Should prisons focus more on rehabilitation instead of retribution
Should prisons focus more on rehabilitation instead of retribution
Order Instructions:
Select a topic on which your persuasive writing paper will be focused.
Write a one to two (1-2) page research proposal in which you:
1. Identify the topic you selected and explain two (2) reasons for using it.
2. Include a defensible, relevant thesis statement in the first paragraph.
3. Describe three (3) major characteristics of your audience (official position, decision-making power, current view on topic, other important characteristic).
4. Describe the paper’s scope and outline the major sections.
5. Identify and explain the questions to be answered.
6. Explain your research plan, including the methods of researching and organizing research.
7. Document at least three (3) primary sources and three (3) secondary sources. Use credible, academic sources available through Strayer University’s Resource Center. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Recognize the elements and correct use of a thesis statement.
• Write a research proposal that states the claim and scope of the research project.
• Outline the main sections of the research project.
• Devise an ordered research plan to obtain appropriate resources.
• Write clearly and concisely about selected topics using proper writing mechanics.
• Use technology and information resources to research selected issues for this course.
Click here to view the grading rubric for this assignment.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Should prisons focus more on rehabilitation instead of retribution
The research will focus on investigating whether prisons should shift their focus more from punishing prisoners to rehabilitating them instead. The reasons for selecting this topic are as follows: first, over 70% of prisoners re-offend within a period of just 3 years after they have left jail, usually with a more serious and cruel crime (Kane, 2013). Secondly, over 90% of prisoners go back to the community after just a few years and therefore it is crucial how they are treated whilst they are imprisoned (Opperman, 2014). Thesis statement: prisons should focus more on rehabilitating the inmates rather than focusing more on punishing them.
The main characteristics of my audience include the following: (i) political leaders in the United States – they can make laws and legislations which mandate prison facilities to rehabilitate inmates instead of punishing them. (ii) Prison leadership and officials: these are the individuals who run prison facilities across the country. While some are government employees running federal or state prisons, others are actually business people who operate private prisons. (iii) Current viewpoints on the subject/topic: while some members of the audience are in support of rehabilitating convicts instead of punishing them, some audience members think that prisoners should be punished for their deeds, not rehabilitated. At the moment, heads of prison facilities in the country are generally more in support of punishment and not rehabilitation of convicts. Many of these officials maintain that it is not possible to rehabilitate some inmates for instance serious criminals like child molesters, rapists, and serial killers. They believe that criminals should go to prison to be punished and that if they are taken to prison for rehabilitation, then the facility would not be a prison anymore, but a rehabilitation centre (Lawson, 2015). According to prison officials, offenders have to be punished and prisons serve this purpose of punishing them.
Regarding the scope of the paper, the research paper would be inclined toward supporting the view that prisons should focus more on rehabilitating convicts and not focus more on punishing them for their deeds. Even so, arguments from various parties against rehabilitating convicts and which support punishing them would also be presented objectively. The main sections of the research paper are as follows:
1.0 Introduction,
2.0 Significance of Research
3.0 Review of Literature
4.0 Research question and objective
5.0 Research methodology
6.0 Results and discussion
6.1 Views that prisons should focus more on rehabilitating prisoners rather than punishing them
6.2 Views that prisons should focus more on punishing convicts rather than rehabilitating them
7.0 Conclusion.
In the proposed research, the following research question would be answered?
Should prisons focus more on rehabilitation of convicts than retribution?
This research question will help to determine the thoughts and viewpoints of members of public regarding this topic. Their perspectives may be helpful in reform efforts aimed at reducing the high rates of recidivism. Prisoners are typically individuals that have been overlooked or even discarded from youth onwards, have had little education or encouragement, have been told many dismissing words by other people, and putting them in jail where all their moves and words are monitored may be regarded as punishment enough (Kane, 2013). By punishing them in this manner, there is likelihood that they would still return to prison after their release since they have not been rehabilitated.
With regard to research plan, this would be a mixed research study in which both quantitative and qualitative methods would be employed. Quantitative questionnaire surveys with closed-ended questions and qualitative interviews with open-ended questions would be utilized in data collection. A total 210 participants would be enlisted and the questionnaires would be sent to 200 of them online to complete. The remaining 10 participants would be interviewed. Furthermore, focus groups would be used to collect data. Secondary sources of data would include journal articles from electronic online databases, previous research on the subject matter, and government reports.
References
Kane, S. (2013). An Interview with the Most Rehabilitated Prisoner in America. Litigation, 39(3), 16-23.
Lawson, C. (2015). Does Imprisonment Work?. Legaldate, 27(2), 9-11.
Opperman, G. (2014). Change Your Prison, Change Your Outcomes, Change Your Community. Economic Affairs, 34(2), 224-234. https://www.doi:10.1111/ecaf.12068
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The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI (driving under the influence)
Order Instructions:
Read through the list of research topics (located in the Appendix), or by clicking the link here, on which to write a research paper. Select three (3) topics that interest you most and identify two (2) credible sources for each topic. Note: This is one (1) of several parts that will build toward a final draft of your persuasive writing research paper.
Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:
1. Explain the reason for selecting topic one (1), identify the audience, and provide a preliminary thesis statement.
2. Explain the reason for selecting topic two (2), identify the audience, and provide a preliminary thesis statement.
3. Explain the reason for selecting topic three (3), identify the audience, and provide a preliminary thesis statement.
4. Identify and document six (6) credible sources (two (2) for each topic) that you would expect to use. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Recognize the elements and correct use of a thesis statement.
• Associate the features of audience, purpose, and text with various genres.
• Recognize correct APA documentation and reasons to document and avoid plagiarism.
• Write clearly and concisely about selected topics using proper writing mechanics.
• Use technology and information resources to research selected issues for this course.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Change of the Laws Regarding DUI
The primary problem with the DUI laws the prohibits drinking while intoxicated is that these legislations do not allow the arrest of drivers whose blood-alcohol contents are below 0.08 percent without further shreds of evidence on impairment (Macinko, & Silver, 2015). It is, therefore, essential to note that drivers have adopted an approach in considering the number of drinks they take to avoid penalties and jail sentence.
According to one state officer, people who are intoxicated at 0, 05 percent should also be convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol, a fact that should be debated in a court of law with the aim of changing these laws (Macinko, & Silver, 2015). It is essential to determine the fact that these laws should be changed since people react to alcohol intoxication differently. For some people, just a single drink may be one too many while the experienced drinkers may function effectively even above the legal threshold of intoxication.
Changing the laws on DUI would, therefore, favor an enforced law that deters drivers from intoxication during driving, a factor that has been the leading cause of reckless driving and accidents (McGuire, Dawe, Shield, Rehm, & Fischer, 2011). In line with this, it is, therefore, essential to developing a punishable act that focuses on road rules since singling out the use of alcohol for road users is an approach aimed at making the roads safer.
The Increase of Taxes on Alcohol and Tobacco to Pay for Rising Medical Bills
In line with this subject, it is essential to determine that taxes on alcohol and tobacco should be increased with the aim of counteracting the rising costs that have been realized in the health care sector. Since it has been discovered that both of this commodities add pressure to the economy of a nation, their lucrative sales should, therefore, see an increase in their prices (Metlay, 2013). In the event that alcohol and tobacco are charged slightly more, this would not only benefit the health sector under the assumption that funds would be channeled through this cause but would also deter people from using this substance, a factor that would lead to a healthy nation.
It is empirical to determine that high taxes on alcohol would decrease the DUI/DWI including the number of alcoholics in rehabilitation centers in the US. On the other hand, an increase in taxes on tobacco would decrease the rates of lung cancer contractions including the negative effects of this drug (Gruber, 2001). Funds derived from this initiative would, therefore, lower the health care costs for several citizens, a factor that would impact the health care systems of America.
The Change in Family and Medical Leave Act
The former President Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act twenty years ago. This act allows workers and their family’s access a 12-week unpaid job-protected leave to aid them in recovering from medical conditions that are considered critical (Lindsay, & Moore, 2011). This legislation, therefore, remains essential in helping workers manage their responsibilities within their homes and workplaces.
In as much as this act is significant in the lives of the American employees, it has been determined as ineffective since it fails to cover the needs of most workers. Since this act is unpaid, many workers have complained about failing to afford to take leaves when they need due to financial reasons (Sandler, 2015). In this case, several workers abscond from taking this leave and work for close to 1350 hours in a period of twelve months, a factor that affects their job performance. It is, therefore, vital that a change be made in this bill to consider the welfare of the workers and their families.
References
Macinko, J., & Silver, D. (2015). Diffusion of Impaired Driving Laws among US States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1893-1900. https://www.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302670
McGuire, F., Dawe, M., Shield, K. D., Rehm, J., & Fischer, B. (2011). Driving under the Influence of Cannabis or Alcohol in a Cohort of High-frequency Cannabis Users: Prevalence and Reflections on Current Interventions. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(2), 247-259.
Metlay, G. (2013). Federalizing Medical Campaigns against Alcoholism and Drug Abuse. Milbank Quarterly, 91(1), 123-162. https://www.doi:10.1111/milq.12004
Gruber, J. (2001). Tobacco at the Crossroads: The Past and Future of Smoking Regulation in the United States. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(2), 193-212.
Lindsay, D. C., & Moore, L. M. (2011). State and federal leave laws: How recent legislative changes have complicated leave administration. Employment Relations Today (Wiley), 38(1), 77-90. https://www.doi:10.1002/ert.20335
Sandler, L. (2015). Taking care of our own. (Cover story). New Republic, 246(5), 32-41.
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Simmo’s Ice Cream is a company based in Australia established in the year 1992. It mainly deals with ice cream and related products. This report aims at establishing a good marketing plan. Therefore, the paper analyses the company fundamentals using SWOT analysis. On the same note, the paper analyzes the competitive advantage and market positioning of Simmo’s Ice-Cream Company. This report mainly concentrates on how the company can invest in product promotion with an aim of achieving competitive advantage over competitors and other key players in the market. If successfully implemented, this report would greatly assist for the future expansion plans of the company.
Introduction
Simmo’s Ice Cream is a company that specializes in the manufacture of various brands of ice cream. The company has made considerable profits through low production costs, providing quality products and by hiring employees that provide excellent customer service. They have created a new type of various flavors given the increasing market competition from several other companies dealing in the same line of business. It deals with various flavors that include dairy free, lactose-free vegan flavor and latest being Yahava coffee flavor. All this is mainly aimed at achieving customer satisfaction. As a matter of fact, there is increasingly changes in the customer taste and preferences and, therefore, need to meet the customer need and satisfaction.
