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Clinical Excellence Assignment Paper

Clinical Excellence

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Clinical Excellence

During this week’s paper, you will focus on clinical excellence.
Building on work done in the clinical practicum setting this week, and looking toward work with the Evidence base practice (EBP), address these questions:

1. How do you define quality and excellence?

2. What ethical principles are reflected in your definition?

3. How is quality and excellence defined and measured in your specialty practice area? ( Family Nurse Practitioner) Explain some of the methods for providing clinical excellence in your specialty as a Family Nurse Practitioner.

4. What ethical considerations are taken into account in terms of quality in your specialty practice area? ( Family Nurse practitioner )

5. What professional organizations set standards of excellence, influencing the ability to give excellent care at the system, organizational, and individual level?

6. What quality measures will you focus on for your EBP, and how will you measure these?

The writer will take into consideration that they specialty area is Family Nurse Practitioner, and all response must be taking into consideration regarding that specialty. Also the writer must not use any article older than 5 years as this is an evidence base practice course meaning all information must be current. The writer must continuously support the facts with pear review articles using in text citations throughout the entire paper. APA 6th edition will be use in written this paper and the writer must pay close attention to all details responding to all the questions above in details and using paragraphs. They are 6 questions and the writer should use 6 paragraphs to respond to the 6 questions clearly and in detail using pear review article of not more than 6 years old

Resources;

Reading

Nurse to Nurse Evidence-Based Practice

• Chapter 1: “Journey to Excellence in Patient Care”

SAMPLE ANSWER

Clinical quality refers to the effectiveness and the extent to which the nurse practitioners carry out clinical interventions as they are supposed to be executed. It involves the improvement and maintenance of patients’ health to ensure they secure the best possible health gains from the available resources (Kaakinen et al, 2014). In the clinical care nursing domain, excellence in the nursing practice will refer to the dynamic process integrating the best practical and theoretical knowledge in each patient encounter. It will involve the efficient ability to promote the wellbeing and health of all the clients seeking medication. Caring in action will define the clinical excellence as it is expected that optimal health outcomes for the patients are achieved.

There are various ethical principles reflected in the definition of quality and excellence in clinical practices. The principle of non-maleficence is reflected in the definition of quality where the nurses remain competent to ensure the services are efficiently offered to the patients while providing the best possible care (Kaakinen et al, 2014). The Principle of Totality and integrity is also reflected in the definition of quality and excellence where the nurse is supposed to consider the most appropriate medication, therapies, and procedures to follow while caring for the patients. Quality and excellence will entail the achievement of the optimal best health outcomes for the patients. In this case, the principle of beneficence is reflected in the definitions where the nurse should perform tasks that are of best interest to the patients. The definition of quality and excellence has reflected the ethical principle of delivering care in a manner that preserves the patients’ rights, autonomy and also dignity (Kleinpell, 2013).

There are various ways of measuring quality and excellence in the family nurse practitioner area. Quality practices in the family nurse practitioner area are defined as the set of tasks prioritized to drive measurable health improvements (Kleinpell, 2013). The area of family nurse practitioner defines excellence as the critical ability to exercise the professional and clinical judgment. Quality and excellence will be measured regarding health outcomes, clinical processes performed, patient engagements and also coordination of care. The basis of adherence to the clinical guidelines and efficient use of the healthcare resources is also used in the measurement of quality and excellence in clinical practices. There are various methods and ways to ensure clinical excellence in the area of family nurse practitioner. Practiced-based on the best available evidence is one way of practicing excellence. Maximization of health gain through clinical effectiveness by providing services and treatment when needed by the patients is the strategy of providing clinical excellence in family nurse practitioner area (Potter et al, 2013). Observance of paternalism and fidelity during the performance of tasks is key to enhancing clinical excellence. Enactment of the full scope of the nurse practitioner practice is a way of ensuring that clinical excellence is provided to the patients.

In the family nurse practitioner specialty, several ethical considerations are made during efforts to enhance quality in this area. Maintenance of the professional patient-nurse and therapeutic relationship is considered. The ethical consideration of maintaining the confidentiality of patients within the regulatory and legal parameters is crucial (Potter et al, 2013). In the family nurse practitioner, delivering of care in a way that preserves the rights, autonomy, and dignity of the patients is a vital ethical consideration. Reporting of incompetent, impaired or illegal practice is an ethical consideration take into account regarding quality performance in the family nurse practitioner area of specialty. These considerations should be observed as per the provisions in the family nurse practitioner specialty.

Professional organizations have some specific set standards of excellence. The quality of practices and professional practices evaluation is one standard influencing excellence. The Family nurse practitioner is expected to enhance effectiveness in various tasks and also efficiently evaluates the practices about relevant regulations, statutes and also rules (Melnyk et al, 2011). The standard of collaboration is ensured where the nurse is expected to interact and collaborate with the family, the patients in their practices and integrate them into their decision-making process. The standard influences excellence by smoothing the nursing operations. The ethics standards are set during the efforts to ensure excellence where the nurse practitioners should integrate the ethical provisions in all tasks and area of practice. The standards of resource utilization in the organization also influences excellence in the delivery of services as nurse will effectively consider the factors related to cost, safety effectiveness and the impact on practice in the delivery and planning of nursing services (Melnyk et al,2011).

The appropriate health outcomes, effective clinical processes and also the care coordination will be the main quality measures to be considered while focusing on the evidence-based practices. Measurement of quality regarding health outcomes will be done depending on the assessment of the patient adherence to medication and the recovery rate. The care coordination focused on for my evidence-based practices will be measured regarding the collaboration/integration rate and response to clinical services provided to the patient (Kleinpell, 2013). The strength of the nurse-patient relationship will also be used to measure the effective coordination. The effectiveness of the clinical practices used for measurement of quality will be measured regarding clinical improvements in the Family nurse practitioner specialty.

References

Kaakinen, J. R., Coehlo, D. P., Steele, R., Tabacco, A., & Hanson, S. M. H. (2014). Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research. FA Davis.

Kleinpell, R. M. (2013). Outcome assessment in advanced practice nursing. Springer Publishing Company.

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (Eds.). (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2013). Fundamentals of nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

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Interpretation of Regression Models Paper

Interpretation of Regression Models

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I request writers Bonnie or Sasha (Thanks for consideration), Marvin
Excel dataset is the same as previous SLP assignments but I can send again in email once writer contacts me. Thanks, Marvin

