All Animals are Equal Argument by P Singer Order Instructions: All Animals are Equal by P. Singer
All Animals are Equal Argument by P Singer
Click here to access this argument: http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/singer.pdf APA
Citation: Singer, P. (1989). All animals are equal. In T. Regan & P. Singer (Eds.) Animal rights and human obligations (pp. 148- 162) [Acrobat Reader version]. Retrieved from http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/singer.pdf
In your written component of the Final Project, you will analyze an argument in relation to a specific issue. Then, you will respond to that argument by providing a counterargument
Complete the steps below based on your chosen argument:
Step One: Evaluate the Argument
a. Identify the issue that is addressed in the argument.
b. Explain the argument and identify the premises and conclusions.
c. Evaluate the argument.
o If the argument has a deductive component, is it valid and sound? Why?
o If the argument has an inductive component, is it strong or weak? Why?
o Remember that arguments often contain both inductive and deductive components. Do your best to identify all the arguments that are used to support the position presented in the piece.
Step Two: Create a Counterargument
a. Create a counterargument to the original argument.
o Present premises that support your own position while also pointing out the weaknesses inherent in the original argument. Avoid the use of fallacious reasoning and anecdotal evidence.
o If you are using inductive arguments, make sure that they are strong. If you are using deductive arguments, make sure that they are valid and attempt to provide sound premises.
o Use factual evidence and/or logical support from at least three scholarly sources to support your argument.
o This might require you to play “devil’s advocate.” Remember that you do not need to agree with the position for which you argue. You may need to take on an opposing position to your own personal view and argue from that position. Critical thinkers are able to take on opposing perspectives and identify the strongest arguments from those perspectives.
SAMPLE ANSWER
All Animals are Equal Argument by P Singer Evaluation
Equality in the social setting is viewed in terms of equal rights that are acceptable to the global society. The hindrance of equality is always based on prejudice that affects every community in a particular direction to undermine equality. The oppressed groups have in recent years come up in campaigns for freedom and acceptance in the society. The liberal movement started with race in which black were alienated from the society especially in the developed countries. Moreover, the progressive movement has propelled past racism to other platforms such as gender equality, Spanish –American movements, gay campaign and discrimination based on sex. This kind of discrimination is practiced in all societies of both rich and poor, developed and underdeveloped countries and even within people of the same tribe (Singer, 2007).
If anything should be learned from the movement, one thing that should be taught is how difficult it is to be aware of prejudice in our attitudes to a specific or particular group until the bias is pointed out. Liberal movement pushes for expansion of moral horizons or reinterpretation of moral principles of equality. Unjustifiable prejudice results to seeing practices that are regarded previously as natural and inevitable. None in the society can confidently state that his actions and perceptions are beyond criticism. This is because the attitude is cultivated in the mind; therefore, there is the need to re-think on fundamental beliefs t have a mental switch in respect to practices and position. The idea of “The Rights of Animals” is has been used in relation to women’s rights cases. However, the idea has been viewed as absurd and refuted by Thomas Taylor, who reasons that the idea can be carried one stage further. If the idea is applicable to women, why can’t it be applicable to other sectors of the society that are experiencing discrimination since the argument used by women applies to the other spheres?
When the idea is focused on all human beings, then it gives a broader perspective that reveals numerous equality issues. One might have the view of equality to mean equality of different races and sexes. Even though human differs in different ways as individuals, the difference between races and sexes is minimal. The mere fact of color or gender has minimal inference on the individual besides the false thoughts of superiority complex between individuals. The same view would be stated by proponents of sexism in that the ability of a person is no guide to his sex, and this reveals why discrimination based on sex is unjustifiable (Tobler, 2005). This provides the line of objection to discrimination against sex and race that is being experienced globally.
Factual equality cannot be based on opposition to sexism and racism and limited abilities and capabilities asserted in variations is the un-guaranteed evenly distributions of these capabilities without regard to sex and race. The differences measurable between sexes and races are available to certain levels. These differences are not specific to line with genetic endowment and their effects toward environmental differences that result from continuing and past discriminations. The violation of the principle of equality by racist is created by giving more weight to the interest of his race and its members. When there is a clash of interests between two races or groups, then the specialist provide more interest compelled to members of his species. The perception is inborn and hugely developed through mutual connection from childhood and that injected in the mind as one grows.
All Animals are Equal Argument by P Singer Counterargument
The aspect of social justice might be viewed as a component of society that can be handling in the theoretically, applied policies and championing for equality. However, the proponents of the equality are the people who are best placed to understand the actual effects and influence on self-esteem that is caused by discrimination. Many social groups that campaign for the equality in the society is tailored on personal gains. A number of organizations formed by prominent people in the society create an avenue to distribute money to activist in order to gain from the entire project. The prejudice idea in the society is used negatively for personal gains undermining the fundamentally intended objective that is beneficial to the whole society. This strategy kills the entire idea of equality especially to the small class in the society creating a gap in the entire process (Whitley & Kite, 2010).
Prejudice, as connected to discrimination, needs to be handled solely in line with the essential components that creates moral ethics of individual within the society. The perception created on sex and races is not an issue that crops up in human mind thereby being viewed on the onset as variations on capabilities and abilities. It is a notion that has been cultivated in the mind through various medium and a common perception fixed without literal teaching but mental analysis. The idea of whites being more superior to the black is brought about to a greater extent in connection with the religious teachings in which depicts Jesus with all his high ethically moral qualities as a white man. This makes the society view white man as intellect, wise and morally upright thereby adapting any idea from this race. On the other had the vices of the society and bad moral are associated with the devil who is always portrayed as black. This is a negative perception that also influenced the view of the society in the same context.
The prejudice created in the society that influences the degree of discrimination in nature by the society through various mediums. The discrimination that I practiced in various spheres is in existence due to wrong strategic approach and influences that have no primary objective in mind. Xenophobia has been cultivated in the human minds from early childhood stage rooting discrimination to deeper personal and individual perspective. Issues of health such as being HIV positive might be openly viewed as none discriminated but in the deeper analysis one realizes that the limitation of contact with the sick person in the understanding that one can be affected make the unaffected person somehow superior that the affected (Nelson, 2009). The idea boils down to the selfish human mind that value individualism more than communalism. The value of importance is pegged on personal gains but not communal gains.
This perception is anchored deep in the mind determines the way one values the other person in the society which in-turn determines the relationship that is generated based on the developed perception. The perception is developed by the view in relation to what is socially acceptable and what is morally good or bad. The socially acceptable things are practiced to create the public image in which tries to cover up the real individual intention under the guidance of policies and laws. However, the morally good or bad perceptions are practiced both in public mentally or practically in one on one meet. The moral setting an understanding in the mind determines the discrimination perception in either platform. Equality of all human beings must dissect and remove all manners of discrimination that is merely impossible in the current generations or the ones to come.
Bibliography For All Animals are Equal Argument by P Singer
Nelson, T. D. (2009). Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination. United States: Psychology Press.
Singer, P. (2007, June 06). All Animals are Equal. Retrieved from Colorado Education: http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/phil1200,Spr07/singer.pdf
Tobler, C. (2005). Indirect Discrimination: Case Study for the Development of the Legal Concept. Florida: Intersentia nv.
Whitley, B., & Kite, M. (2010). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Califonia: WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning.
Holmesglen is one of the leading providers of vocational as well as higher education in Victoria. The institute is designed in a manner that reflects the emerging competitive and friendly environment for vocational learning (HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE, 2014).
Friendly Environment for Holmesglen Institute
It also offers a focus that is directed toward raising new strategies such as e-learning, business development, and higher education.
History
Holmesglen was founded in 1982. At the moment, it offered 90 programs and had 7,000 students. Apprenticeships and Construction industry courses were the primary reason for the establishment of this institution. It has since grown to offer several courses over a wide range of subject areas. In 2008, Holmesglen widened its range of higher education courses to ten and introduced new degree programs as well as Associate degrees. In 2009, one of the most significant courses in Holmesglen, Bachelor of Nursing, was introduced (KOUTOUKIDIS, STAINTON, HUGHSON & TABBNER, 2013). Holmesglen is a very crucial institute in Australia since it is the only one that offers vocational, upper secondary, and higher learning in the country (HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE OF TAFE, 2010). Some of the former names of Holmesglen include Hemisphere Hotel, Hemisphere conference center, flooring technology training center, and Holmesglen Institute of TAFE.
Courses
Recently, there has been an introduction of legislation that has encouraged Holmesglen to offer Higher Education courses at Degree, certificate, and diploma level. The number of courses being offered in Holmesglen increases rapidly day and night. Some of the programs offered include;
Business Finance
Art and Design
Education and Training
Fitness and Well-Being
Computer and IT
Community and Health Services
Higher Learning
Vocational Learning
Horticulture and Environment
Campuses
Holmesglen has five campuses that are, City, Glen Waverley, Moorabbin, Chadstone, and Eildon.