Simmo’s Ice Cream enjoys a variety of a good customer base ranging from tourists, couples and families on holidays and also corporate partners. The ice cream company based in Dunsborough, Western Australia, has a long establishment history. Having been established in 1992, it has undergone considerable expansion process with their expansive market base. It has a large labor base with their employees going on recess during winter. The Simmo’s Ice Cream is mainly made from the locally available raw materials from scratch with the materials sourced from the surrounding areas of Dunsborough, Western Australia.
Strengths
· High investment on innovation
· Marketing through the internet
· Expert team of managers
· Equity in flavors and brand
· Efficient distribution and supply routes
· Good reputation from the public
Weakness
· Few customers and small market
· Few products and brands
· Low production during winter
Opportunities
· Foreign markets increase
· Innovation and new product development
· Sales and marketing through the internet
· New classes of flavors development
Threats
· Competition from other Ice Cream manufacturers
· Poor economic growth
· Changes in foreign markets and government policies
· Changing foreign exchange rates
· Price wars with other manufacturers
Competitive advantage and positioning and marketing objectives
Simmo’s Ice Cream competitive advantage arises in that it is one of the leading ice cream sellers in Australia. It enjoys a sweet and a long history having been established a little bit longer hence it has won more of the consumer markets. The product already has gained adequate market perception and is, therefore, easy to evaluate on the customer satisfaction basing on previous reports on performances of the brand (Hollensen, 2015).
Customer Feedback is also highly valued and, therefore, gaining a competitive advantage. The differentiation of the product branding is mainly unique and of its own. The unique taste and flavors make it fit for all consumers due to varied consumer tastes and preferences. The affordability and use of locally produced raw materials make it more viable and very tasteful. Most customers would wish to purchase it for the purposes of trying this unique product.
Its planned marketing strategy mainly aims at digitalizing their operations. This is mainly through the use of social platforms for marketing and also employing a technical team to assist in new brand developments and flavors.
Marketing objectives
First, Simmo’s Ice Cream’s major objective is to outshine other competitors in the market for example Unilever of Britain. Also, it aims at increasing its market through facultative and intense advertisements. This will help in increasing the market penetration and obtaining more feedback from the customers.
Target market
The main target markets for Simmo’s Ice Cream products include but not limited to; tourists, both local and international, families who are out on holidays and also foreign markets not exploited. Low and medium class earners are the ideal target market given that the products are pocket-friendly. The young population is also the target market given that they would prefer to eat these ice creams as a hobby and during their time out. This target market can be easily reached through a chain of various selling points. Also, it ought to be distributed through key retailers.
When packaging and branding of the product, it is good for the manufacturer to use or have more appealing and consumer friendly packages that are affordable (West et al., 2015). Distinctive packaging helps eliminate doubts of similar packages by customers. Packaging using tetra packs also helps improve the shelf life of the Simmo’s Ice Cream products. Marketing mix is also a key aspect of product strategy. This marketing mix is achieved through differentiation in the product, distribution chain, the pricing and also promotion strategies.
Product design
Simmo’s Ice Cream should design the product in a way that reduces production cost. The product should, therefore, economical. The design should be more appealing given that the customers mainly look at the prices, their appearances and also in terms of prestige depending on their class. The technical team should ensure the right flavors are achieved.
Pricing strategy
Pricing based on time is a key strategy given that demand varies with time. For example, the price can be reduced during winter due to the low demand. Similarly, prices can be a little bit hiked on holidays given the demand. Also, prices can be based on the value and flavor of the product. Simmo’s Ice Cream can also apply their role of price leadership in the Australian market by setting up the prices that are to be adopted by other players in the market. Since they utilize price leadership strategy, the company should set prices that ensure there is a higher contribution margin so as to maximize profits and gather for all costs used in the production, distribution, marketing and branding of the product.
Simmo’s should also utilize decoy pricing strategy. That is Simmo’s can offer at least 3 products and give one product for free. This strategy can encourage clients to purchase more products so as to have a similar product as a discount. The company can also set prices of other products to be higher than the others as a strategy of promoting sales of the lower priced products that has adopted decoy pricing.
The company can also set lower prices when introducing new products. This strategy can be adopted so as to make a product familiar and encourage clients to purchase the product and build customer relationship. However, this strategy should be utilized only for a short period in the marketing cycle.
Place strategy
Simmo’s Ice Cream should locate their shops at strategic points that are easily accessible to customers. At the same time, the cost of the distribution channels should be economical. They can also choose to do marketing through the internet to enable an online placing of orders. Evaluation of competitors’ strategies is also a key factor. The management should also evaluate the ability of continuous supply of raw materials, and ensure that the product is adequately supplied within all markets in time. This trend helps reduce shortages in some markets. Also required is an effective invoicing system, supply management and control of stock.
Promotion strategy
Promotion is a critical path in the marketing strategy. Simmo’s Ice Cream should engage in intensive advertisement through it unique branding. Advertising is important as it makes products to be familiar in the market. On the same note, promotion promotes goodwill and build image as well as educate and inform the public about the available products in the market. Also, it should aim at persuading the customers into purchasing their products. This goal can also be achieved through giving out of offers and discounts. Successful advertising can be through the print media, social platforms, window display and use billboards and cartoons. Competitive selling is also a key principle here. Competitive selling plays a critical role when it comes to prospecting and quantifying the product depending on the set prices.
On the same note, Simmo’s should engage in extensive sales promotion. That is they should provide incentives to promote their products and obtain a competitive edge in the market. The company should organize seminars and workshops that can be used to sensitize the customers about Simmo’s products. The company should also exhibit their products in business exhibitions that are organized across the country. These exhibitions are important in showing the products strengths and encouraging customers to purchase the organization products.
Finally, when the organization has expanded, the company should use event sponsorship strategy to promote sales and build customer relationship. The company can consider sponsoring popular events such as football games, charity runs and other events that are dear to the people in the market. This strategy often helps to improve corporate image and encourage customer loyalty and thus organization sustainability in the long run.
Poster
Conclusion
On conclusion, an effective marketing strategy will help the company to expand reasonably. The future expansion plans greatly depend on the company’s ability to put in strategies that will help it achieve market leadership. The products of this company enjoy a large market in Australia and recently foreign markets.
The strategies put in place will help it achieve profitability at the same time giving back to the society through employment and purchasing materials locally (Baker, 2014). Through the application of the SWOT analysis, the company can put in place strategies to outgrow the increasingly changing business environment.
Bibliography
Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education.
West, D., Ford, J., & Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.
Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan.
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With the creation of Facebook and Twitter among other social blogging networks in the early part of the twenty-first century, exchange of communication became a lot easier and wider. People became able to share photos, make new friends from different continents, share text messages amongst each other and even advertise their products online for free. Lorna Jane is an Australian wear company that recently decided to venture into the growing yoga clothing market. This is not traditional for the enterprise. Therefore, the company would like to understand Facebook as a potential marketing platform for their new product line. Social media has grown over the last decade from a social interaction site to an important marketing place for products of varying types. The essence of writing this consumer insight report is to analyze the behaviors and traits of social media audience as potential buyers for the Lorna Jane wear company’s new line of yoga outfit. In this project, emphasis will be put on Facebook as the primary target social media market.
Evaluation of the findings
According to the research findings, all the individuals who were sampled in the study had Facebook accounts. This shows that Facebook had a larger following of members compared to the other social media sites such as Instagram which came second, Twitter and the rest. 77 percent of the research sample had logged into their Facebook accounts less than an hour before the research was conducted. This shows that Facebook users, which are a majority of the social media users log into their accounts within hourly intervals. Most of the Facebook users also log into their accounts on daily basis. This shows that the social media site is very attractive among the youths. 16.3 percent of the interviewed people checked their Facebook accounts at least ten times per day. 16.6 percent of the sample spent at least two hours per day on Facebook. The highest number of people in the sample population spent their time on the Facebook reading newsfeed. Liking and viewing of photos and Facebook were some of the mostly performed activities.
The information from the first survey can be used to formulate an appropriate marketing policy for the new line of yoga outfit for the Lorna Jane were a company. From the information collected from the survey, Facebook is the most popular social network. Some of the most popular activities on the social network involve viewing timelines and exchanging photos. These traits are important for marketing of a product that depends on an impression to consumers. The posting of any comment or picture about a product on Facebook would lead to exposure to many potential customers. The high frequency with which Facebook users log into their accounts on Facebook presents a higher probability of a product being marketed on Facebook of being spotted by consumers.
In the second survey, many individuals interviewed were either just certified, at 34%, not sure whether satisfied or dissatisfied at 20% or dissatisfied at 22.7%. These statistics indicates that there is a high potential for the investment into the yoga outfits business. The dissatisfied people, 22.7% of all the sampled population, are a number large enough to warrant investment into products concerned with body fitness. The 20% of the sampled population who are not sure are also a target market as social media may also be used to influence people into not being satisfied with their unfit bodies and, therefore, start yoga. On the matter of importance of the looks in yoga pants, most of the sampled population was of the views that it was slightly important, moderately important and fairly important. This shows that at least people care about how they look in yoga pants. Therefore, they would prefer to buy a fashionable yoga outfit. This would be significant in choosing how to market the Lorna Jane Yoga line. The results for those planning to buy yoga pants in the subsequent 12 months showed that 62% of the participants would buy the pants within the period. This shows that there is an extremely potential market for yoga pants. Most of the participants also did not own the Lorna Jane line of pants. This showed that there is a need for a stronger marketing strategy to ensure that there is growth in the number of consumers of Lorna Jane yoga pants. The comments put along with the photos on Facebook influenced the people’s view of the brand. For instance, the second comment about Melanie was a bit selfish and self-centred. Therefore, people did not like the brand as much as they liked the pants in the first photo.
Recommendations and justifications
Lorna Jane Wear Company should employ Facebook as a marketing tool through paid ads. The company should also pick a famous sports person as a face for the campaign.
Based on the fact that Facebook utilizes both the consumer culture theory and the experimental consumer theory, the company should employ a strategy that takes advantage of both models. As seen from the analysis of the research above, most of the people are on Facebook and marketing via Facebook would expose the product to more potential consumers (Alizadeh, 2015). The investment into yoga wear is a risk that the company is willing to take, and it would, therefore, be correct for the enterprise to exploit any possible niche for their brand. Facebook is one of these niches (Shank & Lyberger, M.2014).
The choosing of an athlete as a face of the new Lorna Jane Yoga clothing line is based on the application of the two theories of consumption that Facebook exploits. The athlete must have a desirable athletic body as looks of people in yoga pants matter according to the research. The face of the campaign will be seen in ads of the new line around the internet and Facebook. This sports personality should be of attractive physic and popular among the youths (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). This is because the youths are the principal target of Facebook marketing. The face of the campaign will wear the clothing line during her yoga exercises and share nice photos of herself via her official Facebook fan page and the official Lorna Jane fun page. Facebook users will then be exposed to the photos of the athlete experiencing the use of the yoga outfit in different stages of consumption.
Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of marketing. Pearson Education.
Mangold, W. G., & Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), 357-365.
Shank, M. D., & Lyberger, M. R. (2014). Sports marketing: A strategic perspective. Routledge.
Vij, S., & Sharma, J. (2013, January). An Empirical Study on Social Media Behaviour of Consumers and Social Media Marketing Practices of Marketers. In 5th IIMA Conference on Marketing in Emerging Economies.
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Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting
Helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting;Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
Order Instructions:
topic of the assignment is “helping aboriginal communities and sustainability reporting”
Coverage:
(i) Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
(ii) Reporting frameworks/standards/legislations relevant to the context given
(iii) Current practice of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(iv) Issues and Challenges of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(v) Future prospects for sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
(vi) Conclusion
SAMPLE ANSWER
Overview/background information of the industry/sector/context
Aboriginal Australians is a collective name coined by the British in reference to the native inhabitants of Australia who they found living there when they began colonising the continent in the late 16th century (Spencer, 2006). The aboriginal communities constitute a small percentage of the population composition in Australia comprising of about 3 per cent of the total population and living in either Australian mainland or the Tasmanian Island (Edwards, 2004). The Aboriginal communities have being inflicted by many catastrophes ranging from unfavourable weather conditions to outbreaks of diseases (Read, 2011; Warren, 2013). In addition, neglect and historical injustices bedevilled among them by their colonizers have also been attributed to their current woes (Madley, 2012). This implies that there is an urgent need to make sure that the Aboriginal communities are helped to successfully tackle the day to day challenges that have continued to hinder their progress both socially and economically (Schaltegger, Bennett & Burritt, 2006). As a result, through sustainability accounting it is highly possible to help the Aboriginal communities to overcome their challenges with regards to the prevailing accounting principles practiced across the globe (Blandy & Sibley, 2010; Global Reporting, 2015).
Reporting frameworks/standards/legislations relevant to the context given
Sustainability accounting as well as reporting are both essential because they enable organisations and/or corporations to consider and evaluate their impacts on a variety of sustainability issues, subsequently enabling them towards achieving more transparency concerning the opportunities and risks they face (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). As a result, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed Standards or frameworks that ought to help governments, businesses as well as other organisations to succinctly understand and disseminate the impact of their respective businesses on critical issues about sustainability. Some of the GRI standards that are distinctive include:
Multi-stakeholder input: This implies that various stakeholders have to be engaged in the entire process of accounting and reporting. This helps in ensuring that all the needs of report users and makers are adequately addressed to enable that there is production of a universally-applicable reporting guidance that has the potential to effectively meet the needs of all stakeholders (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, creation of all elements of the Reporting Framework and its subsequent improvements are done using an approach that is consensus-seeking taking into consideration the interests of all stakeholders including sustainability reporting practitioners, business, accounting, investors, civil society, labour, academics, and governments (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005).
A record of use and endorsement: There are many global corporations currently using GRI’s Standards to prepare their sustainability performance reports and the list is continuing to grow. This is attributable to the fact that sustainability information has continued to attract more new audiences that before such as investors and regulators. As a result, a number of reporters in their annual growth are expected to continue to touch of strategy areas for better reporting (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005).
Governmental references and activities: Over recent past there has being more governments’ involvement in sustainability reporting through formulation of enabling policy which one of the key overall strategies of GRI (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). Hence, more collaboration is adhered to between the governments, capital markets, and international organisations to further this agenda (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).
Independence: There has been strengthening of reporting standards after the creation of the Global Sustainability Standards Board in 2014, as well as related changes in governance structure (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). GRI works as a non profitable foundation in order to ensure that its funding approach ensures its independence.
Shared development costs: There is also sharing of the expenses incurred in developing GRI’s reporting guidance among many contributors and users. For organisations and companies, this negates the cost incurred to develop sector-based or in-house reporting frameworks (Norman & MacDonald, 2004).
Current practice of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
The prevalence of natural catastrophes that emanate from climatic change and other man-made activities the current practice of sustainability reporting has focused on issues that are more environmental (Norman & MacDonald, 2004). For instance, Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) reporting disclosures have become a law requirement in almost all parts of the world. This was informed by the previous environmental disasters that also made more companies and organisations to voluntarily disclose TRI’s in their annual reports (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, in both Tasmanian Island and Australian Mainland inhabited by Aboriginal communities corporations and companies have embraced the practice of GRI reporting as a model of sustainability reporting in order to ensure that the is prevention as well as mitigation of the impacts of environmental disasters both to the company and the Aboriginal communities (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).
Issues and Challenges of sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
According to Norman & MacDonald (2004) there are several challenges that relate to sustainability accounting with regards to the assigned area and they key one is making a decision on who is the audience. This is attributable to the fact that companies are required to describe their performance and approach on the issues of environmental, social and governance importance to their stakeholders including the surrounding communities (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). For larger companies like Telstra in Australia employing thousands of people and with over a million stakeholders, this mean that almost everyone in the country is a stakeholder. The other challenge is that, irrespective of the merit in GRI frameworks as well as assurance standards, the compliance may result to reports that are very log and inaccessible. However, in to adhere to ‘best practice’ compilation of the reports requires immense organisational effort and commitment (Van der, Adhikari & Tondkar, 2005). Furthermore, obtaining performance data that is valid and reliable from different parts of the organisation results to fragmented and immature data especially if it is for early reports the data collection systems (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015).
Future prospects for sustainability reporting relating to the area assigned
The future prospects of sustainability accounting and reporting are mainly going to be characterised by increased use of technology due to adoption of integrated reporting in conjunction with increased technological advancements and creative use of online communication and reporting platforms (Global Reporting Initiative, 2015). As a result, specific future prospects include: 1) extended reporting through the value chain, 2) the G4 guidelines and development is integrated accounting and reporting, 3) improved impacts measurements, and 4) increased mainstream role of sustainability accounting and reporting (Schaltegger, Bennett & Burritt, 2006).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the adoption of sustainability accounting and reporting will lead increased provision of sustainability information over time by corporations and organisations. This will reflect increased demands form a wide range of stakeholders as well as market and regulatory conversion of externalities into internalities. This means that sustainability accounting is a daunting task that requires input from all stakeholders in order to ensure that it benefits all of them including surrounding communities as noted in the discussion of this paper in context to Aboriginal communities in Australian mainland and Tasmanian Island.
Blandy, S., & Sibley, D. (2010). Law, boundaries and the production of space. Social & Legal Studies, 19(3), 275–284.
Condon, J. R., Barnes, T., Cunningham. J., & Smith. L. (2004). Demographic characteristics and trends of the Northern Territory Indigenous population, 1966 to 2001. Brisbane: Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health.
Edwards, W. H. (2004). An introduction to Aboriginal societies, (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Social Science Press.
Lourandos, H. (1997). New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.
MacKnight, C. C. (1986). Macassans and the Aboriginal past. Archaeology in Oceania, 21(3), 69.
Madley, B. (2012). From Terror to Genocide: Britain’s Tasmanian Penal Colony and Australia’s History Wars. The Journal of British Studies, 47(5), 77.
Malbon, J. (2013). Extinguishment of Native Title-The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens, the Griffith L. Rev. 12 (2003): 310.
Norman, W., & MacDonald, C. (2004). Getting to the bottom of “Triple Bottom Line”. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(2), 243-262.
Pardoe, C. (1991). Isolation and Evolution in Tasmania. Current Anthropology, 32(1), 1
Rasmussen, M. et al. (2011). An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 334 (6052): 94–98.
Ryan, L. (1996). The Aboriginal Tasmanians. London: Allen & Unwin.
Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., & Burritt, R., eds. (2006). Sustainability Accounting and Reporting. Dordrecht: Springer.
Smith, M. S., Moran, M., & Seemann, K. (2008). The ‘viability’ and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 30(2), 123.
Spencer, S. (2006). Race and Ethnicity: Culture, identity and representation. Pg 33–34: Routledge.
Spooner, P. G., Firman, M., & Yalmambirra, J. (2013). Origins of Travelling Stock Routes. 1. Connections to Indigenous traditional pathways. The Rangeland Journal, 32(3), 329.
Sydney, B. (2013). Aboriginal People and Place. Barani: Sydney’s Aboriginal History. City of Sydney. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Taylor, R. (2004). Unearthed: The Aboriginal Tasmanians of Kangaroo Island. Melbourne: Wakefield Press.
Van der L. S., Adhikari, A. J. & Tondkar, R. (2005). Exploring differences in social disclosures internationally: a stakeholder perspective. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(3), 123-151.
Warren, C. (2013). Smallpox at Sydney Cove – who, when, why?. Journal of Australian Studies, 38(2), 68.
Williams, G., Brennan, S., & Lynch, A. (2014). Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory (6th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.
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Hi pleaseclick on link above . And log in with my username and u r required to read each module and assessment task Given at the end and write on it in relation my specialty area which was preoperative. And u need to cite whatever u write with peer reviewed articles or references . Make sure u read all the modules before u start writing assignment .
It’s 1000 words altogether (3 modules )
SAMPLE ANSWER
Module 1: legal responsibility in preoperative care
Personnel in the preoperative settings have numerous responsibilities in relation to the legal and ethical responsibilities. This is because their duty of delivering care is deep seated core within the nursing principles and code of conduct. In this context, the documentation of nursing care is a legal responsibility during preoperative care. This is the only proof they can use in their defense that they are not negligent (Litwack, 2010). The documentation process must meet the established practice of documentation. The records must indicates patients preoperative assessment, care provided by the surgical team, the outcomes and evaluation plan conducted as they are used to indicate the procedures that should be used in primary care settings. One of the most important documentation processes in preoperative care is the informed consent (Lim et al., 2010).
The main element of quality care in preoperative department is the issue of informed consent. The general legal principle of preoperative care is that the healthcare provider must obtain a valid informed consent from their patient, before any treatment intervention is put in place. This principle is put in place to ensure that the patient enjoys the right to their health, and to decide what health care practice that takes place in their body. This right is entitled to every patient including the children, but the laws have specific rules that should be followed for these minors, or patient under critical care (Litwack, 2010).
