Psychology Research Proposal Analysis When a psychologist decides to include human subjects in an investigation, he or she must analyze how human subjects will be treated.
Psychology Research Proposal Analysis
Specifically, how are the subjects recruited; how will their consent be obtained; what will happen if a subject does not want to participate; what do we do if there is an adverse event; and how will the subjects be debriefed after their participation concludes?
Select a research proposal and evaluate whether or not your selected research proposal’s design meets the ethical criteria established by APA and BPs. Justify your position.
Explain which standards are met and which standards are not met
Explain how you might modify the study to ensure compliance with ethical standards.
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The Psychological Phenomena and Social Loafing Topic: Social Loafing
The Psychological Phenomena and Social Loafing
First, start by going into your textbook and the modules on the topic. Read the background section so that you are familiar with the topic. This will provide you with a jumping off point about the phenomenon as well as how it is typically measured.
The Psychological Phenomena and Social Loafing
Paragraphs 1 and 2: Next, use your textbook to provide a short description of the psychological phenomena covered, the theories it is based on. NO QUOTATIONS ALLOWED. YOU MUST WORK ON PUTTING THIS IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
Then, perform a search for literature on the topic and find at least one peer-reviewed article on the subject to review. You are summarizing the article by focusing on what they did, why they did it and what they found.
This section should be 2 paragraphs in length – one discussing the material in your text and one summarizing the peer-reviewed article. This should be about a page and the entire section should be cited in APA format!
The Psychological Phenomena and Social Loafing
NO QUOTATIONS ALLOWED!!!! If something is difficult for you to communicate, try describing it to a friend or roommate. I get that it’s hard to put some things in your own words. So maybe pretend you are describing it to a classmate – someone who may not know what any of this subject means. How would you describe it to them?
Paragraph 3: Now, provide a personal experience or an observation, which illustrates or exemplifies the assigned social psychological phenomena covered in class lecture or the text. That is, show me that you can find this in the real world.
Paragraph 4: Then apply the research or theory in the first section to your example in the second section and evaluate the ìfitî of the theory to life experience.
The Psychological Phenomena and Social Loafing
EXAMPLE***
So let me walk you through an example: the first assignment is on attribution error – so I can pick from the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), the Actor-Observer Effect, or the Self-Serving Bias.
Step 1: Paragraph 1: So let’s say I pick the fundamental attribution error (the FAE) – so I would look up the FAE in my textbook and start by defining the FAE:
“Myers (2016), describes the FAE asÖ” As well as why the FAE occurs: “Some researchers argue that the FAE is fundamental becauseÖ (Researchers last name(s), year).
Step 2: Paragraph 2: I would then find 1 peer-reviewed article on the FAE – So I select research guide in the left sidebar – select articles – select PsychInfo – search for fundamental attribution error – source types academic journals – limit to 2005-2017 – and now I have 64 articles to choose from – Because I like to research on cults and groupthink I’ll select The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. So now I would in 1 paragraph describe their research:
“Riggio and Garcia (2009), were interested in the effects of the FAE onÖ.”
Step 3: Paragraph 3: And then in a new paragraph I would provide my personal example:
“The other day I was running out of Publix and I saw a woman screaming at her toddler and yanking him by the arm. I immediately made a dispositional or internal attribution that she was a mean person and a bad mom. Then an old person approached the woman and apologized for almost running over his kid in the parking lot.”
OR
“Each Summer my bestie and I watch Big Brother. And each summer we discuss how much we dislike most of the cast. This Summer has been no different – we really strongly dislike Cody and Jessica!” When they started bullying the other house guestís week 1 we thought they were just mean and aggressive people. However, after Cody was voted out we saw Jessica behave in a nicer manner and some of the other houseguests started bullying her.”