Of the five, Chadstone is the largest and the most popular. This campus has housed traditional trades and many other course areas. The Moorabbin Campus was obtained from Chisholm TAFE. Initially, it was a member of Barton TAFE after which it started offering services in 2002. This campus is also Holmesglen Vocational College’s sit. On the other hand, the Eildon Campus is a rural campus that has specialized in providing unique staff training, as well as student opportunities (FRICHOT, 2011). Holmesglen’s City Campus was established in 2012 and has specialized in offering courses on IT, language, building design, and fashion programs.
Students
Currently, Holmesglen has 50,000 students and offers over 600 programs to these learners. The institution has invested widely so that the students may gain access to quality education and training.
Organizational Structure
Holmesglen’s leadership is made up of an executive team, five faculty Deans, it has two specialist Deans, Associate Directors, and international directors (HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE OF TAFE, 2009). The faculties aim at offering excellence in vocational training using advanced facilities of the ever-changing human workforce. This leadership team meets regularly to come up with best practices of Holmesglen’s management and communication throughout the Institute (WATTS, 2011). This organizational structure has a dynamic model that is directed toward leading the Institute in the next stage of its exciting journey of becoming a provider of tertiary education.
Facilities
Holmesglen has state of the art facilities that aid students acquire the best in their learning process. Some of these facilities include;
Computer laboratories
Engineering and Construction workshops
Design Studios
Dental, nursing, and biomedical laboratories
Well-equipped hospitality kitchens
Accommodation and Airport reception
Training restaurants
Demographics of the Area surrounding Chadstone Campus
Chadstone Campus is located in Melbourne, Victoria. According to the 2011 census, the areas surrounding Chadstone had a total population of 7, 821. Of this, a majority were male.
Friendly Environment for Holmesglen Institute Conclusion
Holmesglen is devoted to a vigorous course profile that aims at meeting the demands of the industry, students, and the community (SCANNELL, 2011). Holmesglen’s faculty strives to provide quality education in the competitive environment of education.
Friendly Environment for Holmesglen Institute References
SCANNELL, D. (2011). SISXCCS201A Provide customer service: assessment resource.
HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE OF TAFE. (2009). Holmesglen courses in hospitality, tourism & recreation. [Chadstone, Vic.], Holmesglen Institute of TAFE.
HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE. (2014). Copyright quick reference guide. Chadstone, Vic, Holmesglen Institute.
KOUTOUKIDIS, G., STAINTON, K., HUGHSON, J., & TABBNER, A. R. (2013). Tabbner’s nursing care: theory and practice. Chatswood, N.S.W., Churchill Livingstone.
WATTS, M. (2011). SISXEMR201A Respond to emergency situations: assessment resource.
FRICHOT, N. (2011). SISXCAI306A Facilitate groups: learner resource.
HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE OF TAFE. (2010). Holmesglen courses in applied & health sciences. [Chadstone, Vic.], Holmesglen Institute of TAFE.
HOLMESGLEN INSTITUTE OF TAFE., MELBOURNE 2011 COMMONWEALTH GAMES CORPORATION, & AUSTRALIA. OFFICE OF COMMONWEALTH GAMES COORDINATION. (2011). Team 2006: my workbook. Melbourne, Melbourne 2012 Commonwealth Games Corporation.
For the Final Project, you provide an in-depth analysis of victimization. Select a crime that has been publicized in the media and contains one main victim to use for your Final Project. You apply the concepts studied throughout this course to provide the in-depth analysis of the victimization in the crime.
Final Project Guidelines
Assignment Length: 12 pages (not including title page, abstract, and references)
Your Final Project must include the following elements:
Introduction:
• Describe the type of crime (women/children victimization).
• Describe the victim (Jaycee Dugard).
Demographics:
• Explain factors related to social class, gender, ethnicity, and race of the victim that might have played a role in the vulnerability of the victim.
• Explain factors related to social class, gender, ethnicity, and race that might have played a role in the type of crime committed against the victim.
• Explain how the victim’s experiences in the criminal justice system might vary based on the social class, gender, ethnicity, and race of the victim.
Victim/Offender Relationship:
• Explain the victim/offender relationship (if any).
• Explain how the relationship between the victim and offender may have influenced the type of crime, the location of the crime, and the type of weapon used.
Effects:
• Explain psychological, social, and emotional effects of victimization on the victim. Indicate which effects are short term and which effects are long term.
Perceptions:
• Explain how the media portrayed the victim.
• Explain if there was any victim blaming by the media.
• Explain possible impact (positive and/or negative) of the media coverage about the victim.
Services:
• Explain services available in the state of the victim that might be beneficial for the victim.
• Explain any services that may not be available to the victim that might be beneficial to the victim.
Secondary Victims:
• Describe any secondary victims of the crime.
• Explain effects on the secondary victims of the crime.
Legal Aspects:
• Describe any laws or policies that resulted from the crime.
• If laws or polices were developed, explain the implications for social change.
Social Change:
• Explain any social change implications of this crime being publicized and/or any laws or policies that resulted from this crime.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Victimology
There are people who are involved in the practice of the domestic violence at their residence. It expresses violence in interactions where one companion uses force to gain the control over the other spouse. The intolerable behavior among the partners can be expressed sexually, mentally and physically. It also involves the bullying of the other person that involves the actions that leads to control and threatening. There could also be the act of allegation, wounding, and isolation. It is quite hard to know the exact degree of unfriendliness against women as most of the behavior such as wife battering and rape are being rarely conveyed.
Abusive behavior at home can be physical, sexual, financial, or mental actions or intimidation of activities that impact someone else. It incorporates any practices that threaten, control, humiliate, seclude, startle, threaten, constrain, debilitate, accuse hurt, harm, or wound somebody. It is exceptionally hard to quantify the genuine degree of hostility against women as most occurrences of aggressive behavior at home and rape go unreported. This essay will look into the victimization of women in domestic violence crimes that are occasionally being committed in virtually all parts of the world.
The persons who perform unfriendly practices that involve forceful sex and physical harm are mostly related persons as well as strangers. The people of the female gender are at higher risk in places where they feel more secure such as in their households (Stalans & Lurigio, 1997). For many people, “home” is the place they confront an administration of fear and savagery because of some individual near them someone they ought to have the capacity to trust. They are not able to settle on their choices, voice their opinion, or ensure themselves and their children for dread of further repercussions. The right of ladies are normally underprivileged and taken away repeatedly by the threat of cruelty. Twenty years back, brutality against women was not viewed as an issue deserving of global consideration or concern. Casualties of hostility endured in a hush, with a minimal open difference of their situation. The length of viciousness against women proceeds with, we cannot claim to be making genuine advancement towards balance, improvement, and peace. Important Work by the Commonwealth, States, and Territories alongside accomplice non-government associations, women’s gatherings, and systems has been attempted to handle men’s savagery against women. Our understanding of the nature and extent of this brutality is expanding, and there is better energy about its effect on women, children and on our country. Nevertheless, advance in how to anticipate hostility and to make situations where ladies live free from savagery is at its outset and obliges ongoing Research consideration and strategy vigilance.
As seen from a case that occurred in New York recently where a young man beat up her wife ruthlessly without a care in the world about the young lady’s health and well-being. Hostility against women is available in every area, in all societies, social groups, different originalities, and oldness. Most of the commands is against wildness on women. Despite the fact that most social orders banish viciousness against ladies, in reality, brutality against the rights of the female gender is normally being allowed according to everyday social practices and beliefs of the religion to the. Also, when violation happens inside the home, as is all the time the case, the misuse is viable supported by the implied hush, and the latency showed by the state and the law upholding apparatus. The worldwide measurements of the brutality are surprising as being shown via studies on its frequency of manifestation. It is regularly known as “sex-based” viciousness because it develops partially from women’s subordinate status in the public arena.
As viewed in the case of the young man madly beating her young wife’s to death due to her decline to have any sexual affair with the man. We can clearly see that the highest degree of antagonism against women is being presented through unfriendliness of the male gender through forced sex. It occurs to teenagers, adults and youths (Coker et al., 2002). Personal accomplice ill-use otherwise called aggressive behavior at home, wife beating, and battering is quite often joined by mental abuse and in one-quarter to a one-a significant portion of cases by constrained sex too. The greater parts of women who are ill-used by their accomplices are being misused commonly. Honestly, a climate of fear frequently pervades damaging connections. Aggressive behavior at home can happen to anybody paying little heed to race, age, sexual introduction, religion, or sex. Unfriendly behavior at home affects people of all the social classes including all the stages of training. The unacceptable behavior being expressed at home occur in both husband and wife, same sex relations and those who are dating. Abusive behavior at home influences the individuals who are ill-used, as well as having a generous impact on relatives, companions, collaborators, different witnesses, and the group. Children who are being raised in abusive marriages ends up growing up being affected by the lawbreaking. The continual exposure of the behavior to kids makes them believe that the abuse in marriage is a normal lifestyle. It can result in the hazard of the development of the offensive societies in for the generations.
