrible they were” (O’Hagan, 2014, p.227).
From this analysis, the healthcare provider should understand their own feelings and values to this practice. This is because their personal ethical beliefs and values could make them to inadvertently exhibit judgmental behaviors which could compromise care. The mental health care providers should perform rigorous and regular clinical supervision so as to retain clarity in nursing practice (Evans, Nizette, & O’Brien, 2017). Clinical supervision is one of the recovery principle recognized as professional standard for Australian as well and New Zealand mental health nurses. In addition, it is evident that recovery principles are based on reflective care that is not influenced by the individual’s personal values or ethics. These principles emphasize on self determination and collaborative partnership. For instance, in Janet’s case study version 2,Through collaborative treatment approaches, Janet was able to overcome the sexual abuse trauma; she is better, and now works as a mental health nurse, where she uses her experience to guide other mentally ill patient (O’Hagan, 2017, p.228).
The difference between recovery principles and clinical recovery
Recovery can be viewed through different lenses – personal experience (set of workforce competencies/practices) or clinical recovery process. This personal recovery approach is viewed as the post institutional service philosophy because it challenges the bedrock of traditional mental health system (Barder, 2012). Clinical recovery is a concept that emerged from the expertise of mental health care providers, and it entails treating of psychosocial symptoms so as to restore functioning or to bring back the patient’s life back to normal. Recovery principle differs in clinical recovery in that the concept emerged from expertise of people who have lived the experienced or mental illness (Hapell et al., 2013). On the other hand, recovery principle dwells on a deep unique change of a person’s values, attitudes and feelings with the aim of living a satisfactory life within the daily life limitations associated with the illness. It is basically creating a new purpose and meaning in client’s life as she or he grows beyond the catastrophic event associated with the mental illness (Williams et al., 2012).
As depicted in Janet case study Version 1, the traditional healthcare system perceives mental illness with no legitimacy. Most clients experience major mental health issues as frightening, desolate and also destructive. This is because the pain in mentally ill clients is at par with grief and torture of surviving a battle field or that of being accused of heinous crime (Leah, 2012). The only difference is that the latter experiences have legitimacy and the society has a well defined pathway for their justice and recovery; and surviving them is perceived as heroic and is admirable. On the other hand, mental health is met with fear, reproach and pity. Unlike clinical recovery, recovery principles recognize the importance of person recovery in that mental illness is perceived as a full human experience; therefore, it does not support justification for segregation, cruelty and coercion. A society that has person recovery mind concepts has place for people with mental health illness because seeks to provide a better pathway to better life (O’Hagan, 2014).
Another aspect of clinical recovery that acts as bedrock of the unfortunate traditional belief is community’s abdication of responsibility for the mentally ill people to the profession and services. In the current society, people seek answers to human problems from state- authorized profession institutions. Although to some extent this has been of benefit, it is associated with overdependence of deficit oriented institutions and professionals. Their reputed monopoly on expertise has disabled the mentally ill clients by keeping the stuck in the healthcare services as indicated by Janet’s case study version 1, “the mental health system is responsible for the Janet’s terrible state (O’Hagan, 2014, p. 224).
The devaluation of mental illness in conjunction with community abdication has is associated with naïve community consensus around client’s safety, which is based on discriminative assumption that mentally ill people are not responsible of their behavior, and that the mental health institutions and services must take responsibility of their behavior through tightly controlled approaches (Gilburt et al., 2013). The clinical recovery approach develops unsustainable assumptions that mentally ill persons must be controlled like robots; they lack freewill and those mental health institutions and professionals have magical powers to predict and that the strict measures towards the mentally ill people is meant to establish a safer community. Unfortunately, the unrealistic demands have led to increase in risk adverse practices such as liberty restrictions, locked doors and compulsory treatment just as those experienced by Janet Version 1 case study (Berglund, 2012; Ivey et al., 2012).
Clinical recovery is important, but focusing on clinical recovery alone makes the patient to feel defined by their mental health problem, thereby exacerbating the problem. This approach also makes a person to neglect other aspects of lives that could be cultivated and potentially lead to improved wellbeing (Evans & Brown, 2012). Most of the clinicians identify mental illness experiences such as hearing voices a focus of clinical recovery, which not only make it problematic, but also leads to waste or resources in order to get rid of personal idiosyncrasies that otherwise would be the patient’s assets if well understood and work with using the best approaches possible. On the contrary, the recovery principles of the mental health service seek to design treatment strategies for mental illness is that does not only keeping people out of acute crisis so that they can lessen their dependency and burden to the community. The strategies contemplate the possibility of holistic recovery instead of focusing on clinical issues only, which in most cases could be resolved (Le Boutillier et al., 2015).
Conclusion
Mentally ill people are human beings too; they have rights as other citizens and must be allowed to participate in their local communities. To ensure that the mentally ill patients are socially included in the community’s daily life, the society and mental health professions will be required to change their traditional beliefs and unfortunate assumptions about mental health. In this context, the final frontier is eradicating the barriers that prevent people from experiencing their entitlements as the other citizens. This involves transformation of “treat clinical symptoms- and recover” world view. In addition, the mental health systems should give priorities to treatments strategies that help the mentally ill patient to continue re-engaging with their life. However, the most important and the broadest challenge is the societal change. This implies that the mental health professionals should collaborate with people with lived experienced of mental illness to become partners and social activists who challenge the erroneous stigmatizing assumptions associated with mentally ill people which prohibits them from enjoying the same citizenship entitlements as other people in the community.
References
Barder, M.E.(2012). Recovery as the new medical model for psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv 63 (3) 277-279
Berglund, C. A. (2012). Enter the patient. In C. A. Berglund (Ed.), Ethics for health care (4th ed.) (pp.71-97). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press
Doran, E., Fleming, J., Jordens, C., Stewart, C. L., Letts, J., & Kerridge, I. H. (2015). Managing ethical issues in patient care and the need for clinical ethics support. Australian Health Review, 39(1), 44-50. doi: 10.1071/AH14034
Edwards, K-L., Munro, I., Welch, A. & Robins, A. (2014) Mental Health Nursing: Dimensions of Praxis. (2nd ed) South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Evans, J., & Brown, P. (2012). Videbeck’s Mental Health Nursing. Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Gilburt, H., Slade, M., Bird, V., Oduola, S., & Craig, T. K. (2013). Promoting recovery-oriented practice in mental health services: a quasi-experimental mixed-methods study. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 167.
Happell, B., Cowin, L., Roper, C. & Lakeman, R. & Cox, L. (2013). Introducing mental health nursing: A service user-orientated approach (2nd Ed). Crow’s Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Ivey, A., Ivey, M. & Zalaquett, C. with Quirk, K., (2012) Essentials of intentional interviewing: Counselling in a multicultural world (3rd ed). Belmont, USA:Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
Jones, K., & Creedy, D. (2012). Health and human behaviour (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press.
Leahy, R. (2012) (Ed). Treatment plans and interventions for depression and anxiety disorders (2nd ed). New York; London: Guilford Press
Le Boutillier, C., Chevalier, A., Lawrence, V., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Macpherson, R., … & Slade, M. (2015). Staff understanding of recovery-orientated mental health practice: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Implementation Science, 10(1), 87.
Mental Health Commission. (2012). Blueprint II: Improving mental health and wellbeing for all New Zealanders: How things need to be. Wellington: Mental Health Commission, 52.
O’Hagan, M. (2014). Madness made me: a memoir. New Zealand: Open Box/Potton & Burton.
Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O’Hagan, M., Panther, G., Perkins, R., Shepherd, G., Tse, S. and Whitley, R. (2014), Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery-oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13: 12–20. doi:10.1002/wps.20084
Williams, J., Leamy, M., Bird, V., Harding, C., Larsen, J., Le Boutillier, C., … & Slade, M. (2012). Measures of the recovery orientation of mental health services: systematic review. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(11), 1827-1835.
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Question 4: Describe the main social factors that influence attraction between people. Select one of these factors and describe the empirical support for its influence
Introduction
Social attraction between people is very important. Aspects of social attraction such as love, understanding and care are difficult to explicate because they often go against many norms in life. Care is a precept of responsibility and authority while understanding stems from knowledge and wisdom. There are factors that control the existence of others in any social setup. Beauty and attraction may have a lot in common but they are not common to all (Anders, de Jong, Beck, Haynes & Ethofer, 2016). This is why it is important to analyze social factors that generate stereotypes about beauty and attraction. This paper will assess the following aspects as they relate to beauty;
What is beauty as perceived by different cultures
What stereotypes exist about the concept of attraction
The difference between love and attraction
The theories that define and propagate beauty
The concerns over natural and augmented beauty
The essence of effort in being attractive
Body
Social factors that influence attraction between people
The main factors that influence attraction between people as shall be discussed include;
Character: How a person behaves around people
Personality: The traits of personal disposition that encourage influence among people
Socialization: The aspects that society praises and considers right and viable
Personal motivators: what the individual considers to be of motivational value
Beauty: The appeal to the human eye
Factor Selected: Beauty
Background on Beauty
Beauty is defined as the experience of pleasure or satisfaction based on perception. That is why beauty can only be seen and not felt. What people see as beautiful is often a creation of their social setting(Launay & Dunbar, 2015).
Empirical support for beauty
Beauty is a vane concept that makes up most of the arguments and concepts about attraction. Attraction is vital to any relationship between people because it obscures the feeling of human weakness and inequity (Weidenfeld & Leask, 2013). Man is known to be imperfect and very unsymmetrical in many ways. Beauty however is the concept of perfection without prejudice and need to approve other concepts within the person observed.
Beauty makes it possible for people to overlook human inequities that are ever existent and often profoundly the cause for the use of derogative words on people (Sprecher, Treger, Fisher, Hilaire & Grzybowski, 2015). What is not attractive is often despised and chastised. It is vital to remember that perception is simply an illusion that may not be similarly felt by another person. More often than not, the feeling that one is able to achieve a particular attraction or not is all about what they perceive to appeal to them. This is what beauty is all about.
The concept of beauty or appeal in attraction is very complicated because attraction between people can be out of many reasons as well. However, the urge to go beyond the necessary to please the other person is borne out of a need for appreciation or the desire to do right. This can be considered as beauty of purpose or the innocence of decision and motivation. Beauty is about purity and sanctity. There is often a significant appeal from society to get things done but hardly a similar motivation in attraction.
Attraction is about the traits that make one seem to have a beautiful character and to some extent, beautiful build and look. It applies to both persons of the male and those of the female gender (Talamas, Mavor & Perrett, 2016). Other traits that accompany beauty include; hard work, diligence and determination. They often seem to be of an enlightenment that sparks influence among people.
However much there may be aspects that one looks for in an attractive partner beside their physical appeal, the appeal of the self is the most important. Attraction is about having a similar feeling towards a person at all times without altering the feel of the person based on the circumstance(Ioerger et al., 2015). Beauty is thus best explained by the features one possesses. These features make it possible for the person to ultimately influence a feeling of desire in another person.