The Psychological Phenomena and Social Loafing
Step 4: Paragraph 4: In a new paragraph to bring it all together and sum up your perspective based on your experiences and the research:
“According to Myers (2016), The FAE is described as the overestimation of dispositional or internal qualities that an individual possesses and the underestimation of the effects of situation or external factors on behavior. My example is a good example of the FAE because I overestimated the effects of internal causes like personality and intelligence and underestimated the power of the situation. The mom yelling at her kid at Publix could have just been really upset over the fact her kid was almost run over by a car! OR with my second example: My example is a good example of the FAE because I overestimated the effects of internal causes like personality and intelligence and underestimated the power of the situation. Cody and Jessica might be really nice people outside of the house. Maybe being locked up with self-described meatball Josh is just super taxing and they really aren’t bullies or idiotsÖ. OR In sum, perhaps the FAE isn’t always an error even though it is fundamental. I have never seen anyone less likely to be a Big Brother contestant then Cody so maybe me making an attribution that the has flat affect and is an idiot isn’t an error after allÖ “
Each Essay MUST include a References page in APA format including the textbook AND the one peer-reviewed article you summarized.
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Topic and focus of the report introduced clearly and in an interesting way. Research gap was specified in a logical way. Topic and focus of the report were made clear. Research gap was specified. Topic and focus of the report were introduced. Topic and/or focus of the report were introduced but limited. Absence or late submission
Organization
The ideas were organized into clearly identifiable sections with logical sequence which audience can follow. The ideas were organized into identifiable sections with most information presented in logical sequence. A few minor points may be confusing. Audience had difficulty following logic because student jumps around sections. The presentation had limited identifiable sections and there was no sequence of information. Audience can not follow and understand presentation.
Sufficiency and Accuracy
Information is detailed, explicit and consistently accurate. Information was generally sufficient. No significant error was made; a few inconsistencies in information. Some information was missing. Some errors are made to distract knowledgeable listener, and/or some information are accurate. Most information was missing and inaccurate.
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This assignment provides you an opportunity to explore the controversial issue of eating disorders. You will examine the factors involved anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating as well as the prevalence and treatment of these disorders. You will scrutinize the role of socio-cultural factors on the onset of eating disorders.
This assignment relates to the following Course Learning Requirements:
CLR 1: Examine and discuss issues and values around abnormal behaviours and mental illnesses
CLR 2: Discuss classification (DSM-IV and DSM-5), assessment and treatment of certain mental illnesses.
CLR 3: Examine the historical context of abnormal psychology, paying specific attention to ethical considerations in the assessment and treatment of the mentally ill.
CLR 4: Examine and discuss the nature, typical symptoms and associated features of specific disorders.
This assignment is worth 5% of your final mark. Please ensure your answers are typed and complete.
Review the material presented in your text and discuss/define the 2 major eating disorders included in the DSM system. In 1 or 2 paragraphs, discuss some of the factors involved in these eating disorders.
Your text states that “evidence shows that eating disorders are less common, even rare, in non-Western countries”. Based on the information you have read, how are socio-cultural factors related to the development of eating disorders?
What are some issues or factors that can increase or decrease the likelihood of a positive treatment outcome with a family dealing with a member who has a substance use disorder?
This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standards:
6) Appreciate the importance of family, social networks, and community systems in the treatment and recovery process.
10) Describe a variety of helping strategies for reducing the negative effects of substance abuse and dependency.
95) Understand the characteristics and dynamics of families, couples, and intimate dyads affected by addiction.
96) Be familiar with and appropriately use models of diagnosis and intervention for families, couples, and intimate dyads, including extended, kinship, or tribal family structures.
97) Facilitate the engagement of selected members of the family, couple, or intimate dyed in the treatment and recovery process.
98) Help members of the family, couple, or intimate dyed understand the interaction between their system and addiction.
99) Help families, couples, and intimate dyads adopt strategies and behaviors that sustain recovery and maintain healthy relationships.
104) Describe how addiction affects families and significant/concerned others.
105) Describe the continuum of care resources that are available to significant/concerned others. (275 words)
Part Two
Describe one or two of the following family system concepts you think is/are the most prominent feature(s) in your own family (either positive/functional or negative/dysfunctional): rules, roles, communication, proximity, boundaries, and hierarchy. What behaviors would an “outsider” notice that would be indicative of this aspect of your family?