The brutality case of this young couple was said to have occurred several other times in the past. But unfortunately nobody had ever come to realize until on this day when the young lady could no longer take any more beating. It shows that this abusive behavior at home regularly happens because the culprit accepts that misuse is and supported and worthy, and may create repeated cycles of ill-use that overlook brutality. Mindfulness, recognition, and documentation of aggressive behavior at home vary broadly from nation to nation. Casualties of abusive behavior at home are involved in local brutal circumstances through seclusion, power and control, deficient budgetary assets, fear, disgrace or to secure youngsters. As an issue of misuse, exploited people may encounter physical handicaps, incessant welfare issues, emotional sickness, restricted accounts, and inadequate capacity make substantial connections. Abused women may go through post-traumatic worry issue. Children that are the secondary victims resides in the insulting residence shows much aggression at the tender age that later results to brutality in maturity (Chesney‐Lind, 2002). The ill behavior expressed in homes occurs to restrained marriages. Aggressive behavior at home was for the most part connected with physical viciousness. In spite of the fact that accurate rates are questioned, particularly in the United States, there is a vast assemblage of multifaceted proof. It proves that ladies are subjected to abusive behavior at home fundamentally more frequently than men. What’s more, there is an expansive accord that women are all the more often subjected to extreme types of ill-use and are more prone to be harmed by an injurious accomplice. The circumstances can exacerbate if the lady is financially or socially reliant on the wrongdoer.
Unfortunately, the case of the young man could not be well handled as later within the prosecution the family of the young lady withdrew the case from the court on the basis of protecting their family name and traditions. It therefore illustrates the fact that in most communal classes, women are being accused of having the pre-marital sex and next of keen have had them killed because of breaking their virginity. Losing one’s virginity is seen as the offense to the integrity of the community. According to Heise (1998), the exercise is worse in the sub-Africa region. The act of ahead of schedule marriage is a typical practice that is overreaching in the towns of Tamil-Nadu. It is a presentation of forceful sex, and the youth are being restrained in marriages and the relations of sex. It exposes them to the peril of high chances of contracting HIV/AIDS. It highly contributes to school drop outs. Moreover, it is a fact where the folks are being highly contributes toward the bright future of their young daughters. Parents give their young girls as a way of acquiring funds and status for themselves with their daughters.
Unreliability, clashes, and societal emergencies additionally enhance early marriages. Fiscal reasons are said to assume a note worthy part in such relational unions. Because of the regular practice of lady cash, the young lady youngster turns into an advantage replaceable for cash or products. Families see giving an adolescent girl (or sister) to a family that has the capacity pay a high cost for the lady as an issue answer for their neediness and obligation. The custom of lady cash may rouse families that face responsibility and financial emergency to “trade in for cold hard currency” the “advantage” as youthful as 6 or 7. It is with the comprehension that the real marriage is being deferred until the kid achieves adolescence.On the other hand, there ports demonstrate that this is likewise being watched that young people may be sexually abused by the husband to be. Also they are abused by more seasoned men in the family, especially if the man of the hour is a youngster as well.
The case of the young man and the lady also became open when several of their friends come out in the open and directly criticized the young man. The young man is criticized of infidelity which might have been the cause of the brutality she had towards her wife. The wife might have been just trying to protect herself from contamination to sexual disease thus her refusal for a sexual relationship with her partner thus the brutality against her. Therefore, it is clear that Women cannot ask for safe practices of sex and can neither resist bad sex practices. It has contributed to the high spread of the HIV/AIDS. Undesirable sex from being not able to say “no!” to an accomplice and be listened, to rape, for example, assault brings about a higher danger of scraped spot and dying, giving a prepared road to transmission of the infection. A study showed that the high number of HIV/AIDs were being found in people of Tamil-Nadu in the present years. The lack of the information predisposes the ladies to abuse. The affected people in today’s out fitted clashes are much more inclined to be regular folks than soldiers. By most accounts, 70 percent of the set backs in latest clashes have been non-warriors the greater part of them women and children. Ladies’ bodies have ended up into being some piece of the battleground for the individuals who use deadly weapons as an issue of war. They are assaulted, stolen, mortified and made to experience constrained pregnancy, sexual misuse, and bondage.
In many countries, women and young girls living in exile camps have reported assaults, beatings, and kidnappings that happen when they leave the camps for necessities. 29percentage of all women have encountered physical attack. When a fight ensues, the lady bears the burden of the outcome of such unrest. Welfare specialists and NGO’s distant from everyone else cannot change the social, social, and lawful environment that offers rise to and overlooks far-reaching brutality against women. Finishing physical and sexual hostility obliges long haul responsibility and methods including all parts of society. Numerous governments have conferred themselves to suppress the brutality against the rights of the women. They have also passed the laws that enables for the protection of the rights of women and to punish their abusers. According to Sternberg et al. (1993), there are ways that can make ladies change the convictions and mentality that allows for unfriendly behavior. Just when ladies pick up their spot as equivalent parts of society will viciousness against ladies never again be an imperceptible standard, however, rather a stunning variation. Numerous NGO’s have organized out training and gathering talks, as an issue of which “respect killings” were shockingly talked about in broad daylight. The undertaking prompted positive changes in information, mentality, and practices among group parts that progressively started to respect “honor killings” as an issue, instead honest to goodness intends to guard a tribe’s honor.
Crimes are perpetrated against the women in varied forms of brutality. According to the Constitution, Article 21, it has to be linked to the harshness against women and not to the community. In India, Crimes against ladies extensively fall into two classes. Offense eminent under IPC and offenses accepted under Special Laws. The Act is proposed to secure the privileges of ladies adequately to an acceptable and honorable life in the group. It is critical to note, that the Preamble of the Act emphasizes the requirement of the concerned women quick reliefs. Harshness against women illustrates uneven force in associations amongst the men and ladies. Brutality against women is an appearance of unequal force relations in the middle of men and ladies. It has led to the oppression of the ladies by the male gender. It is usual that the abuse is the portion that affects the general well-being that is against human rights. The fierceness’s effects are very destructive to ladies’ health both mentally and physically. According to Crenshaw (1991), brutality results in hazards of various body organs of the body as well the agony, drug abuse and conditions of the body. The ladies that have a past of physical and sexual abuse have the high rates of unplanned pregnancies, STIs and abnormalities in their fetuses. The ones that are involved in the violence seeks the assistance from medical practitioners where they end up vain.
After a further study of the case of the young lady and her abuse husband, it becomes eminent that the young man started being brutal to the young lady before and after she gave birth to his firstborn. It clearly shows that the danger of abusive behavior at home for women who have been pregnant is most noteworthy promptly after labor. The Council E.U dispensed guidelines on the fight against the brutality being shown to women and young girls including the FGM. The European women supported this information that aid in addressing issues affecting the women in Europe today. The ill behavior toward the women entails the physical and the sexual harassment of the families or the outside relationships (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Women are being exposed to the higher percentage of brutality in the private relationship as compared to anywhere else. In a later study by the WHO in Tamil-Nadu, over 50% of the elder officials realizes the abusive relationships interferes with ladies’ working environment and has a negative impact on organization benefits. It was further being realized that the brutal misconduct at home made the affected to lose about 8000000 number of days of paid work annually. Subsequently, large number of women are subjected to early death by their recent or previous partners. Ladies are being murdered by the individuals whom they know and kick the bucket from weapon savagery, beatings and smolders, among various different manifestations of misuse.
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) expresses that the brutality against the ladies is proof of unbalanced powers present between the ladies and men. It has triggered the expertise over and the oppression of ladies and to the counteractive action of whole the progression of ladies. It also has led to hostility against ladies is one of the urgent social instruments by which ladies are constrained into a subordinate position contrasted and men. The Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women orders viciousness against ladies into three classes. They all happens in the family happening, in the general group and at the executed or overlooked by the State (Mullin & Linz, 1995). When a woman is being mistreated during the period of expectancy, it may result in serious problems of health to the fetus and herself. Pregnancy is also advantageous since it makes the rude partner halt the behavior.