Conclusion
According to Anders et al., (2016), many people consider the feeling of attraction to be related to the symmetrical shape of the person, shape or thing. Many people are attracted to beauty and not value. There is thus the general feeling that most human beings will often proverbially ‘read a book by its cover’ (McGinley, Zhang, Mattila & O’Neill, 2015). This is critical in the world where perception is often the main reason for attention on certain details. The concluding chapter will contain further information on;
Why beauty is an important perspective to attractiveness
The general concept of beauty in the societal approach
The benefits or demerits of beauty in attraction
References
Anders, S., de Jong, R., Beck, C., Haynes, J., & Ethofer, T. (2016). A neural link between affective understanding and interpersonal attraction. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, 113(16), E2248-E2257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516191113
Ioerger, M., Henry, K. L., Chen, P. Y., Cigularov, K. P., & Tomazic, R. G. (2015). Beyond Same-Sex Attraction: Gender-Variant-Based Victimization Is Associated with Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use for Other-Sex Attracted Adolescents. Plos ONE, 10(6), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129976
Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. M. (2015). Playing with Strangers: Which Shared Traits Attract Us Most to New People?. Plos ONE, 10(6), 1-17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129688
McGinley, S., Zhang, L., Mattila, A., & O’Neill, J. (2015). Attraction to Hospitality Companies: How Processing Fluency Moderates Value Fit. Journal Of Human Resources In Hospitality & Tourism, 14(1), 25-44. doi:10.1080/15332845.2014.904171
Mitteness, C. R., DeJordy, R., Ahuja, M. K., & Sudek, R. (2016). Extending the Role of Similarity Attraction in Friendship and Advice Networks in Angel Groups. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 40(3), 627-655. doi:10.1111/etap.12135
Sprecher, S., Treger, S., Fisher, A., Hilaire, N., & Grzybowski, M. (2015). Associations Between Self-Expansion and Actual and Perceived (Dis)Similarity and Their Joint Effects on Attraction in Initial Interactions. Self & Identity, 14(4), 369-389. doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.1003592
Talamas, S. N., Mavor, K. I., & Perrett, D. I. (2016). Blinded by Beauty: Attractiveness Bias and Accurate Perceptions of Academic Performance. Plos ONE, 11(2), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148284
Weidenfeld, A., & Leask, A. (2013). Exploring the relationship between visitor attractions and events: definitions and management factors. Current Issues In Tourism, 16(6), 552-569. doi:10.1080/13683500.2012.702736
SAMPLE ANSWER
PSYCHOLOGY
Social attraction between people is very important. Aspects of social attraction such as love, understanding and care are difficult to explicate because they often go against many norms in life. It is crucial to ensure that these aspects are maintained along a certain line and many people keep it that way. For instance, love is governed by respect, trust and mutual understanding. Care is a precept of responsibility and authority while understanding stems from knowledge and wisdom (Anders, et.al, 2016). Attraction between people has one key aspect to it; beauty. What anyone would find attractive is often the aspect of life that they feel is appealing to them. Beauty and attraction may have a lot in common but they are not common to all (Anders, de Jong, Beck, Haynes& Ethofer, 2016). This is why it is important to analyze social factors that generate stereotypes about beauty and attraction.
Beauty is defined as the experience of pleasure or satisfaction based on perception. That is why beauty can only be seen and not felt (Anders, et.al, 2016). What people see as beautiful is often a creation of their social setting. For instance, people who hardly encounter persons of a different race may deem them to be more beautiful or less beautiful depending on their socialization (Weidenfeld& Leask, 2013). In many social setups, beauty is displayed by models on newspapers, article magazines and websites. It is a form of influence that ends up making the person to feel that what they see as beautiful is not as beautiful or appealing as they suppose. Beauty is thus a form of influence that is borne out of what the society considers to be appealing or not. Beauty is however the greatest contributor to perceptions about attraction (Launay& Dunbar, 2015). Where there is attraction, beauty is often a factor that is critical and central to the theme.
Beauty is a concept that makes up most of the arguments and concepts about attraction. Attraction is vital to any relationship between people because it obscures the feeling of human weakness and inequity. Man is known to be imperfect and very unsymmetrical in many ways. Beauty however is the concept of perfection without prejudice and need to approve other concepts within the person observed. Beauty makes it possible for people to overlook human inequities that are ever existent and often profoundly the cause for the use of derogative words on people (Sprecher, Treger, Fisher, Hilaire & Grzybowski, 2015). What is not attractive is often despised and chastised. It is vital to remember that perception is simply an illusion that may not be similarly felt by another person (Anders, et.al, 2016). More often than not, the feeling that one is able to achieve a particular attraction or not is all about what they perceive to appeal to them. This is what beauty is all about.
The concept of beauty or appeal in attraction is very complicated because attraction between people can be out of many reasons as well. However, the urge to go beyond the necessary to please the other person is borne out of a need for appreciation or the desire to do right. This can be considered as beauty of purpose or the innocence of decision and motivation. Beauty is about purity and sanctity. There is often a significant appeal from society to get things done but hardly a similar motivation in attraction. As explained by Talamas, Mavor& Perrett (2016) Attraction is about the traits that make one seem to have a beautiful character and to some extent, beautiful build and look. It applies to both persons of the male and those of the female gender (Talamas, Mavor& Perrett, 2016). Other traits that accompany beauty include; hard work, diligence and determination. They often seem to be of an enlightenment that sparks influence among people. Although affluence is more influential than these traits, it follows that one would find another person with such traits likely to be attractive.
However much there may be aspects that one looks for in an attractive partner beside their physical appeal, the appeal of the self is the most important (McGinley, et.al, 2015). Attraction is about having a similar feeling towards a person at all times without altering the feel of the person based on the circumstance. Beauty is thus best explained by the features one possesses. These features make it possible for the person to ultimately influence a feeling of desire in another person. It is about the makeup women put on or the expensive suits men wear. It is about making the other person like what one already likes (Ioerger, Henry, Chen, Cigularov& Tomazic, 2015). Attraction can thus be predetermined and premeditated. It is a factor that can easily be manipulated in people’s minds and an issue that is hardly the cause for divisive argument.
According to Englis, Solomon, & Ashmore, (2014), various cultures perceive beauty differently. This is because beauty often defines how attractive one is and since there is a difference between values from one culture to another, there is also a difference in factors making up beauty. However, as per Vacker & Key (2013), despite the variations in perception across various cultures, beauty remains to be one of the most influential factors in establishing attraction between people. The current generation of the 21st century regards beauty as an outward appearance of an individual that is desired. Therefore, they support the definition that beauty refers to what can be seen by the eye to be appealing. However, before the current perception and definition of beauty, various cultures had unique features which if present in an individual, he or she is regarded as being attractive (Englis, Solomon & Ashmore, 2014. The character of a person was a big determinant in whether the person is seen as beautiful or not. This is because there were people who could be attractive, win other people’s hearts, and influence others by just interacting with them. In such a case, beauty becomes defined by the intrinsic features that a person possess and not their outward appearances. Societies which belief in both intrinsic and extrinsic beauty believe that the existing inequality in appearance between people should not be a major cause for regarding someone as not being beautiful.
There are various stereotypes that are related to attraction. As explained by Vacker & Key (2013), most people tend to think that people naturally get attracted to those individuals whom they have certain common features with. This stereotyping concept involves both men and female, and in this example, the proponents of this belief argue that the existing high number of integration, interaction, marriage, and business establishments between people of the same ethnicity proves that people get attracted to others whom they share certain common features. Perceptions that people with same characteristics or origin easily see each other as beautiful is also based on culture. In this regard, it is easier for a person to recognize\e another person as being beautiful if both of them share a common culture or origin. Another stereotyping about beauty is that it is more pronounced in women as compared to men (Englis, Solomon & Ashmore, 2014). Therefore, it is easier for men to regard women as being beautiful as compared to seeing other men as a beautiful. As a result, it is expected that attraction will flourish easily between men and women as compared to between men and men. (Vacker and Key, 2013).
There has been a misconception about love and beauty especially when it comes to how these two feelings ate expressed by people. As explained by Diessner, et.al (2012), most people find it difficult to distinguish love from beauty. This is because both of the two feelings give one the desire to be or like another person so much. However, it should be noted that love and beauty are different in the sense that love develops between individuals irrespective of whether they are beautiful or not. In other words, one does not need to be beautiful or to possess certain features for them to be loved by another individual. Moreover, love takes a long time to appear, and in most cases, it comes involuntarily and gives little consideration to both outward and inward appearance of a person. On the other hand, attraction is mostly felt as a result of existing beauty between the attracting individuals. Moreover, it considers features that are present in an individual and may end if a person changes in certain ways. Also, attraction can be felt only after a short time whereas love mostly lasts forever (Vacker & Key, 2013).
There are various theories of beauty. However, Denis Dutton’s and Andrew Park provocative theory offers the best insight into the current beauty trends surrounding attraction (Diessner, et.al, 2012). They do believe that beauty is specific to an individual. However, it is also a part of human nature that has very deep evolutionary origins. Other existing theories such as the typical beauty theory of Ruskin and the vital beauty theory try to explain the essential characteristics of an individual that constitute their beauty status. Therefore, they help propagate the notion that a person can improve his or her beauty through effort
There are two major forms of beauty that are inexistent at the moment. These are; augmented beauty and natural beauty. Whereas naturally beauty is acquired naturally and one may possess it from the time they are born, augmented beauty is acquired artificially (Diessner, et.al, 2012). To acquire augmented beauty, a person uses various artificial beauty products and solutions to enhance their appearance by becoming more beautiful than they were previously. Even though both these two types of beauty makes one attractive, there are various concerns about the longevity of augmented beauty. It is argued that it may cause attraction just for a short period and in the long term, the attraction may cease to exist as some of the beauty features will fail to reciprocate themselves positively. On the other hand, natural beauty is always desired as it creates the true picture of an individual on others thereby aiding in establishing trust.
The importance of being beautiful has caused some individuals to become beautiful. This is because, without beauty, a person may not be attractive to others. As a result, they may end up feeling dejected and living a lonely life. Since human beings are social species, it is wise to put in effort to enhance beauty so as to live a comfortable and soothing life with many admirers as compared to living unfulfilling life as a result of low beauty levels. Therefore, as Englis, Solomon and Ashmore (2014) argues, it is more sensible to put in effort so as to improve a person’s beauty as compared to leaving it the way it is and undergoing a tough social life (as Englis, Solomon and Ashmore, 2014).
Many people consider the feeling of attraction to be related to the symmetrical shape of the person, shape or thing. Many people are attracted to beauty and not value. There is thus the general feeling that most human beings will often proverbially ‘read a book by its cover.’ This is a concern among persons who mask their attractive qualities by not being very outgoing and expressive about their characters. It is thus important to ensure that one is always able to express their ‘inner beauty’ where the outer beauty does not appeal to many people in order for the rest of society to find them attractive (McGinley, Zhang,Mattila& O’Neill, 2015). This is critical in the world where perception is often the main reason for attention on certain details. This means that beauty is a form of influence that is borne out of what the society considers to be appealing or no. Even though this is contextual, it has led to development of various techniques of acquiring beauty through artificial techniques. These means have often been sought by individuals who feel that they are not appealing in terms of beauty.
References
Anders, S., de Jong, R., Beck, C., Haynes, J., & Ethofer, T. (2016). A neural link between affective understanding and interpersonal attraction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(16), E2248-E2257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516191113
Diessner, R., Solom, R. C., Frost, N. K., Parsons, L., & Davidson, J. (2012). Engagement with beauty: Appreciating natural, artistic, and moral beauty. The Journal of Psychology, 142(3), 303-29. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213828232?accountid=45049.
