How to Communicate Public Policy Change around the World
How to Communicate Public Policy Change around the World
Order Instructions:
How to Communicate Public Policy Change Around the World.
This paper is a continuation of 111744 so please reference to that paper and my other paper on the propose policy change to complete this section
Using the three recommendations in my previous paper with reference 111744, discuss why you chose each one and explain how you plan to use each recommendation to communicate your amendment change to health system stakeholders around the world.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How to Communicate Public Policy Change around the World
Communication plays a critical role in our lives as human beings. It is through communication that governments make known their policies to the members of the public and other institutions. To communicate effectively requires proper choice of communication channels (Mohr & Nevin, 1990). Communication on cost-effective public policy change in the provision of contraceptive services by the government to employees as part of their insurance coverage globally requires proper choice of communication channels. The author deliberates on the reasons for selecting the three communication media, and how they can be used to communicate amendments to health system stakeholders across the world.
One of the media that can be used to communicate amendments is social media. Various reasons explain why this media is appropriate to reach all stakeholders across the world. One of the reasons is that the media is accessible across the world. Many people including health care organizations and stakeholders use social media on their daily basis. People have embraced technology and such platforms as their way of reaching one another (Shi & Singh, 2012). Another reason is that social media is cost effective way of conveying a message as well as influencing other people about various aspects in the society. Therefore, using the platform in this campaign will record higher level of success. The fact that people or stakeholders in healthcare can access their internet on their phones makes this a conducive medium of conveying this information to them. Use of this media is not complex, as the government needs to compose a message about the amendments in healthcare and then post it on its social media platform (Mount & Garcia Martinez, 2014). Once the information, it will be accessible to many individuals interconnected across the world. The message travels quickly due to high level of interconnectivity.
The second way to reach all stakeholders globally is through lobby groups and professional organizations. The reason for selecting this channel is that lobby groups have machinery to reach many people in their respective localities through campaigns. These groups as well attract the attention of the media hence, will reach to many target audience and communicate the policy changes. Furthermore, professional groups are perceived positively as credible source of information, hence, they would greatly impact on behavior change among the target population. The groups will use their members spread in various localities to facilitate communication about the changes in the amendment. This will make many people to get the information, hence, influencing the communication.
The other way to reach stakeholders is through opinion leaders. Society has various opinion leaders it depends on to provide leadership and a sense of direction on various issues (Corey, 1971). Example of these opinion leaders includes; religious groups, professionals in various fields, managers at various levels, community leaders among others (Shoniregun, Dube & Mtenzi, 2010). The reason for focusing on such leaders is that they resonate well with the members of the society and are trustworthy. They will transmit this information to people they lead and influence them to embrace the chances.
In conclusion, information is what helps to transform society. People will make decisions based on how they perceive the benefit of the information available to them. In such scenario, the government must ensure that these communication channels selected are utilized well in a professional manner to ensure that all target stakeholders are able to get the information. Use of social media, lobby groups, professional organizations, and opinion leaders will enhance communication on the amendments in the public policy.
** Im also attaching an Essay Q&A(Question and answer) document. If you have any questions please feel free to ask me. My email is rohin360@hotmail.com**
You are to complete a ten page, typed, double-spaced essay on one of the following topics:
Violence in Sports
or
Fans and Sports Obsessions
The paper should include relevant research on your topic. You are to compare and contrast research and ideas that support your opinions with the research you have found. You are free to complete this paper using the style of your choice provided the following details are addressed:
Use a minimum of three references
The paper is a minimum length of ten pages, not including cover page and reference page (total 12 pages). You are welcome to go well beyond the 10 pages of written information keeping it within reasonable limits, not beyond 20 pages.
Papers are completed using APA style references and in-paper citations. Also, Wikis are acceptable as sources, but you can only use one for your essay.
Papers are to be submitted by the due dates outlined in the course schedule.
Submitted using the digital drop box.
Mark Breakdown
Essay is worth 40% of your final grade
70% of grade is content
20% (2 pages of opinion/validation)
10% correct referencing/APA style
When writing your essays, when I refer to compare and contrast, I am referring to comparing and contrasting the research/sources which is a part of writing an essay APA style. If the information you are using is all the same, then you will only be comparing. Also, when writing this essay, I do not require you to include an abstract.
Photos, graphs or charts are not allowed as they are not APA style! If anything other than 10 pages of solid writing content appears in the paper (charts, graphs, pictures, etc.,) this will result in an automatic 30% deduction from your overall grade!
NO BLUE FONTS ALLOWED! I need to warn students that when you copy and paste information directly from websites into the body of your essay or into the reference section, that is plagiarism and can be an automatic zero on the assignment. I should not see blue font in your essays or reference sections. If I do this could result in a major penalty or zero, be forewarned! I have seen this too much lately and do not want to see this in my course. Other instructors will not only fail you on the assignment but entire course for this! All of your writing content must be in black, 12 point font and some version of Times Roman, Century or Courier, no exceptions! Blue coloured fonts appearing in the essay is an automatic 20% deduction penalty.
Two pages of the essay are devoted to your opinion. I would like to see this at the end of the paper, and since it is in your own words, it is your ‘critique’ and this part of essay therefore does not have to include APA citations.
Penalty for late submissions is 10% per day! Essays must be due by 6 pm ET on specified dates, no exceptions.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sports Psychology: Violence in Sports
Introduction
Sports encompass different genres of games such as football, athletics, and indoor games among many others. On several occasions, many games report violence across the world for various reasons. Violence entails use of excessive force that causes or has potential of causing harm or destruction to others. In sports, violence manifests differently or indirectly in various games. Some games are violent in nature and this is expected or is the norms. It also occurs in the field among players. There is on the field and off-the-field violence among players and violence among spectators that attend sports events and watch these games through media coverage. Solutions of violence in sports require understanding its history and various situations under which such violence occurs.
Sports Violence
Different people hold contrary views about violence in sports. Some argue that violence is part of many games and, therefore, is indispensable. Others hold view that it is wrong because it destroys or interferes with the dynamics of the games. Other still feel that it is a reflection of natural tendencies among male people in society whereas some argue that it promotes the idea that strength and physical size is a legitimate way of maintaining power (Guilbert, 2006). Studies assert that violence in sports has changed compared to the past years. In-depth research and survey is however, the only way to ascertain these assumptions and people’s feelings.
Different types of games require participants to engage in violence. Some games have rules that bar people from intentionally hurting others even if they come into contact like football. Games or sports such as wrestling have rules but the participants can physically assault others. This makes people to perceive violence as normal occurrence in such games.
According to Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald (2011), violence that involves deviant actions face severe sanctioning, hence, classified as illegal. However, violence is allowed when it happens with the intention of enforcing social norm or conforms to the norms. Emotions and psychological instincts among players and fans trigger violence. Sportsmen are human beings and they experience stress in their lives that affect their minds. Many instances, violence on the field results from inability to restrain or control one’s emotions or anger. It is important to understand the history of violence in sports to have a clear picture of the entire scenario to adopt appropriate measures to solve this menace.
Historical background of violence in sports
According to Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald (2011), violence in sports is not a new phenomenon as it continues to happen as it did in the past. In ancient Greeks and Roman Empire, blood sports were very popular. The sport was violent and participants nursed injuries. Similarly, among the Mayas and Aztecs, people lost their lives in ritual games (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). In medieval and early modern Europe, tournaments aimed to train people for wars and had warlike consequences. Some of the folk games had fewer rules hence; people nursed injuries and many succumbed to death. Games such as dog fighting, cockfighting, bearbaiting and other sports activities during the periods were brutal and violent.
However, as the Northern Americans and Europeans embraced civilization, modern sports emerged. These sports had more organized rules as opposed to the physical games that had limited rules. As the sports industry continued to develop, more games became organized and rules became formalized, certain form of violence became prohibitive (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Players were required to have self-control to restrict physical combat/contact and any expression of aggressive impulses as they competed.
Some social historians argue that violence in sports does not automatically decrease over time. However, emotional expression and actions have become more regulated and controlled in modern society hence it is something exciting and entertaining for the spectators (Guilbert, 2006). Furthermore, processes of globalization, commercialization and professionalization have led to new forms of instrumental and dramatic violence in various sports. This has contributed to increase in entertainment and goal oriented violence.
Regardless of these developments, violence is still a social issue in these modern days as the major goal is tension creation as opposed to relieving or discharging the tension. In some societies, patriarchal aggression and violence reproduce ideology that makes the power of men above that of women (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Sports are, therefore, given different meaning by place and time and understanding sports violence can only occur through analysis in relation to social, historical and cultural context that it to occur. Solutions to this problem emanates from clear understanding of these analysis and understanding of the circumstances that triggers such violence.
Violence on the field
Violence comes in many forms grounded on cultural and social factors related to commercialization, sport ethic, ideas about masculinity and gender ideology, and the dynamics of race, social class and strategies in sports (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Violence on the field typology is attributed to Mike Smith a Canadian sociologists. According to these sociologists, four common types of violence occur on the field. One of the types is brutal body contact, which includes physical practices in various games such as athletics and football. Examples of this kind of violence include hits, collisions, blocks, tackles, and many other forms of physical contacts that cause injuries to the participants (Guilbert, 2006). Such attacks fall under category of extreme and are not illegal or criminal or do not attract punishment. The rule of the games provides allowance to such attacks provided they are not committed intentionally (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011).