A UNIFEM report gives an account of savagery against women, from 1327 episodes of violence towards women gathered in the year 2003 to 2005. Over 35 females were being involved in various cases of killing. Restricted accessibility of administrations, disgrace, and apprehension keep ladies from looking for support and change. In the recent study that was being conducted by the organization of health found that 55-95% of Tamil-Nadu, ladies who were abused had never complained about any assistance. Savagery by accomplice is so typical in our public that forced ladies do commit suicide a few times. All the traditional practices observe harsh treatment against women that are being practiced in many parts of the world. It includes the FGM, honor killing, and early forceful marriages. They all result to the death, mental disturbance and health problems of women. Females of all age are interfered by this tradition. In this case, the media had highlighted in bold letters about the young man’s behavior and used this as a good example of them any women who suffer brutality in silence. The media took the opportunity that men are the once who mostly instigate these brutal confrontations within the families. Although it was the case in a specific scenario, it is sometimes the other way round where also women are the victimizers of their men something that the media did not highlight in the occasion.
Indeed, ladies that have not been exposed to the incidences of the hostility are aware of their susceptibility. Most women have the fear of walking alone during the nights. According to the parliamentary report, there is the authorization from various mixed sources. Ladies are more dreadful than men of being distant from everyone else in their homes and of strolling in their neighborhood around evening time. Ladies s alarm of hostility in the group found that more than 70 percent of Australian ladies feel dangerous when walking unaccompanied at night. According to the Victorian study, the effects of abuse on women should not be ignored. Various ladies experience the different forms of brutality which largely affects their security and success, at work and in the group. Brutality against women especially at home does a huge effect on the children who experience the traumatizing images of their parents fighting at very tender age. It affects the child mental well-being as in the case of the child belonging to the young couple who occasionally fought while being watched by their young ones. Thus, it brings a very negative image of the society and thus tarnishing the community’s name.
The National Survey on the people’s position to brutality against Women 2009 will both help and reinforce these activities. It expands on the outline and methodology of two past national reviews of group state of mind to savagery against ladies embraced by Headquarters of Women between the years 1987 to 1995. The key aims of the 2009 National Survey are to evaluate the constituents that influence organization various collection depositions. It aid brutality against the women and achieves the gauging mental alterations. The hostility happens in all the tribes, social classes, and religious beliefs. In the world, all women are vulnerable to hostility. As seen in the case of the young men and her wife, it is eminent that both women and men can be culprits and casualties of hostility and rape. Look into reliably demonstrates that men execute the mind dominant part of brutality and misuse against ladies in homes. It is the men whom ladies know well or in circumstances they impart Violence against ladies cuts over different varieties of interpersonal viciousness. Therefore must be tended to as an issue of sex imbalance and disparity (Gracia, & Herrero, 2006).
In conclusion, Brutality against ladies is not just a sign of unequal force relations amid men and ladies; it is a component for sustaining imbalance. Knowledge of brutality against ladies and why group disposition is imperative Violence against ladies is an infringement of human rights, now and again fatal and constantly unsuitable. It is an intricate and tireless issue with different reasons (Campbell, 2002). The general effect of such hostility is boundless, as it straightforwardly influences women as well as their children, their families and companions, work environments and groups. In good terms, there is no more prominent effect than the damage showed by personal accomplice savagery on ladies’ lives the end of such viciousness has turned into a commitment of all governments. In respect of the brutality against ladies, we must take a day out to judge investigate and wipe out any brought on viciousness on them. Also universally, it is praised on 25 Nov consistently as “white lace day “additionally. The conclusion from the World History, it has dependably been demonstrated that a woman is dependable been tormented physically, rationally and sexually. Continuously, she is dealt with as an issue that looks decent when being indoors and throughout and does everything according to the instructions given to her. It’s the time to structure such society that promises women that brutality is inadmissible and that no lady should be beaten, sexually ill-used, or made to endure inwardly.
References
Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359(9314), 1331-1336.
Chesney‐Lind, M. (2002). Criminalizing victimization: The unintended consequences of pro‐arrest policies for girls and women. Criminology & Public Policy, 2(1), 81-90.
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford law review, 1241-1299.
Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2006). Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: A multilevel analysis. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 60(2), 123-129.
Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women an integrated, ecological framework. Violence against women, 4(3), 262-290.
Heise, L. L., Raikes, A., Watts, C. H., & Zwi, A. B. (1994). Violence against women: a neglected public health issue in less developed countries. Social science & medicine, 39(9), 1165-1179.
Mullin, C. R., & Linz, D. (1995). Desensitization and re-sensitization to violence against women: effects of exposure to sexually violent films on judgments of domestic violence victims. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 449.
Paudel, G. S. (2007). Domestic violence against women in Nepal. Gender, Technology and Development, 11(2), 199-233.
Stalans, L. J., & Lurigio, A. J. (1997). Responding to domestic violence against women. The Legal Response to Violence Against Women, 5(4), 343.
Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud, S., Cortes, R. M., … &
Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic violence on children’s behavior problems and depression. Developmental psychology, 29(1), 44.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence against women, 6(2), 142-161.
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Establish Networks & Develop Teams and Individuals
Establish Networks & Develop Teams and Individuals
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Please answer 1-7 questions, thanks
SAMPLE ANSWER
Establish Networks & Develop Teams and Individuals
Identify two (2) potential development needs for three (3) of the employees.
Succession Training
This involves identification of the employee by the company who has managerial skills and incorporates the employee in day to day running of the company to sharpen those skills. This ensures that there are always new managers to succeed the company in future. As such, this prevents the company from outsourcing managers. This is exhibited in Tim is who is an extremely popular employee who is always willing to help others and pass on any knowledge
Supervisor Contact
This involves strengthening the working bond between employees and supervisors. This approach enhances productivity and on-the-job training. The Supervisors who take the initiative to spend some time with the employees each day give very valuable advice to the employees. John has delegated the role of advising the employees concerning their morale at work to Trish.
Customer relations
There is need for Lee to get more training on customer relations because of the nature of her work. She has the obligation of answering calls, and welcoming visitors, administration duties and this requires that she train in soft skills to render her services well. She has only worked for six months and therefore, she is in a better position to train more about the customers of the company and the best way to engage them to improve in her service delivery.
Select one staff member. Using the form provided complete, a learning plan for that staff member detailing two potential needs development activities.
One of the staffs is Lee. She is eager to learn .her role in the organization is to greet customers, answer calls, and perform some of the administration roles that require computer skills.
Learning plan for Lee
Short Course
Duration
1. Office Communication
2 months
2. Human relations
2 months
3. Telephone skills
2 months
4. Computer practice
2 months
Justify the reasons for selecting the learning delivery method.
The learning delivery method is based on cognitive approach hence will include attending lectures and through e-learning. This delivery method will be done through oral or written to equip Lee with skills and knowledge on how to render her duties well. It is also important method since knowledge and attitudes keep on changing. Lee is able to keep updated on the current knowledge and changes in her roles. Lee has ‘I can do it’ attitude therefore will excel in this kind of learning despite the fact that they are busy on numerous occasions.
Suggest methods to determine how development will be monitored and evaluated ie how can you determine that performance has improved?
Review the employee’s performance agreement besides any written document pertaining performance feedback which was provided by the employee.
Discuss with the employees on whether employees have succeeded or did not meet their performance expectations and to what extent
Consider the employee’s input and document them
Tim has described John as his mentor. Explain the role of a mentor. Identify several tasks that are suitable to develop through coaching and mentoring.
A mentor is a person who shares with mentee information about his/her career path. The mentor also provides guidance, motivation, emotional support and guides someone’s character. A mentor is very essential in exploring someone’s career and setting of goals. A number of tasks are developed through coaching and mentoring such as leadership and managerial tasks, administration responsibilities among many others. A mentor or a coach provides this help through talking and interacting with the mentee. They also lead by example for the mentee to emulate the behavior. They therefore set precedence for the others to follow
Describe two methods to collect feedback on performance.
Feedback on performance of employees is important to provide an evaluation of their progress. One method of collecting feedback on performance is through use of surveys. The organization uses questionnaires to get the performance of employees by scoring on various attributes that assess their performance. The second method is use of forums to establish customer’s perception of the products being produced. The company of a third party (Azulay, 2012 p 300) hosts the forums. Other ways is to analyze data on the employees’ performance such as sales volume among others.
7. Explain two reasons why it is important to maintain a record of staff development.
Maintaining a record of staff development is important because it allows the organization to plan on the training needs of its staffs to ensure that it remains updated on the same. The second reason is to ensure that there is no lack of certain skills or competencies to ensure that the organization remains competitive and achieves its goals. This as well allows the organization to be aware of the skills needed as well as the cost of equipping employees such skills (Hatry, Newcomer & Wholey, 2013)..