Englis, B. G., Solomon, M. R., & Ashmore, R. D. (2014). Beauty before the eyes of beholders: The cultural encoding of beauty types in magazine advertising and music television. Journal of Advertising, 23(2), 49. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/236550542?accountid=45049
Ioerger, M., Henry, K. L., Chen, P. Y., Cigularov, K. P., & Tomazic, R. G. (2015). Beyond Same-Sex Attraction: Gender-Variant-Based Victimization Is Associated with Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use for Other-Sex Attracted Adolescents. Plos ONE, 10(6), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129976
Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. M. (2015). Playing with Strangers: Which Shared Traits Attract Us Most to New People? Plos ONE, 10(6), 1-17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129688
McGinley, S., Zhang, L., Mattila, A., & O’Neill, J. (2015). Attraction to Hospitality Companies: How Processing Fluency Moderates Value Fit. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 14(1), 25-44. doi:10.1080/15332845.2014.904171
Mitteness, C. R., DeJordy, R., Ahuja, M. K., & Sudek, R. (2016). Extending the Role of Similarity Attraction in Friendship and Advice Networks in Angel Groups. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 40(3), 627-655. doi:10.1111/etap.12135
Sprecher, S., Treger, S., Fisher, A., Hilaire, N., & Grzybowski, M. (2015). Associations Between Self-Expansion and Actual and Perceived (Dis) Similarity and Their Joint Effects on Attraction in Initial Interactions. Self & Identity, 14(4), 369-389. doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.1003592
Talamas, S. N., Mavor, K. I., & Perrett, D. I. (2016). Blinded by Beauty: Attractiveness Bias and Accurate Perceptions of Academic Performance. Plos ONE, 11(2), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148284
Vacker, B., & Key, W. R. (2013). Beauty and the beholder: The pursuit of beauty through commodities. Psychology & Marketing (1986-1998), 10(6), 471. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230393591?accountid=45049
Weidenfeld, A., & Leask, A. (2013). Exploring the relationship between visitor attractions and events: definitions and management factors. Current Issues In Tourism, 16(6), 552-569. doi:10.1080/13683500.2012.702736
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Evaluation of Scientific Psychological Evidence Order Instructions: The purpose of this assignment is to develop your skills in critical evaluation of scientific psychological evidence as part of the process of developing scientific arguments.
Evaluation of Scientific Psychological Evidence
For this assignment, you are required to read a set research article and critically evaluate it by answering a series of questions. The critique should focus on the claims that the authors of the articles make about their results and evaluating whether or not those claims are credible, and why. You will be marked on how well you have addressed the questions relating to evaluation of the article.
The assignment should be submitted on the Article Evaluation template which includes a Cover Sheet and marking proforma/feedback sheet and is available on the course Learn online page. The assignment must be submitted via Learn online.
Note that if your submitted assignment file is corrupted you will be required to resubmit your assignment. The date on which a readable file is submitted to Learn online will be deemed to be the date of submission. If this is after the due date a late penalty of 5% per working day will be applied to the assignment. It is your responsibility to ensure that the assignment file you submit is not corrupted.
Requests for extensions must be submitted prior to the assignment due date. All applications for extension must be made via the Extension request link on the course Learn online page and include supporting documentation (eg medical certificate, letter from a counselor). Students will be notified (via Learn online) whether or not the extension has been granted (and the new submission date where appropriate). An assignment handed in after the due date for which an extension has not been granted will lose 5% per working day. Assignments will not normally be accepted once marked assignments have been returned to the class (and if accepted will receive a maximum mark of 50%).
The maximum word limit for this assignment is 600 words (excluding the cover page and questions). Marks will be deducted from papers exceeding this limit based on the percentage by which the limit is exceeded. For example, a 660-word paper is 10% over the limit and would have 10% deducted.
Evaluation of Scientific Psychological Evidence Sample Answer
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Assignment Cover Sheet – Internal
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Student Name:
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Course code and title:BEHL 2005 Introductory Research Methods
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Assignment number:1
Due date:5pm Friday 19/08/2016
Assignment topic as stated in Course Information Booklet: Article Evaluation
Further Information: (e.g. state if the extension was granted and revised Submission Date)
I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made.
I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others.
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Question
Type your answers into the boxes below
Mark
1. What was the aim of the study?
(2 marks)
The study evaluates statistics anxiety among the university students. In this study, statistical anxiety refers to the anxiety feelings experienced by students when studying statistics course or performing statistical analyses (gathering of projects data and interpretation of the data). The study highlights the sources/causes of statistical anxiety. The causes evaluated include financial issues, family matters, work, and other socio-cultural factors; and how these challenges impact the university students, especially the non-traditional students, when taking statistics courses at the university.
/2
2. What is the main argument in the introduction? (1 mark)
Is the argument convincing? Why, or why not? (1 mark)
According to this article, approximately 46% of the college students are above 25 years. Bell main argument is that the rates of the old students have increased. The paper also argues that these “mature age” students face various hurdles in their classroom. These challenges are attributed to the unrealistic societal goals, low self image, social familial problems, and in some cases, the excessive practical orientation. The challenges along with poor management of time cause poor academic preparation and increased anxiety. The study hypothesizes that the lack of proper time management and self care are the main cause of poor academic achievement, especially in the statistics course. The argument is convincing because it is supported by statistical findings from evidence based research.
/2
3. Identify the independent (1 mark) and dependent (1 mark) variables.
The independent variable age of the student, while the dependent variable is the students’ scores generated by the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS).
/2
4. Does this study have a with-groups or a between-groups design? (1 mark)
This is a between-group study. The testing factor is the aspect of statistics anxiety among non-traditional student’s vs younger students (two variable groups) thus the assertion that it is a between-groups study.
/1
5. Is this study a true experiment?
(1 mark)
No
/1
6. State one main result reported in the study.
(1 mark)
State one main claim the researchers make on the basis of this result.
(1 mark)
Is this claim justified by the results? (1 mark)
Could there be an alternative explanation for the result? If yes give one example. (1 mark)
The nontraditional students scored higher on factors that predict anxiety, which indicated more anxiety. The factors investigated includes students perception of statistics, interpretation anxiety, class and test anxiety, fear for seeking help, fear of statistical teachers, and computation self concept. The nontraditional students scored highest in Test and class anxiety factor (p=0.89, t= -1.36). The traditional students scored highest on factor 1- worth / perception on statistics which has been reported at the 64th percentile as compared to the 60th percentile.
The researcher claims that as statistical anxiety increases, the final grades gets lower. Therefore, the non-traditional students (scored high statistical anxiety) tend to have lower grades. This probably because they did not get the same studying experience as the younger population. Therefore, they will need to study harder in order to perform better and score higher.
This claim is not fully justified by the Bell’s findings. This is because it is not certain if the nontraditional students suffer from other challenges other than the six factors evaluated.
Yes, the statistical anxiety is not the only cause of poor performance in the nontraditional group. Probably being away from mathematics and classroom for a long period of time. Other additional explanation includes other responsibilities such as work and family responsibilities which leave with them little time to study.
/4
8. Are the results generalisable (from the sample and in space and time)? (1 mark)
Why, or why not? (1 mark)
Although this is a quantitative research, the study sample is not a true representative of the population. Therefore, the findings cannot be used to reflect the general population in space and in time. This is because Bell did not consider other variables such as the level of students, ethnicity, education background, and gender which could introduce bias due to residual confounding effects.
/2
9. Point out one good thing about the research. (1 mark)
The study points out the challenges experienced by the nontraditional students. This is important as it helps the lecturers as well as the school administration establish interventions that will reduce statistical anxiety. For instance, the school can introduce a dashboard where students can discuss or set up conversations that can help them lessen statistical anxiety.
/1
Overall Grade, Percentage
and Comments
/15
Evaluation of Scientific Psychological Evidence References
Bell, J. A. (2003). Statistics anxiety: The nontraditional student. Education,124(1), 157.
Using “Powell, M. B., Guadagno, B. L., & Clematis, P. (2013). Workplace stressors”:
Evaluate the research questions using the Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist as a guide
Identify the type of qualitative research approach used and explain how the researchers implemented the design
Analyze alignment among the theoretical or conceptual framework, problem, purpose, research questions, and design
Please include quotations from: Babbie ch 10 and Dr. Sreeroopa Sarkar’s research study.
If you don’t include quotations from Babbie ch 10 and Dr. Sreeroopa Sarkar’s research study, I will consider the work not complete.
Regards,
MY TOPIC IS SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN COLLEGES. IF YOU NEED ME TO GIVE YOU DIFFERENT ARTICLES, LET ME KNOW:
My topic is college sexual violence. It was estimated by researchers Fisher et al. (2009) who conducted a large-scale survey of college women that “a female student has a 20% to 25% chance of experiencing a completed or attempted rape in the course of a 5-year college career.”1 The understanding of sexual coercion is cloaked in mystery and fraught with taboos and potent defense mechanisms. Some behavioral scientists attempt to study human sexual aberrations and deviations by extrapolating from animal behavior. For example, Professor Milton Diamond of the University of Hawai‘i at M?noa maintains that “Since no experimental studies on the imprinting of human sexuality per se are available, animal experiments may provide further insight into such a possibility”2. However, this approach is flawed since it excludes society’s causal role in perpetuating rape. Even though human attitudes have varied both across and within cultures and eras, most societies have historically been viewing rape as a strictly interpersonal event which lacks ties to larger structural issues, a victim-precipitated event and is it the victim’s “fault” as she “causes” it by her behavior, dress, or attitudes. According to Mary Koss (1985), nearly 37% of the college women in a survey she conducted reported being either sexually abused or assaulted, while only 9% of their male counterparts defined their behaviors as sexually abusive or assaultive. In a later study by Mahoney et al. (1986) the researchers found that almost 20% of the college women questioned reported experiencing forced coitus, but only 4% of their male counterparts admitted to committing such crimes. Malamuth (1981) found that more than one-third of the male respondents reported that they would commit rape if little likelihood existed that they would be caught.
My worldview is not based on the value free approach to social sciences research in which the scholar is an outsider and not involved. As a researcher, my philosophical orientation is that of the participant observer, to use Dr. Michael Patton’s words in the video clip. By the way, it was my personal experience that led me to be interested in the study of rape when in the course of producing a documentary, my PA, explaining why she was late to work, related to me that she was raped on the preceding night. I foolishly asked her if she enjoyed it. I thought I was joking but was shocked at her bursting into bitter tears. That was the initial trigger of my interest in the subject. Ontologically speaking, I perceive human suffering as real and actual. I am not indifferent to human suffering and abuse and I reject the notion that scientists aren’t supposed to take a stand. I acknowledge that I am biased and, personally, take the side of the rape victim. Based on that, I would like to scientifically investigate the phenomenon of rape.
After addressing the definitions underlying the research, the study approach will focus on collecting quantitative rape prevalence data and qualitatively rapist and non-rapists attitudinal and socialization history data. This can be done by collecting empirical data via structured questionnaires to elicit reports of rape as well as via unstructured interviews of rapists and non-rapists
SAMPLE ANSWER
Psychology
Introduction
The effectiveness of the research study is considered complete through the evaluation of issues such as the research the questions used, the hypothesis used, and other important facets used to develop any research. Therefore, the identification and the conduction of further an analysis can be carried out in order to determine the effectiveness of the research. This paper is set to determine whether it is important in trying to determine the general appropriateness of the through the evaluation of different elements concerns a research study made by Tomyn et al. Other researchers’ assertions will be used to augment the important findings made.
Evaluation of the Research the Research Questions
According to Tomyn ert al. (2015), the research study concerns the evaluation and determination of the exploitation of the child investigators in the Australian internet. Therefore, it has been able to make use of a number of research questions as a way of determining the manner in which relevant data could be obtained (Tomyn et al., 2015). The research study requires the use of both qualitative, as well as quantitative data in order to keep on improving the general information that could be used to draw the appropriate conclusion about the research study. The questions aims at creating appropriate variables that can be used to derive the appropriate answers. For instance, one of the research question, the team of researchers wanted to measure the extent of life satisfaction by different based on the assertions of different authors regarding the matters addressed in the research question. At this juncture, they wanted to understand whether the respondents were satisfied with their own life, as well as based on their personal circumstances. The appropriate options that were provided were two and were “completely satisfied” and “completely dissatisfied” (Tomyn et al., 2015). Therefore, the provision of the two main options meant that the respondents could be limited, in giving out their answers. As a result, the move proved highly important in helping the researchers carry out more exploratory analysis of the researcher study. The answers provided could be used for further qualitative analysis of the research study.