The second type of violence experienced on the field is borderline that includes practices that go contrary to the rules of the game, however, accepted by most coaches and players as consistent with the norms of the game (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Examples of these acts of violence include forcefully placed elbow in football and basketball, brush back pitch in baseball, strategic bump used by the distance runners to put their competitors of stride among many others. Even though these attacks are expected, they invoke retaliations from the competitors most of them attracting fines and sanctions that are not severe. Public pressure to increase punishment severity has increased and continues as in the recent past. The third category of violence witnessed in the field is the quasi-criminal that includes actions that violate the formal rules of the sports/game, public law and even the formal norms among the players. Good examples of such actions include late hits, cheap shots, sucker punches, and flagrant fouls that put players to danger of body injuries (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). These kinds of violence attract sanctions and fines. The last category is the criminal violence that encompasses actions that are outside the law and even the competitors question and condemn them without law enforcement officials (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Such crimes require persecution and may include assaults during a game such as hitting an opponent with a hockey stick.
Commercialization and violence in sports
Some of the athletes in competitive games or sports receive good benefits to engage in violence. This, however, does not come out directly because many do not cite money to be a sole cause of violence. Commercialization has widened opportunities for people to play certain contact sports and media coverage makes the sports more visible (Guilbert, 2006). Media contributes in making these sports appear more violent than they are. Some of sports such as wrestling and boxing attract higher benefits and therefore, participants as they aspire to get the crown they are involved in serious physical combat that may injure them. Children that watch these violent sports may become violent by emulation what the sportsmen do. However, this does not justify the conclusion that commercialization causes violence in sports.
Masculinity is another reason why many sportsmen and sportswomen engage in violence in the field. Men, for instance, are socialized to be strong and not failures, hence, will use all means possible to remain victors in their sports. This euphoria of masculinity propels them to take drastic measures such as kicking others just to win over them. Violence is also sometimes institutionalized in essence that it is used as strategy to win over competitors. This kind of violence is accepted in some of the games but the aim should not be to cause injuries.
This kind of violence such as brutality may be difficult to manage but it requires that people or sportsmen and women use violence strategy. They must change their ideology and cultural paradigm when playing any sports. Furthermore, it is important that stringent measures be put in place such as severe sanctions and fines as way of discouraging such kinds of violence.
Violence off the field
Research indicates that there is tendency for many of sportsmen to be violent off the field (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). These violent behaviors among these sportsmen manifest because of many factors. Most of people playing violent sports may have used violence to achieve their success and status (Teitel, 2014). People comfortable with violence sports are mostly likely to participate in violent behaviors. Unique situational factors that athletes encounter on the field encourage them to engage in violence acts off the field. They want to demonstrate their toughness on the field to the members of the public.
This psychological problem will require cognitive directed measures to overcome. People will have to change their perception about violence. Programs to create awareness on need to respect one another and sort out differences in a civilized manner need to be encouraged.
Violence at sports event
Rarely does violence happen at the sports events. Spectators, most of the time attend games to get fulfillment and to support their teams. They may be emotionally expressive verbally but they may not direct their violent behaviors to their fellow colleagues, coaches, players and referees and even police officers (Teitel, 2014). However, this does not mean that violent incident does not happen. Various incidences of violence have happened in many sports events leading to injuries. Over-charged emotions among fans and spectators may result to physical combat and even verbal violence between the fans and the referees and police officers. In 1993 for example, a tennis player Monica Seles sustained injuries after violence erupted in the event (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). This is just one of the cases where violence occurred. Many of the violence cases have arisen because of poor referencing, losing of an important match on perception of unfair referencing and various misunderstanding between the fans and the match officiators.
Police have also been involved in this violence. They faced a hard time trying to restore order especially when the fans attack each other during an event. During such events, many people are hurt as they are hit by tear gas ganisters while others are hit with blunt objects and stones scrambling for an escape route.
Research indicates that crowd violence is a complex social phenomenon relating to three general factors including the action in that particular sport event (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Sports that have a lot of physical combat are likely to trigger crowd violence. Another factor is the dynamics of the crowd and the situation in which the fan watch the match (Teitel, 2014). For instance, if the crowd is made up of young and violent energetic people, the chances of violence erupting is higher. Likewise, when the match or game is perceived to be of great importance in deciding the winning side, tension is higher and this is likely to trigger violence among the crowd. The size of the crowd and the standing or pattern of sitting of the spectators is also very critical contributor to violence. Other factors include; race, social class, ethnicity of the crowd, importance of the event, crowd control strategies available such as surveillance cameras, dogs, police, and security measures. Others are alcohol consumption among the fans, location of the event, reasons for attending the event, importance of the team such as source of identity and history of relationship between the teams and the fans (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). The last factor is the social, historical, economic and political contexts that the event is planned and played. For instance, if the event is played at a time when political undertones are high, the level of animosity and tension increases and this is likely to trigger tension among the crowd.
Managing or controlling crowd violent behaviors
One of the ways to maintain social control is by establishing meaningful and visible connections between the teams and the members of the community. This will help to diffuse dangerous feelings among the fans and communities. Team players must establish positive relationship with the members of the community to ensure cohesion and unity.
The authority should also be aware of the social, historical, economic, and political issues that underlie crowd violence (Stafford, Alexander & Fry, 2013). There should be restrictive laws and order to ensure that crowd or spectator does not engage in these violent episodes during an event. Understanding some of the things such as unemployment and racial discrimination may help to provide an early mitigation of violence by planning on the appropriate strategies to counter such incidences.
Awareness of crowd dynamics and conditions that lead to violence is critical in ensuring that such incidences are prevented (Stafford, Alexander & Fry, 2013). History of violence among the spectators is required to know whether they are capable of causing distraction to provide appropriate measures to deal with the same.
There needs to be supporting procedures for managing any instances of violence that happen during an event. Such procedures should begin with the way officials manage or handle the game. Players require briefing on how they should contact themselves (Coakley, Hallinan & McDonald, 2011). Community sporting organizations should as well have procedures to manage and to prevent violence on the field and off the field by promoting these procedures to the members on how they need to conduct themselves during such events.
Conclusion
Sports violence is an occurrence that dates back from ancient period in Greek and other nations. Research studies have provided various types of violence in different games. Many of these violence incidences in sports occur in various situations such as on-the field, off the field, among the fans and through commercialization. The magnitude of this violence may vary from various situations. This is a problem that has seen various bodies and entities come up with rules and regulations governing sports as one of the strategies of alleviating this problem. It has become very important to understand these situations or circumstances in which violence occurs to tailor solutions. Apart from the rules and regulations on governing the games, there has been need to come up with policies that will as well control off and on the field and violence among the fans. A number of solutions to prevent sports violence include, stiffer disciplinary measures, creation of awareness among the fans and players, fines and sanctions control of emotions, establishing meaningful connection between players and community, understanding procedures of managing crowds among many others. I do believe that violence in sports is something that requires more interrogations with the concerned parties. Sports should promote brotherhood as well as fair challenge where the competitors compete on fair basis without violence. Peace in any sports is the responsibility of all of us.
Personal Opinion
Sport remains one of the major fabrics of society that unite people and allows them to display their talents. Millions of people across the globe cherish and embrace games such as athletics and footballs, baseball, basketball and yet violence manifests in some of these games in many forms such as verbal and physical forms that cause psychological as well as physical injuries, and even death.
Even though some sports allow violence, stakeholders have an obligation to abide by the rules. Sports such as wrestling and boxing even though are violent, the players or the competitors are psychologically prepared to encounter violence. Therefore, it may not have greater impact on their psychology as opposed to those that are not psychologically prepared. Some forms of violence such as biting a fellow player or kicking an opponent in a football match may attract sanctions and fines. A good example is the case where Suarez bit his fellow player during a world cup match in Brazil. The payer received a sanction for a number of months. Therefore, when violence goes overboard and fails to factor in the official rules of the game, it is punishable.
In a sporting event, as a mechanism of restricting any violence from either the players or spectators, it requires putting in place appropriate strategies. The players must be aware of the consequences involved when they get involved in any acts of violence. They should be aware of the heavy penalties, fines, bans and sanctions that they will face. There is also need to put stringent laws that curtail any form of hooliganism from either the players or the fans. Laws should take their course when certain individuals fail to respect the law in any games or sports.
In most instances, violence starts with verbal abuses of players, administrators, players, officials, and spectators. This boils emotions that overflow into physical abuse. Fans must be able to restrain from verbal insults and any one found preparing such immediate cause of actions is required.
The way parents raise up their children as well contributes to violence experienced in the field. Families, therefore, must raise their children in a good manner by instilling into them good societal values. For instance, parents who engage in violent behaviors in front of their children will definitely teach their children the same behaviors and such children may continue with the behaviors even when in competitions.