This discussion question meets the following NASAC Standard: 99) Help families, couples, and intimate dyads adopt strategies and behaviors that sustain recovery and maintain healthy relationships.(275 words)
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First, read the following 3 articles. All are posted for you in the Course Reserves Folder on D2L. To get to the articles, go to Resources, then One-Stop Course Readings.
Franklin, J. C., Schiele, B. C., Brožek, J., & Keys, A. (1948). Observations of human behavior in experimental semistarvation and rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4, 28-45.
Bair, C. E., Kelly, N. R., Serdar, K. L., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2012). Does the internet function like magazines? An exploration of image-focused media, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors, 13(4), 398-401. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.06.003
O’Dea, J. A. (2005). School-based health education strategies for the improvement of body image and prevention of eating problems. Health Education, 105(1), 11-33. doi:10.1108/09654280510572277
Now you are ready to write your paper. (If you have questions about what eating disorders are, you may find the following webpage helpful, but this is not required.) https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml If you do decide to use this webpage, please cite it in your paper’s References list as National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Eating disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml And please cite it in your paper’s text as (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). You may also use other webpages or sources in your paper, as long as they are scientific and you make sure to cite them it your paper.
Introductory Paragraph of Topic 1. (This is just a suggestion for what to put in the introductory paragraph. You are welcome to write a different kind of introduction, but if you are unsure what to write, here is the appropriate content for the introductory paragraph):
Begin with a general statement that eating disorders adversely affect people. Explain what eating disorders are. Overview some reasons why it is important to study eating disorders, such as that eating disorders cause distress. Finish your Introductory Paragraph with a purpose statement usually best written as “The purpose of this paper is…” For this topic, the purpose will be to use established research to describe risk factors and prevention for eating disorders and then to propose your own study to investigate ways to prevent or reduce eating disorders.
Part A of Topic 1: Please answer the following. (You can also include here other information and ideas that you found important or interesting in the readings, if you want to, but make sure to address these issues):
o Referring to the articles you read, describe two factors that play a role in eating disorders, and the evidence you read about that indicates these factors are involved in eating disorders. In your answer, clearly distinguish between a factor that causes eating disorders and a factor that is correlated with eating disorders. Justify your answer. (You can pick any two factors that interest you).
o Explain how eating disorders can be prevented, describing one approach in detail, and why this approach is successful. Justify your answer. Make sure to mention the problem of iatrogenesis. (You can pick any approach that interest you).
o Use the Ryerson online library system (as described on pages 2-3 of this handout) to find another article related to eating disorders. Any article you find is fine as long as it is about eating disorders. You will find there are two main types of articles in PsychInfo—many are studies (like Bair et al.) and some are review articles (like O’Dea). Either is fine. If you choose a study, in this part of the paper describe: what the research question was for the study, who the participants were, what the participants did in the study, what the results were, and what the results mean in terms of understanding eating disorders (in your justified opinion). If you choose here to read a review article, describe specifically the topic of the review article and at least three of the points made by the authors of the review article plus the importance of the review article (in your justified opinion) to understanding eating disorders.
o End Part A by explaining there is a continuing need to understand how to prevent and reduce eating disorders.
Part B of Topic 1. Now it is time to think about proposing your own experiment about how to reduce or prevent eating disorders. Note: you will not do this study but are asked to think about how you would do a study. Please note that you are to propose an experiment (see chapter 2 of the textbook if you have questions about what an experiment is). The experiment should have the goal of reducing eating disorders. The experiment you propose must be a psychological study—it must involve behavior and/or mental processes. The experiment must also be ethical as well as practical to do in the real world. To come up with an idea for your proposed experiment, you can start with an idea mentioned in the articles you read in Part A above and adapt this idea into your own particular interest (always present your own idea, in your own words; cite the article that gave you this idea). Or you can come up with an idea entirely on your own that was not mentioned in the articles you read. After you have chosen the idea that you would like to study in a research setting (you will not actually be doing this study—your task is simply to think of a possible study), answer the following questions about your proposed study:
– What specific question—or hypothesis—will your experiment be examining? Why is this particular idea important to study?