Identification of the Type of Qualitative Research Approach Used and Explanation of How the Researchers Implemented the Design
As noted earlier, the use of the research questions acted as one of the most appropriate ways of devising qualitative research approach. For instance, the research had to carry out the appropriate measurement of the personal well-being of the target respondents. As a result, the research used seven different ways of defining the personal well-being of the target respondents. The seven factors, which were also used as the satisfaction score are listed below. These include the health, the living standards, life achievements, the relationships, the general safety, the connection to the community, and the future security. As a result, any answer that fell within this category acted as a strong determinant of the quality relating to the general well-being of the respondents (Tomyn et al., 2015). This is due to the fact that the answer provided are highly interconnected with the themes of the research study. Apart from that, the answer provided acts as a form of exploratory verbs that helps to depict the qualitative analysis of the research the study. Analysis of the alignment among the theoretical or conceptual framework, problem, purpose, research questions, and design
The research study has also been able to make use of the appropriate theoretical, as well as conceptual framework in trying to expound the general development of the paper. For instance, the research study has been able to use a proper schematic representation that indicates the level of the ‘strength of satisfaction.’ As a result, the proper representation of the seven factor believed to determine or to have a major influence on the level of personal satisfaction has been used to determine the mean of the personal well-being. In short, the paper made use of the conceptual and theoretical framework to give a clear indication of the themes of the paper (Tomyn et al., 2015). On the other hand, it has also been able to use the mix method research design. Here, both the qualitative and quantitative method of data collection have been employed throughout the research study (Tomyn et al., 2015). Therefore, the use of the quantitative research deign has been used to determine the general response to the major variables that have been used throughout the research study. Apart from that, this can be used to improve the general direction of the paper. Here, the use of the qualitative research skills can be related to the work of Dr. Sreeroopa Sarkar. Sakar has made use of the research design and skills in trying to capture some of the most interesting data through the use of the directing question. Such questions have been able to direct the respondents to give certain answers such as the isolation and family violence as the main causes of the child oppression. This is the same case that the research study being discussed have followed in trying to portray the use of the qualitative research skills. Similarly, Babbie ch 10 has also been able to use the same skills in order to identify the main variables of the research study. Here, there has been use of directing questions in order to give a certain order of answers. This can be used to make comparative answers.
References
Tomyn, A. J., Powell, M. B., Cassematis, P., Smallbone, S., & Wortley, R. (2015). Examination of the Subjective Well-Being of Australian Internet Child Exploitation Investigators. Australian Psychologist, 50(3), 203-211
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Psychological Disorder
Choose any psychological disorder and write how it can be developed from the environment (experiences or biological) or genetics. If it is genetics, what may trigger the gene to synthesize? Then, choose a current media, where someone may be suffering from this disorder and give the main exhibited behaviors that may have led to the diagnoses.
Again, be sure to provide evidence from the person’s or character’s thoughts, emotions and behavior. Include details from class materials, readings and research on personality to support your discussion.
Essay Format
1. Proper APA citation of article. This includes author/s (last name/s first), date of publication, article title, name of journal, and pages.
2. Four paragraphs: Introduction–stating the topic you will be discussing and why you feel passionate about it; description of the topic and how it fits within your hypothesis (NEEDS TO BE IN THE FORM OF A THESIS STATEMENT), discussion, or position; support your hypothesis, discussion, or position using the text and any other scholarly material (at least one reference must be other than the text); summarize by suggesting why you were passionate about the topic and how your evidence is supported.
The disorder I chose is Schizophrenia and the famous figure who was diagnosed: John Forbes Nash, the Nobel Laureate.
One of the sources to be used has to be from my text book which is Grison, S., Heatherton, T. & Gazzaniga, M. (2014): Psychology in Your Life, New York, NY:
W.W. Norton & Company. (we can talk about this during the draft exchange
SAMPLE ANSWER
Schizophrenia
Introduction
I have chosen schizophrenia as the psychological disorder I am going to discuss. Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic condition that affects how an individual thinks, feels, or acts. The high prevalence of schizophrenia is one of the reasons made me passionate about it as I wanted to learn more about it especially how the patients manifest. For instance, statistics indicate that approximately 1% of the population is diagnosed with schizophrenia across the globe with about 1.2% of all Americans having the disorder (Schmitt et al., 2014). This means that approximately 100, 000 Americans are diagnosed with the disorder annually. Schizophrenia can affect an individual through their lifespan. However, diagnosis of the disease occurs mostly in early adulthood. Research by Schmitt et al., (2014) reported that it is quite rare for children and older adults to develop the disorder. Mostly, the rate of diagnosis of schizophrenia increase in the teen years attaining a vulnerability peak at ages 16 to 25 yrs. Men and women manifest varying patterns of vulnerability for schizophrenia development. It has been illustrated that males are highly vulnerable between 18 to 25 years whereas female have double vulnerability peaks; first between ages 25 and 30 and then around age 40.
Although an individual’s genetic factors are important in the development of schizophrenia, the environment in which the genes find expression contribute significantly to the etiology of the disorder. Take the case of John Nash whose intellect mother forced him, at a tender age, to read up to 4am, skip a grade learn Latin, and take advanced mathematics classes. Consequently, Nash became solitary, bookish, and introverted; a character that made him very creative and one of the greatest mathematicians (Nowak, 2015). Studies have indicated that a number of patients with schizophrenia are highly creative individuals (Richardson, 2015). Examples of such patients include Pink Floyd of the rock band, Vaslav Nijinsky, the choreographer and legendary dancer, and also John Nash of the game theory. Other environmental factors apart from parenting that have been cited to increase the risk of schizophrenia development include demise of a parent, childhood trauma, bullying, and child abuse (Grison, Heatherton, &Gazzaniga, 2014). Urban environments also increase the propensity of developing psychosis. Other factors that have been found to play a central role in the development of this disorder include social isolation, racial discrimination, unemployment, and poor housing conditions (Sørensen et al., 2015). Research findings have also indicated that approximately half of patients with schizophrenia use drugs excessively. Abuse of alcohol occasionally causes the development of a chronic drug-induced psychotic disorder through a kindling mechanism. Cannabis abuse also contributes significantly to the development of schizophrenia especially among individuals who have a high genetic predisposition to schizophrenia (Grison, Heatherton & Gazzaniga, 2014). Factors such as infection, hypoxia, malnutrition, and stress can also cause a slight increase in the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. An increase of viral exposure during winter has been cited to increase the risk of schizophrenia development. Other fetal infections such as Chlamydia and Toxoplasma gondi can also contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia development.
John Forbes Nash is one of the most prominent figures who struggled with schizophrenia. Nash was born on June 13, 1928 in West Virginia. At 22, he wrote a significant thesis, “non-cooperative Games” (Nowak, 2015). He received the Nobel Prize in 1994 due to his outstanding work in the game theory. In 1959, John was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. In 1958, Nash’s schizophrenic symptoms manifested when he attended a New Year’s Eve party. Nash had a sash across his chest and dressed in a diaper; almost entirely naked. He also had a bottle of milk and kept sitting on his wife’s lap during the event. Soon after, he began telling his fellow lecturers in MIT that outer space powers and foreign governments were sending him messages and that these messages were encrypted and it is only him who could understand them. He then began sending letters to several ambassadors worldwide. He once told Martin, his friend, that he wanted to form a global government and he wanted the ambassadors to help them. His wife reported that Nash began staying up to the night writing letters to the Pope, U.N, and the FBI. Nash not only wrote to governments, but also to his friends and colleagues. His writing was in a manner that was paranoid, in several different colors. Linn et al., (2007) report that at some point Nashstated that he had aliens from space who were ruining his career. At some point Nash saw men in MIT with red ties signaling him as if they were members of the “crypto-communist party” (Moffic, 2015). He was later hospitalized and told his friends that he had grandiose delusions. He also said that he was having thoughts that were beyond his control and that there was a plot by some military officials to take over the country that he led. He stated further that he was God’s left foot, and therefore, God was walking over earth through him. Some factors confirmed his diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. For instance,he was experiencing bizarre, persecutory, grandiose delusions such as aliens affecting his career. Sørensen et al., (2014) enlightens that severe delusions often affect ones actionsby making the person to act upon their beliefs and in a manner that is dangerous or irresponsible. Nash had similar behavior. In fact, there is a time he drove to Washington, D.C aiming to send to ambassadors. He also flew severally to Europe and at some time quit his job in MIT and refused a job offer at the University of Chicago citing reasons that he was going to be Antarctica’s Emperor. These are just but a number of the irresponsible conduct he engaged in and could have landed him to dangerous situations.
In conclusion, schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects a person’s ability to manage emotions, think clearly, and make decisions. Environmental factors such as a child’s parenting, urban environment, substance abuse, and stress play a central role in the development of the disorder. The case of Nash can be used to enlighten the general public on the onset of the disorder and its progress. The hallucinations, delusions, cognitive issues, and unusual thoughts and suspicion expressed by Nash are some of the most common symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
References
Grison, S., Heatherton, T. &Gazzaniga, M. (2014).Psychology in Your Life. New York, NY:
W.W. Norton & Company
Linn, A., Kuhn, H. W., &Nasar, S. (2007). The Essential John Nash.
Moffic, H. S. (2015). A eulogy for a beautiful mind. Psychiatric Times, 32(6), 1-1.
Nowak, M. A. (2015).John Forbes Nash (1928-2015). Nature, 522(7557), 420-420.
Richardson, C. (2015). A Different Look into Creativity: Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia.
Schmitt, A., Malchow, B., Hasan, A., &Falkai, P. (2014). The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci, 8, 19.
Sørensen, H. J., Nielsen, P. R., Pedersen, C. B., Benros, M. E., Nordentoft, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2014). Population impact of familial and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schizophrenia research, 153(1), 214-219
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Psychosocial Impact of Multiple Sclerosis for Lisa Order Instructions: ALL RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIA ONLY REFERENCES NOT OLDER THEN 5 YEARS AND ONLY JOURNALS AND ARTICLES ACCEPTED!
Psychosocial Impact of Multiple Sclerosis for Lisa
Psychosocial impact of MS on Karen’s sister Lisa???
MAIN (500 WORDS)
Karen Bailey is a 39-year-old who was diagnosed with remitting Multiple Sclerosis 4 years ago.
Karen is married to Geoff, and they have 3 children aged 3, 5, and 9 years old respectively. They live in their own home which is spread across two levels. Geoff is Karen’s primary carer – Geoff is a partner is an accountancy firm which involves a large amount of interstate travel. He is often not able to get home before 7.00 PM of an evening.
Karen now needs to use a walking frame to maintain her level of ambulation and is finding it increasingly difficult to mobilise easily. Karen’s sister, Lisa lives nearby and visits often. Lisa is keen to be involved in looking after her sister; however, Karen doesn’t want Lisa to see the extent of her condition or her lack of independence.
Karen continues to look after the children on a daily basis, however, some afternoons Karen finds this more difficult than others. Karen is finding that it is harder and harder to remain positive about her changing condition.
Karen has always enjoyed reading, however, due to deteriorating eyesight and weaker arm muscles, Karen is no longer able to focus on the text or hold the book. Lisa has arranged some talking books for Karen, however increasingly the concentration required to use these has become too tiring.
Geoff is struggling with the joint responsibilities of work and increasing role in Karen’s care. He goes into the office later in the morning after assisting her with a shower; however, this results in him coming home later in the evening. He has indicated that he feels increasingly powerless in this situation and is concerned about what the future holds for them.