In my opinion, violence in sports is something that can end if the concerned parties would work together to implement various strategies. It is important to encourage promotions of fair play by coaches, players, officials, administrators, and spectators. Sports need to entertain and provide fulfillment not to trigger emotions that lead to physical violence. Respect among players, fans, referees, and other stakeholders is critical.
Stiff penalties should be provided to violence perpetrators as a deterrent. Any person spotted promoting violent behaviors in a sports event should face dire consequences. Protocol development to manage behavior associated with sport is important in fighting the violence menace in sports. There should also be accreditation and training for officials, coaches and key volunteers such as first aid personnel and administrators on management of games to avoid incidences of violence.
Violence, even though has a long history, I believe that it is the responsibility for each one of us to help overcome the menace. It is something created through our mental processes. Learning how to control our mental processes and emotions is very important towards eliminating violence. Players, officials, spectators and fans must understand that any sports event aims to find a winner and loser. To be a winner, it depends with one’s determination, tactics, and every team has a decision to choose whether they want to be a winner or a loser. Therefore, people must be mature enough when competing as this will mark the end of violence in sports.
Upon reflection of this course, consider what you can do as a social change agent and scholar-practitioner. This class has challenged you to think beyond the individual-level influences of biology, behavior, and harmful organisms to embrace a broader perspective on health for populations. You have repeatedly seen how social determinants influence health of populations. That understanding carries an implicit challenge: What can you do as a scholar-practitioner?
Objectives
Students will:
• Compare two countries and their health problems
• Compare social and economic determinants for countries
• Analyze relationship between social and economic determinants in countries
Discussion, examine countries and their health problems.
A brief summary comparing the two countries and their health problems. Also, compare how the economic level and income inequality in each country influenced other social determinants (social dynamics, the status of women, education, or violence/homicide, etc.) for each country. Then, explain the impact of the determinants on the health outcome in each country. Expand on your insights utilizing the Learning Resources.
Please use a least 6 or the Articles below:
1. Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
-Chapter 10, “Violence: Gaining Respect” (pp. 129–144)
-Chapter 16, “Building the Future” (pp. 235–272)
2. Coovadia, H., Jewkes, R., Barron, P., Sanders, D., & McIntyre, D. (2009). The health and health system of South Africa: Historical roots of current public health challenges. Lancet, 374(9692), 817–834.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
3. Biggs, B., King, L., Basu, S., & Stuckler, D. (2010). Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America. Social Science & Medicine, 71(2), 266–273.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
4. Kyobutungi, C., Egondi, T., & Ezeh, A. (2010). The health and well-being of older people in Nairobi’s slums. Global Health Action, 3, 45–53.
Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
5. Norman, R., Schneider, M., Bradshaw, D., Jewkes, R., Abrahams, N., Matzopoulos, R., & Vos, T. (2010). Interpersonal violence: An important risk factor for disease and injury in South Africa. Population Health Metrics, 8, 32–43.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
6. Rudan, I., Kapiriri, L., Tomlinson, M., Balliet, M., Cohen, B., & Chopra, M. (2010). Evidence-based priority setting for health care and research: Tools to support policy in maternal, neonatal, and child health in Africa. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1–5.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
7. Shelton, J. D., Cassell, M. M., & Adetunji, J. (2005). Is poverty or wealth at the root of HIV? Lancet, 366(9491), 1057–1058.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
8. Spiegel, J. M., & Yassi, A. (2004). Lessons from the margins of globalization: Appreciating the Cuban health paradox. Journal of Public Health Policy, 25(1), 85–110.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
9. African Population and Health Research Center. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.aphrc.org/
10. Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2014, from http://new.paho.org/
11. The World Bank. (2014). Countries and economies. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/country
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Practicing Public Health
Different countries face varied health problems. Kenya and South Africa are examples of the countries, which both share similar and different challenges when it comes to health matters. HIV/AIDS is a major problem facing at least 7 percent of Kenyan population, hence, affecting its development directly. The spread is rampant due to inadequacy of medical facilities and lack of funding making access to antiretroviral a tall order. Another health problem in Kenya is malaria where more than 70% of its population is susceptible to this disease. Besides all the diseases that cause death in Kenya, car accidents are still major perpetrators, where Kenya comes first before South Africa. Maternal mortality is another challenge in Kenya where women die while giving birth, as well as tuberculosis, which is also a leading cause of death (Biggs et al., 2010).
Health problems in South Africa are equally a big challenge. The people are provided with healthcare through the public hospitals and private hospitals. However, the public health system serves most of the citizens despite the fact that it receives very little challenges and is also underfunded. HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening problem in South Africa with more than 5.6 million people having contracted the disease. In addition, national insurance system is facing problems since there is unequal access to healthcare amongst different socio economic groups. Water and sanitation is another huge challenge facing the South Africans. Majority of the people are unable to access clean water. On average, 15 million people are not supplied with clean water. This has resulted into reports of diarrhea in children and outbreak of cholera. The people in South Africa live an average of 49.56 years. Besides all these health problems, some other contagious diseases in South Africa are Bacterial Diarrhea, Typhoid Fever, and Hepatitis A. Another health problem in South Africa is mental illness. Majority of the adults (16.5%) are suffering from a very serious mental problem. Some of the factors leading to mental problems in South Africa include excessive use of drugs. Other predisposing factors to mental problems include malaria, typhoid, fever, and HIV, which contribute to a large extent to the mental problem.
Economic level and income inequality in Kenya and South Africa has influenced social determinants like social dynamics, the status of women, education and violence/homicide. The South African general population is made up of all races hold a view that women in the society are less important. The men ever since time in memorial believes that women are not supposed to hold any position in the society hence are economically disadvantaged. In Kenya, all the important sectors that control the economy of the country are controlled by men. Not long ago, women were made to walk or keep distance behind men in some places as a sign of obedience. The women have, therefore, been subjected to so harsh conditions in that they have to ensure that basic needs are provided in the family a role that should be played by men.
In South Africa, Income differentials are a phenomenon that is manifest among individuals, regions and nations. The high presence of inequality in the society has had far reaching implications on the provision of education. Education is the main determinant of someone s economic status since without education one cannot access any professional job hence low income. This problem of Income inequality is manifested mostly in uneven and unequal access to education by majority of the people or to some extent access to very poor quality of education (Spiegel & Yassi 2004). Consequently, this leads to so much ignorance in the general public due to lack of information. These factors heighten the already existing inequality since the distribution of earnings is to a large extend determined by the level and distribution of schooling across population. In Kenya, inequality in income has led to variation in different class of people in terms of education, hence, poor economic growth, which eventually affects the country and the people at large due to poverty (Rudan et al., 2010).
In both Kenya and South Africa, poverty levels determine crime rates since they are the more invisible barriers to crime set up by social norms and social cohesion. Poverty leads to loss of trust in the government, hence, increase in criminal activities. It is, therefore, directly related to crime and prostitution in the society, which leads to various health problems. In Kenya, poor people have fewer cases of obesity and use of drugs. In South Africa, the children of poor parents have a significantly lower chance of becoming wealthy (Norman et al., 2010).
Kenya and South Africa face health problems due to economic inequality, which directly affects social determinants in the society. Lack of money to purchase food as a result of economic inequality translates into people suffering from malnutrition due to poor diet. In addition the parents get a problem in getting money to take care of their
Economic inequality in social, economical or political scenario in the society directly impacts on the health status of that society. Some of the symptoms of poor health status in a given society include death of very young children and death of mothers when giving birth (IMR and MMR). Besides preventable death in Kenya, there is persistence and resurgence of many infectious diseases. There is a high number of people who lose their lives due to tuberculosis and the problem is not improving due to poor economic status. In addition, Malaria is another challenging problem. The problem of malaria incidence has remained a challenge since the mid eighties. Economic inequality results into poor health services, which in turn accelerates the spread of the diseases like dysentery (Coovadia et al., 2009). The total number of children who lose their lives due to this problem is 0.6 million; the main reason being economic hardship. The problem of diarrhea in Kenya can only be avoided by the government providing clean water to every citizen and also by providing drugs that can stop the death of the patients. Cancer claims over 0.3 million lives per year and tobacco related cancers contribute to 50% of the overall cancer burden, which means that such deaths might be prevented by tobacco control measures (Kyobutungi, Egondi & Ezeh 2010).
These health revelations are alarming especially in the health provision to the public sector. The most disappointing scenario is that these revelations are not improving despite the various measures taken by the governments including investment in private health sectors and indications of the improvement of the gross domestic product. These challenges that affect people directly are the main causes of health problems in many countries that endanger the lives of many people.