Additionally, patient have right to confidentiality, unless they have allowed their health condition be shared in the consent form. This implies that the patient have a legal right that must be obeyed by the healthcare providers in the preoperative care, if the patient refuses presence of visitors during this phase. The healthcare providers have a legal responsibility of informing all the patient’s visitors and the contractors that the preoperative environment is a very confidential department, and that it is only chaperoned by the staff members assigned in these departments only. If the visitors are present for any reasons, it must be recorded in the theatre record for referencing purposes (Tilse and Wilson, 2013).
Module 2: Dilemma of providing patient information to carers
Patient privacy is important as it upholds patient’s dignity, which is a core nurse principle and fundamental aspect of care. The physicians are often face challenges as patients health deteriorates, especially when they have to deliver relevant information that can be used at home care. More often, doctors face criticism from family relatives and carers for not giving patients adequate information. This is because it is the physician legal obligation to respect and to protect patient information. Traditionally, patient privacy philosophy argues that patient identify the person who can be informed about their health condition, and including if the information can be shared with the friends or the family (Gold et al., 2009).
This theoretical model, which focuses on patient centered care, is not always the clinical reality. The legal obligations demands that such information should be provided is there is explicit permission. This can create huge debate if a relative who have been at the center of delivering care of patient is denied the patient information. On the contrary, if the patient condition does not permit them to make decisions for themselves due to severe illness or dementia, then the family or carer can be integrated in the decision making process. These two scenarios indicate divergent positions in the communication between the patient’s carers and the physicians. This indicates that the culture of patient centered care in some cases can create tensions in healthcare (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).
In reality, the family members and carers are always concerned about the patient health. This is especially important during transition of care from acute settings to homes. In this context, the patients discharged from the hospital are weak and will rely on caregiver for their daily activity. Research indicates that providing patient information to carer is beneficial because it reduces carer anxiety, improve competency, and improve the coping strategies that will facilitate the decision-making processes. These findings have been supported by one studies conducted in cancer patients. From this perspective, then it is true that the carers work is often unrecognized, and often overlooked due to the way the medical ethics and law protects the patient’s information. These individualistic ethics dominating the healthcare practice could be hindering quality care (Gold et al., 2009).
Therefore, it is important to empower the carer with clear and effective communication about the essentials as they undertake the quasi-nurse role. This is because the patient carer knows the patient best. The carer is the constant support in patient’s life, and over time, the patient builds trust. Research indicates that the carer are encouraged and feel appreciated when integrated in decision making processes, as they become aware of the patients physical and psychological demands than when denied access to patient information (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).
Module 3: Reflection
Patient perspective about illness, disease, dying and death is best explained by the Spoon theory developed by Christine Miserandino. According to her, illness especially those diagnosed with chronic illness such as systemic lupus makes the patient have limited expendable energy. This is because even a small activity makes a patient loose a spoon (energy), which is very difficult to retrieve back. Her perspective about systemic lupus and all chronic illnesses are that patients are weak to even to undertake simple daily activities such as taking birth, walking and feeding. This is similar to the daily incidences that we deal with at the perioperative care. Most of the perioperative patients lack the exact words to explain the way they feel or their worries. This narration has helped me in understands the needs, the struggles and the services needed by the patients, especially those under preoperative care (Wagner et al., 2010).
From this narration, I have learnt that the most affected individuals during illness, dying and death are friends and the close relatives. From the narration, it is evident that healthy people are usually distressed and have unimaginable fear about illness, especially in chronic illness such as lupus. For instance, the narration indicates that the patient friend got confused and may felt helpless during the treatment regimes. However, as indicated in Maggie’s case study of hope in recovery, it is important for the family to understand, and to find ways they can meaningfully participate in their patient’s recovery, and to understand that their acceptance positively impact the response of their loved ones. The family have crucial role especially in hospital settings. They must a way to advocate for quality care for the loved ones (Atkinson & Coia, 2012).
As indicated in Maggie’s story of hope in recovery case study and Christine’s story of the twelve spoons, the healthcare role in managing patients goes beyond offering quality care alone. I have learnt that the healthcare providers have additional role to care giving which includes educators, advocates, and counselors. The healthcare staffs have the responsibility of helping the patients to understand the disease they are suffering from, and to ensure they understand and accept the management of their condition. This activity is important as it builds the gap between the healthcare providers and the patient. Additionally, it offers emotional support that will help the patient cope with the illnesses (Bennet et al., 2010).
References
Atkinson,J.M., & Coia, D.A. (2012). Responsibility to carers — an ethical dilemma. Psychiatric Bulletin 11/1989; 13(11):602-604. DOI: 10.1192/pb.13.11.602
Bennet, A., Coleman, E., Parry, C., Bodenheimer, T., and Chen, E. (2010). Health Coaching for Patients With Chronic Illness. Fam Pract Manag. 2010 Sep-Oct;17(5):24-29.
Gold, M., Philip, J., McIver, S., & Komesaroff, P. A. (2009). Between a rock and a hard place: exploring the conflict between respecting the privacy of patients and informing their carers. Internal Medicine Journal, 39(9), 582-587. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02020.x
Litwack, K. (2009). Clinical coach for effective perioperative nursing care. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia
Lim, J., Bogossian, F., & Ahern, K. (2010). Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review. International Nursing Review, 57(1), 22-31. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009.00765.x
Tilse, C., & Wilson, J. (2013). Recognising and responding to financial abuse in residential aged care. The Journal of Adult Protection, 15(3), 141-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JAP-11-2012-0025
Wagner, G., Lorenz, K.A., Riopelle, D., Steckart, M.J., Rosenfeld, K. (2010). Provider Communication and Patient Understanding of Life-Limiting Illness and Their Relationship to Patient Communication of Treatment Preferences. Journal of pain and symptom management ; 39(3):527-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.07.012
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Topic
Critically analyse the impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP) agreement’ on Australia’s ability to achieve an ecological sustainable society.
Notes
1) You will need to discuss the implications of the TPP agreement (assuming it is implemented) using the material from Topics 1-5 and particularly the meaning of sustainability, how our society can achieve sustainability, the impediments to change and technological and institutional lock-in.
2) You will need to specifically make reference to ‘investor-state dispute clauses’ which are part of most free-trade agreements so there is a general literature on this.
3) You will need to engage with some published papers on the transpacific partnership agreement which has been proposed for many years and academics and others have discussed the general implications of the agreement as well as the environmental implications.
4) In addition, you should make reference to the leaks of components of the agreement and use the mainstream and non-mainstream press to help with your analysis. In terms of non-mainstream press you could source from Democracy Now, The Real News Network, The Conversation, and Crickey, amongst others.
Length is 1,500 words.
6) Due date is the Friday (25th April).
7) Submission requirements – Submission via Turnitin is required. This is available in the vUWS site under “Assessments”. Please see the general submission requirements in the Learning Guide for further information about Turnitin. Along with Turnitin submission, a hard copy must be submitted with a signed Assignment Cover Sheet on or before the due date (bring it to the lecture on the due date).
8) Marking standards and criteria. The essay will be marked according to how it meets the criteria below.
REQUIREMENTS
Title page Title page.
Introduction This section sets the scene for the report and should include the objective and scope, key research question (s) and the significance of the study. Your group should introduce the key issues you intend to discuss relating to the topic.
Addressing the question, discussion and analysis You must address the question, focusing on analysis rather than merely describing. For the same reason, do not quote at length in essays. You may use a few juicy quotes, however it is better to use your limited word allowance for explanation, proof and analysis. In some cases diagrams, tables and charts may be useful in conveying information in a structured format – however this is your choice and do not let diagrams and tables overshadow your explanations and discussion. Keep them to a minimum if you use them at all.
Critical assessment
Your essay must reflect awareness that the topic can be analysed in terms of different, sometimes conflicting theoretical frameworks. A very good essay will be able to explain how and why a particular framework, or no given framework, is satisfactory in terms of the topic considered. A very good essay is in this sense shows both an understanding of theories and an ability to critically assess them.
Originality and integrity
A brilliant essay shows some degree of originality with integrity– it shows ability or a manifest attempt to push beyond the conclusions and views of the major readings in some way. This is not something that we necessarily do always and everywhere. However, when it’s there, based on truth and extensive research, it is a rare and special thing. On the other side of the spectrum, plagiarism will not be tolerated. Please refer to the university’s policy here.
Bibliography/references
Referencing is important. Scholarly references should be drawn upon – that is, articles and books that have been subject to extensive academic peer review. Wikipedia and other unreviewed websites are not scholarly references. The exception to this is the use of a political or other policy document or media statement as a means of illustrating a particular political position or point of view. As a guide, select the “scholarly works” criterion on the library search engine under electronic resources. Please ensure to include the full references/links and the date that you accessed the sites/data bases.
Structure and clarity of expression
The introduction to an essay sets the scene and should include the objective and scope, key research question (s) and the significance of the study. You should introduce the key issues you intend to discuss relating to the topic. In a well structured essay, each paragraph introduces a major point, provide relevant evidence or analysis to support or explain that point, and then round off that point.
A strongly structured essay can use each opening paragraph to link the previous point to the one being currently discussed. In this way, the essay becomes a single, complex argument. By the time the reader reaches the conclusion, the essence of the argument should already be visible. Clear expression and correct spelling is required Please note that you will lose marks for poor spelling, improper referencing etc.
Research effort and where relevant additional reading This is a major piece of assessment. You are expected to both use the suggested readings and to go beyond these to find your own relevant readings.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
There exists a complex relationship between trade and environment, which has both challenges and opportunities. A good example is portrayed by Herman, & Swiss (2014), who in positive ways, states that trade leads to the development of countries productivity, increase in counties efficiency, and growth in general. On the other hand, some of the impending danger about economic growth is like increased use of non-renewable resources that may lead to its exhaustion. Also, there may be increased pollution, and worst of all lower the quality of water. On the other hand, trade is essential for the economic development achieved can be used to curb the environmental degradations Herman, & Swiss (2014). On that note, the primary focus of this paper will be to criticize the trans-pacific partnership.
The paper will examine the effects that impend the nations that will accept to sign the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA). In particular, it will address the sustainability of a country in relation to its definition, the impediment to change among other issues Hsueh, (2013). Thus, the objectives of the paper is to find out the implications of the TPP, to the countries involved. On the same note, the research question that will act as a blueprint is; what are the impact of the ‘transpacific partnership (TPP) agreement’ on Australia’s ability to achieve an ecological sustainable society? This question will be the guiding tool in the whole research paper.
Implication of TPP to Australia
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an exceptionally large free trade agreement, which if pushed and signed will expand the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Thus, the TPP will have some adverse effect to not only economic sustainability in Australia, but also environmental sustainability will be interfered Hsueh, (2013). This is simply because, the TPP will only replicate and expand the NAFTA’s special methods of protection to the offshore U.S jobs. Nevertheless, developed countries like Australia will have a wider range of market for their produce and facilitated about 37.8% increase in their sales. This market will also help in the generation of income and also will offer cheaper labour and raw material from other countries in this trading block. Thus, the increased market scope will increase the production and conversely increase the revenue generated from the trade.