ONLY DISCUSS ONE OR TWO POINTS ON NURSING IMPLICATIONS BUT THIS IS NOT THE MAIN PRIORITY, MAIN PRIORITY IS THE ABOVE QUESTION (70-100 WORDS)
I WILL ALSO BE EMAILING RECORDING OF HER SISTER, WHERE SHE EXPLAINS HOW SHE HAS BEEN FEELING.
Psychosocial Impact of Multiple Sclerosis for Lisa Sample Answer
Psychosocial Impact of Multiple Sclerosis
Psychosocial Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Lisa
Lisa, on the other hand, is having a stressful life. It really saddens her to see her sister suffering. It becomes even more stressful for her to learn that her sister is rejecting any form of aid she is providing despite her working hard to ensure that Karen tries to maintain her quality of life. Koffman et al., (2013) enlighten that care givers of patients with multiple sclerosis use different strategies to cope to their emotional functionality. Lisa has been forced to change her routine. She is now updating herself on current research on the disorder and attending support group meetings in search of how she can help her sister. For instance, Lisa has gone out of her way and found out that Karen can use some audio books in satisfying her desire to read that she has always had. However, it is frustrating for Lisa to learn that her proud sister does not appreciate all that Lisa is doing. In fact, Lisa develops doubts on whether she is listening to the books. This is quite a stress for Lisa who now does not know what she can really do to help her sister further. Moreover, there is a high likelihood for Lisa to lose contacts her with her friends as she used so that she can concentrate on taking care of her sister and the young kids.
Studies have indicated that about half care givers report of not being able to communicate effectively with their loved ones with the conversation about emotions, medications, medical decisions, and other life difficulties (Hind et al., 2014; Uccelli et al., 2013). For instance, Lisa does not know how she should approach Karen when she starts having thoughts of stopping her medication and embarking on herbs. Lisa also develops a fear for Karen’s general health and physical decline as well as the fear that the disease is robbing her friend’s vision.
Providing care for patients with multiple sclerosis is lonely and isolating especially now that Karen starts to gradually lose her ability to communicate effectively (Hayter et al., 2016). Lisa has been forced to improvise and find new ways of connecting with Karen with on emotional level or regarding practical matters. Lisa feels saddened and sorry for her sister due to the impact that the disease has on her. She does not like to see Karen a once competent and hardworking lady being reduced to an extent that she can no longer clean her children as she used to. Hopelessness is also affects Lisa who reports of lacking control or influence over Karen’s situation. Hopelessness is aggravated further due to nonparticipation in care or decision making. This is seen when she finds out that her sister is considering taking herbs without letting her know despite her being there for Karen at all times. Lisa cannot also continue performing her routine roles as she has been forced to reschedule and find time for taking care of Karen.
Nurses are in a unique position of monitoring individuals such as Lisa and their psychosocial care (Urden et al., 2013). For instance, nurses can build a dialogue with patients in order to understand how caregivers perceive their loved ones and how their relationships with patients affect their decisions and their ability. The communication should use general interactional skills to convey empathy and support. Nurses can also create an environment for Lisa that makes her feel comfortable and safe to relate and communicate. This would play an important role on Lisa as she relies on the nursing staff for the emotional journey she will be on.
Psychosocial Impact of Multiple Sclerosis for Lisa References
Hayter, A. L., Salkovskis, P. M., Silber, E., & Morris, R. G. (2016). The impact of health anxiety in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: Misperception, misattribution and quality of life. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Hind, D., Cotter, J., Thake, A., Bradburn, M., Cooper, C., Isaac, C., & House, A. (2014). Cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1.
Koffman, J., Gao, W., Goddard, C., Burman, R., Jackson, D., Shaw, P., … & Higginson, I. J. (2013). Progression, symptoms and psychosocial concerns among those severely affected by multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study of the black Caribbean and white British people.PloS one, 8(10), e75431.
Uccelli, M. M., Traversa, S., Trojano, M., Viterbo, R. G., Ghezzi, A., & Signori, A. (2013). Lack of information about multiple sclerosis in children can impact parents’ sense of competency and satisfaction within the couple. Journal of the neurological sciences, 324(1), 100-105.
Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., & Lough, M. E. (2013). Critical Care Nursing, Diagnosis and Management, 7: Critical Care Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Psychology on Sleep Deprivation and Mood Deficit Order Instructions: CLIENT NEEDS 5PAGES NOT 3PAGES AS INDICATED.
1. USE APA STYLE REFERENCING TO PROVIDE DETAILS OF YOUR ARTICLE HERE (2 MARKS):
2. DESCRIBE THE MAIN PURPOSE OR PROBLEM PRESENTED IN THIS ARTICLE (5 MARKS):
3. LIST THE HYPOTHESES OR RESEARCH QUESTIONS (5 MARKS):
4. DESCRIBE WHETHER THIS RESEARCH COULD BE CLASSIFIED AS “LABORATORY” OR “FIELD” RESEARCH (3 MARKS):
5. DESCRIBE THE SAMPLE THAT WAS USED IN THIS RESEARCH (5 MARKS):
6. DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF METHODS THAT WERE USED (5 MARKS):
7. DISCUSS THE RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THIS RESEARCH (5 MARKS):
8. DESCRIBE YOUR OPINION OR REACTION TO THIS RESEARCH- BE CRITICAL IN AN OBJECTIVE AND SCIENTIFIC WAY (5 MARKS):
Psychology on Sleep Deprivation and Mood Deficit
The first question requires us to reference it correctly. Have attached my friends work from couples years ago, I think it should help you out
Psychology on Sleep Deprivation and Mood Deficit Sample Answer
BEHL 1003: PSYCHOLOGY 1A
DIRECTIONS: Please follow the Assessment 2 instructions carefully. Type your answers straight into this document.
USE APA STYLE REFERENCING TO PROVIDE DETAILS OF YOUR ARTICLE HERE (2 MARKS):
Short, M. A., & Louca, M. (2015). Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 16(2015), 987-993.
DESCRIBE THE MAIN PURPOSE OR PROBLEM PRESENTED IN THIS ARTICLE (5 MARKS):
The purpose of the reported study was to examine the impact that sleep deprivation has on the mood and the psychological health of adolescents. The study also purposed to examine the impact of sleep deprivation on the regulation of mood among teenagers. An investigation of the interaction between the two phenomena is crucial in understanding the behavior expressed by teenagers who do not get enough sleep.
The researchers also purposed to determine experimentally the extent to which sleep disturbance interfere with the mood in teenagers. The researchers noted that mood abnormalities are among mental disorders that have caused significant cases of mortality among adolescents, and therefore, studying sleep as an etiological factor would aid the diagnosis of the severer psychological ailments. The study further purposed to distinguish sleep deprivation from restriction as a causal factor for specific mood abnormalities. In defining, their study objectives and purpose, the researchers identified specific research gaps that they were to address.
LIST THE HYPOTHESES OR RESEARCH QUESTIONS (5 MARKS):
Can sleep deprivation lead to mood disorders in teenagers?
How can mood disturbance be measured in relation to sleep deprivation?
What mood do states affect sleep-deprived adolescents?
Do different mood states vary in their response to varying degrees of sleep loss?
How do the effects of sleep deprivation compare across different subscales of mood disturbance throughout a period of 36 hours of wakefulness?
What causes the variations reported in the pattern through which sleep affects varying subscales of mood disturbance?
Does gender influence the effects of sleep deprivation on mood states among adolescents?
DESCRIBE WHETHER THIS RESEARCH COULD BE CLASSIFIED AS “LABORATORY” OR “FIELD” RESEARCH (3 MARKS):
The study of interest was laboratory-based rather than field-based. Participants were assessed from a Sleep Research Center laboratory where they were made to stay awake for three consecutive nights. The methodology was the most effective in helping the researchers answer the study questions. The laboratory setting also allowed the scientist to control environmental factors such as temperature, sound, and light as these could have interfered significantly with the results obtained.
It was also easier to follow the study protocols in a laboratory than it would have been in a field setting. This is because the researchers would also control the behavior of study participants in addition to modifying the environment. Behavioral monitoring that was necessary includes restricting the use of stimulants or sedatives such as caffeine and sleeping pills respectively. Additionally, the approach increased the efficiency in which the researchers administered various sleep and mood tests to the study participants. These include the neurobehavioral test battery (NTB), Karolinska Sleep Scale, and polysomnography (PSG).
The timing for each of the tests was essential in promoting the consistency and reliability of findings. Laboratory research was also a suitable approach as it is associated with a higher degree of precision compared to field study (McLeod, 2012). Therefore, studies obtained from a laboratory test would be more reliable than those attained from field research (Kawecki et al., 2012). However, the laboratory setting could have modified the results significantly hence compromising the validity and generalizability of findings. For instance, researches in the experiment promoted the comfort of the environment by controlling disturbances. This approach could have deviated mood states of adolescents from what would have been the case in the natural or field setting.
DESCRIBE THE SAMPLE THAT WAS USED IN THIS RESEARCH (5 MARKS):
Twelve adolescent secondary school students in Australia constituted the study sample in the research of interest. They were aged between 14 and 18, and their mean age was 16.17 and a standard deviation of 0.83. The two genders were equally represented making it possible to adequately address gender as a value in the investigation. The participants had no known psychological or medical condition as was determined through self-reports and parent report surveys. Additionally, they were no medications as the use of certain drugs could interfere with sleeping and moods. So as to meet ethical requirements for scientific studies, the researchers secured informed consent from their subjects. Since the participants were minors, written consent was also obtained from their parents.
The sample was appropriate for the research. In addition to constituting the targeted population, it also reduced the chances of confounding variables given that participants were healthy and on no medication. However, the sample size was relatively small, more so considering variables such as gender and multiple mood disorders. Nevertheless, (Hamlin, 2010) noted that small samples are easy to manage and control. This could have been the advantage for the study as it could have increased accuracy and precision, and hence, the reliability and validity of the research.
DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF METHODS THAT WERE USED (5 MARKS):
Short and Louca (2015) measured mood status using Profiles of Mood States Questionnaire-Short Form (POMS-SF). The tool enabled the scientists to describe various mood states and classify them into six subscales. These included confusion, anxiety, fatigue, vigor, depressed mood, and anger. A Likert scale was also used whereby respondents indicated on the level to which they experienced various mood states on a scale of five points. A repeated measure plan was also employed in the study. In the design, day, time and sleep were used as the independent variables while the six subscales of mood were used as the dependent components. A Sleep, Medical, Education and Family History Survey was also applied in screening the parents of the adolescents studied. Before undertaking the study, participants were advised to have maintained normal sleeping patterns for at least the last seven days. Wrist actigraphy, sleeping diaries, and time-stamped messages were used to monitor adherence to the specified sleeping patterns.
The tools applied in the study are recommended in investigating sleeping patterns as well as mood disorders. Chai-Coetzer et al. (2014) wrote that PSG is particularly important in investigations that involve more than one type of sleep-associated mood disorders. Continuous observation of participants’ behavior as reported in the study was also important in enhancing the efficiency of the research. The approach ensured that participants remained awake as needed.
DISCUSS THE RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THIS RESEARCH (5 MARKS):
Short and Louca (2015) reported that participants slept for an average of 9 hours during two sleeping opportunities that were provided during the three days of research. This was an indicator that the baseline sleeping opportunities were effective in ensuring that respondent had rested adequately prior to the sleep deprivation period. It was established that the six subscales of mood disorders worsened when adolescents were deprived of sleep as compared to the baseline times. Gender was also noted to influence the response of adolescents to sleep deprivation. Females were particularly reported to suffer more anxiety and depressed mood than their male counterparts. It was reported that males did not experience anxiety, though they had suffered significant depressed mood. Changes in the experience of confusion with sleep deprivation also varied between genders whereby females had a greater magnitude of change than males. The six mood subscales were also reported to vary differently in response to increasing sleep deprivation. Fatigue, confusion, and vigor had the highest scores while depressed mood, anxiety, and anger had the least.