References
Azulay, H. (2012). Employee development on a shoestring. Alexandria, Va: ASTD Press, c2012.
Task 1 and Task 2 are both part of just one coursework for the module Food and Nutrition.
Any graph or table can be inserted in the essay if it is only relevant to the topic.
All the information needs to be referenced properly even the graph/table if it is included.
Further information is provided in the portfolio which i will attach.
I would really appreciate if you could show me a draft by the 25th.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Task 1: Breast feeding
None of the existing breast milk substitutes are as effective as breast feeding. World health Organization (WHO) recommendations are exclusive breastfeeding for infants for at least six months and continued breastfeeding for at least two years. This implies that the infant should not be given any other food or drink. However, this does not exclude the vitamins and minerals they get during vaccination clinic. Breast milk is linked with increased immune system especially the gastrointestinal, allergies and atopic disorders. This paper explores the current breast feeding trends in the UK; and using relevant evidence based arguments, an evaluation on the benefits for increased breast feeding initiation and duration will be conducted.
Fall and colleagues (2011) indicated that breast milk has an array of bioactive components responsible for innate immunity and adaptive immunity. This includes the soluble IgA. Additionally, it also has glycan’s such as mucins, glycolipids, proteins and complex carbohydrates. These components give innate and adaptive protection to the infant especially from cardiovascular diseases. Hill and colleagues (2013) argues that the induction of breast milk oligosaccharides modulates the glycan’s on the epithelial cells; thereby enhancing protection from microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. According to Arenz et al (2004) diarrhea in infants is 5times common in bottle-fed infants that the breast fed babies. The cost of treating these gastrointestinal disorders is 12 folds that of breast fed infants.
Richard et al (2005) encourages exclusive breast feeding for diabetic mothers in order to protect the infant from suffering hypoglycemia. Additionally, Park and colleagues (2014) recognized that breast feeding enhances the intimate relationship between the mother and the infant. This relationship has been associated with cognitive behavior and emotional stability of the infant during growth. Yan et al (2014) associates exclusive breast-feeding with reduced risks of overweight and obesity. Breastfed infants gain weight gradually than the formula fed babies. McCrory and Layte (2012) argue that breast milk protein content is low as compared to the formula milk. Formula feeding results to increase plasma –insulin levels; and is often associated to high concentrations of insulin growth factor I. Exclusive breastfeeding closely correlates with high socioeconomic status; which is also associated with decreased childhood obesity incidences. HHSSP (2013) approximates that 1.5 million lives are lost due to inadequate of breastfeeding. Breast fed infants have lower cancer incidences. They are less susceptible to lymphomas and leukemia. Breast feeding is also associated as a means of family planning in some settings. Biologically, this can be linked to the delaying of ovulation and enhances proper child spacing.
Mcneal (2014) indicates that a 5% increment in breastfeeding could save £2.5 million UK health care cost. Investigations estimate that the use of breast milk substitute costs USA $331-$475 per baby. In Australia, exclusive breast feeding could save more than £435 million. It is estimated that the total cost of purchasing breast milk substitutes and the equipment necessary for feeding is about £250. Breast milk is natural, renewable with no packaging or delivery costs. Exclusive breastfeeding saves health care costs. A study conducted in Glasgow indicated that 15% higher medical consultations for infants fed on formula than exclusively breastfed babies. UNICEF UK studies estimated £17million saving if 45% women breast fed exclusively and 75% babies were breastfed at discharge.
Evidently, breast feeding is beneficial both to the infant and the mother. Why do mothers still choose not to breast feed? Karen and colleagues (2014) identifies the obstacles which hinder exclusive breastfeeding including short maternal leaves; lack of information on how to breastfeed and the benefits; inadequate support from the family; inadequate information on how to handle breastfeeding complications such as sore nipples (especially for first time mothers) and embarrassment. Breast feeding initiation programs have doubled in the last two decades i.e. from 36% to 64% from 1990 to 2010 respectively. However, breast feeding rates are stagnant in the last 5 years. In UK, 12% of mothers stop breast feeding within the first week of birth; 22% by two weeks and only 36% exclusively breast feed their infants for the first two months. In Scotland, the trend is contrary with rates increase by 4% in a span of 5years (36% in 1995 and 40% in 2000). Dyson and Et al (2005) argues that the rates of breast feeding are lowest in Europe. Currently, only 25% of infants in UK are exclusively breastfed during the first two months; and only 16% are exclusively breastfed for first six months. The figure is projected to decrease in the next decade. Of importance, cultural background determined the initiation duration for breast feeding. Studies indicated that Women from certain ethnic communities (Asian and Black) had lower breastfeeding rates. The low duration breast feeding rates are also prevalent among the white women. Irfan and Oguz (2013) findings indicates that infants from this community are less privileged in terms of breastfeeding initiation and duration. Moreover, teenage mothers are also likely to delay breast feeding initiation .Duration rates in families of low socioeconomic status were found to be the lowest. However, little efforts have been made to reduce the health disparities between the underprivileged backgrounds in the past two decades.
According to Mona and colleagues (2014) inherent health disparity will continue to increase if no strategic interventions are put in place. Strategic interventions should be tailored to meet the needs of cultural and socioeconomic groups. Stake holders should collaborate on multifaceted strategies/programs to increase breast feeding initiation and duration. Five studies in the US on 582 expectant mothers indicated that breastfeeding educative program during pregnancy increase breast feeding initiation and duration in low social-economic mothers. However, there lacks an evidence based education program intervention for overall expectant mothers. In hospital, mothers who are trained on positioning of the infant when breastfeeding increase the chances of longer breastfeeding duration. Haider (2014) reports that postnatal NICE guidelines is supported by several evidence based studies; thereby indicating the role and importance postnatal training intervention. Keiko and colleagues (2013) advices that Health practitioners should take lead and actively promote breastfeeding; in fact, every health institution should have a designated person who is held responsible for breast feeding program leadership and co-ordination. This intervention will ensure that various stake holders have adequate information and a strong framework to ensure quality health care services for both mothers and infants. The interventions efforts should be doubled when dealing with the underprivileged mothers.
Despite the underprivileged parental leaves, two thirds of the global labor forces are mothers (Boris, 2011). According to Rossin-Slater Et al (2013), lengthier maternity leave is associated with less depressive symptoms among mothers. Increasing the leave by one week indicated up to 7% reduction in depression symptoms. Lengthier paid leaves are also associated with significant reduction in infant mortality. A 10 week paid leave extension led to a 4.1% decrease on infant mortality. In 2010, study conducted in US, only 43% babies are exclusively breastfed at six months. The study indicated that nearly 900 infant’s death could be prevented if 90% of working mothers breastfed exclusively. This could save $13billion dollars annually.
Some mothers may not breastfeed due to mother-health related issues or the infant’s circumstances. In this case, the health professionals attending should provide the best evidence based advice. Most of the voluntary agencies have up to date information, and could be in apposition to give health practitioners useful information for particular circumstance. Hoddinott et al (2008) studies supports preterm infants and those born with several medical disorders should be breastfed. However, if the birth weight for the preterm babies is very low, then supplementary calories may be used. The main advantage of feeding preterm with breast milk is that breast milk is more tolerated better by the immature gastrointestinal system. This reduces the incidences of life threatening complications such as Necrotizing enterocolitis. The major challenge in this situation is the inaccessibility of breast pumps once these mothers leave the hospital premises. In some cases, they are forced to hire the facility from their own pockets (Horta Et al., 2007).
According to Christy (2014), there are increased concerns in UK on the level of mother-baby HIV transmission. The transmission can occur during birth or later via breastfeeding. Therefore, breast feeding HIV positive mothers should be informed on the contexts and risks of breastfeeding. The UK National Assembly has guidelines for guidance on both antenatal and postnatal care for HIV positive mothers. There should be easy access to breast feeding information at community level through local programs. For instance, nurses could provide breastfeeding advices during the immunization sessions. Community psychiatrists handling mothers with mental disorders such as postnatal depression should be armed with appropriate breast feeding information. This ensures that the mothers are adequately supported. Moreover, community pharmacists should be informed on appropriate medication for breastfeeding mothers especially on contraceptives matters. Despite the experience, education and wage gap differences; mothers experience significant wage penalty per child in terms of reduced working hours, unprecedented shifts to family friendly time and the numerous interruptions for child-bearing unprecedented-leave. There is increased need to set of policies geared towards maternity policy, job protection and supplementary income during pregnancy among the industrialized countries (Jing &Jae-ho, 2014).
