After completing Sniffy exercises 1-5 (Photos of the exercises are uploaded in additional files.) write an APA style lab report concerning how classical
conditioning occurred for Sniffy. Include the following key concepts: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and conditioned emotional response. Your report must be in APA style, have at least 3-5 outside references and include the following sections: Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusion, and References.
1) The 3-5 references should be in your introduction section. They should be peer reviewed articles and\or the textbook that provide support for classical
conditioning from the literature.
2) The abstract should be an overall summary of the article (less than 50 words). It should include data from each part.
3) The methods should just be a general summary of what you did for each experiment. You do not need to get too specific since the experiments were done on a
computer.
4) The results section should be a brief summary of what you did and include graphs from the experiment.
5) The discussion section should have the conclusions that you can make from the results, some generalizations or implications of the research for a wider population (ie humans), and the limitations of your work.
6) The future studies section should discuss how you would improve the limitations that you discussed above in future research.
*I also uploaded a rubric to see what is needed specifically.
All information needed for the Sniffy exercises can be found in the uploaded photos (screenshots of the exercises) and scanned pages of the Sniffy textbook
explaining the process of the experiments and what they show. If any additional information is needed, message me right away!
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The Final Research Report consists of two sections:
Section 1 (parts 1-6) should detail and build upon the information you provided in your presentation.
Section 2 (parts 7 and 8) is a systematically compiled bibliography for your chosen research area. This will detail your search method string and refinements
– details below.
Research report should contain the following:
Section 1
(1) Title
a short title which summarises your research project
try to keep your title simple don’t to be too complicated
(2) Area of Research
A brief outline of the area to be studied & the main issues to be explored
(3) Research Question(s)
a sentence or two which outlines your main research question(s).
This may be your hypothesis.
Try to keep your question(s) simple – don’t be too ambitious and try to be as precise as possible and operationalize your terms.
(4) Information that will answer your question
Define what information you will need to answer your research question.
(5) Research Design
a) Define what research method will reveal or allow you to gain the information you need to answer your question.
b) Define the actual methods you will use to obtain this information; you must provide details – these will differ depending on the methods you will use but
may include information on sample size, interview schedules, etc.
(6) Critical issues in your research
What areas do you think will cause problems in your research?
Are their any ethical issues involved?
What about access issues?
Alternative solutions – if you cannot gain access to the sources you need what alternatives are there?
Section 2
(7) Literature search
List the key words / terms and variants you used in developing your search string.
Note your search string in Boolean format (AND, OR) and “ “ for the terms and variants of.
Note the date and database on which you ran the string.
(8) Bibliography
Provide a 30 item bibliography of you research area built using your literature search.
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Activity three:
• Explain 2 different ways to extinguish someone’s fear of Santa Claus (5 points per answer)
• Explain 1 way to reinforce someone’s fear of Santa Claus (5 points)
Word Bank: Flooding, aversion therapy, compensatory-response model, counter conditioning, incubation, over expectation effect, preparatory-response theory,
preparedness, reciprocal inhibition, Rescorla-Wagner theory, selective sensitization, S-R Model, S-S model, stimulus substitution theory, systematic
desensitization, temperament
Each activity should be less than 100 words. Be sure to use words in word bank. You do not need to use all words! Remember this is a Psychology assignment to
write as a psychologist.
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General Electric: Ecomagination as a CSR Initiative
Read the case,” General Electric: Ecomagination as a CSR Initiative,” which is located in the Document Sharing section.
Use the following questions to guide
your analysis of the case (incorporate your answers in the case format rather than simply answering the questions):
(1) Do you understand the difference between responsive CSR and strategic CSR, as explained in the case? How does this apply to GE’s situation?
(2) Does GE’s Ecomagination provide economic value to the company? If so, can this value be leveraged to provide a long-term competitive advantage to the
business and to other GE businesses in their markets?(3) What external environmental issues impacted GE’s financial conditions during the 2008 to 2010 time period?