References
Biggs, B., King, L., Basu, S., & Stuckler, D. (2010). Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America. Social Science & Medicine, 71(2), 266–273 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Coovadia, H., Jewkes, R., Barron, P., Sanders, D., & McIntyre, D. (2009). The health and health system of South Africa: Historical roots of current public health challenges. Lancet, 374(9692), 817–834.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Kyobutungi, C., Egondi, T., & Ezeh, A. (2010). The health and well-being of older people in Nairobi’s slums. Global Health Action, 45–53. Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Norman, R., Schneider, M., Bradshaw, D., Jewkes, R., Abrahams, N., Matzopoulos, R., & Vos, T. (2010). Interpersonal violence: An important risk factor for disease and injury in South Africa. Population Health Metrics, 8, 32–43. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Rudan, I., Kapiriri, L., Tomlinson, M., Balliet, M., Cohen, B., & Chopra, M. (2010). Evidence-based priority setting for health care and research: Tools to support policy in maternal, neonatal, and child health in Africa. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1–5. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Shelton, J. D., Cassell, M. M., & Adetunji, J. (2005). Is poverty or wealth at the root of HIV? Lancet, 366(9491), 1057–1058. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Spiegel, J. M., & Yassi, A. (2004). Lessons from the margins of globalization: Appreciating the Cuban health paradox. Journal of Public Health Policy, 25(1), 85–110. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
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In what states (states not cities) does the Dust Bowl strike?
What “environmental cataclysm” brings on the Dust Bowl?
By 1936 how much money are farmers losing a day?
WW11
1) Describe the D-Day invastion. (Who invaded? Where? Why? How so?) [The best depiction of D-Day is the beginning of the Steven Spielberg film Saving Private Ryan. If you have time, watch this film or re-watch it.]
2) How did women in America help fight WWII? Specifically, who was “Rosie the River” and what did this character encourage women to do?
3) What was the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944? What was decided at this international meeting that propelled the US to the superpower it became?
4) What was the “GI Bill”? What all did it do for returning vets (and can you discern how these benefits would change life in the US for this generation)?
Be sure to know key terms and ideas from my posted notes, ok?
Who was Carrie Nation?
A protestant that opposed manufacturing and selling of alcohol. She attacked breweries and smashed bottles of alcohol.
After WWI, support for Prohibition grew “by three factors”. What were these?
New soldier recruits could be tempted to drink alcohol
To conserve grain
Anti-Germany, sentiments against beer manufacture
Prohibition is repealed in 1933, and what couple of Depression-era rationales supported the repeal?
Great depression
Help farmers to sell grain to make alcohol
Government could get revenue by taxing alcohol brewers
Why did many African-Americans migrate north to big cities around the time of WWI, according to the video?
Were renowned for what they did. Moved to explore and to lead better lives
Artist and intellectuals for artistic exploration
what musical becomes a crossover smash hit?
Shuffly music
What caused the Harlem Renaissance to “fade”?
Crush of stock market
3) Many Moods of Al Capone (2:00)
1) How did Capone and his mafia make money?
He worked in a bowling alley
2) How was he a philanthropist?
He created a citywide program and gave free milk to school kids
3) List THREE other facts you found interesting about his life.
Invented gasoline that powered vehicle -automobile
How did Ford take better care of his employees than other industrialists?
Paid competitive wages
For whom were Model T Fords built, making them different from cars in the past?
What did banks do that regular people were also doing before the Crash?
Speculating stock prices
What’s a bank run?
A situation where depositors demand for their deposits in bank but the bank does not have money to give them
What happened to many, many thousands of people who were ready to retire?
They could not get their money as banks did not have money
7) Dust Storms Strike America (2:56)
In what states (states not cities) does the Dust Bowl strike?
Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma among others
What “environmental cataclysm” brings on the Dust Bowl?
Extensive deep plowing
By 1936 how much money are farmers losing a day? More than $1dollars
WW11
1) Describe the D-Day invasion. (Who invaded? Where? Why? How so?) [The best depiction of D-Day is the beginning of the Steven Spielberg film Saving Private Ryan. If you have time, watch this film or re-watch it.]
The D-Day invasion occurred on 6 June 1944. The Allied forces invaded Germany at the seaborne. This invasion led to the restoration of French Republic as well provided contribution to Allied victory during the war.
2) How did women in America help fight WWII? Specifically, who was “Rosie the River” and what did this character encourage women to do?
They took the role of men who participated in the WWI. Rosie the River was a woman that worked in factories that manufactured ammunitions and war equipment. She encouraged women to support their men counterparts and championed social movement that saw an increased number of women get jobs.
3) What was the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944? What was decided at this international meeting that propelled the US to the superpower it became?
Was a meeting that brought together delegates from 44 nations (Allied) at Mount Washington Hotel. Contributed to the formation of International Monetary Fund
4) What was the “GI Bill”? What all did it do for returning vets (and can you discern how these benefits would change life in the US for this generation)?
A law that provides various benefits to veterans that returned after World War II. The law allowed various benefits such as low interest rates for starting a business, low cost mortgages, expenses to attend university, vocational education of high school, cash benefits, one-year unemployment compensation.
The benefits would change the current General if they were provided. The veterans’ would be in a position to lead good lives as well further their education to impact on the society.
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4) Did the Tuskeegee airmen ever lose a bomber in WWII?
VIDEO 4: JAPANESE INTERNMENT (A government film from the time, a bit skewed to the positive, as you will notice, to an almost goofy extent. It does not show the barbed wire, soldiers, or difficulties.)
havefunwithhistory.com/movies/japanese.html
1) What area became a potential combat zone after Pearl Harbor?
2) How many people of Japanese ancestry lived on the west coast?
3) Japanese-American were living near what kinds of places that made the military nervous at the time?
4) Where did evacuee live temporarily before more permanent living quarters?
5) What were a couple of states were the internees were transferred?
6) What sort of things happened or did people do in the interment areas?
VIDEO 5: FIREBOMBING JAPAN (from documentary The Fog of War with former Defense Secretary Robert “Bob” McNamara)
1) How many people were burned to death in Tokyo, Japan?
2) When asked where the idea for incendiary bombs came from, McNamara said the thought another issue/question was the one that should be asked. What was it?
3) Tokyo was about the size of what US city?
4) If the US had lost the war, General Lamay and McNamara said the US would have been tried as what?
Don’t forget the Manhattan Project was the secret plan to develop nuclear technology and bombs in multiple secret labs.
VIDEO 6: MAGIC IN THE AIR: THE BEGINNINGS OF TELEVISION (TV will change the 1950s and unite the Baby Boomer children who watch the same few programs)
havefunwithhistory.com/movies/television2.html
1) What kind of “show” or filmed show is hyped at the beginning to promote the coolness of TV? That is, what could you watch at home that you might miss? =)
2) A girl is shown doing what, in order to demonstrate how TV works?
3) What studio/station is shown on the cameras and such at the end? (Hint: It still exists.)
VIDEO 7: 1944 BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE
www.youtube.com/watch
1)
This was the first international monetary conference since what year?
How many countries were helped by the Marshall Plan?
What was the actual name of the “Marshall Plan”?
Why was it called “the Marshall Plan”?
What kind of assistance was sent to Europe?
Why did the US care so much about seeing the successful reconstruction of West Germany?
What was the capital of both German nations?
Where would you find this city?
[YOU DON’T HAVE TO WATCH FURTHER] =)
(The Soviets resented US help in Europe, thinking of it as bribary to stay capitalistic. At one point, the Soviets cut off all road and rail access to western Berlin sectors in order to force their own control over the entire city and become sole supplier of food and fuel. The Western allies simply fly in food and fuel, the so-called “Berlin Airlift”, which was so successful that the Soviets give up. Thereafter, two formal German states are created. The two ideological sides harden, “satellite” states surrounding Russia are taken over to create the USSR, an “iron curtain” falls between the capitalist/democratic west and the communist east and the Cold War is on. The Soviets strip East Germany of factories and building supplies in order to benefit the mother country, so East Germany/Berlin would NOT prosper as in the west.)
1) Where (what environment) are nukes dropped/tested after Japan, according to what you see?
2) Then nuclear bombs are shot out of what?
3) The “mushroom clouds” get bigger over time, yes? Lastly, nukes are attached to what?
VIDEO 9: “DUCK AND COVER” (What all children in the 50s learned, a uniting experience of the Baby Boomers. When the Soviets create nuclear bombs, nuclear war and attack becomes a real prospect, and so Americans are prepared during the Cold War. Most Boomers will find these videos vaguely frightening, but also ridiculous. I mean, cover yourself with a newspaper so you don’t get burned??? LOL. Watch and “dig it, man”! More on this issue in the segment on the 1960s.)
VIDEO 10: RETURN TO LEVITTOWN: A SUBURBAN DREAM TURNS 60 (Remember the GI Bill that provided for college educations, business loans, and home loans? Well, new post-WWII prosperity and such programs cause a surge in building that will create modern suburbs and they will house the massive new-born Baby Boomer generation, born at the end of and after WWII. Check out Levittown.)
1) What was the so-called “Tuskeegee Experiment”? Experiment to try black American as military aviation pilot because there was no confidence in them 2) Were the armed forces in WWII intergrated?
There was no integration
3) What was the job of the “Redtail Mustangs”? Protect the targets of the enemy aircraft bombers 4) Did the Tuskeegee airmen ever lose a bomber in WWII? No
VIDEO 4: JAPANESE INTERNMENT (A government film from the time, a bit skewed to the positive, as you will notice, to an almost goofy extent. It does not show the barbed wire, soldiers, or difficulties.)