Module 5 – SLP
UNIVARIATE VERSUS BIVARIATE ANALYSES; REGRESSION
Interpret the two models that appear below, and address the following additional questions as they pertain to each:
1. What about confounding? Which of the variables are potential confounders?
2. Compare and contrast matching on potential confounders versus including them in a regression model.
BMI (1 unit) = 1.3 + 2.4 (diabetes) + 2.3 (family history diabetes) + 1.7 (gender) + 1.4 (age) + 1.7 (race) + 2.6 (income) + 3.4 (height), p<0.05
Allergies = 4.5 + 3.8 (Family History Allergies) + 2.1 (gender) + 1.4 (age) + 0.8 (race) + 1.5 (weight), p<0.05
SLP Assignment Expectations
Length: SLP assignments should be at least 2 pages (500 words) in length.
References: At least two references must be included from academic sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (APA format recommended).
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question
Format: APA format is recommended for this assignment. See Syllabus page for more information on APA format.
Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted for minor errors, assignments are expected to adhere to standards guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.
The following items will be assessed in particular:
• Achievement of learning outcomes for SLP assignment.
• Relevance—all content is connected to the question.
• Precision—specific question is addressed; statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate.
• Depth of discussion—points that lead to deeper issues are presented and integrated.
• Breadth—multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues/factors considered/
• Evidence—points are well-supported with facts, statistics, and references.
• Logic—presented discussion makes sense; conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information.
• Clarity—writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples.
• Objectivity—use of first person and subjective bias are avoided.
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Module 5 – Background
UNIVARIATE VERSUS BIVARIATE ANALYSES; REGRESSION
Collier, W. Independent & Dependent Variables. University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Retrieved from http://www.uncp.edu/home/collierw/ivdv.htm
Health Knowledge. Confounding, interactions, methods for assessment of effect modification. Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1a-epidemiology/confounding-interactions-methods
Lowry, Richard. Simple Logistical Regression. VassarStats: Website for Statistical Computation. http://www.vassarstats.net/logreg1.html
Ludford, Pamela J. University of Minnesota, College of Science and Engineering. Linear Regression. Retrieved from http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~ludford/Stat_Guide/Linear_Regression.htm
McDonald, John H. Logistic Regression. Handbook of Biological Statistics. Retrieved from http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/statlogistic.html
National Science Digital Library’s Computation Science Education Research Desk: Univariate Data and Bivariate Data. Retrieved from http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/discussions/UnivariateBivariate/
National Science Digital Library’s Computation Science Education Research Desk: Graphing and Interpreting Bivariate Data. Retrieved from http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/discussions/GraphingData/
Penn State. STAT507 Epidemiological Research Methods: 3.5 – Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification. Retrieved from https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat507/node/34
PowerPoint Presentation Regarding How to Control for Confounding: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcphp.sph.unc.edu%2Ffocus%2Fvol4%2Fissue1%2F4-1AdvancedData_slides.ppt&ei=6jkFUq-nMYjw2QWrjYHIBA&usg=AFQjCNEx5DfK5SDgjc_kyaMo1uFkl8zQIA&sig2=887k52Cs6-jotuMeo0iDJQ&bvm=bv.50500085,d.b2I
University of Pennsylvania. Stratification and Matching in Design. Retrieved from http://www.cceb.upenn.edu/pages/localio/EPI521/2007/part4.pdf
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Module 5 – Home
UNIVARIATE VERSUS BIVARIATE ANALYSES; REGRESSION
Modular Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes:
• Case
o Distinguish between univariate and multivariate analysis.
o Distinguish between dependent and independent variables.
o Distinguish between logistic and linear regression.
• SLP
o Interpret the results of a regression analysis, both linear and logistic
o Discuss the concept of confounding, and note potential confounders in a hypothetical study.
o Assess the merits of matching on confounders versus adjusting for confounders by including them in a regression model.
• Discussion
o Identify confounders for known diseases.
Module Overview
Univariate versus Multivariate Analysis
Univariate analysis looks at how two variables relate to one another. Often time, it examines whether there is an association between a potential risk factor or background characteristic (e.g. smoking, gender, exercise) with an outcome or disease (e.g. lung cancer, breast cancer, diabetes). The analysis only involves the disease (or outcome) with the potential risk factor (or exposure). Multivariate analysis, on the other hand, examines more than one potential risk factor at the same time, and their potential association to the disease or outcome. For instance, one could examine the effects of smoking, gender, age, obesity, and diabetes together against a potential association with cardiovascular disease.
National Science Digital Library’s Computation Science Education Research Desk: Univariate Data and Bivariate Data. Retrieved from http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/discussions/UnivariateBivariate/
National Science Digital Library’s Computation Science Education Research Desk: Graphing and Interpreting Bivariate Data. Retrieved from http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/discussions/GraphingData/
Dependent versus Independent Variables
In these cases, the outcome or disease status is the dependent variable, whereas any potential exposure or risk factor is an independent variable. Multivariate analysis most often looks at one dependent variable (disease or outcome status) and more than one independent variable (e.g. gender, race, income, medical history, etc.).
Collier, W. Independent & Dependent Variables. University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Retrieved from http://www.uncp.edu/home/collierw/ivdv.htm
Confounder
A confounder is a variable that is linked with a disease (or outcome) and is related with the risk factor (or exposure), that changes the relationship between the exposure and outcome. For instance, let’s say that obesity is a potential risk factor for diabetes. Then consider a third variable, a family history of diabetes, that is also a potential risk factor for diabetes, and is related to obesity. If the addition of the third variable (family history of diabetes) changes the relationship between obesity and diabetes, then the third variable (family history of diabetes) is a confounder in this situation.
Resources
PowerPoint Presentation Regarding How to Control for Confounding: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcphp.sph.unc.edu%2Ffocus%2Fvol4%2Fissue1%2F4-1AdvancedData_slides.ppt&ei=6jkFUq-nMYjw2QWrjYHIBA&usg=AFQjCNEx5DfK5SDgjc_kyaMo1uFkl8zQIA&sig2=887k52Cs6-jotuMeo0iDJQ&bvm=bv.50500085,d.b2I
University of Pennsylvania. Stratification and Matching in Design. Retrieved from http://www.cceb.upenn.edu/pages/localio/EPI521/2007/part4.pdf
Penn State. STAT507 Epidemiological Research Methods: 3.5 – Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification. Retrieved from https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat507/node/34
Health Knowledge. Confounding, interactions, methods for assessment of effect modification. Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1a-epidemiology/confounding-interactions-methods
Logistical and Linear Regression
Unlike univariate analysis, regression models allow researchers to examine more than one independent variable at a time against a dependent variable. This means that confounders or demographic variables may be studied alongside the exposure and outcome variables, to adjust for any potential bias that may arise due to background characteristics (e.g. difference by gender or race or income, etc.). Depending on the outcome variable, logistical regression is used for binary outcomes (e.g. disease status of “yes” or “no,” mortality data, etc.) whereas linear regression is used for continuous outcomes (e.g. blood pressure, bone mass density, fasting blood glucose, etc.). Logistical and Linear models can be interpreted as follows:
Lung Cancer = 4.5 + 2.4 (smoking) + 1.7 (gender) + 2.3 (age) + 0.7 (race), p<0.05
After controlling for gender, age, and race, those with a history of smoking are 2.4 times more likely to have lung cancer than those who do not smoke (p<0.05). In this statement, lung cancer is the dependent variable, history of smoking is the independent variable of interest (the exposure), and gender, age, and race are the confounders. This is a logistical regression model, where the dependent variable is binary: lung cancer versus no lung cancer.
BMI (1 unit) = 3.9 + 3.4 (high fasting glucose) + 1.5 (gender) + 1.3 (age) + 2.7 (race), p<0.05
After controlling for gender, age, and race, a one unit increase in BMI is 3.4 times more likely in those with a high fasting glucose level than those with a lower fasting glucose level. In a linear regression model, the dependent variable is continuous and results are measured in units. The dependent variable here is body mass index (BMI) and the independent variable is fasting glucose levels (high versus low), and the potential confounders are gender, age, and race.
Additional Resources
Lowry, Richard. Simple Logistical Regression. VassarStats: Website for Statistical Computation.http://www.vassarstats.net/logreg1.html
Ludford, Pamela J. University of Minnesota, College of Science and Engineering. Linear Regression. Retrieved from http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~ludford/Stat_Guide/Linear_Regression.htm
McDonald, John H. Logistic Regression. Handbook of Biological Statistics. Retrieved from http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/statlogistic.html
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SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

Both univariate and bivariate or multivariate analyses are used in determining the relationship between two or more variables (Arsham, 2012; Chatterjee, 2012). For instance, in univariate analysis the relationship between two variables i.e. an independent variable against a dependent variable is examined, whereas bivariate and multivariate analysis the analysis between one dependent variable and two or more that two independent variables respectively is examined in what is known as multiple linear or logistical regression model (Babbie, 2009; Warne, Ramos & Ritter, 2012). In the regression models considered in this assignment, the disease status or outcome is the dependent variable, while the potential risk factors or exposures are the independent variables.