The findings adequately addressed the research questions. In addition to showing the correlation between sleeplessness and mood abnormalities, they enabled a comparison of these effects during normal and sleep-deprived states for both males and females. As Feldman and Wihbey (2015) reported, research studies should indicate significant differences across variables for them to be conclusive.
DESCRIBE YOUR OPINION OR REACTION TO THIS RESEARCH- BE CRITICAL IN AN OBJECTIVE AND SCIENTIFIC WAY (5 MARKS):
Short and Louca’s study met its objectives, and it was conducted scientifically. As such, the results obtained were conclusive, reliable, and generalizable. The study was informed by previous peer-reviewed reports on experimental research from where various research gaps were identified. The purpose of the study, research questions, as well as the applied methodology was well defined. Consequently, the findings and conclusions made are of a sufficient degree of reliability. However, it is worth noting that the research faced significant limitations at various levels. Nevertheless, the researchers acknowledged the limitations, and therefore, the study could be referred by the future scientist in conducting further studies on the subject.
It is also worth noting that the researchers while making logical reasoning used evidence from their study as well as other studies to back up their arguments. As Barkeley.edu (2016) reported, studies should advance the existing ones and also depict high-standards by outlining their structure appropriately for them to be significant in science. Finally, it should be noted that Short and Louca (2015) declared no conflicts of interest hence enhancing the reliability of their research.
Psychology on Sleep Deprivation and Mood Deficit References
Barkeley.edu (2016). Scrutinizing science: Peer review. Retrieved from http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/howscienceworks_16
Chai-Coetzer, C., Douglas, J., McEvoy, D., Naughton, M., Neil, A., & Bhala, G. (2014). Guidelines for sleep studies. Retrieved from http://www.sleep.org.au/documents/item/1112
Feldman J., & Wihbey, J. (2015). Eight questions to ask when interpreting academic studies: A primer for media. Retrieved from http://journalistsresource.org/tip-sheets/research/interpreting-academic-studies-primer-media
Hamlin, R. (2010). Why small samples can increase accuracy. Retrieved from http://www.anzmac.org/conference_archive/2010/pdf/anzmac10Final00080.pdf
Kawecki, T. J., Lenski, R. E., Ebert, D., Hollis, B., Olivieri, S., & Whitlock, M. (2012). Experimental evolution. Trends in Science, 27(10), 547-560.
McLeod, S. (2012). Experimental method. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/experimental-method.html
Short, M. A., & Louca, M. (2015). Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 16(2015), 987-993.
Overall Grade and Comments from a marker
References
Barkeley.edu (2016). Scrutinizing science: Peer review. Retrieved from http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/howscienceworks_16
Chai-Coetzer, C., Douglas, J., McEvoy, D., Naughton, M., Neil, A., & Bhala, G. (2014). Guidelines for sleep studies. Retrieved from http://www.sleep.org.au/documents/item/1112
Feldman J., & Wihbey, J. (2015). Eight questions to ask when interpreting academic studies: A primer for media. Retrieved from http://journalistsresource.org/tip-sheets/research/interpreting-academic-studies-primer-media
Hamlin, R. (2010). Why small samples can increase accuracy. Retrieved from http://www.anzmac.org/conference_archive/2010/pdf/anzmac10Final00080.pdf
Kawecki, T. J., Lenski, R. E., Ebert, D., Hollis, B., Olivieri, S., & Whitlock, M. (2012). Experimental evolution. Trends in Science, 27(10), 547-560.
McLeod, S. (2012). Experimental method. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/experimental-method.html
Short, M. A., & Louca, M. (2015). Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 16(2015), 987-993.
The writer will refer back to order #114120 and #114079 and will use the annotated bibliography constructed during those weeks to complete this paper here. The writer will compile a scholarly paper on the topic below using at least 20 pear review articles to support all the facts.
Topic
Impact of motivation on employee productivity
Employees are motivated differently, and it takes human resource initiatives to ensure all workers are motivated. When employees are motivated, their performance is high and leads to the fulfillment of organization objectives (Nitin and Boris 2010). Through motivation, it is possible for HR managers to find employee motives for work and come up with ways to improvise. The problem that leads to doing the research is high-employee turnover in public sector industry.
The research is intended to examine effects motivation has on employee productivity in the service industry.
Write a 15 page paper that addresses relevant theories and empirical research leading to a significant research topic, problem, and research question(s). Approach your topic (Impact of motivation on employee productivity) providing an academic argument for funding that might support a vital new step in understanding the impact of culture on business. You do not have to actually design a study to the point of specifying research measures of effective project management or specify samples, but try to evolve your thinking to the point of framing a relevant research topic, problem, and question(s) on which your proposed research would be focused.
This question should be complete enough to suggest the development of an important theory, address a gap in a current model, or demonstrate an immediate application for solving common organizational problems. Rather than attempting to include as many references as possible, try to emphasize the logical coherence of your evidence of conceptual foundations. Build an academic argument for why your research problem and question(s) are important.
Your Final Paper should adhere to APA format (6th edition), which requires a title, a reference list, and appropriate sections and their headings, and include the following elements:
• A thorough review of the literature (minimum of 20 resources, with 85% being 5 or less years old) that shows evidence of a potential research opportunity/gap that has not been discussed in the academic literature
• A draft problem statement; include the four parts of the draft problem statement of the
The four parts of the problem statement are:
• Hook (with a peer reviewed citation that is five or less years old)
• Anchor (includes a number supported with a peer reviewed citation that is five or less years old)
• General business problem
• Specific business problem to be researched
• At least one broad research question that is demonstrably linked to your problem statement.
You do not need to address any hypotheses or design considerations.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Impact of Motivation on Employee Productivity
Introduction
Motivation remains one of the essential factors creating a positive energy or interests within an organization with the aim of achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. This clearly depicts the reasons why all organization considers the factors that need to be adhered to in order to sustain a higher level of performance (Ab Hamid, Mustafa, Mohd Suradi, Idris, & Abdullah, 2013). Organizations face challenges in regards to inadequate motivation since certain employees show up at work with different expectations, outlooks and behaviors.
These challenges as regarded by individual motivation and its inadequacies can be divided in two primary categories. First, certain individuals remain unable to be motivated, a factor that stems from the deficiencies in their personalities (Bhuvanaiah, & Raya, 2015). Such individuals have the desire to avoid failures while their drive and motivation towards positive results tends to be weak. This therefore results in the development of resistance in the achievement of goals, an element that can be addressed through the inclusion of intrinsic modes of motivation.
Secondly, in some instances, the achievement motive within employees may be strong, however, the challenges these individuals encounter may manifest in their productivity, thus affecting their enthusiasm and productivity (Bhuvanaiah, & Raya, 2015). Irrespective of all the problems in relation to motivation, organizations need to ensure there are appropriate approaches developed to ensure continuous productivity geared towards the achievement of the goals of an organization. This paper seeks to determine the element of motivation that keeps employees and their employers craving every day and the theoretical frameworks that can be developed to develop motivational approaches within an organization. On the other hand, the paper seeks to determine the strategies that can be employed in getting employees motivated and the manner this affects the productivity of an organization and if so how.
Literature Review
Several research studies have previously been conducted in regards to motivation as well the theoretical underpinnings developed to spur this process. This review therefore seeks to focus on the motivational theories and strategies in pertinence to productivity.
Motivation
According to Biddle (2015), motivation is considered and defined as an internalized drive that is primarily dominant within individuals within individuals. This author alleges that there is not one way in which individuals may be motivated (pp. 4). Observation and prudence is required to determine the manner in which an individual may be motivated and in creating a conducive environment. This atmosphere assists in self development within an individual to make decisions and adopt attitudes that enhance productivity.
A meta-analysis on motivation conducted by Caillier (2014), disclosed that high performances within an organizations employees performance is highly dependent on the motivation of the employees. This clearly determines the fact that the single most ingredient in keeping the employees within an organization motivated in kept within oneself, a factor that has the capacity to unlock their access to motivation (pp. 289). Personal motivation remains one of the essential attributes for individuals since different individuals have different personalities that contribute to their motivation. In a case where there are no evident signs of enthusiasm and motivation within an employee seeking for a job in an organization, it is essential for managers to retain such positions as vacant than hiring employees who are not motivated.
Motivation Theories
According to Barbra (2011), there are different factors that may lead to employee motivation. Motivation is considered as internal since motivated employees end up being more productive in an organization. Instead of bringing up motivational speakers, firms should concentrate on the specific factors that make an individual motivated since they differ. When organizations understand what motivates employees, they can dwell on these factors in order to achieve productivity.
Motivation has been an issue for organizational leaders since unmotivated employee is unproductive, do not like being in the workplace, run from their jobs, and produce low quality. The author noted that employees are motivated differently, and it’s up to the leaders to get to know their employee well to know their needs and wants that will make them motivated for high production (Carla Valencia, 2015). The main limitation is in understanding the needs of employees since these needs are consequently immense.
There are several motivational theories that are developed to give insight into the motivational factors that influence and affect the perceptions and performance of employees and the manner in which this impacts the performances of organizations. Motivation is therefore considered as one of the essential tools that are used by managers to capitalize on the employee’s avidness in working without pressure. In this case, Bishka (2015)alleges that several motivational theories have been employed with the aim of stimulating the achievement of results within different organizations (pp.3).However, in motivating employees, managers need to take cognizance of theaspect of culture and the fact that different individuals have different needs and understanding.
This aids in the development of a right motivational theory that meets the needs of these individuals from different cultural backgrounds and who are motivated by different elements. Mark (2015) describes some of the essential theories that lead to employee motivation. According to him, Hertzberg two-factor theory, Maslow hierarchy, and Hawthorne effect are some of the applicable theories to motivate employees. The theories suggest employee’s inner needs together with being mindful of their outside affairs as the main motivating factor for productivity. The conducted studies do not exhaust all factors that lead to motivation making the theories limited in their scope but uses different examples for each of the theories.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs that was divided into two primary groups: incremental needs and deficiency. The deficiency need primarily focused on issues to do with the safety, biological, social needs and belongingness within an organization while the incremental needs entailed the aspects of esteem and self-actualization needs(Becchetti, Castriota, & Tortia, 2013). Maslow therefore alleges that as individuals develop, they are driven to work towards the achievement of these needs that are arranged in a hierarchy, according to Maslow, unless these deficiency needs are satisfied, the growth needs of individuals are likely to lack relevance. The needs hierarchy theory therefore explains the rationale behind the satisfaction of the lower-level needs that introduces the higher need within the hierarchy, a factor that becomes a motivator to the employees to bring the best performance within their work environments.
Equity Theory
This theory was developed by Adam as a motivational model that comprised of an individual’s self with others in the context of output-input ratio within a work environment. Equity according to this theory can only be attained in the event that the input and output ratios are same for different employees. This therefore determines the reasons why employees within a firm are likely to compare their own ratios with that of other employees, a factor that gets them either motivated if the results are rational or de-motivated in a case where the results do not show fairness (Faisal, Mook, Malul, & Shoham, 2015). However, it is vital to consider that the primary challenge of this approach lies within the capacity of the managers who are required to allocate the right blend of inputs and outputs in consideration of the diversity in the global workforce with the aim of maintaining equity within an organization. An instance of this can be seen when instances of pay inequalities result in negative behaviors and decreased production among the employees.