1) What area became a potential combat zone after Pearl Harbor? West coast 2) How many people of Japanese ancestry lived on the west coast? More than 100,000 people. 3) Japanese-American were living near what kinds of places that made the military nervous at the time? Places near coastal areas that were highly inhabited by the Japanese-Americans 4) Where did evacuee live temporarily before more permanent living quarters?
Hotels and designated military areas
5) What were a couple of states were the internees were transferred?
California, Oregon, Washington and Arizona
6) What sort of things happened or did people do in the interment areas?
Japanese American people were excluded from the entire west coast
Some community leaders were arrested after Pearl Harbor
There was voluntary relocation exclusion zone confidential information about Japanese-Americans was provided by United States census Bureau
VIDEO 5: FIREBOMBING JAPAN (from documentary The Fog of War with former Defense Secretary Robert “Bob” McNamara)
1) How many people were burned to death in Tokyo, Japan?
100,000 people.
2) When asked where the idea for incendiary bombs came from, McNamara said the thought another issue/question was the one that should be asked. What was it?
Whether they would have attached Tokyo, left their soldiers to be attacked by hundreds of Japanese soldiers in Tokyo, or whether they could have attacked the civilians
3) Tokyo was about the size of what US city?
50 square mile
4) If the US had lost the war, General Lamay and McNamara said the US would have been tried as what?
Perpetrators of war
Don’t forget the Manhattan Project was the secret plan to develop nuclear technology and bombs in multiple secret labs.
VIDEO 6: MAGIC IN THE AIR: THE BEGINNINGS OF TELEVISION (TV will change the 1950s and unite the Baby Boomer children who watch the same few programs)
1) What kind of “show” or filmed show is hyped at the beginning to promote the coolness of TV? That is, what could you watch at home that you might miss? =). Foot ball games
2) A girl is shown doing what, in order to demonstrate how TV works?
Cat walking, changing clothes, and swinging
3) What studio/station is shown on the cameras and such at the end? (Hint: It still exists.)
How many countries were helped by the Marshall Plan?
16 countries
What was the actual name of the “Marshall Plan”?
European Recovery Program
Why was it called “the Marshall Plan”?
Involved US Secretary of State George C. Marshall
What kind of assistance was sent to Europe?
Fuel, food shipmen, machinery and other staples
Why did the US care so much about seeing the successful reconstruction of West Germany?
It was democratic and capitalist
What was the capital of both German nations?
Berlin
Where would you find this city? Half part of Soviet [YOU DON’T HAVE TO WATCH FURTHER] =)
(The Soviets resented US help in Europe, thinking of it as bribary to stay capitalistic. At one point, the Soviets cut off all road and rail access to western Berlin sectors in order to force their own control over the entire city and become sole supplier of food and fuel. The Western allies simply fly in food and fuel, the so-called “Berlin Airlift”, which was so successful that the Soviets give up. Thereafter, two formal German states are created. The two ideological sides harden, “satellite” states surrounding Russia are taken over to create the USSR, an “iron curtain” falls between the capitalist/democratic west and the communist east and the Cold War is on. The Soviets strip East Germany of factories and building supplies in order to benefit the mother country, so East Germany/Berlin would NOT prosper as in the west.)
1) Where (what environment) are nukes dropped/tested after Japan, according to what you see? In the desert 2) Then nuclear bombs are shot out of what?
Big balloons/nukes
3) The “mushroom clouds” get bigger over time, yes? Lastly, nukes are attached to what? Nuclear bombs
VIDEO 9: “DUCK AND COVER” (What all children in the 50s learned, a uniting experience of the Baby Boomers. When the Soviets create nuclear bombs, nuclear war and attack becomes a real prospect, and so Americans are prepared during the Cold War. Most Boomers will find these videos vaguely frightening, but also ridiculous. I mean, cover yourself with a newspaper so you don’t get burned??? LOL. Watch and “dig it, man”! More on this issue in the segment on the 1960s.)
VIDEO 10: RETURN TO LEVITTOWN: A SUBURBAN DREAM TURNS 60 (Remember the GI Bill that provided for college educations, business loans, and home loans? Well, new post-WWII prosperity and such programs cause a surge in building that will create modern suburbs and they will house the massive new-born Baby Boomer generation, born at the end of and after WWII. Check out Levittown.)
Not all Leadership is about changing and challenging People’s Vision of the Future
Not all Leadership is about changing and challenging People’s Vision of the Future
Order Instructions:
INSTRUCTIONS ATTACHED IN FILE.
the assignment need 8-10 reference list in APA format, and if u need to quote example, pls don’t use Australia, use HK style. Thank you.
SAMPLE ANSWER
“Not all Leadership is about changing and challenging People’s Vision of the Future”
Effective leadership and management systems are the key components for success in any organization, regardless of its core business. While some people use the terms leadership and management interchangeably, the two are distinctly different and the present organizations should have effective leaders and managers (Stanley, 2012). Effective leadership is instrumental in providing the right direction to an organization by transforming the minds of people and pushing the organization forward in the right path to achieving organization’s set objectives (Stanley, 2012). Leaders, therefore, provide direction and inspiration to the teams they lead, and play a visionary role. Management, on the other hand, is majorly about marshaling of organization resources appropriately to ensure organization’s stability (Kotter, 2009). The health care department is vast involving numerous departments and it is becoming increasing necessary for clinicians to play a leadership role in their profession, at different levels or departments, so as to apply their expertise in influencing and bringing desirable change as well as effectively managing the changes in the field. Leadership in clinical practice or simply clinical leadership, therefore, involves enabling clinicians to play a central role in setting goals, providing direction, influencing decisions and outcomes, and managing change so as to improve quality of service provided to patients, and better the entire healthcare sector (Swanwick & Mckimm, 2011). This essay shall critically analyze various management and leadership theories, with close reference to leadership and management in the field of healthcare, critically compare management and leadership to oppose the notion that “not all leadership is about changing or challenging people’s vision of the future.
Since the 18th century to date, various management theories have been proposed by various researchers in the field of management (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The earliest, classical theories on management were the scientific management theory, bureaucratic theory and administrative management theory. These classical approaches to management emphasized the managers’ sole role in determining how tasks are to be performed, with employees only performing what the managers have suggested (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). They also emphasized strict supervision of workers and division of labor especially on the skilled labor force. The scientific management theory by Fredrick Taylor, for example, suggested that tasks in organization can be standardized, measured accurately by the managers and rewards and punishment appropriately apportioned. The classical theories have no place in the healthcare sector since it is difficult for a manager in healthcare sector to determine tasks without the input of nurses, doctors and other healthcare providers. Strict supervision is also not ideal in the health care sector since clinicians, nurses and doctors work effectively with minimum supervision (Stanley, 2012). Again, this theory was most applicable for organizations with routine activities and assembly lines. Clinicians and nurses usually face new medical situations and methods of treatment usually change from time to time (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The classical theories, due to their ineffectiveness and inapplicability in all organizations, gave way to the rise of contemporary management theories. These include the contingency theory, the system approach theory and the chaos theory (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The contingency theorist fronted the idea that managers should examine and consider all aspects of a problem before making a decision (Dickenson, 2008). According to this theory, there is no single best way in which managers should structure an organization since circumstances organizations face call for different approaches to decision making. This approach has some applicability in the health care system. Clinicians and nurses, in the course of providing services to patients, face new challenges as sometimes patients can come with a condition that requires unique ways of handling it. There are cases, for example, where a patient may develop resistance to drugs or a therapy method and so new and effective approach that are not usually applicable, may have to be considered at some point. The theory provided for the seeking of comprehensive solutions to solving organizations problems by mangers, which is an applicable factor to be considered by those heading healthcare sector. Healthcare leaders need to look at situations from all points of view to get a comprehensive solution. The system approach theory, shifted focus to the systems within an organization. In this approach, systems refer to the interrelated parts of an organization. It recognizes the fact that organizations are made up of different complex systems which are related and depend on each other (Garrubba, Harris & Melder, 2011). Theorist of this theory view organizations holistically, direct attention to entire tasks performed in an organizations and show how structure and the human resources can be put together for effective results. The interrelated systems could include workers, finance, technology, and raw materials. If one part of the system is removed, then the organization may not work properly. ( Garrubba et al, 2011). This theory has its way in the modern healthcare sector. Most hospitals and other health care facilities are composed of complex systems ranging from various employees such as nurses, clinicians and doctors, finance that run the facilities, several units such as casualty, emergency section, theatres for operation among many other interrelated systems. It will be difficult for example to withdraw finance from health care facilities, and expect them to run. The healthcare facilities cannot operate with doctors only or nurses only. All health professionals work in an interrelated manner for quality service delivery to patients. Management in the health care profession therefore, needs to look at the departments they are heading from a broad and comprehensive point of view. All departments are equally important and should be managed effectively as they depend on each other (Northhouse, 2007). The chaos theory fronts the idea that organizations are faced with chaotic situations, just like the world today is chaotic and full of unpredictable events. Just like external environment is chaotic, so are organizations as they are frequently faced with events that are beyond their control. If the events are not properly managed, then the organization collapses (Northhouse, 2007). We see the applicability of this theory in today’s health care management where professionals of the health care sector, especially those heading it, need to be prepared and able to deal effectively with unlikely events such as outbreak of rare infectious diseases.