The TPP also has an important opportunity of developing rules that will keenly observe the conservation of the environment strategies, particularly forests. These rules will reduce the chances of deforestation in Australia, hence preventing devastating and irreparable effects of deforestation. This is because in the shipment of timber, logs, and timber product; there will be required documentation declaring of the price, quantity, and place of origin from the importers Leal-Arcas, (2013). Through this body, the Australian’s will be able to achieve the environmental sustainability.
In addressing the unsustainable exploitation of fish stock, TPP will put in place some measures that will strengthen disciplines on fisheries sector Leal-Arcas, (2013). These measures include the thorough prohibition of some of the forms/modes of fisheries subsidies, which contribute to overfishing and overcapacity. Leal-Arcas, (2013), also stresses on how the TPP will have an interest in this issue since it is a mixture of developed and developing countries. In Australia, where they have effective fisheries management regimes the TPP measures will be focused on sustainability and conservation. This is because, in Australia they observe and support strong discipline on fisheries subsidies.
In addressing the climatic change and other environmental challenges, TPP will help in achieving some of the environmental goals and not to affect its health. The Australian economy will increase access to and vast range of competing service provider, which is as a result of market liberalization. Thus, underpinning the shifting/change of the harmful environmental service industries to less and more efficient, environmentally friendly industries Meltzer, (2014). Through the TPP Australia will be able to access of green technologies at a lower cost that will help in reducing some of the environmental problems like water, air and soil pollution. Furthermore, TPP will support Australia as its member in reducing the greenhouse gas emission Pejovich, (2012).
Australia participation to the TPP will not only offer access to the green and low-carbon economy, but also the access to the experts and engineers that will help in designing and running the facilities. In addition, some of the types of technologies that are being used to address the environmental degradation and its sustainability are changing with time. Thus, there is a need for continuous research on finding new ideal methods to curb this mess Holzer, & Cottier (2015). Through TPP union, the member country can and will be able to conduct research on this matter, which will be cost efficient since all the member states will contribute to its funding. Thus, this will point that TPP will need to reduce barriers to services trade. TPP will thus ensure that countries like Australia get services which will help not only in reducing the cost and economic development, but also that are environmental friendly Holzer, & Cottier (2015).
In the recent years, there Australian rate of unemployment has dropped up to about 6.1%, nevertheless, if the TPP is successfully executed these statistics are expected to reduce significantly. This will be as a result of globalization, which will greatly impact on the domestic prices of the products, making the prices converge to those in the international market. This impact will result to changes in relative prices within the Australian economy affecting some of the returns on different factors of production Thompson, (2015). Merely because, international trade majorly focuses on the returns to the factors of production base on the labour skills and the technological advancement. Thus, Australia will greatly enjoy this due to its developed technologies and skilled labour Thompson, (2015).
On the contrary, some of the effects of this union/agreement will be income inequity in Australia. Since the labour market wages and salaries will be harmonized in accordance with international standards. This is because there have been a widening gap in wages between the skilled and unskilled workers. Nevertheless, some of the technology innovations will be undertaken so as to suit the needs of the ever growing completion from the trade. This will lead to improvement in services and products. Eventually, some sectors in Australia will enjoy about 15% of technology upgrade as a result of completion Petri, et al. (2012).
In the past half a decade, Australia has been a technological shift/ change which has made some sectors like agriculture flourish. TPP will ensure that there is sustainable mechanical development that contributed to countries development like Australia experienced in 2009-10. This is because in that fiscal year it was estimated that Australia produces about £40-billion agricultural commodities Bell, & Moore (2012). This production does not only help in the sustainability of the population, but also the development of the economy at large.
Conclusion
In the literature, it can be noted that TPP will greatly integrate the current policies of different and come up with a masterpiece policy that will liberalize the market and help in the sustainability. This will greatly help in the change process, economic sustainability and also the environment at large. Thus, it will be a chance not to be missed by the Australia. Simply because it will greatly benefit from this free trade market, starting from cheap labour, large market, advanced skilled workers and technologies among others. Thus, Australia will be able to achieve its aims of ecologically sustainable society. To sum up all, this means that the research question has been fully answered, and it is positive to say that there will be more advantages of TPP to Australia than harm.
References
Hsueh, C. W. 2013. A Greener Trade Agreement: Approaches to Environmental Issues in the TPP Negotiations. Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy, 8(2), 521-542.
Leal-Arcas, R. 2013. Climate change mitigation from the bottom up: using preferential trade agreements to promote climate change mitigation. CCLR, 34.
Meltzer, J. 2014. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, the environment and climate change. Trade Liberalisation and International Co-operation: A Legal Analysis of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Edward Elgar.
Holzer, K., & Cottier, T. 2015. Addressing climate change under preferential trade agreements: Towards alignment of carbon standards under the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. Global Environmental Change.
Thompson, H. 2015. Services Trade and Income Redistribution in the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Petri, P. A., Plummer, M. G., & Zhai, F. 2012. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Asia-Pacific Integration: A Quantitative Assessment (Vol. 98). Peterson Institute.
Bell, L. W., & Moore, A. D. 2012. Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications. Agricultural Systems, 111, 1-12.
Herman, A., & Swiss, T. 2014. The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. Routledge.
Pejovich, S. 2012. The effects of the interaction of formal and informal institutions on social stability and economic development. Journal of Markets & Morality, 2(2).
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I will send the article to be used in completing this paper via email as you will see it is a continuations of previous papers written by your writers and the writer here will be evaluating another section of that same article. It is important that the writer pay attention to instructions and respond detail to all three questions pose below. Also the writer must incorporate media resources included below in the resource section below into the paper as he respond to the questions pose below.
For your selected doctoral study, evaluate the methods used for establishing quality. Incorporate appropriate references to this week’s media resource as well as the course readings about establishing quality. For all the questions below, remember to explain how you came to your conclusions. Support your answers with explanation or evidence drawn from the doctoral study and from course readings.
• Were the methods for establishing quality used appropriately for the qualitative tradition or research design (e.g., case study, ethnography, grounded theory, etc.)? Why or why not?
• Were all aspects of the methods for establishing quality described or justified sufficiently? If not, what could have the author said and why? If sufficient, explain why you think so.
• Do you think the author should have used additional methods to establish quality? If so, what other methods would you recommend and specifically why should they have been used in this particular study? If not, why not? This includes the methods of establishing quality as well as how they were conducted or implemented.
Add any additional comments for evaluation not addressed above.
Resources
• Course Text
Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches
• Chapter 10, “Standards of Validation and Evaluation”
This chapter discusses standards of quality in qualitative research.
• Chapter 8, “Data Analysis and Representation”
Review this chapter, which was first presented in last week’s Learning Resources. This chapter describes the data analysis strategies used in qualitative research and then provides information on how to represent that data.
Resources
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
• Chapter 4, “ Codebooks and Coding”
Readings on Qualitative Research Methods:
• Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights and techniques to improve interviewing techniques as well as provides some context for improving ethnographic culture analyses.
• Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article examines the coding processes and the uses of computer programs to potentially help in the coding and analysis process.
• Csordas, T. J., Dole, C., Tran, A., Strickland, M., & Storck, M. G. (2010). Ways of asking, ways of telling: A methodological comparison of ethnographic and research diagnostic interviews. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(1), 29–55.
Retrieved from ProQuest Central database.
This article provides insights and tools so you can better understand the practice of interviewing in qualitative research.
• Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.
• LeVasseur, J. J. (2003). The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research, 13(3), 408–420.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides insights on how you can improve phenomenological research, particularly with respect to the concept of bracketing.
• Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
This book supplies you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills.
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
This book provides you with in-depth techniques to help improve qualitative research skills. It is highly recommended for DBA students planning qualitative research, and you may want to think about purchasing this during the first iteration of DBA 9000.
Research Design Examples:
• Block, P. (1999). Flawless consulting, a guide to getting your expertise used (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
This book looks at the appropriate skills to be a successful consultant.
• Ahn, Y., Park, S., & Jung, J. (2009). A case study on knowledge management of Busan Metropolitan City. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 388–398.
Retrieved from Sage Premier 2010 database.
This article provides you with an example of an effective case study design.
• Bhalla, A., Henderson, S., & Watkins, D. (2006). A multiparadigmatic perspective of strategy: A case study of an ethnic family firm. International Small Business Journal, 24(5), 515–5 37.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides an example of an effective case study design.
• Edwards, P., Collinson, M., & Rees, C. (1998). The determinants of employee responses to total quality management: Six case studies. Organization Studies, 19(3), 449–475.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
This article provides an example of an effective case study design
• Järvenpää, M. (2007). Making business partners: A case study on how management accounting culture was changed. European Accounting Review, 16(1), 99–142.
Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
This article provides an example of an effective qualitative study that is related to ethnography.
• Smythe, E., & Norton, A. (2007). Thinking as leadership/leadership as thinking. Leadership, 3(1), 65–90.
Retrieved from SAGE Premier 2010 database.
This article provides an example of an effective phenomenological research design.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Analysis of Qualitative Research
In the absence of rigor or quality, qualitative research becomes fiction and worthless, and its utility is also lost. Therefore, there is a great need for the researchers to pay particular attention to validity and reliability in all the research methods applied. The researcher used the methods through which quality is established in qualitative studies appropriately. The data collection method that the researcher used is well established in qualitative research investigations (Merriam & Associates, 2002). Both the data analysis and collection methods were derived from those which have been in use previously, and their use was successful. Second, regardless of the fact that the researcher selected the participants from people he knew professionally or personally, which might compromise quality, this often helps. As Birks, Chapman and Francis (2007) recommends, one of the ways of establishing credibility in a research is developing early familiarity with the participating organizations’ culture prior to the initial data collection dialogues. Bernard (2010) noted that if there is a prolonged engagement between participants and the investigator, the researchers can acquire sufficient understanding about the different workplaces. Moreover, he can establish a relationship based on trust (Bernard, 2010).
The researcher promoted quality by using tactics aimed at ensuring honesty among the informants when giving their responses. Basically, every participant approached was given a chance to decline participation. Therefore, those who participated at last were genuinely willing to participate and they offered their data freely (Brent & Slusarz, 2003). The researcher also created the necessary rapport by appropriately introducing the participants to the research. The researcher’s credibility has also been established. Finally, the researcher did a detailed literature review whose aim was making the readers aware about the state of the subject.