Expectancy Theory
The expectancy theory as developed implies that individuals are bound to act through their self interests and adopt different actions that they perceive can maximize the desired results that suit their needs. This theory is primarily based on three factors that include expectancy, valence and instrumentality. According to Goergen, O’Sullivan, & Wood (2014), valence determines different effective orientations towards the attainment of particular outcomes. On the other hand, expectancy infers to the monetary beliefs of individuals that a particular level of performance will follow in the attainment of specified outcomes (pp.146). Instrumentality in this case determines an individual’s expectations that identify the manner in which individuals behave and the rewards they receive for such efforts. The expectancy theory in this case is grounded in the belief that work performance is inclined towards particular individual behaviors that people perceive and that will lead to the achievement of some desired output.
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
Herzberg’s Motivation two factor theories clearly indicate that the intrinsic and the extrinsic elements of a specified job function that are different from each other (Tampu, 2015). This theory consequently breaks the job satisfaction into two primary elements that include motivation and aspects of hygiene. Motivators that relate to the intrinsic elements include factors such as recognition, responsibility, and the achievement of work profile.
Additionally, the element of hygiene is associated with the extrinsic factors of motivation that include the development of a remunerative pay package, the policies of an organization including positions and the working environment (Alexander, 2016). This theory also suggests that the element of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction that remain two independent variables. This theory therefore provides evidence to the fact that job dissatisfaction remains an outcome that finds root in the lack of hygienic factors that motivate and satisfy the work environment. The hygiene factors however are considered to have short term effects on the performance and attitude of the employees.
Problem Statement
According to a case study conducted by ICM (2010),different employee engagements encourage or discourage productivity. While an employee feels inspired by his senior, other employees, who do not like the senior managers, discourage the others thus making them lose their motivation and hence affect their productivity. However, the article does not talk about the employees who encourage others, a factor that makes it biased. Negative motivation is also motivation so it should not be discouraged but should be used professionally. In consideration of this factor, this paper seeks to address some of the problems that are encountered by companies and businesses in relation to how employees can be motivated.
General Business Problem
On one of the general problems that this study seeks to address includes the discovery of some of the factors that motivate employees within an organization with the aim of increasing and improving productivity and performance within the service industry.
Specific Business Problem
The study also seeks to determines some of the motivating factors that inclusively consider the aspects of culture and that can improve and impact the performance of employees within the service industry and the efforts of these industries in ensuring the employees are motivated
Research Question
What are the motivating factors that inclusively consider the aspects of culture and that can improve and impact the performance of employees within the service industry and the efforts of these industries in ensuring the employees are motivated?
Research Gap
In consideration of this study, it is essential to consider the fact that there is a clear gap in the research that involves the incorporation of time element into the proposed motivational theories, a factor that results in the need of determining the solutions to this gap(Nicu, 2012). The time factor in this case is considered as a vital element since it is essential in the setting of goals in the implementation of these theories in a contextualized manner.
Methodology
As a result of the amount of research conducted in relation to the motivational theories, the research study has established the need of developing a prudent qualitative research methodology that would inclusively involve the review of some of the literatures that were developed in regards to this study.
Discussion
As determined by Carla (2015), motivation has been an issue for organizational leaders since unmotivated employees are considerably unproductive, and do not like being in the workplace, run from their jobs, and produce low quality. The author noted that employees are motivated differently, and it’s up to the leaders to learn their employees well to know their needs and wants that will make them motivated for high productivity. The main limitation is in understanding the needs of employees since they are many hence the author uses one industry as a case study.
On the other hand, Anar (2015) established that there are several challenges faced by business in the competitive market in relation to the motivation of employees. This consequently calls for the managers to effectively manage all the factors of employee retention and production such as the machines, men, and materials. Human resources, unlike other factors of production, need control of emotions and thoughts for productivity. Successful organizations have motivated employees. The challenge faced in motivating the employees is how to integrate the different employee skills with the other factors of production without interfering with the goals of an organization thus the author explores all other factors related to employee motivation.
According to the findings of this study, the inclusion of effective reward systems remains an essential element in motivating employees within organizations operating in the services industry (Menguc, Auh, Katsikeas, & Yeon, 2016). There are two primary sources of motivational drives that include the drive brought by the need of an internal need aimed at gaining resources that is supported by the needs theory. Secondly, there is a need of motivating the commitments of individuals. However, it is vital to consider the fact that the most essential factor remains that which ensures the employees are motivated to share the same goals within an organization since this improves the performance of an organization.
An effective system of reward is one that comprises the element of accountability and rewards on the bases of performance that is measured through the use of a cross functional approach of integration (Kyani, Akhtar, & Haroon, 2011). The effectiveness of such systems can only be judged on the extent to which individuals are in a position of collaborating to achieve equity. In this case, reward systems include the development of appraisals for the employees and the inclusion of integrative approaches that is targeted towards improving and making sure that there are adequate approaches that allow the glow of information from the employees to the organization.
It is essential to consider that an effective reward system is one that primarily focuses on the behavioral aspects of rewards as compared to the monetary elements. Several organizations consider paying their employees benefits, a factor that is considered as insufficient (Phipps, Prieto, & Ndinguri, 2013). However, a valuable reward system that inclusively considers the diversity of the employees in terms of culture is one that embraces the element of positive reinforcement. In order to develop such a reward system, there are certain factors that need to be considered.
First and foremost, a reward system needs to be developed as an approach that subjectively replaces the traditionally used performance measurement approaches. The traditional system believes that the supervisors and the operational managers are the ones obligated with the responsibility of offering appraisals to the employees, a factor that needs to be changed (Rawat, Khugshal, & Chaubey, 2015). In this case, the rewards system that is developed to reward employees on the basis of their performance and that bases its implementation on the behavioral aspects in rewarding remains essential in improving the productivity and the performance of the employees within an organization.
Conclusion
Motivation remains one of the essential factors that create a positive energy or interests within an organization with the aim of achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. These challenges as regarded by individual motivation and its inadequacies can be divided in two primary categories. First, certain individuals remain unable to be motivated, a factor that stems from the deficiencies in their personalities (Casey, & Robbins, 2015). The achievement motive within employees may be strong, however, the challenges that these individuals encounter may manifest in their productivity, thus affecting their enthusiasm and production.
Motivation has been an issue for organizational leaders considering the fact that unmotivated employees are unproductive, and do not like being in the workplace, run from their jobs, and produce low quality (Christ, 2016). The study has determined that employees are motivated differently, and it’s up to the leaders to get to know their employee well to know their needs and wants that will make them motivated for high production.
Irrespective of all the problems in relation to motivation, organizations need to ensure there are appropriate approaches developed to ensure continuous productivity geared towards the achievement of the goals of an organization. As established in the findings of this study, an effective system of reward is one that comprises the element of accountability and rewards on the basis of performance measured through cross functional approach. A valuable reward system that inclusively considers the diversity of the employees in terms of culture is one that embraces the element of positive reinforcement.
References
Ab Hamid, M. R., Mustafa, Z., Mohd Suradi, N. R., Idris, F., & Abdullah, M. (2013). The Impact Of Culture And Employee-Focused Criteria On Productivity: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1522(1), 1442-1446. Doi:10.1063/1.4801299
Alexander, B. (2016). The True Impact Of Reward In The Workplace. Employee Benefits, 27.
Anar Nesibov (2015). The impact of employee motivation on productivity. Retrieved from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/apple-fbi-battles-prelude-things-come-laws-ethics-simply-vivek-wadhwa
Barbra Dozier (2011). The effect of motivation on productivity. Retrieved from: https://barbradozier.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/the-effect-of-motivation-on-productivity/
Becchetti, L., Castriota, S., & Tortia, E. (2013). Productivity, Wages And Intrinsic Motivations. Small Business Economics, 41(2), 379-399. Doi:10.1007/S11187-012-9431-2
Bhuvanaiah, T., & Raya, R. P. (2015). Mechanism Of Improved Performance: Intrinsic Motivation And Employee Engagement. SCMS Journal Of Indian Management, 12(4), 92-97.
Biddle, I. (2015). The Impact of Rewards In The Workplace. Busidate, 23(4), 2-4.
Bishka, A. (2015). Soldering Motivation To Performance And Productivity. Performance Improvement, 54(5), 2-4. Doi:10.1002/Pfi.21477
Caillier, J. G. (2014). Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership, Public Service Motivation, Mission Valence, and Employee Performance: A Preliminary Study. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 218-239. doi:10.1177/0091026014528478
Carla Valencia (2015). Motivation and productivity in the workplace. Retrieved from: https://www.westminstercollege.edu/myriad/?parent=2514&detail=4475&content=4798
Casey, R., & Robbins, J. (2015). An Evaluation Of The Impact Culture Has On Motivation In Central And South America, Mexico And The United States. International Journal Of Business & Public Administration, 12(2), 94-108.
Charles Foster (2015). Motivational case study exercise. Retrieved from: http://www.businessballs.com/motivationalcasestudy.htm
Chris Johnson, (2012). Effect of employee motivation in the workplace. Retrieved from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/98477152/IMPACT-OF-EMPLOYEE-MOTIVATION-IN-THE-BANKING-SECTOR#scribd
Christ, G. (2016). Culture: The Difference Between Employees And Machines. EHS Today, 9(1), 32.
Faisal Ahammad, M., Mook Lee, S., Malul, M., & Shoham, A. (2015). Behavioral Ambidexterity: The Impact Of Incentive Schemes On Productivity, Motivation, And Performance Of Employees In Commercial Banks. Human Resource Management, 54s45-S62. Doi:10.1002/Hrm.21668
Goergen, M., O’Sullivan, N., & Wood, G. (2014). The Consequences Of Private Equity Acquisitions For Employees: New Evidence On The Impact On Wages, Employment And Productivity. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(2), 145-158. Doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12032
ICM, 2015. Employee motivation. A short case study. Retrieved from: http://www.icmrindia.org/Short%20Case%20Studies/Human%20Resource%20Management/CLHR013.htm
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Kyani, A., Akhtar, S., & Haroon, M. (2011). Impact Of Monetary Rewards On Achievement Of Employee’s Personal Goals. Review Of Management Innovation & Creativity, 4(10), 58-69.
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Phipps, S. A., Prieto, L. C., & Ndinguri, E. N. (2013). Understanding The Impact Of Employee Involvement On Organizational Productivity: The Moderating Role Of Organizational Commitment. Journal Of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 17(2), 107-120.
Rahman Malik, M. A., Butt, A. N., & Jin Nam, C. (2015). Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self-efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 36(1), 59-74. doi:10.1002/job.1943
Rawat, B., Khugshal, R., & Chaubey, D. S. (2015). Employee Attitude Towards Motivational Practices: An Empirical Study. Global Management Review, 9(2), 14-28.
Sherrie Scott (2014). Motivate and productivity in the workplace. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/motivation-productivity-workplace-10692.html
Tampu, D. L. (2015). Impact Of Human Motivation On Employees Performance. Internal Auditing & Risk Management, 10(1), 43-53.4
Todd Vernon (2014). 4 ways to keep employees productive and motivated. Retrieved from: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/251300
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1. Describe the topic and case provided. Sets the scene clearly for essay.
2. Provide description aetiology of Post Natal Depression (PND) and factors associated with the development of PND. Clearly differentiates from ‘baby blues’ and identifies risk factors apparent for Sally.
3. Provide an overview and explanation of common signs and symptoms associated with PND. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
4. Describes the criteria for assessment and diagnosis of Post Natal Depression. Outlines screening tools used pre and postnatal for the identification of PND. Demonstrates a clear understanding of why Sally was diagnosed with PND.