Various leadership theories have also been fronted that explain the role and importance of leadership. Leadership in organizations involves superiors inspiring, influencing and directing the behaviors and minds of the team one is leading to adopt and follow a particular path in achieving desired goals (Northhouse, 2007). The theories have since evolved from the great man theory, trait theory, and behavioral theory, to contingency, situational, participative, transactional, and transformational leaderships. The great man theory is the point of view that leaders are born and possess certain desirable characteristics for leadership, such as communication skills, confidence, intelligence and ambition (Edmonstone, 2009). This, together with the trait theory assumes that leaders are born with traits that place them above the average persons, and must have appropriate combination of the desirable traits (Pauly, Schreiber, MacDonald, Davidson, Crickmore, Pinelli, Regan & Hammond, 2004). For the healthcare professionals, the traits in this theory, for instance intelligence, composure even under pressure, and courage, are important for effective clinical leadership since the profession requires right thinking in every aspect of decision making. The theory, however, is not effective in explaining situations where some individuals possess the desirable characteristics yet they are not leaders. Behavioral theory, on the contrary, was of the assumption that leaders are not necessarily borne, but rather, an individual can be shaped and trained to become an effective leader. Successful leadership is based on certain behaviors that can be learned through observation, in other words, leaders can be made. This theory implies that individuals not possessing leadership qualities can learn and be taught on how to be great leaders (Pauly et al, 2004). In clinical leadership, this implies that they should not leave leadership in the profession solely for the management only, but they can also learn to be great leaders through observing what great leaders do and learning from them. So nurses, clinicians and even doctors have the obligation to participate in leadership in this profession to steer change and lead the sector to a better tomorrow. Again, the major concern of leaders in this theory is the concern for people (Kouzes, 2007), a concept that healthcare professional can utilize because concern for patients’ wellbeing is necessary. The contingency and situational theories bear great semblance (Bass, 1994). Both theories are of the assumption that there is no single best way of dealing with a situation correctly. Contingency theory is, however, broader in its perspective and views success in leadership as an interplay of factors such as the type of leadership style, leader’s ability, nature of the followers and the situation at hand. Situational theory focuses on the situation itself and suggests that different situations require certain leadership styles (Northhouse, 2007). The healthcare profession, being an intricate and a delicate one since it involves patients’ health, requires looking at situations in broader perspectives. Effective clinical leadership entails having a broad view of situation, controlling and inspiring the team you are leading and applying a suitable method of decision making based on analysis of the situation to direct change (Garrubba et al, 20011). The transactional leadership is yet another theory, based on the assumptions that rewards and punishment are the primary motivators for individuals, systems function effectively in the presence of a clear defined chain of command, and that subordinate’s main role is to follow what their managers or leaders tell them (Swanwick et al, 2011). The application to this theory in clinical leadership is that clinicians and nurses need to follow and depend on their leaders in their respective departments, and be aware of the consequences in cases of protocol breaches set by their leaders. Participatory leadership involves encouraging other members such as subordinates and other stakeholders in a team, to take part in decision making, instead of assuming autocratic powers (Edmonstone, 2009). It entails joint decision making. The clinical leadership alike should allow for full participation of peers and other stakeholders in decision making that affect the sector. For change to be realized, effective leadership requires the various views of different team members. An important style of leadership in generating visions for change in organizations is the transformational leadership. This kind of leadership style assumes that individuals usually follow someone who inspires them and has great vision ( Northhouse, 2007). It involves coming up with visions and energizing followers to get things done. These kinds of leaders stand out, are motivated, and possess unswerving determination towards success and change. Thus, clinical leaders and other leader in various departments of health care should in fact be transformational leaders. This can lead to adoption of many reforms in the health sector that will benefit the entire profession and those in need of health care services.
Leadership and management are two distinctive concepts and leaders and manager play different roles in organizations. Leaders are agents of change and movement through creation of visions, and influencing followers towards goal achievement while management involves planning, harmonization and proper allocation of resources, resulting into order and stability in organizations (Garrubba et al, 2011). Leadership also tends to focus on leading people or followers who follow them voluntarily. Leaders do not necessarily have subordinates. Management on the other hand put priority on structures and personnel, and focuses more on goals and how work and subordinates are managed. The perception about risk also differ, with leadership and leaders tending to take risks, while managers are averse to risk and would do all possible things to avoid it. Leadership focuses on long-term visions, readily travels on new roads, and may sometimes break the rules to achieve the desired change. Management, on the other hand focuses on set objectives, designs rules that must strictly be followed to achieve desired results. Clinical leaders need to be aware of these differences so that the clinicians and nurses with leadership roles effectively guide their followers to successfully implement desired future changes (Kotter, 2009).
In conclusion, healthcare professions need to engage even more in assuming leadership roles in their profession to steer future positive changes in the department. This is because it is leaders, not managers, who have the role of designing a clear vision of an organization, and establish the right path through he or she will lead his or her followers. Leadership is, therefore, aimed at changing people’s vision of the future since an effective leader is able to influence the minds of his followers and together, move towards the new, desired change.
References
Bass B, & Avolio B. (1994.) Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1994.
Dickenson H, & Ham C., (2008). Engaging Doctors in Leadership: A review of the literature. Birmingham: NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, University of Birmingham and Academy of Medical Royal Colleges.
Edmonstone J. (2009). Clinical leadership: the elephant in the room. Int J Health Plan Manage;24(4):290-305.
Garrubba M, Harris C and Melder A. Clinical Leadership: A literature review to investigate concepts, roles and relationships related to clinical leadership. (2011) Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, Southern Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Kotter, J. (2009). A force for change: How leadership differs from management. New York: Free Press
Kouzes M. James & Posner Z. Barry, 2007. The leadership challenge, 4th edition.
Northhouse, P. (2007). Leadership theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pauly, B., R. et al. (2004). “Dancing to Our Own Tune: Understandings of Advanced Nursing Practice in British Columbia.” Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership 17(2): 47–59. Retrieved from <http://www.longwoods.com/content/16346>.
Roots, A. and M. MacDonald. 2008, September 17–20, 2008. 3 Years Down the Road: Exploring the Implementation of the NP Role in British Columbia, Canada. Poster presented at the 5th International Council of Nursing, International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) Conference in Toronto
Stanley J. D., (2012). Clinical leadership and innovation. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2(2), 119-126
Relationship between organization’s HR strategies and performance outcomes.
Identifying and analyzing the relationship between organization’s HR strategies and performance outcomes.
Order Instructions:
Dear Sir,
Read the following article:
Buller, P. F. & McEvoy G.M. (2012) ‘Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight’. Human Resource Management Review, 22(1), p.43
After you have read the article, complete the following:
Identifying and analyzing the relationship between organization’s HR strategies and performance outcomes.
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 830 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Abstract
Organizations strategies come in different forms and approaches. Some companies have perfected the art of employing skilled staff who posses various job competencies that are of strategically important to the company. These employees’ posses some specific capabilities and training that are unique and valuable. There benefits to the company exceed the costs incurred in training and development. These companies have adopted strategic systems that require there staff to undergo various training on job competencies. (Prahlad & Hamel, 1990) Most organizations have different types of strategies depending on the level of importance. At the business operation levels, most strategies aim at influencing the minds and hearts of the consumers to increase sales. The other strategies target the functional areas that are concerned with marketing, finance, production, research and development.
SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and RBV (Resource Based Views) play critical roles in determination of a company’s strategic goals and initiatives. The LOS (Line Of Sight) is important as it identifies and connects the functional units in an organization with its corporate level strategies. The RBV are utilized as frameworks when examining the relationship between the Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies and the performance outcomes. The HRM strategies affect performance positively as per earlier empirical work carried out. (Boselie et al 2005) However the exact impact of some of the strategies on the company and the outcomes are still not very clear. The uncertainties are largely due to different studies and theoretical foundations, definitions of HRM strategies, analysis levels and the exact measures of performance. (Guest 2011) For instance, studies have revealed that best practice strategies like systems for high work performance can be applied universally to all firms. (Huselid 1995) Other HRM contingency frameworks largely depend on the contextual business strategy variables. (Chandler & McEvoy 2000) Other studies give varying results on the dependent performance measures on functional financial strategies like profits, growth or sales. HR related strategies on performance outcomes mostly relate to behaviors, attitudes and the employee intentions. (Paauwe & Boselie 2005)
The black box that exists between the HRM strategies and the performance outcomes is directly affected by the human capital. Human capital refers to the skills, abilities and knowledge that are collectively or individually contained in the company’s human resource department. (Becker 1964) The HRM specifics like KSAs (Knowledge, Skills and Abilities) and employee’s behavior have a direct impact on company performance. A study on public and private companies in Israel discovered that companies with higher levels of human capital in terms of work experience, education levels, and training perform much better when managers recognize the KSAs and also create a positive perception that the additional skills are valuable to the company.