The methods for establishing quality are justified and described sufficiently. In relation to the data collection method, the researcher used three stages to gather the required data. The final stage was basically aimed at assessing if the participants had changed the views they held earlier. The researcher had prior information and knowledge about the participants, and this was a way of ensuring that the trust between them to lead to quality data. Worth noting, the researcher gave the participants the opportunity of declining to participate since their consent was needed before the data collection started. The experience, qualifications, and background of the researcher were well introduced at the start of the paper.
Many academicians would agree that rather than using purposive sampling, the researcher should have used random sampling. Regardless of the fact that purposive sampling is mostly used in qualitative research, random sampling negates researcher bias charges in relation to participants’ selection. In the research, the researcher fetched the participants from Linkedin, and he knew them personally and/ or professionally. Therefore, there were high chances of the participants giving responses that would impress the researcher. As Janesick (2003) noted, using random sampling ensures that the ‘unknown influences’ get distributed evenly throughout the sample (Ahn, Park & Jung, 2009). Using purposive sampling was an inappropriate selection tactic since the investigator would not end up confident that the informants were typically members of the wider selected society. The sampling method used does not give assurance that the selected participants are representative of the bigger group.
Another way through which the researcher could have promoted quality and trustworthiness is by using triangulation. This involves using various methods when gathering data and eventually, the collected data is compared. The methods may include individual interviews, focus groups, and observation among others. However, the researcher only used interviews, which might compromise the data collected.
References
Ahn, Y., Park, S., & Jung, J. (2009). A case study on knowledge management of Busan Metropolitan City. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 388–398.
Bernard, H. R. (2010). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches, Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
Birks, M. J., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2007). Breaching the wall: Interviewing people from other cultures. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 150–156.
Brent, E., & Slusarz, P. (2003). “Feeling the Beat”: Intelligent coding advice from metaknowledge in qualitative research. Social Science Computer Review, 21(3), 281–303.
Janesick, V. J. (2003). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Merriam, S. B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
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An Advance Care Directive (‘Living Will’) is a written statement regarding someone’s wishes for their future health care. An Advance Care Directive can be made by anyone who has the capacity to do so. An Advance Care Directive is only used if, at some point in the future, the person becomes incapable of making health care decisions for themselves (due to illness or injury) (Advance Care Directives, 2014).
Health care professionals are required to respect patients choices and gain consent (or, at least, assent) prior to providing treatment or care. They are also required to respect patient confidentiality. Based on what you have learned in this unit discuss the ethical issue of informed consent in relation to the following:
• What are the features of a valid (legal) consent; and how does this relate to an advanced care directive?
• Why does it matter ethically speaking that a patient’s choice be respected?
• Are there any expectations to the requirement to respect patient’s choices?
• Is Paternalism ever ethically justified in the provision of heath care?
• What is the role of the HCP in relation to advocacy for a patient’s wishes and in particular when an advance care directive is present?
• What are the legal and professional frameworks that guide a health care professional’s practice in Australia?
Consider the above question from the point of view of your own professional prospective and from the perspective of another health care team member. Respond to this question by drawing on what you have studied in this unit for example: relevant codes of conduct, ethics and practice and laws, theories, ethical concepts, principles and values.
Conversion and clarification from Lecture in Charge regarding this assignment
Dear Students,
I wanted to provide further assistance in preparation for the final assessment task. Ethics essay writing has some specific and key features. An ethics essay always presents an argument and as such has to be reasoned (ie supported with evidence), an ethics essay usually presents two sides of the argument and then the author will come to the conclusion as to what is the best position and why.
The Outline of the essay for the unit gives you six key areas to discuss in your essay. They are as follows.
1. What are the features of a valid (legal) consent; and how does this relate to an advanced care directive?
2. Why does it matter ethically speaking that a patient’s choice be respected?
3. Are there any expectations to the requirement to respect patient’s choices?
4. Is Paternalism ever ethically justified in the provision of heath care?
5. What is the role of the HCP in relation to advocacy for a patient’s wishes and in particular when an advance care directive is present?
6. What are the legal and professional frameworks that guide a health care professional’s practice in Australia?
Essentially the questions are centred around a person’s autonomy and the role of the health care professional in the implementation of an advanced care directive. So you may be able to combine these questions into themes and undertake the following in the formation of your arguments.
ANALYSIS – What do the experts state regarding the topic? Here you present the research you have undertaken and looking at different perspectives.
SYNTHESIS – What connections can I make regarding the research into expert discussions and ethical theories or principles, possibly professional codes of ethics or position statements, legal frameworks or national/international human rights charters.
EVALUATION – What conclusion do I come to after presenting the arguments based on my analysis and synthesis?
– It is important to note that this is an academic essay and should be written in the third person.
Paragraph and Essay Structure
– Each paragraph should have an introductory and concluding statement.
– Each paragraph should have a direct connection with the one prior and one after it. This allows the essay to flow.
– The introduction should provide the reader with a framework for the paper and what will be discussed.
– The conclusion should provide a summary of the key points presented in the essay.
– The definitions used in your essay should only use academic references (not online dictionaries)
– The essay should present at least 2 ethical theoretical perspectives and/or two ethical principles.
– The essay should present at Code of Ethics Framework or Human Rights Charter statement or make a connection to professional practice (this is where you could use a scenario as an example)
– There is no minimum requirements for the number of sources you use however as a general guideline an academic paper can have 1 source per hundred words. In regards to the currency of the references, it is generally expected that sources are within 5 years published age. However if you have sourced a reference that is older than this you must demonstrate how it is relevant in your writing. There are historical perspective in ethics hence it is likely that you might find an excellent source that is older than 5 years.
I hope this has been helpful. I am planning another webinar to answer any final queries you may have. In the mean time please do not hesistate to contact me if you require further clarification.
Please include this one too
2000 words count with referencing
APA Referencing
At least 25 genuine references from 2010 to 2015 study based, 90 % references has to be research based Journal article AND books Australian and Newzeland based study article preferable.
Please have a look Rubric guideline for given topic, I need good grades in this assignment so please do me a favour and try to make a good essay
Regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Medical practice is complicated today than ever because of the increased factors that have been impinging the physician patient relations. In the modern world, the patients are either well informed or ill informed about their health condition. The healthcare professionals are mandated to respect patient’s choices, and obtain consent from these patients when delivering care. Patient confidentiality must always be respected (Gergen, 2011). Informed consent refers to the process where patient’s gives permissions for the treatment to take place after being informed about the treatments procedure; the benefits as well as the risks associated the treatment. This process is intertwined with many ethical issues. Additionally, there many barriers associated with the informed consent process, which includes communication barriers, cultural barriers and the religious dogmas between the service users and the service providers (Chong, Aslani, & Chen, 2013).
In this context, the ethical issues surrounding the informed consent will be discusses and the HCP roles when delivering care for patient with advanced healthcare directives. The two perspectives that will be discussed in this paper are the registered nurses and physicians perspectives. This will help empower the healthcare provider bearing in mind those patients demands are changing continuously throughout the illness course, and according to their changes in the patents mental and physical capacities. This paper will be drawn on relevant codes of conduct, theories, ethics laws and practice, principles and values of informed consent.
Features of valid and legal consent
The valid consent is more to a mere form where patients can append their written signature. For the consent to be valid, the following elements should be included, and understood by the patients. These elements include procedures that are to be carried out, benefits of the treatment, risks and alternative treatment available (Aasen, 2014). All information related to the patient’s circumstances must be specific, without any invalidating factors. This is particularly important in patients under advance care directive. An advance care directive refers to the process where a patient records their wishes when they are unwell to understand their medical health complication and treatment options available. This is a form where the patient communicates their wishes. ACD is not similar valid legal consent, and the two legal documents roles are different and should not be used interchangeably (Hamrosi, Raynor, & Aslani, 2014).
There few circumstances where this could pose ethical dilemma for the HCP. For instance, there have been many questions about end of life care attributed to the advancement in technology. There are cases where many patients are not willing to subject their relatives to prolonged suffering through prolongation of his or her life even where there is little hope (Heggland, et al., 2013). The best way to maintain control is this through use of ACD to record patient’s preferences as guided by the physician and the loved ones. However, the law supports the ACD directives as stipulated by the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990. However, the advance care directives are valid at common law if the following conditions have been met; to start with the patient capacity at the time of advance care directive is done is stable and the patient can communicate effectively (Randall, 2008). The patient must have the capacity of weighing the information and make an informed choice between risks and benefits. The directives must be made voluntarily and of high specificity. There are no legal ramifications that the directives should be done in writing and under witness, but these are vital are necessary as they indicate that the directives have been done under the requirements (Korhonen, Nordman, & Eriksson, 2014).
Respecting patient choices
Informed consents and ACD are meant to value patient autonomy. This principle of autonomy is associated with the ability of patients to make their own choices about the healthcare treatment that they will receive. The main principles that arise when addressing patient’s autonomy are privacy, confidentiality, and fidelity and patients freedom of choice (Krishna, Watkinson, & Beng, 2014).
Several criticisms have been done about the principle of respecting patient’s autonomy. This is especially on the fact that patients must be informed about the healthcare treatments even if it would make the patient stand back from undertaking treatment. There are also concerns that respecting patient choice would impair clinical recognition. Beuchap and Childress illustrates that autonomy principle fails to protect the competent patients, but those who lack confidence, and are unsure or have conflicting priorities (Barlem, & Ramos, 2014).
However, respecting patient choices is important because it indicates that patient’s dignity is respected. This is important also because it discourages inappropriate paternalism, thus protecting the patient from unwanted interventions that they would consider burdensome other than of benefit. Additionally, respecting patient autonomy improves beneficence. This is because the patient is informed about the treatment benefits, risks and costs, and the patient is allowed to make informed choices that benefit them. The issue of non-maleficence is addressed as patient is adequately informed to enable them make decisions that makes patient avoid causation of harm. The harm caused by the treatment must disproportionate the treatment benefits. The distribution of risks and benefits as well as the treatment cost must be of justice (Cole, Wellard, & Mummery, 2014).
Nevertheless, patient wishes may not be respected all the time. This is especially if the patients traditions or beliefs about treatment are proven to be inconsistent, untrue or inadequately informed. In this contest, the HCP will be mandated to make decisions that are in best intention of the patient. This process is referred to as paternalism, which will be discussed later. The expectations to respecting patient choices include that patient mental capacity must be stable enough to make decisions independently. An informed patient must do the decisions voluntarily (Binder & Lades, 2015).