Interpretation of Regression Models

Unlike in univariate analysis, logistical and linear regression models allow the examination of more than one independent variable at once against a dependent variable (Arsham, 2012). In the logistical and linear regression models considered in this case or scenario, the disease status or outcome is the dependent variable, while the potential risk factors or exposures are the independent variables (Chatterjee, 2012). Thus, since the logistical and linear regression models represent multivariate analysis, the relationship between examined is between one dependent variable (outcome status or disease) and more than one or multiple independent variables (e.g. age, gender, race, weight, height, medical/family history, income, etc.). Interpretation of the models is as follows:

Model 1 Interpretation

BMI (1 unit) = 1.3 + 2.4 (diabetes) + 2.3 (family history diabetes) + 1.7 (gender) + 1.4 (age) + 1.7 (race) + 2.6 (income) + 3.4 (height), p<0.05

After controlling for family history diabetes, gender, age, race, income, and height, a BMI’s increase in one unit is 2.4 times more likely in those with diabetes than those without diabetes. Considering that in a linear regression model, the measurement of the dependent variable results is done in units and also it is continuous. For instance, in this regression model the body mass index (BMI) is the dependent variable and the independent variable is diabetes (presence versus absence), and the potential confounders are family history diabetes, gender, age, race, income, and height.

Model 2 Interpretation

Allergies = 4.5 + 3.8 (Family History Allergies) + 2.1 (gender) + 1.4 (age) + 0.8 (race) + 1.5 (weight), p<0.05

After controlling for gender, age, race and weight, those with a family history allergies are 3.8 times more likely to have allergies than those without family history allergies (p<0.05). In this statement, allergies is the dependent variable (the outcome or disease), whereas family history allergies is the independent variable of interest (the risk factor or exposure), and gender, age, race, and weight are the confounders. As a result, it means this regression model is a logistical regression model, in which the representation of the dependent variable is form of a binary data i.e. allergies versus no allergies.

Questions

Confounding in Regression Models

Confounding is the presence of variables linked with an outcome (or disease) and related with the exposure (or risk factor) in a regression model, that changes how the exposure relates to the outcome (Chatterjee, 2012; Chvatal, 2013). For example, in model 1 the potential confounders are family history diabetes, gender, age, race, income, and height, while in model 2 the potential confounders are gender, age, race, and weight.

Comparing and contrasting the matching on potential confounders versus their inclusion in a regression model

Potential confounders changes how the exposure relate to the outcome in a regression model. For instance, before controlling for potential confounders (matching) in model 1, a BMI’s increase in one unit is 1.3 times more likely in those with diabetes than those without diabetes but after controlling for potential confounders (inclusion in regression model) a BMI’s increase in one unit increased to 2.4 times more likely in those with diabetes than those without diabetes. In model 2 before controlling for potential confounders (matching), those with a family history allergies are 4.5 times more likely to have allergies than those without family history allergies (p<0.05) but after controlling for potential confounders (inclusion in regression model) the likelihood of those with a family history allergies to have allergies than those without family history allergies dropped to 3.8 times (p<0.05).

References

Arsham, H. (2012). Foundation of Linear Programming: A Managerial Perspective from Solving System of Inequalities to Software Implementation, International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences, 3(3), 40-60.

Babbie, E. R. (2009). The Practice of Social Research, (12^th ed.). New York, NY: Wadsworth Publishing.

Chatterjee, S. (2012). Regression analysis by example. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Chvatal, V. (2013). Linear Programming. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Warne, R. L., Ramos, T., & Ritter, N. (2012). Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(3), 134–149.

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health policy Assignment Paper

Health policy

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I will send the instruction to you through e mail. Thanks.

SAMPLE ANSWER

A health policy refers to the actions, decisions and plans undertaken for the achievement of specific goals in a given society. The set health policies will be helpful in the achievement of several things such as defining the vision for the future, the establishment of the points and targets for the short or long term basis (Blank & Burau, 2013). The health policies will outline the expected roles and priorities of different groups while also informs people and builds a consensus. On the other hand, public policies refer to the factors that influencing health that are not solely family or individual characteristics but are linked to the political system, economic system and the culture as a whole. The health policies will be classified based on factors such as systematic issues, organizational issues, instrumental issues and also the programmatic issues (Blank & Burau, 2013). The classification of the public policies will defer as they will depend on economic, cultural and political policies. The health policies will effectively dictate whom, when and what should be performed. The health policies will include licensure and the regulations of the care providers, arrangement for the payment of health services and insurances (Blank & Burau, 2013). The health policies will also include the mix of private services, public services, quality of services provided in a community and also the access and cost of the health services.

The government public policy is different as it will entail the policies written in other sectors rather than the health sector. These sectors include transportation and education statutes. However, the public policies usually modify the social health determinants. The government public policies’ intent is to ensure the positive health impact. The health policies change in accordance with the current health problems and also the advances in knowledge and technology (Reader, 2012). On the other hand, government public policies change in accordance to the evolvement of broad social goals over time. Public policies will be promulgated by the government entities or its representatives while the health policies will be mainly developed implemented by the health institutions and bodies.

The public health approaches will entail all the strategies that focus on the prevention of health problems and promote the delivery of care in a way that extends the safety and better care to the entire population rather than the selected individuals (Tulchinsky & Varavikova, 2014). The principles used in the public health approach provide a framework for continuing with the investigations to identify the causes and consequences of the challenges encountered in the health sector as well as coming up with the best policy interventions and advocacy. The major difference between the old and new public approach is that the recent approaches will entail the manner in which the health promotion discourse has adapted to the crucial doctrines of previous eras in the old approach to addressing the present public health threats. The old health approach was characterized by the capital intensive investments in health care services, facilities and the high cost of the healthcare. In the old public health approach, concerns were classified into five key areas such as creating the supportive environment in the health sector, development of personal skills, building public health policies and also orienting the health services (Tulchinsky & Varavikova, 2014). In the old public health approach, there was no clear philosophical definition of the contemporary public health. In this case, the need to facilitate effective monitoring of the public health functions for a more secure basis for advocacy of the funding in the public sector as not given priority.

In the old public approach, health was characterized to be global in nature. There were difficulties to develop the global public health framework due to the failure of implementation of the primary health care as global public health instrument (Tulchinsky & Varavikova,2014)t. Ensuring health conditions for all was not easy due to the promotion of the paradigm’s functionalist orientation. Some of the characteristics of the new public health approach include recognition of the social determinants with the aim of improving the health of populations. Empowerment of individuals is also key in the new approach where they people are given the opportunity to increase control over their health. In the old approach, development of personal skills to recognize their needs that impact their health was not given much consideration as in the new public health approach. In the new public health approach, community participation is an essential and a vital characteristic. The health promotions strategies are more centered on the communities. Contrary to the old approach, in the new approach, the programs and strategies for health promotions are adapted to the needs of the people who work together for a healthier environment (Rutten et al, 2011).

Power is the ability to achieve the desired results or outcome after the performance of the various tasks. The development or change of policies entails the process of coming up with more appropriate strategies aimed at improving the currently implemented protocols or procedures (Altman, 2013). The development of policies enhances the adoption of better strategies and protocols of running operation in the various organizations. In policy development and change, the concept of power is understood in a relational sense as the ability to effectively make decisions regarding the protocols and procedures proposed or under development before they are fully implemented. There are three phases of power when it comes to policy development and change (Altman, 2013). These dimensions include power as non-decision making tool, power as decision making and also power as a thought control. Power in decision making focuses on the ability of groups or individuals to influence the policy decisions during development and change. In this case, the groups and individuals will exert their influence on the various policy processes. They have the direct influence over the key decisions and mostly initiate the policy proposals for change or development (Altman, 2013).

Power as a non-decision making when it comes to policies will involve the practice and process of limiting the scope of decision making to safe issues by manipulating the dominant political institutions, community myths and also values (Francesca et al, 2011). Consequently, power will be and agenda setting that highlighting how the able groups will keep control over the agenda to ensure the threatening issues are below their radar screen during the development and change process. Power is also conceptualized as a thought control when it comes to policies development and change. Power as a thought control will be a function of the ability to exert influence on others by shaping their preferences about policies development and change (Francesca et al, 2011).