HRMs empowerment-oriented human resource strategy that is related with innovative culture and increased employee performance was registered in an experiment that was conducted in an Irish company. (Selvarajan et al. 2007) Employees with KSA in a Spanish firm were discovered to posses competitive skills and their efficiency levels were much higher than employees with lower levels of skills and KSA. The HRM strategies value KSA as a means of promoting skilled based human capital. These studies indicate that different types of HRM strategies on recruitment, internal employee development and selection are directly related to the performance to the company. Firm-specific human capital is a major component of the HRM performance relationship. (Wright & McMahan 2011)
HRM strategies adopted when developing the social capital as way of promoting performance. Social capital applies to the social structures and processes that determine the nature of the existing relationship. Collins and Smith (2006) discovered that on average commitment based HRM strategies like training development, competitive compensation and elaborate selection procedures were instituted specifically for knowledgeable workers who were interested in social climate that are linked to trust, shared codes and combine knowledge that were connected to the performance of the company. These studies reveal that the social capital is a direct link to HRM-performance relationship.
The relationship that exists between the HRM strategies and practices and the performance is centered on the LOS construct. However, the question is whether the having a well trained, experienced and highly people is enough for a firm to achieve great success. The workforce has to be efficiently networked and fully levered in order to maximize its benefits in the market.
There is a direct link between the HRM strategies of competitive compensation such as profit sharing and commissions and the job performance. (Boswell 2006)
To conclude, the business operation levels of a company and the strategies that the HRM develop aim at influencing the minds and hearts of the consumers to increase sales and the general performance of the company. These strategies are KSA based and they are based on workers motivational strategies like stock options plans and profit sharing formulas. The other strategies target the functional areas that are concerned with marketing, finance, production, sales, research and development. Most of these strategies result in improved performance of the company.
References
Guest, D. E., 2011, Human resource management and performance: Still searching for some answers. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(1), 3–13.
Paauwe, J., & Boselie, P., 2005, HRM and performance: What next? Human Resource Management Journal, 15(4), 68–83.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G., 1990, The core competence of the organization. Harvard Business Review, 79–91 (May/June).
Selvarajan, T. T., Ramamoorthy, N., Flood, P. C., Guthrie, J. P., McCurtain, S., & Liu, W., 2007, The role of human capital philosophy in promoting firm innovativeness and performance: Test of a causal model. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(8), 1456–1470.
Boselie, P., Dietz, G., & Boon, C., 2005, Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(1), 67–94.
Becker, G., 1964, Human capital, New York: Columbia Free Press.
Chandler, G. N., & McEvoy, G. M., 2000, Human resource management, TQM, and firm performance in small and medium-size enterprises. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 25(1), 43–57.
Collins, C. J., & Clark, K. D., 2003, Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource
Practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 740–751.
Huselid, M. A., 1995, The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635–672.
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Necessary conditions for determining a business strategy
Necessary conditions for determining a business strategy in an organisation
Order Instructions:
Dear Sir,
I need an essay in the following subject:
What are the necessary conditions for determining a business strategy in an organisation? How can organisations work to include HR issues within a business strategy?
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 1400 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
According to Cascio & Boudreau (2012), there are various ways of determining strategies in a business which include: linkage, monitoring and control, annual business plan, human resource, organization structure together with action planning. In order for an organization to set up a business plan, it ought to come up with a standard and more detailed action plans that add the required details in their strategies that later will be implemented for the business to be profitable. Each of these actions, steps are assigned to one individual whose responsibility is to ensure that they are implemented to accomplish the conditions of determining a business strategy. In order to ensure these actions are accomplished, some money has to be set aside that will be used to implement the actions and a specific date is set when the actions will have to be ready.
Juul-Andersen (2013) states that, annual business plan is also a condition that has to be met when choosing a right business strategy in any organization. When running any given business the organizers are aware of some plans that they have to meet annually for their business to be successful, therefore, there is a need to set funds aside that will be used to run these plans. Due to this financial issue, these organizers meet and reason together on how and where to get the required finances necessary to run their business plans efficiently. However, the organizers tend to even ballpark these financial requirements so that they can have enough time to deal well with their financial matters clearly (Director, 2014). These organizers have to be committed to the plans on the table for the sake of the business success with an aim of gaining more money from it. This method of planning early for financial matters helps the business partners not to be shocked by financial matters when it comes to budget time and it also helps link strategic plans to their business plans.
In order to secure a successful organizational structure, the people in charge of its implementation have to ensure that the intended strategy fits the current structure. They even go an extra mile to inquire if the intended structure fits the current structure for the sake of avoiding mistakes and revising the structure, which is a waste of time and resources. In any given organization, when trying to develop new products, plans concerning the product need to be well organized by ensuring that there is necessary commitment and developments in the business so as to produce a good strategy of doing so. The new product mostly needs a humming factory and a high manufacturing support, which is well structured to be able to process the product as required, and this makes it a well preferred condition for a business strategy (Eigenhuis &Dijk, 2008).
According to Christensen (2005), monitoring of business plans helps to ensure that in case a strategy is derailed back it is therefore kept on track even if it calls for the change of schedule, change of strategy employed, change of action steps or even change of the business objectives. The well-known organizations that have been successful in matters of strategy implementation consider the use of human resource. Human resource is a highly valued condition by investors in a business whereby, it comes out as a good business strategy in their organization. Cooke &Saini (2010) states that, human resource does not involve a lot, but only entails that the business management team should consider the communication needs of the business. The actions of any business need to be articulated and the people who are in charge of doing that are fully aware of the strategy that is about to be implemented and what can be done to make it appropriate for that business at the given time. When a strategy is now implemented, managers are always aware of each effect on human resource needs that come as a result of its implementation; hence it is better to be more informed on the change that is needed for the sake of the strategy and how fast it can be provided. There is a need to also to know the implication of the human resource on the strategies to avoid choosing a wrong strategy that may be more costly. This calls for more training on the side of employees for them to be able to know how to handle and even understand the changes imposed through the strategy implementation. Some employees who have worked in organizations where the same strategies were applied also tend to be employed in the new businesses who have just introduced the strategies since they are experienced (Christensen &Higgs, 2008).
Cascio & Boudreau (2012) argue that another condition for all strategies in the organization to be effective calls for direct linkage of all of them for the sake of an organization’s success. An organization can best work to include human resource issues within a business strategy by ensuring that they have good superordinate goals, they have a good staff, employ the best skills in their business and have a good organizational structure. An organization also needs to implement all the strategies required for a successful business and good style of management with regard to best business systems (Director, 2014). The importance of human resources is most effective when the business has become has achieved a lot of knowledge from experienced workers and even when its technology has highly advanced. Human resource strategies are best applicable where a business employs cost leadership strategies, since leaders can best manage the business and keep it at ease. In order for cost leadership to be effective there is a need to focus on its efficiency with a close range to earning more dollars and producing more dollars with respect to the volume of the products produced. To some extend business human resources tend to be more complex in a case where that business is competing on different platforms or industries. Therefore, it becomes easy to structure incentive systems that align the interests of the business with an aim of making it more successful and most prominent. The integration between business strategies and human resource management can be grouped into three theories which are: resource-based theories, interactive theories and behavioral theories. Behavioral theory is just a list of assumptions which demands that for a business to be successful, certain behaviors should be evident among the employees. In a case like this, human resource management is an elicit method that is used to ensure that all employees have the right attitude and good behavior in job since their behavior is the key bridge to the business strategy and the firm performance. According to Cooke (2010), the employees’ behavior in a given business is the best method to help in achieving the best results in an organization; hence, human resources tend to vary following the firm’s required codes and ethics. Environmental characteristics are linked to the human resource management and are less connected to the product-market strategy; hence this makes it not to interfere with market products having no similar characteristics.
A good case example of a company that has integrated HR in their strategy system is the Tata Consultancy Services, which is a large software company in India. Their program involves in training engineers from divergent fields to improve their efficiency concerning their duties in the organization. Aditya Birla group of companies is also another example of firms that have made initiatives by ensuring that the business strategy is integrated with the HR strategy. Implementation over strategy formulation is one of the characteristic implemented by the human resource management to generate selected strategy formulation. It has been proven that people are more adaptable and reliable as compared to strategies, since they can reason on their own and make informed choices. The management choice and dominance are as a result of many models relying too much on product life cycle and a catalyst. Resource based view of the firm is best realized in a firm when it is immobile to save on time and cost (Robinson & Robinson, 2005). For human resource to take the top most rank it ought to be subsisted with other resources by ensuring that it competes with other firms, and also poses unique characteristics for it to be able to compete with their competitors and have a positive value to the firm.