– Who will be the participants in your study (e.g., women and men at university, or children in kindergarten, or another sample), and why will you choose these participants? Describe specifically how you will obtain your sample of participants.
– What will be the Independent Variable in your experiment? What will be the Dependent Variable in your study? What operational definitions will you use for the Independent Variable and the Dependent Variable? What will participants assigned to your Experimental Group do in the study? What will participants assigned to your Control Group do in the study? How will you use random assignment to assign participants to groups?
– What results do you predict (you are just guessing here—because you will not do the actual study) that you will get? If you got those results, how would they make a contribution to researchers’ understanding of how to reduce or prevent eating disorders? Since no research is perfect, what would be some limitations (or weaknesses) in your proposed study?
– What ethical concerns would you address in your study, and how would you do so?
Conclusion Paragraph of Topic 1. Conclude by summarizing the purpose of your paper, then briefly (a few sentences only) what you found out in reading the articles during Part A of the paper, and then briefly, why your study (proposed in Part B) would be important to conduct. Your last sentence of the paper should be a general statement indicating that since reducing eating disorders is important, it is imperative that high-quality research continues to be conducted on this topic (you can say this idea in different words).
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Psych Lifespan Development Improvement Describe exactly what role nutrition and physical activity. Play in our cognitive, social and emotional development throughout the lifespan.
Psych Lifespan Development Improvement
What can you do to improve the health and well-being of yourself and others in your family? Developmental psychology courses are often required for many college majors, including those going into psychology, education, and nursing. Are you thinking about taking a class in development? Why are such classes so important? Whether you want to take just one course or devote your entire education to studying the topic, there are plenty of great reasons to learn more about human development.
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a) Describe a learned food aversion that you experienced. If you haven’t experienced learned food aversion ask your friends to tell you one of theirs.
b) Show how the principles of classical conditioning applied to your learned food aversion experience.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
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Assignment Details:
Format: You will write a short paper, approximately 2-3 pages in length (650-800 words), based on a social psychological theory or concept and apply it to your life experiences. The paper must be typed, and double-spaced so I have room to make comments. The title of the document must include the letter (A or B) and/or the name of the topic you choose. You should type your name and topic on the first page of the paper
Content: The paper must incorporate three components: 1) description and explanation of the theory or concept, 2) relevant example from your life experiences, and 3) application of the concept to your example.
1) An explanation of a social psychological theory or concept discussed in lecture and text.
Your description should be clear and detailed enough that someone not taking this course would be able to understand your description and gain a clear understanding of the theory or concept. This is your opportunity to show how well you comprehend the course material. ? Text and lecture are the only sources you will use for these papers. Rules regarding correct referencing of sources must be followed. No direct quotes. You must paraphrase information from text and lecture, and reference or
cite the source. Do NOT use internet sources (e.g., Wikipedia, Changingminds.org). Using unauthorized sources or committing plagiarism will result in a grade reduction. See the attached tutorial for avoiding plagiarism. For this course, we will use a modified APA style citation: To cite the text include the author’s name and the page number (Franzoi, p. 95). To cite from lecture, use the word lecture followed by the chapter number and page number
2) A description of a personal experience or observation that illustrates or exemplifies the theory or research. Choose something from your own experience that relates to the social psychological theory or concept.
You may use your observations of other people (e.g., friends, family, acquaintances), but change identifying information. You cannot borrow experiences from our text, other texts or from the internet. It should be an example you or someone you know experienced. Do not use examples of
famous people or from the news, unless you clear it with me. Using such examples without prior permission will result in grade reduction. Both topics should have relevance for most people, so you should be able to find examples from your own life, or from the lives of people you know.
3) An application of the theory or concept to the personal experience or observation.
Explain how your personal example illustrates the theory or concept. Be specific about how all parts of the theory or concept apply to your example. If some parts of a theory or concept do not apply to your example, you should also discuss how it does not fit your experience. You must make explicit connections or links between the social psychological concepts and your example.