References
Arenz, S., Et al. (2004) Breastfeeding and childhood obesity- a systematic review. International journal of obesity 28, p1247-1256
Boris, Eileen. (2011) “No Right to Layettes or Nursing Time”: Maternity Leave the Question of U.S. Exception. Workers across the Americas: the Transnational Turn in Labor History. N.P., 71-193. Print.
Christy BN. (2014) Breast feeding: A holistic concept analysis. Public Health nursing 31:1 p88-96
Fall, HD. Et al. (2011) Infant feeding patters and cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood: data from five cohorts in low and middle income countries. International journal of epidemiology, 40; p47-62
Haider, SJ. (2014) An evaluation of the effects of breast feeding support program on health outcomes. Health Services research 49; 6, p2017-2034
Hill, DR. Et al. (2013) Human milk Hyaluronic Enhances Innate Defense of the intestinal epithelium. The journal of Biological chemistry 288; 40, p29090-29104
Hoddinott, P. Et al. (2008) Clinical review: Breast feeding. BMJ336, P881-887
Irfan, S &Oguz, T. (2013) Factors influencing breastfeeding duration: a survey in a Turkish population. Journal of pediatrics, 172; 11, p1459-1466
Jing, KM& Jae –Ho, K. (2013) Factors affecting exclusive breast feeding during the firth 6 months in Korea. Pediatrics international 55; 5, p177-180
Karen, W. Et al (2014) Understanding infant feeding practices of new mothers: findings from the healthy beginning trial. Australian journal of advanced nursing 32, 1, p6-15
Keiko, O. Et al. (2014) Effectiveness of a breast feeding self-efficacy intervention: Do hospital practices make a difference. Maternal & child health journal 18; 1, p296-306
McCrory, C& Layte, R (2012) Breast feeding and risk of overweight and obesity at nine years age. Social Science & Medicine 75:323-330
Mcneal, M. (2014) The business of breast feeding. Marketing health services 34:4, p22-27
Mona, N. Et al. (2014). A complex breastfeeding promotion and support intervention in a developing country: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC public health, 14; 1, p1-20
Park, S. Et al. (2014) Protective effect of breast feeding with regard to children’s behavioral and cognitive problems. Nutritional journal 13; 1 p84-95
Richard, MM. Et al. (2005) Breast feeding in infancy and blood pressure in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of epidemiology 161; 1, p15-26
Rossin-Slater, Et al. (2013) “The Effect of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes.” Journal of Policy Analysis & Management 2: 224-245. Print.
Yan, J. Et al. (2014). The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis BMC public health 14:1, p467-490
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Assessments and nursing interventions for Post Anaesthetic Care Unit
Assessments and nursing interventions for Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU)
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Thank you very much for helping me to complete this assignment.
• Please see the detail instruction for Assessment task, video reflections and rubric marking guide.
• I attached Video link with assessment task paper. There are 5 questions to give the answers.
• I need at least 15-20 genuine references with APA referencing style between years 2008 to 2015.
• I attached unit outline for your kind information to know what they looking in to the assessment and you can find some useful references.
• I am in Australia so please try to use Australian or New Zealand based study or article to support the papers please ( if you can)
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Assessments and nursing interventions for Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU)
Identify the assessments performed. Were these assessments adequately prioritized?
The post-operative care must be adequately planned to make the client’s recovery process fast. After the patient identification is positive, the second step is physical assessment (Parekh Et al.,2013). This includes recording patient Heart Rate, respiration rate, temperature SpO2, and Blood pressure. Other processes include examining patient’s oxygen requirements, Urine output, IV fluids, Blood loss, Analgesia, surgical wound assessment and presence of drains. The RR, HR, SpO2 should be done continuously until the patient is ready for transfer to inpatient ward (Barnes Et al., 2013).
From the video, the assessments performed were prioritized. Once the nurse received and formally identified the patient from operating room, she performed full body assessments, starting with the airway, to ensure that it is patent. Oxygen is a very important aspect of the body metabolic functions; its deficiency leads to serious complications or even death. An artificial airway must remain in place until the patient can breathe easily (Milby Et al., 2014).
The nurse monitored the oxygen saturation levels via pulse oximetry. If the difficulty in coughing is prolonged, the nurse is supposed to suction the accumulated secretions. The patient in the video seemed to have small in difficulty in breathing. In this case, it is also important to encourage the patient to take deep breath and cough every 2 hours as this will help boost oxygen saturation levels in the lungs (Price Et al., 2011). The patient lung’s was auscultated.
In terms of the circulatory system, the nurse assessed the patient any indication of internal or even external bleeding and there was none. She did this assessing the patient’s skin color and condition. The patient ECG readings were closely monitored. The patient indicated that she was hypothermic; therefore, the nurse provided a heated blanket (Bittner, Eikermann & Schmidt, 2012).
The patient positioning is also very important during PACU (Demirel Et al., 2014). The nurse positioned the patient with head flat. Evidence based practice indicates that this positioning prevents hypotension (Price Et al., 2011). For unconscious and/ or unresponsive patients, they should be positioned on their side to reduce risk of aspiration (Tighe Et al., 2014). For patients with abdominal incision, they should be repositioned every two hours (Seglenieks, Painter & Ludbrook, 2014).
If the patient is fully responsive, the head should be raised slightly so that the respiratory expansion is facilitated (Shah Et al., 2014). Most patients present with a reaction to anesthesia such nausea and vomiting (Simpson & Moonesinghe, 2013). For such clients, antiemetic drugs should be administered. It is also important for the nurse to assess the patient sensations and movement in the extremities (Tighe Et al., 2014).
The nurse also assessed the patient’s bladder for distention and the catheters in situ for patency. The patient’s frequency in urination, the urine color, odor and the amount of urine were also assessed. The Nurse checked the surgical wound to check for signs of excessive drainage. The surgical wound did not indicate any complication. Pain assessment was scored at 7/10. For this high pain scores, the nurse was required to administer pain medication (Harrop-Griffiths, Et al., 2013).
All the assessments procedures were within the normal range. Once the patient is ready for transfer, other investigations should be conducted including biochemistry analysis of the patient’s complications, the secondary symptoms associated with the surgical process. This way, the patient educational demands will be addressed adequately on the nutritional requirement and the job/mobility restrictions (Madenski, 2014).
How effective was the communication between the two nurses? Did it promote teamwork?
Effective communication in nursing is important because it increases opportunities to interact with one another. Effective communication between the two nurses facilitates quick and informed decision making with minimal chances for medical errors (Lunn Et al., 2012). Communication between the nurses can face some hurdles such as perceived loss of autonomy, clashing perceptions and trust issues. However, the two healthcare providers had an open attitude, trust and some mutual respect for each other. Consequently, the process was conducted with utmost professionalism and increased satisfaction; thus promoting teamwork (Haenke, 2013).
How effective was the communication between the nurses and the patient?
Engaging in communication is also portrayed in the way the nurses engage the patient in communication during the assessment (Law Et al., 2011). This ensures that the patient is informed and can be integrated in the decision making process (Haenke, 2013). Additionally, through communication, the healthcare providers understood the patient demands thereby ensuring that the patient received individualized care. This nurse-patient interaction indicated nurses’ extent of courtesy, sincerity and kindness (Lunn Et al., 2012).
Identify the post -op orders. Were all of these discussed?
The Post-op orders were well communicated both verbally and in written form. For instance, the clinical handover highlighted issues that were important throughout the intraoperative period. These included issues such as patient’s body temperature, which recorded low, and the inability of the patient to do a deep breathe and cough, among others. The patient pre-surgery conditions were also explained in detail to the PACU nurse to ensure that the PACU nurses had a baseline for comparison (Christensen Et al., 2013).
Based on literature, are there any recommendations to improve for future practice?
Post-operative patients are normally taken to the post anesthesia unit (PACU) in order to monitor their recovery from anesthesia (Price Et al., 2011). During this time, the nurses conduct relevant assessments and provide medication as necessary, in order to relieve pain, or to avoid further complications (Lovestrand, Phipps & Lovestrand, 2013). Postoperative processes are associated with many complications resulting from immobility, a compromised respiratory system and thrombophlebitis (Milby Et al., 2014). The patient is also at risk of suffering from anemia due to excess blood loss resulting in reduced circulating blood volume. Tissue perfusion also commonly referred to as Hypovolemia may occur due to reduced circulating blood volume (Demirel Et al., 2014).
The evidence-based practice acknowledges the importance of evaluating patient recovery system from anesthesia using Aldrete scoring system (Yip Et al., 2014). Each of the vital body organ must exhibit stability and these includes circulatory system, oxygen saturation, consciousness and activity. The patient is ready for discharge from PACU if the Aldrete score is 8 out of 10. The patient must also exhibit stability in most of the vital signs (Ganter Et al., 2014). Additionally, there should be no bleeding and the reflexes must have returned to normal including swallowing, cough and gags. The surgery wound should be minimal to moderate and the urine output must be at least 30mL/ hr (Yazicioglu, Akkaya & Kulacoglu, 2013).