(4) Is the accusation that GE is “green washing” with their water initiative a fair one? Or could this be a serious attempt to mitigate harm from value chain
activities? Or even a transformational activity to GE’s value chain?
It is extremely important that you follow the case format for this assignment. Headings will make the paper more readable. Generally cases follow this
format:
(1) a summary of the relevant situation in the case,
(2) Internal analysis of the firm, including current corporate and business-level strategies,
(3) external analysis,
(4) SWOT analysis culminating in identification of a problem (which may be in fact an opportunity),
(5) proposal of 2 or more alternative courses of action that will help solve the problem or exploit the opportunity,
(6) evaluation of all alternatives,
(7) recommendation of best alternative and
(8) implementation issues that need to be considered.
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Find an article that contains the results of a survey, an observational study or an experiment. Attach a copy of the article to your hand-in. For your
write-up please give an overview of the data. What was the purpose of the data? What were the main results? Do you think that the conclusions were valid
based on the information given in the article? If not, why not? If you could ask the investigators one question so you could better understand the data, what would the question be?
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Write a 4-5 page reaction (excluding cover/reference). These should include a brief summary, your own ideas/thoughts, and integration of the chapter (Chapter 10 in Our Social World: Introduction to Sociology, Third Edition Media Update by Jeanne H. Ballantine and Keith A. Roberts. . All papers should include a cover page with your name, date, my name, chapter, and article title. A reference page should also be included. and cited in APA format.
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One and a half page will be acceptable
Below is requirement and an example of my classmate.
For this part of the project, you will need to utilize the library database of scientific journal articles to:
a.search for 2 primary research papers regarding one of the topics listed below,
b.obtain a copy of the FULL paper (NOT just the abstract),
c. read it, and
d. summarize the research papers in a way that would make sense to the general public
You must use 2 different primary research papers (not review articles) as references. The two papers should be on the same topic so as to compare the two.
Summarize your findings in 250-500 words (excluding references). Cite all of your references using appropriate citation style such as APA, MLA, or AMA within the summary and your references at the end (see book references for examples).
IMPORTANT: Please use original words and be careful not to plagiarize. You must include your summary in this document AND post it on the ‘Iron project’ forum on the discussion board for full credit. (You can copy and paste into a discussion posting). ). If you have questions about what peer reviewed primary research papers are, please ask. The purpose is for you to find two different papers that did an experiment on the same topic. And give me your conclusions based on these two papers. What is your take home message?
Topics to choose from:
· Iron deficiency during pregnancy
· Iron and cognitive function in children
· Iron status in vegans
· Most effective form of oral iron supplementation
Grading Guidelines:
· Primary research paper appropriately chosen (i.e., primary research paper, published in scientific journals, NOT review articles, etc). No credit
if papers are not primary research.
· 2 pts: appropriate reference within summary and citations
· 1: posting on discussion board
· 4 pts: quality of summary. This should be adequately summarized so that the general public could understand the implications.
Example :
The purpose to the Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Iranian Pregnant Women was to detect the average iron status for women who were in their 20- 40’s living in Iran. The study was limited to healthy individuals who were not refugees, had cancer, or were undergoing hemodialysis as these groups would stand as outliers and skew the data. A total of 11,037 participants were entered into the analysis (Barooti, et al., 2010). Of these, 42% regularly saw a physician to be tested every month while pregnant. The other 58% had regular house visits from the physician. Hematocrit tests and urine samples were taken for each visit. The maximum percent of pregnant women who had anemia was 95%. Out of those, 67% were in their second or third trimester. The percentage of anemia in Iranian women during pregnancy is considerably highter than that of most EMRO countries (Barooti, et al., 2010).
The second article, Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia-Including Iron Supplementation for Children and Pregnant Women was a case study based on a 25 year old female who has a family history of anemia and is currently in her first trimester of pregnancy. Regular checkups were done throughout the entire pregnancy. Regular iron testings were done. During the first trimester, the iron levels based on the hematocrit testings were at a normal range of 40%. By the second trimester, the numbers have dropped significantly to 26%. Iron supplements were added to the diet and increased the iron level to 54% by the end of the third trimester (Mabry-Hernandez, 2017).