Plagiarism is misrepresenting someone else’s writing or ideas as your own. The defines plagiarism as:
“At one extreme end, plagiarism is the word-for-word copying of another’s writing without enclosing the copied passage in quotation marks and identifying the proper citation. At the other end of the spectrum, plagiarism is the casual inclusion of a particular idea or term which one has obtained from another’s writing or speaking, and which is presented as one’s own opinion or idea So plagiarism is not just copying information word for word from a source, it also includes using a source’s ideas without giving the source credit.
You are not allowed to use direct quotes for this paper. You must paraphrase the information and reference the source. Paraphrasing is rewording information from a source into your own words. A
good paraphrase communicates the ideas of the original, but uses your own language. Paraphrasing is not just a matter of substituting a few words into the original or merely rearranging words (Scott, Koch, Scott, & Garrison, 1999). A paraphrase, because it uses ideas from the source, must give the source credit (Dunn, 1999). Paraphrasing without citing the source is plagiarism (Scott, et al., 1999).
CHOOSE ONE: Both topics come from Chapter 3 and relate to the self. Notice that words that include self as a prefix use a hyphen, e.g., self-awareness, self-esteem, self-handicap, self-monitor. Text
Lecture Topic A: Private and public self-consciousness (self-awareness) – Self-consciousness and self-awareness are closely related concepts, so you must read about both in order to discuss this topic. Self-awareness describes a temporary state of awareness, whereas self-consciousness describes a habitual state, like a trait. ? The questionnaire on p. 73 in the text is designed as a measure of the levels of private and public self-consciousness. Complete the questionnaire, compute your score (instructions on p. 74), and report your score for both private and public self-consciousness. Compare yourself to the average scores for colleges students (private = 26, public = 19). Is your score above average, near the
average, or below average? The higher (or lower) your score is compared to these averages the more (or less) you have the trait. Compare and contrast private and public self-consciousness. Discuss what people high in private self-consciousness tend to think about and how this may affect their behavior. Do likewise for people high in public self-consciousness Identify possible consequences of having high levels of the two types of self-consciousness. Using yourself as an example, discuss whether you tend more toward high or low private and public self-consciousness (or fall near the average) Give examples of thinking and behavior that illustrate your level of private and public self-consciousness and clearly explain how they fit the concept of self-consciousness. This may include examples of situations that lead you to be more privately or publicly self-aware.
p. 72-75 Ch. 3
Topic B: Self-monitoring – The questionnaire on page 95 in the text is a measure of self-monitoring, and should help you better understand what high and low self-monitors are like. Complete the questionnaire, compute your score and report your score. Researchers often use a cut off score to
classify people into high and low categories. A score of 9 or below is low self-monitoring, 10 or above is high self-monitoring. If your score, however, is near that cutoff (e.g., 8-11) you are near the average on self-monitoring. ? Define and describe self-monitoring. Your description should include a comparison of high and low self-monitors, what their motives are, and give examples of typical behaviors for each.
Identify at least one advantage and one disadvantage for each extreme self-monitoring level (high and low). Using yourself as an example, discuss whether you tend more toward high or low self-monitoring
(or fall somewhere in between). Give examples of your attitudes and behavior that illustrate your level of self-monitoring, and clearly explain how they fit the concept of self-monitoring. This may include examples of when you are more or less likely to engage in self-monitoring attempts. p. 94-96 Ch. 3
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Social Psychology Final Research Paper I want 6 pages (complete the 6th page) research paper + abstract + outline. This is why I order 9 pages.
You can check the template for the final paper and outline before you offer your bid. You need to use lecture notes, so if you don’t have time to use them, please do not make an offer.
Social Psychology Final Research Paper
The written assignment requires that you are able to describe concepts from social psychology and use them to understand a “real world” phenomenon. Articles will be provided that describe one of three real-world phenomena. You must select one and read the article and identify concepts from the textbook that help us explain why the phenomenon occurs. (Topics are Academic Impostor Phenomenon, Online Incivility, or Climate Change Denial). Remember, this is not an opinion piece.