5. Describes the psychological and physiological alterations that may accompany PND. Provides an e overview of Pathophysiology associated with PND to required depth. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
6. Explains the main goal of management for Sally and treatment available. (Pharmacological and non-pharmacological). Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
7. Provide an overview and explanation of short and long term complications associated with PND. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
8. Provides an excellent overview and explanation of 3 lifestyle modifications relevant to Sally’s condition. Provides a correct overview of support services available for Sally. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided .
References
• Minimum 14 references (credible sources).
• Word count – 2000
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Why am I not happy after giving birth? What is wrong with me? These are some of the questions that some women ask themselves a few days after giving birth. Instead of life with a new baby being rewarding and thrilling, it becomes so hard and stressful. What such women do not understand is that several emotional as well as physical changes occur to them when they are pregnant and after they have given birth. These feelings can relapse quickly or they can persist for quite a long period and even get worse a condition referred by physicians as postnatal depression (PND). PND is a disorder characterized by a wide range of emotional and physical alterations that many women experience after birth (O’hara & McCabe, 2013). Normally, PND occurs a few days after a woman has given birth. It is not only experienced after the birth of the first borne only but also with other children. A mother can have abrupt mood swings, sleeping problems, sadness, restless, irritable, lonely, anxious, and a woman’s daily activities are also affected. These symptoms are brought out clearly in the case study provided. For instance, Sally says she feels tired and exhausted from looking after her children, she has lost her appetite, and sleeps for only 4-5 hours a clear indication that she is having sleeping problems. Moreover, Sally reports that she has difficulty concentrating in her accounting work and has recently become forgetful with her daily chores, feels lonely, and does not cope with her situation.
PND is caused by several factors. According to O’Hara (2013), women experience hormonal changes in their bodies that activate depression symptoms after pregnancy. During pregnancy, the levels of progesterone and estrogen hormones increase substantially in a woman’s body. However, the amounts of these hormones decrease drastically to their normal non-pregnant levels within 24 hours of giving birth. This rapid drop in hormone levels has been implicated to depression, the same way that hormonal changes in a woman before she gets her menstrual period affects her moods.
At times, the levels of thyroid hormones may also decrease just after a woman has given birth (DelRosario, Chang & Lee, 2013). The thyroid gland is an organ that is responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism. However, when one has low levels of thyroid hormones, he/she can experience symptoms of depression such as decreased interest in activities, fatigue, irritability, difficult concentrating, sleep disorders, depressed mood as well as weight gain. These symptoms are similar to those reported by Sally in her presentation. A simple blood test can be conducted to determine if hypothyroidism is responsible for Sally’s depression. If so, Sally can be put on some thyroid medicines such as thyroxine and levothryronine, which will aid in increasing her hormone levels.
It is vital to note that there are some other factors that can contribute to development of postnatal depression. These factors include;
Broken sleep patterns, feeling tired after childbirth, and lack of adequate rest can keep a mother from recovering her full strength for several weeks,
The stress from variations of routines both at home and work whereby some mothers feel they should be “super moms” to their kids which usually is not the case and results in stress build up.
The feeling of having less free time and less control over it. The mothers feel depressed because they realize they will start staying indoors most of the time and will spend less time with their loved ones and partners.
PND differs from baby blues in various ways. For instance, baby blues’ onset is within 1-2 days after childbirth. It resolves without any intervention within 10 days after birth. Some of the symptoms of baby blues include sadness, mood swings, crying spells, anxiety, and loneliness (Gilbert, 2014). These symptoms are not severe and do not require any medical attention to be taken. Some of the intervention that can be conducted include taking a nap when a baby does, joining support groups, or talking to other moms. This is in contrast with PND which affects the well-being of a woman. It also affects the functioning of a woman for a long time. PND does not relapse easily. For management, PND is treated by a qualified doctor. Support groups, counseling, and medicines can also help.
It is important for mothers to know the common signs and symptoms of PND so that they can seek medical attention at the right time (O’Hara et al., 2009). Some of the sign and symptoms include;
Irritability, where a mother sometimes feels angry for no valid reason,
Anxiety,
Panic attacks are also common with symptoms of nausea, sweating hands, and a thumping heart.
Sleeping problems; mothers find it a bit difficult to sleep even though the baby is sound asleep.
Tiredness; the women are lethargic, cannot cope house chores, taking care of the baby or other tasks.
The women have poor concentration, can be confused and distracted. They also have trouble remembering or making decisions.
Being worried excessively about the baby
Feeling guilty and worthless
No interest in certain activities such as sex
Lack of appetite result in weight loss.
Overeating and weight gain
Tearfulness where a mother can cry often for reasons she understands very well
Obsessive behavior
Having chest pains, headaches, heart palpitations, hyperventilation, and numbness
PND assessment and diagnosis can be missed because the less severe symptoms are usually common after childbirth. Majority of the mental illnesses especially depression have similar symptoms as those of PND. During evaluation, a physician will ask about the patient’s symptoms; what they are? How long they have lasted, and how bad they are. The patient will also be asked on whether she has ever had similar symptoms before. Family or marital problems will also be assessed as well as presence of any family member with mental illness or if the patient has indulged in drug and alcohol abuse (Pearson et al., 2013). The patient’s medical history will also be examined appropriately to determine whether the patient has any physical cause that could be responsible for the manifested symptoms. Moreover, the physician can use screening tools to conduct the diagnosis. Some of these screening tools include;
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: This is a screening tool that consists of ten questions which a patient answers (Cox, Holden & Henshaw, 2014). Upon evaluation, the patient’s answers the probability of having PND. A score of 10 such as the one that Sally had during her pregnancy is an indication that she could be depressed. However, a score of above 10 indicates that the patient is at a high risk of developing PND and therefore should seek quick medical attention. For instance, Sally had a score of 22. This indicated that she had severe PND symptoms and she deserved urgent medical interventions to be taken.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) – This is a tool can be used pre or postnatal for screening, diagnosis, evaluation, and determining the severity of depression in an individual (O’Connor et al., 2016).
Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) are other tools that can be used for PND diagnosis and assessment.
PND has been linked with several psychological and physiological alterations. Some of the psychological changes include the feeling of one wanting to stay indoors and not meeting friends and other ones (Nanzer et al., 2012). A woman can become excessively obsessive whereby a woman tidies her home meticulously and tries to maintain high standards. A mother can also become distressed and may start avoiding scenarios where they experience them such as public areas, social activities, and shopping. Women with PND also develop little interest in their appearance, surroundings, and sex. In addition, one may develop overwhelming fears such as dying while others may develop extreme thoughts about harming their babies. On the other hand, the physiological changes include tearfulness, insomnia, and loss or gain of appetite which results in either weight loss or gain respectively.
The pathophysiology of PND involves a decrease in the brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (DelRosario, Chang & Lee, 2013). These transmitters are responsible for behavioral changes such as mood swings, fatigue, agitation, vigilance, and motivation. These psychological changes arise due to abnormalities in the synthesis, storage as well as release of these hormones. Other implicated causes include abnormalities in neurotransmitter reuptake, and receptors which may result in low levels of the hormones reaching the target site hence result in PND development.
The main goal of treating PND symptoms such as Sally is to manage the symptoms associated with these disorders lest they progress and become severe. PND treatment can be both pharmacological and non-pharmacological (Rudy Bowen & Kazi Rahman, 2012). The pharmacological therapy for PND usually entails the use of antidepressant agents with the main types being;
selective serotonin inhibitors such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
serotonin/dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as bupropion and duloxetine
monoamine oxidase inhibitors,
Tricyclic antidepressants: These agents are normally prescribed to patients with severe PND such as Sally who recorded an EPDS score of 22 during her diagnosis. These agents include amitriptyline and imipramine.
Alternatively, non-pharmacological interventions can be also be used in PND treatment. This is crucial especially to women such as Sally who would like to continue breastfeeding their children at the same time manage their PND condition. Some drugs can traverse into breast milk and may cause dire consequences especially in babies who do not have well developed systems for breakdown of drugs. For instance, Sally can be advised by the physician to use essential oils such as almond oil and grape seed oil for PND management. Lavender, roman chamomile, or marjoram can also be used in a warm water bath before rest to aid in the creation of a sense of more energy for fatigue management. Massage therapy for stress reduction, acupuncture managing thyroid function imbalances, cranial sacral therapy for relaxation, proper diet, yoga, and reiki can also be used (Dennis & Dowswell, 2013).
If PND is left untreated, it interferes with mother-child bonding and can cause severe acute or chronic family complications (Milgrom et al., 2016). The acute complications include;
PND having ripple effect which may generate emotional strain for individuals close to the baby. For instance, Sally’s PND can increase the risk of depression in Tim whenever he is at home. Her children and the neighbor who takes care of Sally’s child at times can also be affected as well. The baby is also at risk of developing behavioral and emotional complications such as eating and sleeping difficulties, hyperactivity disorder/ attention-deficit, and excessive crying.
Chronic complications include delays in language development among babies (Schetter & Tanner, 2012). The mother also develops risks of developing major depression problems in future which may deteriorate her health condition.
Sally can engage in several lifestyle modifications which will help her manage her condition effectively. For instance, she can take part in daily exercises for about 90 minutes every week. Yonkers, Vigod & Ross (2012), report that a 5-15 minute bursts are as effective as longer stretches provided the overall exercise time is maintained. Therefore, Sally can pick her baby and take a walk in the nearby park. She can also resume her social activities such as going to the gym or attending church services. She can find supportive and understanding individuals in these forums who she may share her thoughts, feelings, and experiences with. Besides, Sally will also be to pray and meditate regularly in church; this is a healthy way for a mother to integrate her motherhood. Finally, Sally can start eating meals that will promote her appetite and work on it accordingly.
Conclusion
PND is a common disorder. There are several causes of PND the most common being hormonal imbalance. The signs and symptoms of this disorder are quite distinct and women should be educated properly on them so that they can seek medical intervention the immediately they have such symptoms before it progresses into drastic complications that can affect the family as a whole. PND can be treated easily through pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. Lifestyle modifications are also a crucial step toward leading a PND-free life.
References
Cox, J., Holden, J., & Henshaw, C. (2014). Perinatal Mental Health: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Manual. RCPsych Publications.
DelRosario, G. A., Chang, A. C., & Lee, E. D. (2013). Postpartum depression: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 26(2), 50-54.
Dennis, C. L., & Dowswell, T. (2013). Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7.
Gilbert, P. (2014). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Psychology Press.
Milgrom, J., Danaher, B. G., Gemmill, A. W., Holt, C., Holt, C. J., Seeley, J. R., & Ericksen, J. (2016). Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Women with Postnatal Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial of MumMoodBooster. Journal of medical Internet research, 18(3), e54.
Nanzer, N., Rossignol, A. S., Righetti-Veltema, M., Knauer, D., Manzano, J., & Espasa, F. P. (2012). Effects of a brief psychoanalytic intervention for perinatal depression. Archives of women’s mental health, 15(4), 259-268.
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O’Hara, M. W. (2013). Postpartum depression: Causes and consequences. Springer-Verlag.
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Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., Kounali, D., Lewis, G., Heron, J., Ramchandani, P. G., & Stein, A. (2013). Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years. JAMA psychiatry, 70(12), 1312-1319.
Rudy Bowen, M. D., & Kazi Rahman, M. B. B. S. (2012). Patterns of depression and treatment in pregnant and postpartum women. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(3), 161.
Schetter, C. D., & Tanner, L. (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice.Current opinion in psychiatry, 25(2), 141
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S., & Ross, L. E. (2012). Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of mood disorders in pregnant and postpartum women.FOCUS.
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