Paternalism in healthcare
The concept of paternalism begun with the Hippocratic ideals where he argued that the healthcare provider decisions must be aligned to patients best interests. For some reasons, patient’s medical decisions may not be respected to ensure that the option picked is to benefit the patient (Lathrop, Cheney, & Hayman, 2013). For instance, an oncologist makes a decision for a patient scheduled for mastectomy in our healthcare facility. This is was because the patient laboratory findings indicated that the patient’s body was not in a position to recuperate. Despite the patient wishes, the healthcare provider supremely controlled the treatment process (Smith et al.,2015).
Paternalism can be categorized as hard or soft, narrow or broad, impure and pure. Soft paternalism occurs when the HCP believes that they make decisions, which would be done by the patient if the patient had the strength and capacity. The hard paternalist is done by the HCP when they believe that the patient could have been mistaken or confused, and thus not in a capacity to make their decisions. This is justifiable if the treatment choice made is advocated and accepted by the HCP as indicated by evidence-based research (Mccullough, 2010).
From the HCP perspective, most physicians prefer shared decision-making process. Research indicates that the older physician are more likely to practice paternalism that the younger. Physicians in the surgical department are the least likely to practice paternalism as compared to physicians in the acute settings (Sjostrand, Eriksson, Juth, & Helgesson, 2013). However, as a registered nurse, I feel that paternalism should not be practiced, unless it is the only choice left. This is because it acts as false signal that the nurse knows about the person’s desires or their wishes. In my perspectives, these patients should be advised to write their ACD, or have their relatives make medical choices for them, as some choices could interfere with the patient’s psychological status, and diminish their self-esteem and morale (Lin, Huang, Chiang, & Chen, 2012).
The healthcare facility should gear their efforts towards a patient centered care. In most cases, the patient may be critically ill and unable to give consents. This is advisable for the healthcare providers to provide the patient with ACD, which can be conducted in presence of the patient relatives. This will mitigate the chance that the HCP will pressurize the patient to make independent decisions, which makes them feel overwhelmed. However, the healthcare provider must intervene to ensure that the patient does not go along with the family’s decisions, but they are allowed to make their own preferences (Baykara, Demir, & Yaman, 2014).
The HCP professional frameworks bind them in determining the patient best treatment based on their knowledge, experience, and judgment. In a case where a patient rejects treatment at the expense of the patient’s life, the HCP are bound by the ethical principle of beneficence (Wortley et al., 2015). The most vital aspect of the HCP frameworks is to establish a mutual relationship with the patients, and to maintain trust between them. This is important because it helps the patient understand that doctors will empathize with them, thus facilitating patient centered as well as a holistic care. In some cases, treatment modification can be done to ensure that the principle of non -maleficence is maintained. It is important for the HCP to value cultural competence to ensure that the care provided is just and holistic (Suzuki, Ota, & Matsuda, 2014).
HCP advocacy role in decision-making process
The professional and ethical frameworks guide the HCP role in healthcare. The HCP delivery of care should be based on knowledge, experience, and sound judgment (evidence-based practice). The codes of ethics are set of principles that help HCP in delivering quality care. The main ethical issues in day-to-day ethics include treating patient with dignity, respecting the patient, fair treatment and supporting patient treatment preferences (Bradford, Caffery, & Smith, 2015). This is accordance to the four ethical principles, which include autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence. The ethical rules also guide the HCP in decision-making process, which includes veracity, confidentiality, fidelity, and privacy. The ethical theories that help in ethical decision-making processes are the theory of HCP accepting the consequences of their actions (consequentialism), basing the decision making process on set of principles (deontology) and applying decision-making processes based n the most prominent consequence theory (utilitarianism) (Valentine et al., 2013).
The HCP role in their practice is to support the patient’s decision-making about their treatment preferences. This is normally done using advance care directives, and it is the role of HCP to facilitate the initiation of ACD. This is due to the unique bond that exists between the patient and their caregivers. Their roles in advocacy for ACD are to reflect ethically if the patient’s beliefs and values support or are against patients. The HCP must be adequately be informed about the ethics of care, patients medical care status, and other socio-demographic dynamics that could influence the decision making processes (Tee et al., 2013).
For example, an elderly patient signs an ACD declining all treatment because the patient does not want to burden the family members. In scenario,’s where the family disagrees on medical matter such as turning of life support machine, the HCP must educate the family on the importance of respecting patient dignity, and encourage them to support the ACD (Brodtkorb et al., 2014). In this context, it is the nurse’s role to enter into discussions with the patient to discuss their values, beliefs and to make them understand the context of the status. The nurse role as an advocate of ACD is to teach the patient to express their ideas and wishes. The HCP are legally bound to ensure that the care provided is consistent with the client’s preferences, and is entitled to ensure that there is effective communication of the patient’s ACD to the other HCP team (Terlazzo, 2015).
Code of conduct for HCP in Australia
The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) outlines the legal frameworks and code of conduct for HCP in Australia. The summary of these legal frameworks and code of conduct provisions is that HCP must provide evidence based care, which shared decision-making processes. The HCP is expected to maintain their professional performance, and ethical conduct to minimize patient risks. Additionally, these codes of conduct are framed under the principles and frameworks of the United Nations “Universal declaration of Human rights, International covenant on Economic, social and cultural rights, and the international covenant on civil and political rights.” The provisions are also according to the World Health Organization’s constitution, which involves Health and Human rights (AHPRA, 2013).
The code of ethics are supported by the National competency standards for RN, NP and enrolled nurses as well as the code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia. The codes are complementary to those of international council of Nurses (ICN), which stipulates that the nurses must deliver quality care to all. They must respect patient autonomy, value kindness and remain culturally competent. Additionally, the nurses must value the socio-economical sustainability of a patient to ensure that health and patient’s wellbeing are promoted. The purposes of these legal frameworks and code of ethic is to guide the nurses with a reference point from where they can base their ethical decision-making (Mccullough, 2010).
Conclusion
Ethical decision-making process is complex and challenging. This is especially in advance care directs which is one of the good clinical practice feature. From the health ethics analysis, ACD carries significant ethically moral force and respect. There are legal binding directives but should not limit patients treatment preferences. The code of ethics includes quality nursing care, respect patient decision, value the patient diversity and the culture of safety. The informed choices about ACD must be done according to the ethical management frameworks.
References
Aasen, E. (2014). A comparison of the discursive practices of perception of patient participation in haemodialysis units. Nursing Ethics, 22(3), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533240
AHPRA. (2013). Codes, guidelines, policies. Retrieved from http://www.medicalboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Policies/Code-of-conduct.aspx
Baykara, Z., Demir, S., & Yaman, S. (2014). The effect of ethics training on students recognizing ethical violations and developing moral sensitivity. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 661-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542673
Bradford, N., Caffery, L., & Smith, A. (2015). Awareness, experiences and perceptions of telehealth in a rural Queensland community. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1094-7
Brodtkorb, K., Skisland, A., Slettebo, A., & Skaar, R. (2014). Ethical challenges in care for older patients who resist help. Nursing Ethics, 22(6), 631-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542672
Chong, W., Aslani, P., & Chen, T. (2013). Shared decision-making and interprofessional collaboration in mental healthcare: a qualitative study exploring perceptions of barriers and facilitators. J Interprof Care, 27(5), 373-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2013.785503
Cole, C., Wellard, S., & Mummery, J. (2014). Problematising autonomy and advocacy in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 21(5), 576-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013511362
Hamrosi, K., Raynor, D., & Aslani, P. (2014). Enhancing provision of written medicine information in Australia: pharmacist, general practitioner and consumer perceptions of the barriers and facilitators. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-183
Heggland, L., Mikkelsen, A., Øgaard, T., & Hausken, K. (2013). Measuring patient participation in surgical treatment decision-making from healthcare professionals’ perspective. J Clin Nurs, 23(3-4), 482-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12184
Korhonen, E., Nordman, T., & Eriksson, K. (2014). Technology and its ethics in nursing and caring journals: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 561-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549881
Krishna, L., Watkinson, D., & Beng, N. (2014). Limits to relational autonomy–The Singaporean experience. Nursing Ethics, 22(3), 331-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533239
Lathrop, B., Cheney, T., & Hayman, A. (2013). Ethical Decision-Making in The Dilemma of the Intersex Infant. Issues In Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 37(1), 25-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2013.855842
Lin, M., Huang, C., Chiang, H., & Chen, C. (2012). Exploring ethical aspects of elective surgery patients’ decision-making experiences. Nursing Ethics, 20(6), 672-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733012448967
Sjostrand, M., Eriksson, S., Juth, N., & Helgesson, G. (2013). Paternalism in the Name of Autonomy. Journal Of Medicine And Philosophy, 38(6), 710-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jht049
Smith, L., Anand, P., Benattayallah, A., & Hodgson, T. (2015). An fMRI investigation of moral cognition in healthcare decision making. Journal Of Neuroscience, Psychology, And Economics, 8(2), 116-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/npe0000038
Suzuki, C., Ota, K., & Matsuda, M. (2014). Information-sharing ethical dilemmas and decision-making for public health nurses in Japan. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 533-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549879
Tee, M., Balmaceda, G., Granada, M., Fowler, C., & Payne, J. (2013). End-of-Life Decision Making in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Clinical Journal Of Oncology Nursing, 17(6), 640-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/13.cjon.640-646
Terlazzo, R. (2015). Autonomy and Settling: Rehabilitating the Relationship between Autonomy and Paternalism. Utilitas, 27(03), 303-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820815000060
Valentine, S., Nam, S., Hollingworth, D., & Hall, C. (2013). Ethical Context and Ethical Decision Making: Examination of an Alternative Statistical Approach for Identifying Variable Relationships. J Bus Ethics, 124(3), 509-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1879-8
Wortley, S., Tong, A., Lancsar, E., Salkeld, G., & Howard, K. (2015). Public preferences for engagement in Health Technology Assessment decision-making: protocol of a mixed methods study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12911-015-0176-0
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The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive comments or criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.
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SAMPLE ANSWER
The writer will have to read each of this post and react to it by commenting, analyzing and supporting with relevant articles. The writer will have to read carefully before giving constructive commentsor criticism on the post. The writer should write a one paragraph of at least 150 words. APA and in text citation must be use as each respond to the 4 article must have in text citations. The writer will have to use an article to supports his comments and criticism on each of the article. Address the content of each post below in a one paragraph each, analysis and evaluation of the topic, as well as the integration of relevant resources. The writer cannot just say “I agree or disagree” the writer must constructively support and use relevant sources to support his point why expanding on the article.
Article 1
The research question for the interview was as follows: What strategic human resource management practices contribute to the retention of employees in the business?