The control of the obesity cases has become one of the highest priorities for the practitioners in the public health sector of most countries. The adoption of the high risk and effective approaches will require the formulation of various policies (Tsai et al, 2014). The implementation of these policies will ensure the effective control of the obesity cases. The national health obesity health campaigns and also the community-based approaches have been identified as some of the best interventions to control obesity that has its health hazards (Rosen, 2015). The community-based approaches have also been tied to the health campaigns in making the initiatives a success. The major consideration is to ensure the compliance with the initiatives and the smooth running of operations of the health campaign. The creation of an oversight committee structure to be held accountable for the activities and strategies of the campaign is a vital policy consideration (Tsai et al, 2014). The policies formulated for the campaign strategies should consider having the community-based interventions that are designed to improve the physical activity and quality dietary levels (Rosen, 2015). The policies should consider having initiatives that increase the exposure to healthy foods at a subsidized price and also restrictions on the unhealthy foods to ensure that the campaign efficiently controls the cases of obesity. The policies should consider having pricing adjustments to the foods that help in controlling obesity such as energy dense nutrient foods.

It is important to identify any workflow that might interfere with the protocols and procedures proposed during the obesity health campaign (Tsai et al, 2014). Adopting of the government principles for healthcare during the planning of the campaigns is a crucial policy consideration. The provision of a standardized consent document to all the participant of the health campaign for consistency is another policy consideration during the obesity health campaign.

The development of the smoke-free environment policies is necessary as it ensures that customers, service users and also the employees are protected from exposure to the second-hand smoke (Hyland et al, 2012). The policies developed will also help in the restriction and control of the smoking acts. There are various factors that I would consider and include in the creation of the new policy. Education and creation of awareness about the need for stopping the smoking are a factor to consider during the creation of policies. The training and education will be helpful in creating awareness about the hazards of combining the materials used in work processes and the secondhand smoke (Hyland et al, 2014). Concise and simple information on how to quit smoking will be communicated. The enforcement and the consequences of compliance is another factor to be included in the policy created. The inclusion of the factor in the policy will make it clear that disciplinary measures would follow for any staff not complying with the policy (Schultz et al, 2011). Those not adhering to the agreed policy and not complying with the smoke laws will be subject to penalty. The consideration of the factor in the policy will enhance its enforcement.

Designing of an implementation plan and laying out the purpose of the policy is the third factor to include the creation of the policy. These actions will be included to communicate the support to be provided to the smokers during the campaign to develop effective smoke-free environment policies. Including the plan during the creation of the policy will prepare the supervisory and management staff. The plan will include the strategies to support those quitting smoking in ways such as providing medical coverage to them. Having consistent sources of funds to support the strategies focusing on safety regarding secondhand smoke will be the factor to consider (Schultz et al, 2011). Consideration of the factor will also ensure the provision of the visible and real opportunities for worker’s participation in the planning and implementation of the policies.

References

Altman, D. (2013). Power & Community. Routledge.

Blank, R. H., & Burau, V. (2013). Comparative health policy. Palgrave Macmillan.

Francesca, C., Ana, L. N., Jérôme, M., & Frits, T. (2011). OECD Health Policy Studies Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care: Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care (Vol. 2011). OECD Publishing.

Hyland, A., Barnoya, J., & Corral, J. E. (2012). Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future. Tobacco control, 21(2), 154-161.

Reader, A. M. (2012). Health policy and systems research.

Rosen, G. (2015). A history of public health. JHU Press.

Rütten, A., Gelius, P., & Abu-Omar, K. (2011). Policy development and implementation in health promotion—from theory to practice: the ADEPT model. Health promotion international, 26(3), 322-329.

Schultz, A. S., Finegan, B., Nykiforuk, C. I., & Kvern, M. A. (2011). A qualitative investigation of smoke-free policies on hospital property. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(18), E1334-E1344.

Tsai, A. G., Boyle, T. F., Hill, J. O., Lindley, C., & Weiss, K. (2014). Changes in Obesity Awareness, Obesity Identification, and Self-Assessment of Health: Results from a Statewide Public Education Campaign. American Journal of Health Education, 45(6), 342-350.

Tulchinsky, T. H., & Varavikova, E. A. (2014). The new public health: an introduction for the 21st century. Academic Press.

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Naguib Mahfouz (1963). Zaalabawi Paper

Naguib Mahfouz (1963)

Order Instructions:

Do you think that Mahfouz wants his readers to believe that Zaabalawi is a real person? Does he want us to think that the narrator of the story believes that Zaabalawi is a real person? Whatever your opinion, explain your reasons for it.

Use your own words.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Zaabalawi by Mahfouz has the qualities of both the traditional stories told in mystical traditions as well as those of modern stories. Mahfouz’s father believed that Zaabalawi was a saint of God who removed worries and troubles. Author’s father friend also believed that Zaalabawi is a miraculous person. Characters portrayed in the story believed that Zaabalawi was a mysterious person and that he exhibited powerful magic. When people were in trouble, they would just have to look for him, and they would be healed and counseled.

Mahfouz’s does not want his readers to believe that Zaabalawi is a real person. The author gives him many traits as spoken by the characters that have had contact with him. The author portrays Zaalabawi as a mystery that and also as someone who possesses every good quality that a real person can not have. No one knows of the whereabouts of Zaabalawi except at the bar where he can be found at specific evenings. Gods possess a variety of characters that make people worship them and also look for them for peace of mind and advice. The author characterizes Zaabalawi as a God, and it is for people to look for him though he can’t be found physically. Zaabalawi helps everyone in need irrespective of where they come from which is a characteristic of gods. Hence, it is evident that the author wanted readers to look beyond the physical being and believe in supernatural powers exhibited by gods and that by engaging with the gods, one can receive healing.

Also, the narrator of the story believes that Zaabalawi exists still he does not quench his thirst of trying to find him. The narrator and all who seek Zaabalawi tend to obtain wisdom and blessings. When they find him, they find inner peace within themselves as well as joy in their hearts. The narrator believes he is real though he is also ambiguous as he resides in people’s mind in the form of the spirit of peace. He continuously looks for him because he does not have peace with himself and wants to connect with Zaabalawi. He only exists in people’s minds and only see him when he is drunk. He is as God. No one has seen God, but everyone believes that he exists.

Every cultural society believes in their God and he has universal characteristics since he is said to be a god of hope, peace, healing, and all things that make people satisfied. Since Zaabalawi is characterized as a God, the narrator believes that he is real, but he has never seen him or touch him.

Though God already exists in the story and that Zaalabawi is like a saint who serves under him, Zaabalawi is still supernatural and has powers to heal people and bring them peace. That’s why everyone who spoke of him gave differing opinions that still characterized a god. He has not been found by the narrator, and he is still in search of him but still believes that he will not find him. Everyone seeks greater divine power to for guidance and peace. Zaabalawi is that power that people seek and talk about when they have a connection with him which is not physical. Zaabalawi is real but virtual. He exists in the minds of those who go to seek him for divine interventions.

Reference

Naguib Mahfouz (1963). Zaalabawi

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Data Interpretation Practicum Assignment

Data Interpretation Practicum

Order Instructions:

Your Data Interpretation Practicum

It is important for the writer to note that this paper is a combination of order #113631, 113672, 113741, 113768. The writer will have to combine the solutions that where giving in the above orders and will also include what is added here below in a well-structured APA paper including all what is mention here below. The previous analysis mentioned here below is contain in the solutions of the above mention order.

In order to widely disseminate or publish your research findings, they must be presented in a manner that facilitates comprehension by the educated reader. This week, you will present the findings from the analyses you conducted on your chosen data from Week 3.

Your submission should include your previous analyses and interpretation, along with appropriate sections to address the limitations of your work and opportunities for further inquiry. Follow APA format to present your findings as a paper, including a title page, abstract, introduction, sections in the main body as needed, conclusions, references, and appendices as needed
I will email the dataset that has to be use for this paper as it has also been use for the past 7 weeks for previous assignment.