Bibliography
Cascio, W. & Boudreau, W. 2012. Short Introduction to Strategic Human Resource Management (Cambridge Short Introductions to Management). Cambridge University Press
Christensen, R. 2005. Roadmap to Strategic HR: Turning a Great Idea into a Business Reality. AMACOM
Christiansen, L., & Higgs, M. 2008. How the alignment of business strategy and HR strategy can impact performance: A practical insight for managers. Journal of General Management. Vol. 33 Issue 4, p13-33
Cooke, F., & Saini, D. 2010. (How) Does the HR strategy support an innovation oriented business strategy? An investigation of institutional context and organizational practices in Indian firms. Human Resource Management. Vol. 49 Issue 3, p377-400
Director, S. 2014. Pearson Financial Analysis for HR Managers: Tools for Linking HR Strategy to Business Strategy (paperback). FT Press; 1 edition
Eigenhuis, A. & Dijk, R. 2008. HR Strategy for the High Performing Business: Inspiring Success through Effective Human Resource Management. Kogan Page
Juul-Andersen, T. & Minbaeva, D. 2013. The Role of Human Resource Management in Strategy Making. Human Resource Management. Vol. 52 Issue 5, p809-827
Robinson, D. &Robinson, J. 2005. Strategic Business Partner: Aligning People Strategies with Business Goals. Berrett-Koehler Publishers
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Business Strategy and Human Resource in an Organization
Business Strategy and Human Resource in an Organization
Order Instructions:
Dear Sir,
I need an essay in the following subject:
What are the necessary conditions for determining a business strategy in an organisation? How can organisations work to include HR issues within a business strategy?
The following conditions must met in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 550 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Business Strategy and Human Resource in an Organization
Integration of human resource and business strategy has become essential in the modern strategic human resource management. Human resource is one of the essential assets in an entity (Ray, Barney & Muhanna, 2004). Organizations must adopt appropriate strategies that will enable them remain competitive and achieve their desired performance. The author deliberates on the conditions organizations can use to determine their business strategy, as well as how entities can include HR issues in their business strategy.
Business strategy encompasses the tactics or ways that an entity adopts to achieve its desired goals. An entity may have various strategies but being able to select the most appropriate ones is critical to the success of the entity. One of the conditions that and organization therefore should consider in determining a strategy is the social, political, citizenship and regulatory measures in place (Ray, Barney & Muhanna, 2004). An organization operates in a community that has its own rules and laws that govern it. Therefore, the strategy should comply with the regulatory requirements and the government policies. It should be ethical and meet the societal expectations as well as standards of goof community citizenship. For example, the strategy should ensure that it does not contribute to environmental pollution as this affects the lives of the community.
Another condition is the overall industry attractiveness and competitive conditions. The strategy must be responsive to the mix and nature of the various competitive factors in play such as quality, of products, price, service performance features, and warranties among others (Zajac, Kraatz, & Bresser, 2000). It becomes important for an organization to respond to such factors to safeguard its position in the market
It is also important for an entity to consider the opportunities and external threats in determining the strategy. The strategy aim should be to take advantage of the opportunities to trigger development and profitability (Mithas, Tafti & Mitchell, 2013). Likewise, the strategy should counter external threats to the company such as competitors to safeguard the future performance and well-being of the entity. Others aspects include, availability of substitutes, the power of buyers and suppliers, and rivalry in the market (Porter, 2008)
The strength of the company resources, competitive capabilities as well as competencies shape the choice of a strategy. An organization should evaluate itself if it has enough resources and competencies to adopt a certain strategy or not. For instance, some of the business strategy may require heavy capital, which the organization may not be in a position to provide (Arthur & Strickland, 2009). The attitudes, personal ambitions, and ethical beliefs of managers as well determine the strategies the business takes. Ambitious managers will adopt aggressive strategies to ensure that they achieve their goals. Business philosophies, culture, structure and shared values as well determine the kind of business strategies selected (Arthur & Strickland, 2009).
For the strategies to be well implemented, human resource is critical and must be involved. Various human resource issues such as recruitment, motivation, disciplinary measures, training and development are essential to execute strategy and trigger success. Organizations can therefore work through communication. The strategies should be articulated well to those charged with responsibility of implementation to enable them understand them well (Arthur & Strickland, 2009). Therefore, HR practitioners must be involved in the process at all level to ensure that they create a conducive environment for the implementation and achievement of the objectives set.
In conclusion, organizations need to understand various conditions in the environment before selecting their strategies, thus, enhancing positive relationships with the human resources department critical in enhancing achievement of the objectives.
Reference list
Arthur, T, & Strickland, P , 2009, Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, McGraw Hill.
Ray, G, Barney, J, & Muhanna, W 2004, ‘Capabilities, business processes, and competitive advantage: Choosing the dependent variable in empirical tests of the resource-based view,’ Strategic Management Journal, 25: 23-37.
Zajac, E, Kraatz, M., & Bresser, R 2000, ‘Modeling the dynamics of strategic fit: A normative approach to strategic change,’ Strategic Management Journal, vol. 21: 429-45.
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Crafting and Critiquing a Doctoral Problem Statement
Crafting and Critiquing a Doctoral Problem Statement
Order Instructions:
Crafting and Critiquing a Doctoral Problem Statement
Few are willing to brave the disapproval of their peers, the censure of their colleagues, the wrath of their society. Moral courage is a rarer commodity than bravery in battle or great intelligence. Yet it is the one essential, vital quality for those who seek to change a world that yields most painfully to change.
—Robert F. Kennedy, June 6, 1966
As you have progressed through the early stages of your DBA journey at Walden, you have begun to form relationships with your fellow candidates, and they should have become trusted colleagues. Such colleagues can provide necessary support. They can also provide objective, thoughtful critiques to help you improve upon your work. As Kennedy noted, it takes bravery to face the critique of one’s peers. It also takes courage to give thoughtful, rigorous, and constructive criticism. Yet both are vital to your continued success. If you expect to receive the full benefit of such a critique, you must invest the time and thought necessary to give such a critique to your colleagues. Your doctoral problem statement will serve as the foundation for the remainder of your doctoral study. Nothing is more important to success than constructing a proper foundation. Use the opportunity to give and receive critique from your colleagues to ensure that foundation is solid and secure.
To prepare, recall the potential research question you identified in DDBA 8006: Contemporary Challenges in Business. You may wish to develop that question into a formal problem statement for this Discussion. If your research interests have changed, you can develop a new question into a problem statement for this Discussion. !!!
By Day 3 of Week 8, post a 400–500 word doctoral problem statement that adheres to the guidelines outlined in the DBA rubric. The problem statement must comprise of the following four parts:
•The hook with citation (current/peer-reviewed scholarly article)
•The anchor with citation (current/peer-reviewed scholarly article)
•The general business problem
•The specific business problem
Note: Your problem statement must include proper APA citations and adhere to APA guidelines.
DBA RUBRIC
I will be sending it in a attachment along with my order # so it can be used which is one of the requirements as a guideline
SAMPLE ANSWER
Crafting and Critiquing a Doctoral Problem Statement
Topic: Challenges of adopting technology in business
The business world is evolving at a fast pace with the advancement of technology. Technology continues to advance everyday and the business fraternity across the world is utilizing this platform to engage in move innovative ventures. The study investigates on the inherent challenges that businesses should be aware of when embracing technology. To achieve this, the author will use qualitative research method. Information pertaining to the topic will be gathered through interviews and questionnaires. The respondents will consist of managers of selected companies that have embraced technology in their business processes. Questionnaires are easy to use as instrument of data collection, since they allow the respondents time to provide their responses without any pressure.
The target population includes managers of small, medium, and large-scale companies that have embraced technology in their businesses. The reason for selecting this population is because they are in charge of the operations and functioning of their organizations. They make various decisions pertaining to their business operations and, therefore, have requisite information and experiences about the functioning of technological systems in place. Furthermore, the target population is knowledgeable and it will be easier to establish rapport with them to facilitate the collection of information.
The study will be limited to the US because of the many companies, where a sample will be selected. The reason for selecting this location is that the researcher is familiar with it, and due to proximity. Furthermore, it is well connected with transport lines and has enough companies that have embraced technology.
Any study carried out should have some impacts on the members of the society. This study has impacts both on the business practice and will contribute to social change. Businesses have tended to embrace technology without having to ponder about the negative impacts of their decisions. This has contributed to failure of entities to realize their set objectives and even leading to many of them closing down. Technology has various loopholes such as security risks that businesspersons must take precautionary measures to avoid. It is, therefore, important for businesses that would like to embrace certain technologies to consult professionals and cushion themselves from some of the risks. For instance, the concept of could computing has received a lot of approval from businesses because of its benefits However, it is a concept that exposes businesses to insecurity. Therefore, businesses must understand such aspects to avoid losing their money (Lasica, 2009). Another challenge relating to technology is the high cost that makes it difficult for business to operate smoothly (Voorsluys, Broberg & Buyya, 2011). Fraud and cyber crimes are other challenges that businesses that are adopting technology need to be cautious about. This will help people to adopt appropriate business practices, hence, avoiding these consequences.
Society as well stands a chance to benefit especially if there are amicable ways to safeguard businesses from these challenges (Lynne & Loebbecke, 2013). Cases of fraud and cybercrime affect the economy and the society in general. Therefore, this study will provide the flaws of technology adoption in order to assist entities to come up with lasting solutions of ensuring proper utility of technologies to advance the common good of the society.
References
Lasica, J. (2009). Identity in the Age of cloud computing: The Next-generation Internet’s Impact on Business, Governance and Social Interaction, The Aspen Institute.
Voorsluys, W., Broberg ,J., & Buyya, R. (2011). Cloud Computing Principles and Paradigm, John Wiley and Sons.