Based on the two interviews conducted, the following themes were present:
Small business experience
Motivation of employees
Marketing for employees
Training employees
Communicating with employees
Relationship building
Atmosphere of small business
Qualitative researchers create small categories based on text or visual data (Creswell, 2013). In developing the codes, I looked for common things related to human resources. Some of the themes I gathered from researching human resource practices. I looked for commonalities between the research and statements made during the interview. I listened and looked for patterns between the interviewees.
Small Business Interview 1 Transcript
Interviewer: Good morning. Thank you for taking the time to meet with me. Today, I would like to interview you regarding your small business. Your name and the name of your business will remain confidential. Is it okay if I record the session?
Participant 1: Yes
Interviewer: Okay, let’s get started. First, I would like to ask you some background information regarding your business.
Interviewer: What type of business do you own?
Participant 1: I own a Plumbing Repair/Remodeling business which provides 24 hour service 365 days out of the year. I knew I wanted to go into business for myself at a young age. I didn’t know what type of business I wanted to own until I met my husband. He was going to school for plumbing and I was going to school for business. We made the perfect team. For the first few years, it was just the two of us. Over time, our team grew. Our team members are all licensed and highly skilled with many years of experience. For over 30 years, we have always maintained superb customer satisfaction, affordable prices, and the highest quality products on the market.
Interviewer: How long have you been in business?
Participant 1: (Experience) We have been in business for 31 years. We had only two plumbers but after 2 years clientele increased beyond belief. As a result, we made the business decision to expand and hire a crew of plumbers to support the expanding demand. We have one building located in the center of the metroplex. We decided to strategically locate in the center so it would be easy to service the entire metroplex.
Interviewer: How many employees do you have?
Participant: As of right now we currently have 8 full time plumbers that work during the day and 3 on-call plumbers that assist with the overnight service calls. We recently made the decision to hire on 5 more techs that are currently going through the interview process. We believe in the next five years we will have at least 15 full time plumbers.
Interviewer: What methods do you use to recruit employees?
Participant 1: (Marketing for employees)We rely heavily on social media. We recently opened a Facebook account and have over 300 followers. We also use career websites to recruit such as Zip Recruiter and Career Builder. Another marketing technique that we have found useful is to post recruitment flyers at all of the local supply stores. Eventually, we would like to attend some of the career fairs that are held around town.
Interviewer: How do you motivate employees?
Participant 1: (Motivation) We have various contests throughout the year that are geared towards motivating our employees to reach certain goals. Once these goals are reached they are rewarded with bonuses and pay increases. For example, we typically compete to see who successfully services the most clients in a specified time period. The plumbers have to complete the regular plumbing services within an hour and have no complaints for a year.
Interviewer: What type of human resource management training have you completed?
Paericipant 1: (Experience) I went through a community college and obtained a Management degree with a focus in HR. I also participate in at least one HR training or seminar every year. I did learn a lot of things along the way. One day I’d like to complete my certification in human resource management.
Interviewer: How do you help your employees understand the day-to-day operations of your business?
Participant 1: (Communication)We have weekly mandatory meetings where we discuss finances and our company goals. We also keep all of our employees up to date on all training materials as well as policies. The foundation of our company comes from employing qualified and expert plumbers who are trained to follow well-organized business procedures to provide the best experience and customer satisfaction.
Interviewer: What day-to-day practices do you use to retain your employees?
Participant 1: (Communication) We have an open door policy which allows all of our employees the opportunity to express any concerns with the owners. (Building relationships) I let all of my employees know that I appreciate them and how valuable they are to my company. We also provide health benefits, vacation/sick time, and offer the opportunity to attend self-improvement trainings.
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Include the one paragraph comments hear using a pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.
The article is clear and precise. I do agree that indeed qualitative research is suitable for conducting such an interview. Using interviews allows a researcher to obtain in-depth information that provides insights on the topic of focus (Creswell, 2013). Furthermore, a researcher has to use coding to better understand the key aspects of the study (Bailey, 2014). It is however, important that the researcher listen attentively when using interview. Recoding the interview is one of the best ways to ensure that nothing is omitted or misquoted. I therefore, find the article insightful and well organized. The themes selected are very important in any human resource department in human resource management and in retaining customers. For instance, employees require motivation to remain focused and have a sense of belonging (Fratričová & Rudy, 2015). Relationships building and employee experience as well as training and communication in an organization play a key role when it comes to performance and employee retention.
References
Bailey, L. F. (2014). The origin and success of qualitative research. International Journal Of Market Research, 56(2), 167-184. https://www.doi:10.2501/IJMR-2014-013
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Fratričová, J., & Rudy, J. (2015). Get Strategic Human Resource Management Really Strategic: Strategic HRM in Practice. International Journal Of Management Cases, 17(4), 149-155.
Article two
Small-Scale Qualitative Research Project—Conduct the Interview
The purpose of my proposed qualitative study is to determine the accounting skills small business owners use to achieve business sustainability beyond 5 years. The primary research phenomenon under study is the relationship between accounting knowledge, managerial decision making, and small business failure. The primary research goals are to explore strategies small business owners use to record accounting information and subsequently retrieve and analyze the data for decision-making purposes.
The targeted population will consist of owners of companies with fewer than 20 employees, inclusive of the owner, located in Juneau, Alaska that have been in business for more than five years. I interviewed one participant for the small scale research project. This interviewee owns and operates a small businesses in Juneau, AK that has sustained beyond five years. Furthermore, this interviewee meets the Walden University Institutional Review Board criteria for Minimal Risk.
Data analysis and interpretation within a qualitative study is time consuming and iterative (Creswell, 2013). Along the data analysis spiral, researchers describe, classify, and interpret data into codes and themes (Creswell, 2013). The researcher begins the process by identifying a short list of codes (Creswell 2013). The investigator applies those codes to evidence thereby aggregating the information into categories (Creswell, 2013). The examiner further analyzes the resulting categories to develop themes (Creswell, 2013).
Prior to coding the interview transcript, I identified four codes: Processing; Decisions; Knowledge; and Assistance. Table 1 includes the name and description of the codes used to analyze the interview transcript.
Table 1. Code Names and Descriptions
Code
Description
Processing
Interviewee conducts accounting related transaction processing
Decision
A managerial decision is made that is informed by accounting information
Knowledge
Interviewee self-assessment of accounting knowledge, skill and ability
Assistance
Small business leader relies on an outside accounting firm for assistance
Analysis
Small business leader reviews accounting information
I developed the codes by keeping in mind the overarching research phenomenon and primary research goals under study. In the next section, I apply the codes to the interview transcript of the interview conducted on October 1, 2015.
Interview for Participant #1, small business owner in Juneau, AK
Interviewer: Thank you for agreeing to talk to me this afternoon. As we spoke before, I’m interviewing you for my DBA my doctorate in business administration which I am seeking from Walden University and my main research topic is the relationship between accounting knowledge, managerial decision making and small business success. As we talked before I am taping this interview and if you wish to look over the transcript after I transcribe it you are more than welcome to do that. And in the report I will submit for my class, I won’t use your name or the name of the business you will simply be Participant #1, small business owner in Juneau. OK? So as I get ready to ask the questions to you have any questions for me?
Participant #1: No, I don’t.
Interviewer: Well, great. So the first few questions are just some initial background questions. So how long have you operated your business?
Participant #1: 15 years
Interviewer: 15 years. So even though I’m taping I’m going to jot down a few notes as we go. Do you perform your own accounting?
Participant #1: See I’m not that knowledgeable about what exactly what part is accounting. [Knowledge] I have an accountant [Assistance]. But I use QuickBooks. So I do all accounting things. I write paychecks, I pay all the bills, I balance the checkbook. But I do that all month then they check it. I give it to them once a month. I also pay sales tax. All those 730 forms, all those 130 forms – federal and city [Processing]. Then I give it to them at the end of the month. They make sure it is balanced and that the checks are in there [Assistance]. I did not start with QuickBooks so now it is easier, obviously.
Interviewer: Did you do it manually then switch to QuickBooks?
Participant #1: Yes. The previous owner did nothing on a computer.
Interviewer: OK
Participant #1: So, they don’t do as much at the end of the month but they make sure I balance correctly [Assistance]. And then, they do the State employment taxes [Assistance] and make sure my 940s are submitted correctly. I submit them [Processing] but then they make sure everything is correct. Then at the end of the year, they do my taxes [Assistance].
Interviewer: Is this a CPA firm?
Participant #1: Yes
Interviewer: Ok, great.
Participant #1: I do my basic accounting [Processing] and they do my taxes [Assistance].
Interviewer: So it’s a mix of doing your own daily transaction work and then you hire an accountant to oversee everything and then do some reporting for you.
Participant #1: Right. I can’t stand finding that little mistake and it takes so much of my time it is not worth it [Assistance]. But it is worth my time to write paychecks and do all that [Processing]. The previous owner, didn’t even write paychecks and that is a piece of cake now day.
Interviewer: With QuickBooks?
Participant #1: Yes, that was a long answer.
Interviewer: No that is great. And we have kind of hit several of the next questions. You perform your own accounting [Processing] and yes you do hire an outside firm to help out with that [Assistance] and you use QuickBooks as your general ledge accounting system.
Participant #1: Correct
Interviewer: Have you taken any accounting courses?
Participant #1: No, that is what I have wanted to do [Knowledge]. You said five years is kind of the cut off of who you would interview and at about five years I realized that Wow, I don’t really understand the basics or the terminology [Knowledge].
Interviewer: Debit, credits?
Participant #1: Yeah – all that stuff. Like at the University but adding more night classes to a business that has night working hasn’t worked out, especially with kids [Knowledge].
To review the remainder of the coded interview transcript, please download the attached word document.
References
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Include the one paragraph comments hear using ana pear review article to support your comments. Also include in text citations in APA.
The article is well organized and precise. Using qualitative research is recommended for researchers and I therefore, support the decision of the researcher to use this research design (Creswell, 2013). I do agree with the researcher and support the use of interviews as a technique of data collection. Despite the various alternatives of collecting data such as use of questionnaires and observation, interviews have benefits as well (Sandy, Beigi, Cohel & Nash, 2014). Using interviews allows the researchers to read into the emotions of the interviewees. The researcher can therefore make adjustments when asking questions to ensure that detailed data is collected. I also agree that when using interviews, it was a good gesture for the researcher to request or seek informed consent from the interviewee on whether to record the interview or not. Embracing ethics in the study is a positive gesture that helps to increase the level of confidence among the users of the information. The themes adopted by the researcher to code the interviews suits the topic of study. I therefore, find this article constructive and reliable.
References
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sandy, E. A., Beigi, R. H., Cohel, C., & Nash, K. C. (2014). An interview tool to predict disruptive physician behavior. Physician Leadership Journal, 1(2), 36-39.
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