SAMPLE ANSWER

This paper seeks to compile all the analysis that was performed to determine the safety of people at different working stations. In particular, the paper will bring together all the analytical techniques employed on the data and make the inference about the population parameters. The fundamental of this paper thus is to answer the question whether there exists a difference in injury rate in a different working site, when different genders supervise employees, when workers have worked on a different number of hours, and when a site has a different number of workers (O’Leary, 2013). The analysis will give an insight of the safety of workers, which is vital for firms like the insurance company, and also for policy planning of the company.

The research formatting will utilize the APA writing style, and the analysis will be performed using SPSS for Windows. Nevertheless, the research will seek to infer about the following hypothesis:

H₀: There is no significance difference in injury rate at a working site and supervisor’s gender, number of employees and the number of hours at work.

H_1a: There is a significance difference in injury rate at a working site and supervisor’s gender, number of employees and the number of hours at work.

It is important to notice that the research hypothesis and research question are intertwined (Creswell, 2013).

Results

Data distribution was evaluated using descriptive measures, which are tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
		number of employees	number of hours at work	supervisors gender	injury rate	safety climate
N	Valid	51	51	51	51	51
N	Missing	0	0	0	0	0
Mean		24.02	49960.78	.47	15.1755	4.6971
Std. Error of Mean		1.050	2183.070	.071	2.44692	.14493
Median		23.00	47840.00	.00	9.1600	4.7600
Std. Deviation		7.495	15590.236	.504	17.47447	1.03497
Variance		56.180	243055455.373	.254	305.357	1.071
Skewness		.056	.056	.121	2.046	.101
Std. Error of Skewness		.333	.333	.333	.333	.333
Kurtosis		.506	.506	-2.068	4.309	-.697
Std. Error of Kurtosis		.656	.656	.656	.656	.656
Minimum		5	10400	0	.00	2.50
Maximum		45	93600	1	76.92	6.80

The descriptive statistics, results show that on average there are 24 workers at each site with a minimum of five workers and a maximum of 45. Notably, the skewedness of the number of workers is close to zero, thus, the normal plot of this parameter will be almost asymmetrical. On average the workers work for 49960.78 hours, with a minimum of 10400 hours and a maximum of 93600 hours. Similarly, the distribution of the number of working hours in almost asymmetric, which is deduced from a low skewness coefficient (Ho, & Carol, 2015).

On average, the injury rate of all the working site is 15.1755, which the minimum of zero injury rate and a maximum of 76.92. Further, the injury rate has a positive skewedness, which means that its standard normal curve will have a long tail to the left (on the higher values of the injury rate) (Ho, & Carol, 2015). Furthermore, these four working sites have on average 4.6971 safety climate, with the safest site having 2.50 safety climate and not safest site have a 6.8 safety climate.

To compare the sample mean, an ANOVA technique was applied, and the results were as follows:

Table 2: ANOVA
		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
safety climate	Between Groups	34.210	33	1.037	.911	.605
	Within Groups	19.348	17	1.138
	Total	53.558	50
supervisors gender	Between Groups	7.973	33	.242	.868	.648
	Within Groups	4.733	17	.278
	Total	12.706	50
number of hours at work	Between Groups	9791279435.294	33	296705437.433	2.136	.050
	Within Groups	2361493333.333	17	138911372.549
	Total	12152772768.627	50
number of employees	Between Groups	2263.147	33	68.580	2.136	.050
	Within Groups	545.833	17	32.108
	Total	2808.980	50
site	Between Groups	18.655	33	.565	.724	.792
	Within Groups	13.267	17	.780
	Total	31.922	50

In this case, the injury rate was used as a factor. The decision rule is to reject the null hypothesis when the P-value < level of significance. The p-values show that we will fail to reject the null hypothesis, following the critical rule. Thus, we infer that there is no significance difference in injury rate at a working site and supervisor’s gender, a number of employees and the number of hours at work (Murphy, et al. 2014).

A paired t-test was also performed in an attempt to evaluate the difference in the variables mean. The results were as illustrated in Table 3. Notably, the assumption (null hypothesis) is that the mean of the paired variable is equal, versus, the alternative that the mean of paired variables is not equal (Murphy, et al. 2014).

Table 3: Paired Samples Test
		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	Lower	Upper
Pair 1	injury rate – number of employees	-8.84412	22.98329	3.21830	-15.30827	-2.37996	-2.748	50	.008
Pair 2	injury rate – supervisors gender	14.70490	17.52681	2.45424	9.77541	19.63440	5.992	50	.000
Pair 3	injury rate – safety climate	10.47843	17.51818	2.45304	5.55136	15.40550	4.272	50	.000
Pair 4	injury rate – number of hours at work	-49945.60882	15601.36168	2184.62760	-54333.56251	-45557.65514	-22.862	50	.000

In this case, the rejection rule is: reject null hypothesis if |t _calculated| > t_tabulated= 1.684. In that light, all the t_calculatedvalues are greater than 1.684, and thus, conclusively we say that the paired variables means are not equal.

To find a linear model that can be used to predict injury rate using safety climate, number of hours at work, supervisors’ gender as the predictors in the model

Table 4: Coefficients^a
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.
Model		B	Std. Error	Beta	t	Sig.
1	(Constant)	42.248	10.767		3.924	.000
	number of hours at work	-.001	.000	-.678	-5.774	.000
	supervisors gender	3.564	4.194	.103	.850	.400
	safety climate	1.958	2.007	.116	.976	.334
a. Dependent Variable: injury rate

The model is:

Injury rate = 42.248 – 0.001* (number of hours at work) + 3.564*(supervisors gender) + 1.958*(safety climate)

The regression model summary is as given in 5.

Table 5: Model Summary
Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate
1	.649^a	.421	.384	13.71976
a. Predictors: (Constant), safety climate, number of hours at work, supervisors gender

The coefficient of determination shows that the fitted model can explain 38.4% of the variation (Lowry, 2014).

Correlations
		site	number of employees	injury rate	safety climate	number of hours at work
Site	Pearson Correlation	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)
	N	51
number of employees	Pearson Correlation	.130	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.363
	N	51	51
injury rate	Pearson Correlation	-.074	-.636^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.606	.000
	N	51	51	51
safety climate	Pearson Correlation	.331^*	.147	-.013	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.018	.303	.930
	N	51	51	51	51
number of hours at work	Pearson Correlation	.130	1.000^**	-.636^**	.147	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.363	0.000	.000	.303
	N	51	51	51	51	51
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Notably, there exists a perfect correlation between the number of hours at work and the number of employees, this implies that is the number of workers in a site changes that will be the same proportional change in the number of working hours (Wilcox, 2012). Also, there is a significant negative correlation between injury rate and a number of working hours, and the number of workers in a site at the 95% level of significance. This means that when the number of working hours or the number of employees increases, there will be a decline in injury rate (Wilcox, 2012).

Conclusion

The paper has compiled all the analysis performed previously, discussion of the results were given and inference made. Thus, the primary objective was achieved, on the other hand, the results indicated that there was no adequate evidence to reject the null hypothesis. For this reason, a conclusion was made that there is no significance difference in injury rate at a working site and supervisor’s gender, number of employees and the number of hours at work.

References

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage publications.

Ho, A. D., & Carol, C. Y. (2015). Descriptive Statistics for Modern Test Score Distributions Skewness, Kurtosis, Discreteness, and Ceiling Effects. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 75(3), 365-388.

Lowry, R. (2014). Concepts and applications of inferential statistics.

Murphy, K. R., Myors, B., & Wolach, A. (2014). Statistical power analysis: A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis tests. Routledge.

O’Leary, Z. (2013). The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage.

Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing. Academic Press.

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Marketing and Business Plans Assignment

Marketing and Business Plans

Order Instructions:

Marketing and Business Plans

What is the difference between a marketing plan and a business plan?

A business plan covers the overall elements of business, including the strategic plan, financial plans, target markets, sales, products and services, and operations. The business plan also contains information on how all of these elements relate to each other.