Other recommendations provided by evidence-based practice are provision of discharge education of the patient. This includes education relating to medications, in terms of the dosage, purpose of dosage and possible adverse effects. Dietary guidelines should be provided as well as all activity restrictions. The patient should also be advised wound treatment instructions and how to use assistive devices (Ganter Et al., 2014). This involves care givers roles implying that they must be integrated in the process. Future studies should look into staff beliefs and attitudes on patient relative’s visitations in the PACU; and how this impacts patient satisfaction and during the recovery process.
Bittner, E., George, E., Eikermann, M. and Schmidt, U. (2012). Evaluation of the association between quality of handover and length of stay in the post anaesthesia care unit: a pilot study. Anaesthesia, 67(5), pp.548-549.
Christensen, R., Voepel-Lewis, T., Lewis, I., Ramachandran, S., & Malviya, S. (2013). Pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest in the postanesthesia care unit: analysis of data from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines®-Resuscitation registry. Pediatric Anesthesia 23: 517–523
Demirel, I., Et al., (2014) Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia versus continuous infusion of tramadol in post-cesarean section pain management. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. Vol. 40, No. 2: 392–398
Ganter, M.T., Et al (2014). The length of stay in the post anaesthesia care unit correlates with pain intensity , nausea and vomiting on arrival. Perioperative medicime 3:10
Haenke, R. (2013). Letter to the Editors: Post-Anesthesia Care Unit and Six Sigma Process. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 7(1), pp.126-128.
Harrop-Griffiths., W., Hosie, H., Kilvington, B., MacMahon, M., Smedley P. & Verma, R. (2013). Immediate post anaesthesia recovery 2013 Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia 2013, 68,
Law, C.J., Sleigh, J.W., Barnard, J.P.M., & MacCOLL., J.N. (2011). The association between intraoperative electro-encephalogram-based measures and pain severity in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 875-880
Lovestrand, D., Phipps, S., & Lovestrand, S. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and anesthesia emergence. AANA journal 81:3; 199-205
Lunn, T.H., Kristensen, B.B., Gaarn-Larsen, L., Husted, H., & Kehlet, H. (2012). Post-anaesthesia care unit stay after total hip and kneearthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012;56: 1139–1145
Milby, A., Bohmer, A., Gerbershagen, M.U., Joppich, R., Wappler, F. (2014). Quality of post-operative patient handover in the post anesthesia care unit: a prospective analysis. Acta Anaesthe siol Scand 58: 192-197
Parekh, J., Roll, G.R., Feng, S., Niemann , U., & Hirose, R. (2013). Peri-operative hyperglycemia is associated with delayed graft function in deceased donor renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2013: 27: E424–E430 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12174
Price, C., Golden, B., Harrington, M., Konekwo, R., Wasil, E., Herring, W. (2011). Reducing Boarding in a Post-Anesthesia Care Unit. Production & operations management 20:3;431-441
Seglenieks,R., Painter, T.W., & Ludbrook, G.L. (2014). Predicting patients at risk of early postoperative adverse events. Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 42: 649-656
Shah, P., Dongre, V., Patil, V., Pandya, S., Mungantiwar, A., & Choulwar, A. (2014). Correspondence: Comparison of post-operative ICU sedation between dexmedetomidine and propofol. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine May 2014 Vol 18 Issue 5 291-298
Simpson, J., & Moonesinghe, R.S. (2013). Introduction to post-anaesthetic care unit. Peri-operative medicine 2:5;
Tighe, P.J., Harle, C.A., Boezaart, A,P., Aytug, H., & Fillingim, R. (2014). Acute pain & Periopeartive pain section. Of Rough Starts and Smooth Finishes: Correlations Between Post-Anesthesia Care Unit and Postoperative Days 1–5 Pain Scores. Pain medicine 15: 306-315
Yazicioglu, D., Akkaya, T. and Kulacoglu, H. (2013). Addition of lidocaine to bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia compared with bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia and local infiltration anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 57(10), pp.1313-1320.
Yip, P.C., Hannam, J.A., Cameron, J.D., & Campbells, D. (2010). Incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade in a post anaesthetic care unit. Anaesthesia & intensive care 38; 91-95
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Holistic care is necessary for individuals with chronic illnesses.
Holistic care is necessary for individuals with chronic illnesses.
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Part 1
In your location, identify three medical insurance providers that operate as HMOs or PPOs. What are the types of services (disease management, case management, holistic care, care plans, educational programs, family support, etc.) offered by the HMOs or PPOs and ways in which the services have benefited your patients?
Part 2
Discuss two reasons why holistic care is necessary for individuals with chronic illnesses.
at least 1 citation for each part
SAMPLE ANSWER
Part1. Medicare, Aetna health insurance, and Humana are some of the three medical insurance providers in my location. They provide health care plans to their members. These services help the members finance their health services or buy medicines when they are sick or someone they are taking care of is sick. The insurance providers also provide educational programs to its members on current health trends, what to avoid, and how to manage certain conditions (Kongstvedt, 2013, Pg. 27).
Part2. I believe every nurse knows about Florence Nightingale’s devotion to taking care of patients that could not take of themselves. Her emphasis on the connection between patients and their environment has made her be considered as the first and greatest holistic nurses. In fact she is branded “The Mother of Modern Nursing.” This just shows how significant holistic care is in nursing.
For me, holism is more that certain activities performed or words spoken to the patient. Holism is a philosophy; it is a means of ensuring that all parts of the patient obtain care. With holistic care, nurses manage to recognize and treat each patient differently (Morton & Fontaine, 2013, Pg. 74). Some patients have been found describing holistic nurses as “those nurses that truly care.” While there is nothing wrong with being goal-oriented or task-oriented in the nursing field, if a clinician is overly task-oriented, he/she tends to become severely rushed leaving patients feeling as if they are a burden or nothing else but a number. Holistic care aids nurses to balance all their roles and responsibilities that come with the title hence; their duties become their privileges and success
Secondly, holistic care entails healing the mind, body, and soul of the patients. It helps nurses think about and assisting patients with consequences of a disease on the body, mind, religion, emotions, and personal relationships. Holism involves taking into account the social and cultural differences and preferences of the patients. I believe every person is his/her own individual. Isn’t it essential then to individualize patient care?
Morton, P. G., & Fontaine, D. K. (2013). Critical care nursing: A holistic approach. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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What factors should a nurse consider when assessing a patient’s or patient’s family needs for supportive care? Name one major barrier you encountered in your assessment and discuss how it could be resolved.
Part 2
Search the South University Online Library for caregiver role strain. What is the most important factor that causes caregiver role strain? What can be done to prevent it?
at least 1 citation for each part
SAMPLE ANSWER
Part 1: Demographic as well as economic changes have become prevalent in our ever-growing multicultural world. The long-standing disparities especially in the healthcare field have challenged health care providers to take into account cultural diversity as a priority during care delivery. It is therefore of importance of care providers to recognize that care delivery goes beyond cultural beliefs and values. Some other factors that affect supportive care apart from culture include gender, age, religion, language, socio-economic status, geographical location, and occupation status.
One of the barriers encountered I encountered when providing supportive care was managing scarce resources. Mostly, health care institutions have an under-supply of various health professionals (Kabene, 2011, Pg. 129). This shortage has risen as a barrier to effective care coordination that has adversely affected the quality of healthcare delivery. This is because the shortage has placed pressure on the practising healthcare officials who have been forced to take care of large volumes of patients. The increasing number of patients has limited the support and care of health officials to their patients.
I believe this problem can be solved efficiently by employing more nurses and increasing the number of students who enrol as nurses. Health care institutions can also ask for more intern students who will help relieve the burden on other nurses.
Part 2: For me, an increase in responsibility that results in burnout is one of the leading factors that cause caregiver role strain. For health official to solve this problem, they need to sit down and come up with a list of all their personal needs in order to fulfil them and avoid them from feeling deprived (Wilkinson & Treas, 2011, Pg. 229). They should also eat a proper diet and get enough rest.
References
Wilkinson, J. M., & Treas, L. S. (2011). Fundamentals of nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.
Kabene, S. M. (2011). Human resources in healthcare, health informatics and healthcare systems. Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference.
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Determining appropriate sample size for survey research
Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size for survey research
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For the past 2 weeks, you have focused on the features and considerations of quantitative research designs. However, quantitative designs are not appropriate for all research questions. Perhaps you are concerned with how patients react when confronted with negative test results, or you wish to study how views on a certain health topic change over time. In each of these cases, the emphasis is more on understanding the thinking and experiences of an individual or group than on numerical measurements. For these types of questions, a qualitative or mixed methods research design is the most appropriate.