Social Psychology Final Research Paper Assignment
The first part of the assignment requires that you write a 250-word abstract about what you will talk about in your paper and provide a one-page outline (single-spaced, 12 point, Times New Roman font) — I will provide you the template and the detailed instructions.
Then, you will then submit a 6-page paper + abstract, including references that uses the material in the textbook to explain the phenomena discussed in the news article (double- spaced, 12 point, Times New Roman font.
Objective: Psychological research is more than the memorization of facts, dates, and names of researchers. As you progress through any area of psychology, you will need to learn how to read, understand, and summarize research articles. For this assignment, you will need to 1) analyze concepts and theories in your textbook and 2) use them to offer a plausible explanation of a real-world phenomenon: “Academic Impostor Syndrome”, “Online Incivility”, or “Disbelief in Climate Change”. The real-world phenomena will be provided to you in an article (select the one relevant to your topic). You do not need to address any or all points in the article. I’ve given it to you to give you a basic understanding of some of the features of the phenomenon. To that end, you also do not need to agree with it, e.g., you might love social media or reject anthropogenic (caused by humans) climate change. Remember: the objective of the paper is to demonstrate that you understand and can use social psychology concepts to understand the “real world”: this isn’t an opinion piece or about political analysis. As I noted in class, this is essentially an “essay question” on a final exam but it is given to you at the start of the course.
To assist you, I’d also recommend that you can consult one of the application module chapters that correspond to your topic (e.g., finance). These chapters could provide you more specific information about your topic or an idea of how to write about an applied topic. They are not mandatory readings but they might give you an idea of how to approach your social phenomenon.
Once you are done writing, a good litmus test is to present your abstract to a friend (or family member) that has no experience in this area. If they can get the gist without any further information, it’s likely that you’ve done a good job!
To write the abstract outline, you must consider the requirements of the final paper:
Final Paper: The final paper that you will describe in the abstract and outline must contain at least 4 unique concepts* taken from your textbook: 1) Concepts should be clearly described, 2) any theories used to explain them should be provided (i.e., how it is operationalized for testing), and 3) any methods and results used to demonstrate their existence should be stated (i.e., the evidence). The final paper can be seen as replacing an “essay question” on your final exam.
*e.g., confirmation bias and motivated confirmation bias count as 1 concept.
Format: A template is provided below. The assignment is worth 5% of your final grade and will help you think about the structure of your final paper (the final paper is worth 20% of your final grade).
Abstract: The mark assignment is as follows: Clear description of the motivation behind the study (1 mark), a clear summary of a relevant article (1 mark), clear description of methods (1.5 marks), clear summary of our findings (2.5 marks), and a clear conclusion about the relevance to the literature/research (2 marks). (8 marks total). The abstract should not exceed 250 words.
Outline: Clearly labeled section headings (generic, e.g., “Introduction”; and specific “Consumer Behaviour”, “Concepts of Self”; 2 mark), meaningful statements (i.e., the content discussed in each bullet point is relevant to the argument being made; 4 mark), accuracy of content (i.e., studies that are cited correctly reflect the material in the textbook and slides, definitions are appropriate; 3 mark), logic and order of content (i.e., general points first, followed by more specific points; 4 marks), clear transition between sections (i.e., does the reader understand why one section follows another?; 2 mark). (15 marks total)
Social Psychology Final Research Paper
Marks will be deducted for poor grammar (-1), spelling mistakes (-1), inclusion of the wrong information (-1), abstract exceeds 250 word limit (-1), outline exceeds one-page (single-spaced), not including any of the following running head, name, student number (-1), not using 12 point Times New Roman font (-1). Failure to provide references for arguments (-1/unreferenced statement). As with any assignment, plagiarism will result in a mark of 0 and you will be reported to the department. Plagiarism consists of any verbatim (word for word) copying, using an identical sentence/1paragraph structure, etc. See the Panter (2014) article on avoiding plagiarism.
Note: Although the template below refers to single sentences, more than one sentence can be used if necessary. Remember, however, that quality is more important than quantity.