A marketing plan, in contrast, focuses on the marketing and marketing strategy of certain products and services. Essentially, the marketing plan is tasked with identifying potential market areas while also addressing how to appropriately engage in marketing messages for those products or services to target populations.

Therefore, both marketing and business plans cement the foundations of how the organization of business will operate. They identify which populations are served and which products or services will most likely contribute to the viability of the business or organization. Specific to the health care administrator, the marketing and business plan should focus on effective health care delivery and capitalize on the unique health care services offered by individual health care organizations.

For this Discussion, review the concepts of a marketing, business, and strategic plan in the resources for this week. Reflect on how these plans contribute to business operations. Then consider the consequences a potential misalignment between these plans might hold for the business or organization.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:

1. An explanation of the consequences of how a misalignment between marketing plans, business plans, and strategic plans might affect the success of health care organizations and why.

2. Offer an example of when an alignment between these plans has contributed to effectiveness or success of the health care organization. Be specific and provide examples.

USE THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE & CHAPTER 1 & 2 REFERENCES:

1.Gombeski, W. R., Jr.,, Taylor, J., Piccirilli, A., Cundiff, L., & Britt, J. (2007). Effectively executing a comprehensive marketing communication strategy. Health Marketing Quarterly, 24(3/4), 97–111.

2.Hillestad, S. G., & Berkowitz, E. N. (2012). Health care market strategy: From planning to action (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
o Chapter 1, “Strategy Development and the Strategic Mindset” (pp. 1–33)

o Chapter 2, “Understanding the Strategic, Business, and Marketing Planning Process” (pp. 36–56)

SAMPLE ANSWER

The alignment of the business, marketing, and strategic plans is essential for the smooth progress of operations in a given organization (Gombeski et al., 2007). These plans influence the organization structure of the given healthcare organizations. The misalignment and poor coordination of these plans lead to serious consequences on the operation of the healthcare organization. The misalignment lead to the reduced productivity in the heath care organization. The health care organization will face the consequence of decreasing potential growth. Such cases are caused by the poor connection between various plans. The scheduling of medication, financing of operations and also marketing of the service offered by the health organization will be at a decline affecting the success of the organization (Gombeski et al., 2007). The misalignment leads to poor planning that causes the healthcare organization to direct its efforts and services in the wrong directions. The following of the unrealistic objectives leads to the wastage of the opportunities such as expansion that contribute to the greater success of the healthcare organization. The misalignment also leads to the poor control of the operations of the organization. The ineffective control affects the ability to take corrective action of improvement after determining the performance of the organization (Hillestad & Berkowitz, 2012). The misalignment also causes the ineffective communication between the various departments in a healthcare organization that is an obstacle to the success of the various operations.

There are numerous benefits resulting from the proper alignment of the various plans in the health care organization. The Sutter healthcare organization is one of the successful healthcare organizations in the US that enjoy the fruits of the proper alignment of its plans (Ball et al, 2013). The health organization has beeADGn able to develop new healthcare services, commence the medical practice and also revamp the existing patient flow in the various offices of the organization. The development of the new facilities is done considering plan various phases. The plans considered by the organization include studying the market to understand demand, carrying operation plans for each proposed entity and also financial feasibility studies (Ball et al, 2013). Such activities have helped the organization control in its operations effectively and also set realistic objectives that are efficiently achieved. In this case, the alignment has proved to contribute to the success of the Sutter healthcare organization.

References

Ball, M., Weaver, C., & Kiel, J. (Eds.). (2013). Healthcare information management systems: Cases, strategies, and solutions. Springer Science & Business Media.

Gombeski, W. R., Jr.,, Taylor, J., Piccirilli, A., Cundiff, L., & Britt, J. (2007). Effectively executing a comprehensive marketing communication strategy. Health Marketing Quarterly, 24(3/4), 97–111.

Hillestad, S. G., & Berkowitz, E. N. (2012). Health care market strategy: From planning to action (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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Research statistic Research Paper

Research statistic

Order Instructions:

• A manager at a small organization is interested in determining the impact of the recent company outing to Camp Feel-Good on job satisfaction. She would like to compare those who attended and completed the individual and team building exercises during the weekend event to those who did not attend, without making any assumptions regarding which group will have higher job satisfaction. A job satisfaction survey is administered 1 month after the event to 40 employees (20 who attended and 20 who did not attend). The survey is a 10 item Liker scale measure (scale: 1=”Very Dissatisfied” to 5=”Very Satisfied”) with a range of total scores from 10-50, where the higher the score, the greater the level of job satisfaction.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Research statistic

The small organization’s manager wanted to determine the effects the company outing to the Camp Feel-Good had on job satisfaction. Some people attended and completed some team building and individual exercises as the weekend event was going on, while others never attended. The two groups were compared in the absence of assumptions about the group likely to have the highest job satisfaction. Forty employees engaged in this research, where half had attended while the other half had not. A likert scale measure with ten items was during and the total score was to be ten to fifty, where a higher score meant a greater job satisfaction level (Conference Board, 2013).

Definitely, the twenty employees who participated in the outing are likely to report higher job satisfaction levels using the likert scale. This is based on the fact that the employees in a company are among the most vital assets. Therefore, managing them appropriately can make them happy and productive. In the first place, the outing is an indication of organizational support, recognition as vital components of the company, and using the likert scale after the outing is an indication that the company wants to get feedback from the employees. These are vital aspects that make the employees highly motivated (Conference Board, 2013). The outing would also need the employees to be flexible as most are conducted during work days, and this indicates that the management believes in the employees. In addition, an outing is a good way for the life-work balance, which highly motivates the employees (Conference Board, 2013). Attending the event is also a good opportunity for the employees to socialize and converse with the colleagues they might not have interacted with, which promotes the positive, intended impact on employee job satisfaction.

Reference

Conference Board. (2013). Determinants of Job Satisfaction. New York: The Conference Board, Inc.

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To Torture or Not To Torture Assignment

To Torture or Not To Torture

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INSTRUCTIONS

To Torture or Not to Torture

Note: In order to fulfill this assignment, you need to have read chapters 5–7, 14 from the Holmes text.

Ethics Approaching Moral Decisions.

ISDN 978-0-8308-2803-6

Note: In order to fulfill this assignment, you need to have read the Group Discussion Board Forum 2 Instructions and the following chapters from Holmes: chs. 4–7, 14. If you have not done so, please stop and read that material.

For your thread, post an answer to the question:

“Should they torture the prisoner?” employing the two points below. Remember your initial thread must be a minimum of 350 words:

From your understanding of Holmes’ discussions, explain how each of the following theories might answer the question: utilitarianism, Kantian duty-based ethics, virtue ethics, and Christian-principle based ethics.
Select the theory you think is the appropriate one to take in this case and explain why.

Any quotes from sources must be cited and will not count towards your word count.

SAMPLE ANSWER

To Torture or Not to Torture

To start, many people will agree that this subject is considerably delicate for exploration. Regardless of if morally justified or necessary, torture has never been too easy for there to be a solid answer. Always, values play a cardinal role when it comes to debates like this one. This can be explored from four perspectives; virtue ethics, utilitarianism perspective, Christian-principle based ethical perspective, and Kantian duty-based ethics.

If looking at torture from the utilitarian perspective, this would involve assessing the various torture issues and determining if they fit their right or good’s description. For example, if torturing a minute group of individuals would save thousands or hundreds of others, then a utilitarian would consider this to be a good thing as opposed to torture. Therefore, whenever cases arise where some people are needed to be tortured so that many others can be saved, a utilitarian would permit it (Shute, 2013). On the other hand, the Kantian duty-based ethics can basically assess if someone is fulfilling the duties from the higher command. There would be no consideration of if the person was made to feel bad, so long as the duties got fulfilled, and that was the proper thing to do.