For this Discussion, you focus on the different types of qualitative research designs, when they are used, and why they are important.
To prepare:
Reflect on the comments made by Dr. Mauk in this week’s media presentation on the value of qualitative research in nursing.
Locate the journal Qualitative Health Research in the Sage Premier database in the Walden Library.
From this journal, select an article of interest to you that was published within the last 3 years.
Review the information on different qualitative research designs in Chapter 20 of your course text.
Determine what qualitative research design was used in your selected article and evaluate whether it was the best choice.
Consider ethical issues involved in the study and how the researchers addressed them.
Think about how using a quantitative design would have affected the type of data gathered.
Post on or before Day 3 an APA citation for the article that you selected and provide a brief summary of the content and the qualitative research design used. Evaluate the appropriateness of the design, and explain how ethical issues in the study were addressed. Analyze how the study would have been different if a quantitative design had been used.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Determining appropriate sample size for survey research
Introduction
Data collection is part of the research work that includes the gathering of primary data from the respondents (Sekaram and Bougle, 2009). In this case, the data required would be collected from the daily patients who visit the hospital through the use of a questionnaire as it’s convenient and easy to use in a hospital. The questions have been limited to only critical ones to avoid any discomforts to patients. The population or the sample size for the survey has been determined to be 100 (N). A group of researchers would interview the first twenty patients who leave the hospital every day for five days. The total maximum points that can be awarded is 2500 but it will depend on the performance of the total points achieved but the minimum points possible has been set at 500 that’s incase all the questionnaires return a score of E or 1 point for a population of 100 entries for five questions while the maximum represents a score of A or 5 points for 100 entries for five questions. The following is the sample of the questionnaire that would be used to determine the Patients satisfaction levels at the hospital.
The first five questions attract no score however, points are earned from questions six to ten. The following information was retrieved from the researchers who gathered the data from the hospital;
The Ten days data
Question
A
B
C
D
E
Totals
% ratings
6
250
80
30
34
3
397
72.00
7
450
20
6
4
1
481
95.20
8
250
80
60
18
1
409
78.00
9
300
120
15
10
0
445
87.00
10
350
40
45
10
0
445
87.00
Totals
1600
340
156
76
5
2177
87.08
On question six most of the patients responded favorably towards the waiting time spent at the hospital and majority of the answers suggested that the patients were on average very satisfied with the average waiting time hence a rating of 72% was awarded. That’s the totals of columns A, B and C divided by the total possible points of 500 (Sekaram and Bougle, 2009).
To ensure reliability of the information, all the questions must be answered and the percentage scores would be pegged to the maximum scores possible to eliminate any bias against the lower points. For example a total score of 250 if calculated against a total of 397 it would amount to almost 90% of the totals but if calculated against the maximum possible of 500 then it would be 50%.
The hospital’s score on patient satisfaction is 87.1% which means that about 13% of the patients are dissatisfied with the services at the hospital with about 28% being particularly unhappy with the waiting period at the hospital while another 22% would not recommend their friends at the hospital. However, 97% of the patients are very satisfied with the staff response at the hospital.
The central measures of tendencies and the excel functions have also been used to arrive the summarized table above and which includes the research findings that have been arrived at after processing the information from the primary data and tabulating the summaries.
The other methods of collecting data like observation and interviewing patients are difficult to apply in a hospital as patients have different conditions and their convenience must also be factored when choosing the research method to adopt.
The sample size has been calculated based on the Wald binomial distribution where 4√0.25/n=W where a 95% confidence level is required. Hence n=1/B^2 where B is ± 10% n is 100 (0.01 x 10,000) (Bartlett, Kotrlik & Higgins, 2001).
To conclude, the hospital is providing very good service to the community and a very high number of patients are very happy with the services being provided at the hospital hence about 87% of the patients rate the services of the hospital as being very good and would definitely make a return visit in future.
References
Sekaram, U., Bougle, R. (2009) Research Methods for Business; A Skill Building Approach, 5th Edition. West Sussex, UK. John Wiley & sons.
Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W. & Higgins, C. (2001). “Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size for survey research”. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 19 (1): 43–50.
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This essay is to be no less than 1000 words and prepared in Turabian format (including footnotes).
In our reading the concept of God’s love emerges several times (a) in connection with Plato, (b) Augustine’s understanding of the essential nature of God in the Trinitarian relation, (c) the relation of God toward creation, and (d) especially as an attribute directed toward sinful humanity. Van hooper attempts thread the needle between Plato and Nygren on the matter of God’s love toward fallen creation (c and d, above).
1. Discuss the significance of this issue for classic theology vs. the contemporary discussion regarding the immutability of God.
2. Would you agree more with Vanhoozer or Nygren on this issue? Why?
3. In what way(s) does Feinberg contribute to this discussion in response to “Openness” theism and in relation to the immutability of God? Explain the importance of this issue for the gospel and Christian ministry.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Doctrine of God
Understanding the nature and the Love God has to humanity is something that has elicited mixed reactions from various scholars. People hold contrary views about God’s love. For instance, people such as Plato, Augustine and Van hooper among many others have different perspectives and insights concerning the love of God and whether indeed God changes. The author therefore deliberates on the significance of the issue concerning immutability of God from the perspective of classic theology and contemporary and provides own view on the stance of Vahnoozer or Nygren on the issue. Contribution of Feinberg on the aspect of openness theism in relation to immutability of God is as well discussed.
Immutability of God (whether God changes or not) from classic theology and contemporary theology is important as it provides an opportunity to have a deeper understanding of God’s love. The views of classic theology on immutability of God differ from that held by the contemporary theology on various instances. The Bible talks about God’s love in a number of verses. For instance, in 1 John 4:7-8 the Bible says ‘”Beloved, let us love one another, for love is from God; and everyone who loves is born of God and knows God. The one who does not love does not know God, for God is love”[1]. This verse clearly shows that God Himself is love and therefore people must replicate this love.
However, classic theology, which has been greatly influenced by Platonic philosophy, holds the view that God or gods does not need anything from the human beings therefore cannot love[2]. The argument is that if God is perfect it means that He is not able to change since change means that He could be imperfect. Therefore, this classical view about God’s love is not supported by the Holy bible believed to be inspired by the Holy Spirit hence, Gods word. On contrary, contemporary theology uses the Bible as a reference to ascertain and prove of God’s love. Because love needs reciprocity between two people it means that God is not immutable meaning that God changes. A number of verses shows this such as (Genesis 18:16-32, Exodus 32:14)[3]. This perspective furthermore, provides a number of lessons. First is that the schools of thought indicates that God is the creator of all the things in the world and He has control over everything. He is therefore able to change in some times when people do not walk and do the way He has commanded and Wishes. It is the love of God that actually contributed to the sending of Christ, His only Son to save man from sin. Therefore, this is enough evidence about the love of God and that God can change.
I do concur with Van hooper perspective when it comes to the relation of God towards creation and when it comes to attribute directed towards the sinful humanity. God is a loving God, he sometimes changes, and this does not mean that God is imperfect. From the scripture that Van Hooper relies on to argue his point, it is important that God extend his love by forgiving the fallen humanities. Human beings that had defied the commands of God were saved from their sins. God love therefore, is surmountable. God forgives humanity their sins by sending His son to die for the sake of our sins[4]. This is a sign of love. Furthermore, in the Old Testament God is able to spare Sodom and Gomorra from destruction by promising Abraham that he will not destroy the city if he found anyone righteous. In Exodus 32:14 God repents for the evils he thought to have done to people. Therefore, I agree with Vanhoozer that indeed God is a loving God and He changes.
John Feinbeg as well contributes to this discussion. His response to open theists whose version is of (incomplete God who is neither all knowing, all-powerful nor eternal beyond time), he believes that this is unscriptural. In relation to immutability of God, Feinberg believes that there are other things such as His inherent attributes and God Moral character that cannot change while some other things such as His Relationships to people and His emotions can change[5]. Therefore, the views of Feinber reconciles that passages or the views of changing and unchanging aspects of God but rather is weakened when God is viewed or placed as inhabitant of time[6]. This issue is therefore important for gospel and Christianity ministry. The church leaders and ministers must be able to understand this to know where they are heading. For the classic theist God is far and is uncaring hence does not qualify to be God. For the open theists, God seems confused and is not near God and projected in the Bible. The best way for Christian to live is to believe in the word of God as written in the bible. God is unchanging but will change in response to the activity of human beings as manifested through various instances in the bible. He is sovereign God and has given man freewill hence; people are responsible for whatever things they do.