To summarize for patients, during the first trimester of pregnancy, iron levels remained relatively steady. The body is able to store enough eaten iron for
the body and the growing fetus. Begining the second and third trimesters, the fetus is growing and is in need of a larger iron supply which promotes normal
development. The iron input is less than the iron required which causes anemia. Anemia is the most common hematological disorder during pregnancy which causes complications for the mother and fetus (Barooti, et al., 2010). Eating a well balanced diet, including lean meats, beans, and fresh vegetables are a good source of iron. Iron supplements are also recommended to aquire enough iron to sustain the mother and fetus.
Works Cited
Barooti, E., Rezazadehkermani, M., Sadeghirad, B., Motaghipisheh, S., Tayeri, S., Arabi, M., et al. (2017, June). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among
Iranian Pregnant Women. Retrieved June 26, 2017, from US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719272/
Mabry-Hernandez, I. R. (2016, May 15). Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia-Including Iron Supplementation for Children and Pregnant Women. Retrieved June
26, 2017, from American Family Physician: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0515/p897.html
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Challenges facing juveniles in the American criminal justice system
Analysis of challenges facing juveniles in the American criminal justice system
Order Instructions:
Instruction are on the file named “final project”
The other files are class material that includes discussion posts and papers just to situate you and give you an idea of what to focus on. You can incorporate these to the final paper but not with the exact words, of course. This paper also needs an abstract that does NOT count as page 1 out of the 12.
Please work carefully on the introduction and conclusion to this paper, as the professor gives great importance to them and takes out points if they are not satisfactory. The professor wants the introduction to give the reader a clear idea of what the paper will focus on and the conclusion to show what the writer has tried to do with the paper, as in what you tried to transmit to your readers, as well as your final thoughts on the subject.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Analysis of challenges facing juveniles in the American criminal justice system
Abstract
Juveniles in society face a myriad of challenges ranging from family abuse, neglect, social media influences, and the unjust criminal system. Juvenile victimization is one of the precipitators of juvenile violence, yet it common practice for risk factors of juvenile victimization to go unnoticed or unattended. Many juvenile offenders are subjected to harsh conditions in detention facilities which only worsen their situation and increase their chances of re-offending. This paper discusses in detail the challenges facing juveniles and the ways in which they can be mitigated. It proposes alternative approaches to incarceration such as community-based programs and intensive collaboration among different stakeholders. It also recommends the establishment of juvenile mental health courts which have specialized personnel that can use a therapeutic approach to point out the emotional disturbances experiencing by adolescents and eliminate them to avoid future offending or re-offending.
Analysis of challenges facing juveniles in the American criminal justice system
Introduction
Adolescence is a stage of transition from childhood to adulthood. Juveniles are minors in their pre-adolescence and adolescence stage of life, where their brains have not properly developed to the extent that they can be considered as rational and autonomous individuals to make choices like adults as to anticipate their consequences. Juvenile victims such as those experiencing parental neglect and abuse or harassment from the social media are likely to commit crime due to lack of an emotionally supportive environment. Juvenile offenders, on the other hand, when subjected to harsh punishments that they do not comprehend, can easily develop serious mental health disorders that may be too expensive and involving to repair. The punishment becomes worse when the juvenile offenders are placed in detention facilities which are improperly staffed and equipped. The juvenile justice system has put in place specialty courts, early intervention programs and various rehabilitative services to deal with juvenile delinquency. The juvenile justice system aims at helping juveniles realize that they have a second chance. This paper explores the various challenges facing juveniles within the criminal justice system and proposes various solutions.