It is worth pointing out that the virtue ethics adopts an approach that is very similar to the Kantian duty-based ethics (Shute, 2013). Nonetheless, there is a keener focus on the feelings of the person, as opposed to the motives. Following the virtue ethics approach, one would normally enjoy them while torturing is going on, and it is believed that this is meant for personal gain (Park, 2014). Therefore, in case a person is carrying out the torture based on the love he or she has for the culture or country, then such a person is justified.

Following the Christian-principle ethical point-of-view, the torture subject is situational. All Christians are required to adhere to the principles of honoring God as well as sharing His love and care for all humanity and other creatures. Therefore, torturing is not precisely the way someone should use to describe love from the Christian perspective. In the bible, issues like killing for self-defense have been mentioned, but none of these issues ever brought up torture. However, sometimes, God utilizes torture without even being aware about it (Holmes, 1984).

I would assert that the Christian-principle based ethics is the most appropriate theory. I have a strong feeling that all people have a call and obligation of leading Christian lives. Moreover, torture can never be the answer. According to the biblical teachings and instructions, people are called to lead based on the standards set by God, and according to the path that Jesus laid as an example (Allan, 2013). Rather than torturing prisoners, regardless of whether information is being sought from them or not, other ways can be used such as demonstrating the great love God has for them. This might make them guilty and later they may reveal whatever information is being sought. There are many ways through which love can be demonstrated. Therefore, torture is never an option. It is also worth pointing out that this topic is very sensitive, and therefore, there is a great need to handle it with a lot of caution.

Reference

Allan, A. (2013). Ethics in Correctional and Forensic Psychology: Getting the Balance Right. Australian Psychologist, 48, 1, 47-56.

Holmes, A. F. (1984). Ethics, approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, Ill., U.S.A: InterVarsity Press.

Park, R. (2014). The reappeared: Argentine former political prisoners.

Shute, S. (2013). On The Outside Looking In: Reflections on the Role of Inspection in Driving Up Quality in the Criminal Justice System. The Modern Law Review, 76, 3, 494-528.

To Torture or Not to Torture

Reference

Allan, A. (2013). Ethics in Correctional and Forensic Psychology: Getting the Balance Right. Australian Psychologist, 48, 1, 47-56.

Holmes, A. F. (1984). Ethics, approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, Ill., U.S.A: InterVarsity Press.

Park, R. (2014). The reappeared: Argentine former political prisoners.

Shute, S. (2013). On The Outside Looking In: Reflections on the Role of Inspection in Driving Up Quality in the Criminal Justice System. The Modern Law Review, 76, 3, 494-528.

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UK Economy Research Paper

UK Economy

Order Instructions:

My deadline is due on 18th December.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Introduction

The structure of the UK economy has considerably changed for the past ten years, and this has been as a result of the emergence of the oil production and also due to industries that previously consisted of the mainstay of the UK economy (Stam & Coleman, 2010). The UK has worked to ensure that its economy encourages the free movement of goods, services and people, in general, implying that its economy is well maintained for the benefit of all. The country has the supply of natural resources that are taking place to guarantee a healthy economy (Al-Najjar, & Hussainey, 2011). Overwhelmingly subject to outside excitement for storing up, and on being the second most fundamental exporter of capital, the advantage of UK firms lies in the pricing open of remote markets. The fundamental bit of the City in the general private endeavour and the essential for progression recommends that future favourable circumstances are outstandingly subject to Goliath new markets like China. This paper gives an account of the changing structure of the UK economy despite the many setbacks that the economy faced in future.

Post-war shifts in economic power from manufacturing to services

The British economy in 1948 included things like manufacturing, oil and gas as well as utilities amounting to 41 percent of the economy, but operations changed due to the capitalist governance evident in the country (Lowe, 2011). The percentage reduced up to 14 percent in 2013, while on the side of the service sector the share increased from 46 percent to 79 percent affirming all the evident changes. The construction share of the economy has proven to be more stable than expected and has maintained 6% of the (GDP) (Brook, Matthews, & Darke, 2011). The agriculture sector in the country has reduced from 6 to 1 percent, proving to have a huge problem.

The UK economy makeup

The manufacturing sector has declined rapidly in the UK economy; proving to be of no use as required, even though all the G7 economies have also experienced a gradual decline in production and manufacturing sectors as well (Chowla, Quaglietti & Rachel, 2014). The G7 economies are inclusive of UK, US, Japan, Italy, Canada and France all working to better the economy of the whole world. The UK economy is not much attributed to the manufacturing sector as it is very low compared to the recent past. Germany is the country that is ranked the top regarding manufacturing products and is followed by Japan with a percent of 19 (Moran, 2010).

Growth of the UK financial sector

Between 2006 and 2009, the economy of the UK grew to account rapidly for 10 percent of the country’s GDP; hence being the highest among all the G7 economies. Canada had a GDP of 6.7% followed by Germany with a GDP of 3.9 percent. Due to the Euro crisis that took place, it was evident to prove that the British economy had fallen by 2.9 percent even though it was still stable in major economies. The latest ONS data has proved that the UK financial crisis is still below pre-crisis (13.6 percent), despite the measures put across to curb any other financial crisis in the future (Coates, 2014).

Financial services

In the UK, financial services are termed to be very necessary for they are a key part of the county’s export. The country is ranked the best on matters of exports to GDP among the other G7 economies due to its highest share of financial services. UK has the highest number of financial services followed by the US, which has only 15 percent of the financial services in the country (Fankhauser, 2013).

Improvements of the UK export downturns

In the UK, more improvements have been evident in the export and most of the subsequent recoveries have been made accordingly. The economy of the country recovered leading to improved growth in all its exports during the downturn (Engelmann, 2014). The value of pound fell between 2007 and 2009, and this factor contributed to making the country’s goods cheaper abroad. On the other hand, the mechanization and the without a moment to additional time systems utilized by bosses to restore points of interest or take a perfect position on contenders are in like the way a wellspring of insufficiency. A strike in one piece of the creation chain can go all in all operations to a beating stop in a matter of hours. The openness of the UK economy all around and its part in reusing general record clears up why New Labour and the decision class have heaved themselves so eagerly behind and championed deregulation and liberalization.

Less spending on investments

In the UK, less is spent on the country’s investment matters as compared to the other G7 economies where spending is very high. In 2013, the UK spent only 15 percent of the GDP investments while a country like Germany spent 17 percent (Kokot, 2014). On the other side, France had the highest rate of spending in its investment matters totalling up to 25 percent. UK is a country that is very keen on matters of investments and gains a lot from then investments in the country (Ekins, Summerton, Thoung & Lee, 2011). The fixed investments that are practiced there bring success in return to the economic growth. The country is very keen not to spend much on investment matters due to the Euro crisis that once befell its financial sector in 2008 and 2009.

The UK household spending

In 2008, the household spending in the UK fell by 5.7 percent, leading to huge financial losses in the country. The UK suffered a huge loss as it was more dependent on consumer spending and once consumers did not have enough finances to spend, the country suffered a huge loss (Ekins, Anandarajah, & Strachan, 2011). The recovery of the UK economy was mainly centered on the household consumptions that are why it took some time to pick up.

Conclusion

Despite the diminishment in gathering the whole world pounding photo of its breakdown is a long way from veritable. The UK still holds a fundamental gathering center and its offer of general tools is corresponding to that of China. The case that there is another division of work whereby all low-talented employments are being passed on is fundamentally misrepresented. Such claims are likely particular and overestimate the potential for moving time (or parts of creation) out of the nation. The widely referred to pieces of gadgets and materials have continually been footloose. Regardless, other fundamental spaces of creation, for example, nourishment retailing, transport and welfare associations are unwaveringly settled in the home economy. Inside of an ocean of poor benefit, there are islands of sufficiency in two or three domains, with amazingly profitable general firms in the auto period, guardian, pharmaceuticals and bolster retailing. What is valid is that the UK is storing up utilizations far fewer experts.