Writing abstracts is not as easy as it may first seem. Allocate your time accordingly and refer to the online Strunk and White reference for quick writing tips.
Social Psychology Final Research Paper Outline
In general, an outline reflects an extended abstract but gives more detail. Full, intelligible sentences are required but 1) your argument is provided in more detail while 2) you leave some inferences to the reader. Below, I’ve provided a few general examples are provided along with some specific sentences. I’ve created them to get you thinking, so please provide your own. For inspiration, you can also look at the general structure of your textbook or specific chapters (again, they are not mandatory readings). It will give you some ideas for what directions you might want to take. A nice rough estimate is 4 section headings. In the final paper, you will at least have sections such as the Introduction, “Concepts and Theories”, “Phenomenon”, Discussion, and Conclusions (N.B., the quotation marks denote generic titles – you will want to make them more specific, e.g., “Theories of Self”, “Cooperation and Aggression Behaviour”, or “Heuristics and Biases” and “The Concept of Incivility” “Beliefs about Climate Change” “The Stereotype of the Student”).
There is some flexibility in what each one of these sections will contain. However, a general structure of the final paper would consist of:
1.0 Introduction (~1-3 paragraphs)
1) Why the reader should be interested in your paper? Is it a common phenomenon? Is it one that has grave consequences? Think of this as the “Big Picture”.
2) Do we know much about it? What kinds of concepts/theories/evidence do we have that are relevant
3) How will you discuss the topic? Consider a sentence or two that provides an overview of the paper as a whole, i.e., What concepts theories will you discuss? What phenomenon will you describe? Are there conflicting theories/interpretations of the phenomenon?
2.0 “Concepts and Theories” (~8-10 paragraphs)
1) First, think about what topic you have selected. Review your textbook for concepts and theories that help you understand it. Select 4 concepts as a starting point (i.e., you will likely need to include related concepts) that are relevant to the topic. For instance, “social proof” “conformity bias” “motivated confirmation bias” would be good starting points. Then describe some of the relevant theories.
2) Ensure you take a balanced approach – even if you prefer one theory/concept or have a conclusion in mind, play “Devil’s Advocate” and describe any alternative theories as well. Don’t oversimplify the position of other researchers.
3.0 “Phenomenon” (~2-4 paragraphs)
The primary source for this section should be the article. However, you can supplement this with other information you obtain online. As always, do not plagiarize.
1) Be as objective as possible and do not assume the reader knows anything about the phenomenon, e.g., “The growth of the Internet allows people to connect…” “Climate is a complex concept to understand…” Do not bring in the concepts and theories.
2) Try to identify discrete features of the situation, e.g., “Students find themselves in large groups working in relative anonymity in specific disciplines…”, or “Online communities are fluid and can consist of…”
4.0 Discussion and Conclusions (~8-10 paragraphs)
1) The discussion and conclusion section are quite flexible in terms of how long they are, i.e., you might spend 9/10 paragraphs discussing and have only 1 paragraph for conclusion. You might instead have an even split (5/10 paragraphs each).
2) The Discussion section must bring together your concept/theories and the phenomenon. This is why both of those previous sections must be described clearly otherwise the reader will not understand the discussion here. Every theories/concept should be “linked” with an aspect of the phenomenon. If they are not, they should either be included (i.e., it was missing) or a concept/theory should be eliminated (i.e., it is unnecessary).
3) The Conclusion section should reflect the “Big Picture” described in the Introduction. It can be quite brief if you have sufficiently described theories in the Discussion. It should not restate the Discussion. Here you would also include other theories/studies that can be done to investigate the phenomenon, i.e., what experiments could be conducted?
While these points reflect what should be in your final, you can use them and the following structural template to write your abstract and outline.
The “hour-glass” shape is a good model. Start each section with general statements, include specific statements in the middle, and general concluding point at the end. Your overall paper should work the same way: The Introduction and Conclusion will contain the most general information, the Methods and Results the most detailed information.