References

Al-Najjar, B., & Hussainey, K. 2011. Revisiting the capital-structure puzzle: UK evidence. The Journal of Risk Finance, 12(4), 329-338

Brook, K., Matthews, D., & Darke, J. 2011. Changes to the picture of the UK economy – impact of the new SIC 2007 industry classification. Economic & Labour Market Review, 5(3), 41-61

Chowla, S., Quaglietti, L., & Rachel, L. 2014. How have world shocks affected the UK economy? Bank of England.Quarterly Bulletin, 54(2), 167-179

Coates, D. 2014. The UK: Less a liberal market economy, more a post-imperial one. Capital & Class, 38(1), 171-182

Ekins, P., Anandarajah, G., & Strachan, N. 2011. Towards a low-carbon economy: Scenarios and policies for the UK. Climate Policy, 11(2), 865-882

Ekins, P., Summerton, P., Thoung, C., & Lee, D. 2011. A major environmental tax reform for the UK: Results for the economy, employment and the environment. Environmental and Resource Economics, 50(3), 447-474

Engelmann, S. 2014. International trade, technological change and wage inequality in the UK economy. Empirica, 41(2), 223-246

Fankhauser, S. 2013. A practitioner’s guide to a low-carbon economy: Lessons from the UK. Climate Policy, 13(3), 345-362

Kokot, P. 2014. Structures and relationships: Women partners’ careers in germany and the UK. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 27(1), 48-72

Lowe, J. 2011. Concentration in the UK construction sector. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 16(3), 232-248

Moran, M. 2010. The political economy of regulation: Does it have any lessons for accounting research? Accounting and Business Research, 40(3), 215-225

Stam, P., & Coleman, J. 2010. The relationship between hours worked in the UK and the economy. Economic & Labour Market Review, 4(9), 50-54

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Question 1

System analysis refers to a technique that is usually used to solve the various problems that arise in a particular system. It usually involves a very detailed study of the system and all its components with an aim of understanding the role played by every component so as to enhance the effectiveness of the system (Hoffer, 2012). There are various phases of system development processes that are analysis based; these are as discussed below.

The first phase is the system study. This involves the detailed investigation of the system to understand fully what it lacks and how it can be improved and made more efficient (Dennis et al, 2015). A lot of research is usually invested here, and the output should be a system that is executable.

The second phase is the feasibility study. Here, various factors should be put into consideration to ensure that the system is executable. The system’s workability and financial implications are some of the factors that should be considered. The output should result in the system being implemented as it is or whether it should be redrafted (Kersting, 2012).

The next phase is the detailed system analysis. It is the process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning (Dennis et al, 2015). The input here is the creativity of the system analyst while the output is a logical system design.

The last phase involves testing and implementation of the system. Having ensured that all the above factors are rightly executed, the system should, therefore, be tested and all other execution issues addressed. The implementation of the entire system then takes place. The output here is the final and very efficient system.

Question 2

Systems design is the process of defining the physical processes, the components, and all the input that is involved in ensuring that a system satisfies all its requirements and meets its objectives. It can also be defined as the application of various system theories with an aim of coming up with a final product (Hoffer, 2012).There are various phases of system development processes that are design based; these are as discussed below.

The first phase involves pulling together of all physical and technical data, trying to come up with a clear work plan that is aimed at helping execute the particular system. The greatest input here is the strong analytical skills as all the factors considered at this stage must be geared towards the success of the system’s implementation.

In this next phase, the actual system designing therefore takes place. Here, the software system design is prepared with close emphasis put on the guidelines discussed in the first phase above (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). This stage specifies the hardware and other system requirements. It also helps in defining the overall system architecture. The input here is the various hardware that are used to try come up with the final system.

The third phase is the coding phase, here, on receiving the various system design work plans and executable procedures, the work is divided into units and actual coding is started. Since, in this phase the code is produced, it is the main focus for any system designer (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). It is also the longest phase of the system development process.

The last phase involves system maintenance. Here, the execution of the entire system is put under close supervision, and any issues that may arise are handled as promptly as possible.

Question 3

Modeling refers to how data should be used to meet the requirements of a given system. It involves structuring and organizing data so as to be executed in a particular database management system. Modeling, therefore, outlines all the rules for data handling in a particular system (Hoffer, 2012). Modeling can be used in the designing phase as it will be very handy in trying to influence the overall system software.

There are three types of modeling, and each is meant to achieve a particular objective in the final system structure. The first type of modeling is referred to as data-centric modeling. It is all about turning the numbers into knowledge. Here you assess all the assets you have at your disposal, the assets, in this case, are regarding the various hardware you will use in the entire system (Kersting, 2012).

Question 4

In essence, a successful project is one which achieves the purpose. The purpose being did the project accomplish what it was supposed to do? In this sense, there are a few things to consider. For instance, if the project was in the form of the design of a system to solve a certain problem in an organization. In this case, the phone would judge a successful project as one which upon accomplishment it has effectively addressed the issues at the organization (Satzinger et al, 2011). Furthermore, regarding the organization, a project is supposed to cost as affordable as in the range of the organization’s economic capability. Moreover, the project should, in fact, have taken an appropriate amount of time to be accomplished.

The requirements for the analysis and design process are many. However, these requirements are categorized into three categories. The functional requirements, non-functional and requirements specification. The functional requirements refer to what the system is supposed to do. It defines the functionality of the system in the organization (Satzinger et al, 2011). Therefore, the functional requirement gives an idea of what the system is supposed to do. Non-functional requirements, on the other hand, dictate how the system is supposed to look. This takes into account requirements like usability among other non-functional requirements. Requirements specification is a category of requirements that are involved in defining how the system will do what it was supposed to do. It goes into the finer details of the structure of the system in respect to the specific problem the system is supposed to solve (Satzinger et al, 2011).

The most important things during the analysis and design phase in software development lifecycle are the design activities, feasibility studies, CASE tools, types of designs and the cost-based analysis.

The design activities are three. They include, design architecture, detailed design and lastly the design testing. Design architecture refers to the design of the system to conform to the functional requirements of the organization (Hoffer, 2012). Detailed design involves the specific algorithms, data structures and the data to be implemented in the system. Design testing is the final process of the design. It includes the process of validating the design by ensuring it conforms to the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. These design activities are the steps to ensure coming up with a good design. A good design takes less time to implement, is cost-effective, meets the user’s requirements, easily maintainable and can be reused for the design of other systems.

Feasibility studies are required and very significant in the analysis and design phase. The study entails ensuring the viability of the system in different dimensions. There are three categories of feasibility studies. They include technical feasibility, economic and operational feasibility. The technical feasibility study is carried out to find out whether the system is viable in the technological perspective (Satzinger et al, 2011). Operational feasibility studies are done to find out whether the system is going to fit into the structure and operations of the specific organization it is begin built for. The economic feasibility finds out whether the cost of the system will fit into the economic hurdles of the organization. The above three types of feasibility studies are important to an IT practitioner when he or she is designing and building and developing systems to be used in the different organization.

CASE tools are there to make use of technology to simplify the process of developing a system for an organization. Essentially the significance of using CASE tools cannot be ruled out at any point. These tools can be used at different phases of the system development lifecycle (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). The CASE tools help improve the development process, reduce the time for development of a computer program. They also improve the documentation of the development process.

The development of a system is made easier by understanding the different design methodologies that are used to design good systems. Essentially, this will help in creating a good system design. Lastly, a cost-based analysis is an important tool in the creation of a good system product. This will help determine if the design is effectively in the perspective of the cost it will take to finish the whole project (Kersting, 2012).

References

Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., & Tegarden, D. (2015). Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley & Sons.

Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e. Pearson Education India.

Kersting, W. H. (2012). Distribution system modeling and analysis. CRC press.

Khalili, N. R., & Duecker, S. (2013). Application of multi-criteria decision analysis in design of sustainable envronmental management system framewrk. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, 188-198.

Satzinger, J., Jackson, R., & Burd, S. D. (2011). Systems analysis and design in a changing world. Cengage Learning.

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