Use the template on the following page. It contains general information. You will fill it in based on the topic you have selected and the specific concepts. Do not plagiarize. Expect to have to re-write the definition of a concepts 3-4 times in your own terms before it “sounds right”.
Social Psychology Final Research Paper Abstract
This is a generic abstract. Use this template. Fill in the running head, student number and name in the location provided. The first sentence of an abstract should summarize the ‘why’ of the article in terms of a question that it’s trying to answer. The second sentence should suggest what inconsistencies (or questions) the author has observed in the literature that motivated the particulars of their study. The third sentence should give a general summary of their methods have typically been used (e.g., what task did they use? what dependent measures did they examine? what modification did they make, if any?). The fourth sentence should summarize the findings of the study/review. A fifth sentence should indicate the relevance of the present study/review to the broader literature.
1.0 Social Psychology Final Research Paper Introduction
This sentence should reflect a reason why the reader should want to read your article, it should point to the “big picture” – e.g., “The media provides with considerable information that we must examine critically, in order to determine what is fact and what is fiction” or “Cognitive predisposition affect how we process information, often leading to unintentional biases…” or “Socialization into a collective identity…”,
This sentence should contain a formal formulation of the problem you want to address. It should be referenced using the citation from the textbook or other sources that you find (don’t overboard, this is about quality, not quantity), i.e., “While studied extensively, decision-making is subject to a number of biases that result from innate predispositions or experience (Smith, 2020),”
The next two sentences should give some empirical evidence to the reader or discuss some theoretical aspect of the problem that you want to address. Again, these should be referenced., i.e., “A number of dual-process models have attempted to describe the patterns of observed bias (Jones, 2020)…” or “Studies have found that participants often uses simple cues, or heuristics, to assess the quality of an argument. In the reasoning literature, these have been considered in terms of the belief-bias effect (Evans, 2020),”
The final sentence should provide a meaningful transition to the next section. In the Introduction, this can entail a “sketch” of the structure of the paper, e.g., “In the present study, after controlling for cognitive predispositions, I used a reasoning task that examined the extent to which participants had prior beliefs about the role schema of scientists and lay people….” or “Following a discussion of dual-process accounts, I provide an overview of cognitive biases from the persuasive communication literature….” or “In the current paper, I will argue that the stereotype of “Student” can influence….”
2.0 Social Psychology Final Research Paper Concepts and Theory
Dual-Process Accounts of Decision-Making an be understood as …
Theories of Social Identity …
Anonymity can be defined as …
Racial biases assume that…
In each of these cases, ensure you provide some empirical evidence (i.e., studies cited in the textbook) to back it up. Do not cite the lecture slides.
3.0 Social Psychology Final Research Paper Phenomenon / Method
Clearly describe your phenomenon – don’t take anything for granted,
When describing the phenomenon, make sure you start placing “links” to the concepts that you introduced above, e.g., if you are going to talk about social categories / stereotypes, describe what social categories / stereotypes people discuss in school, society, or online,
Described any methods used to obtain the “data” from studies that you’ve read (i.e., has this phenomenon been studied using laboratory tasks / clinical cases (e.g., student self-reports) or observational techniques / archival methods (e.g., Online behaviour)),
Include as much detail as possible, i.e., who are the participants (typically; e.g., Right-/Left-Wing pundits or voters, people with high/low SES, males/females in their 20-30s)?
4.0 Social Psychology Final Research Paper Discussion / Conclusion
Here you will want to give the reader an idea of what you think all of the theory and evidence you provided means relative to your experiment. Just take your best shot (at this stage) as you thinking can (and should!) develop as you read more of the textbook. You should try to make 2-3 points. Again, quality is more important than quantity, e.g., “Given the claims of dual-process accounts, I assume that we will observe a difference between accuracy and confidence in my experiment that will be related to cognitive predispositions. Specifically, we should observe overconfidence that is related to belief-bias in that…”
Here, you should write out some expected conclusions. Again, this will change but give it a try, e.g., “Our results should provide evidence for (at least) two separate decision-making processes and find a source credibility effect, thereby supporting…”
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