Challenges facing the juvenile justice system with regard to juvenile offenders, victims, and professionals
Juvenile offenders
Due to the United States putting too much prominence on rehabilitation and the empowerment of the state to carry out its functions in line with the best interests of children, juvenile delinquency has overwhelmingly grown into a complex topic (Lipsey, 2009). Juvenile delinquency is caused by very many factors including: truancy, abuse and neglect, gangs, drugs, and poverty. Adolescents are in a period of discovery and definition of personality and character. Most of adolescents engage in these risky behaviors as a way of winning the attention of family, friends, authorities, and people around them. Several studies indicate that adolescence is a transitional stage into adulthood involving a constant change in emotions, judgment and self-control. During adolescence, the cerebellum which plays the role of controlling impulses is still underdeveloped. Additionally, the prefrontal cortex, whose function is to influence judgment and reasoning, is still not existent during the adolescence stage. These features clearly distinguish adolescents from adults. This is partially attributable to the poor-decision making and certain behaviors exhibited by adolescents. Evidence has proven that this is the stage where intervention can play a very positive role in the lives of juveniles. Thus, it is not necessary that criminal behavior exhibited during adolescence can be carried on to adulthood if intervention and prevention are effectively implemented (Richards, 2011).
The alarming increase in acts of violence perpetrated by juveniles within the past few years has raised varied public opinion with regard to the efficacy of the current juvenile justice system. From the time when the first juvenile court was set up in Chicago in 1899, numerous reforms have been adopted with the aim of addressing the issues facing juvenile offenders. Clearly, the issues facing the youth are growing larger in line with the complexities and mobility our society. It has become a common norm in the juvenile justice system to solve issues of drug abuse, running away, smoking, suicide, and teen pregnancy. In addition, juveniles resolve to more advanced ways of solving their disputes by using dangerous weapons such as knives and guns. It is unfortunate that the juvenile justice system is the venue for dumping these overwhelming adolescence challenges (Richards, 2011).
According to a report by the United States Surgeon General, 10% of children in the US suffer from mental health disorders. Out of these, seven out of ten are children of color whose access to mental health services can only be obtained through the criminal justice system. At least $13 billion is spent annually in treatment of these mental health problems. In most cases, most of these issues are not usually addressed or even noticed until incarceration or detention of the child takes place. Therefore, the juvenile justice system plays the major function of detaining children, even though it has been discovered that detention alone cannot help.
Harsh conditions in the overcrowded detention facilities are attributed to the alarming reports of psychiatric problems, stress-related illnesses, and suicide attempts. Many juvenile offenders tend to fall into depression after facing long periods of stress and anxiety following violent crimes. This is capable of affecting the offenders for the rest of their lives (Piquero, 2010). Research shows that the youths who have previously been detained have higher chances of using cigarettes, alcohol, or illicit drugs than those who have never been jailed. The children who were sentenced to juvenile were 37 times more likely to be sentenced again as adults, compared to similarly misbehaved children who were not subjected to imprisonment.
In addition to detention facilities being overcrowded, they are also understaffed. The beds and supportive and therapeutic resources are limited to the extent that they cannot properly address the needs of juvenile offenders. While the cost of operating detention facilities is overwhelmingly burdensome to taxpayers, it is even more frustrating to imagine that most of these facilities only play the role of warehousing children without providing the various services required to address the specific needs of these children. Various states such as Nevada, South Carolina, Florida, and West Virginia have taken steps to address the issue of incarceration of youth. These states are attempting to come up with ways of ameliorating the many problems faced by youth in detention facilities, with the aim of providing community-based alternatives so that the troubled youths do not end up in detention from the outset (Moll, 2011).
The alarming increase in the rate of children coming to contact with the juvenile justice system every day and the limited resources have resulted into challenges related to effectual placement of juvenile offenders. Laws that govern juvenile justice systems in the US oblige the court to place the delinquent juvenile into the least restrictive environment possible, even though the actual offense committed by the minor is the guiding issue. In reasonable circumstances, the laws require the juvenile to be placed to their residential surroundings and given services based on communal programs.
Juvenile mental health problems pose a great challenge to the criminal justice system due to the fact that there are no proper and suitable mental health services, including inadequate community-based services for those juveniles who have not been detained. In addition, most detention facilities do not have proper mental health services for juvenile offenders (Lipsey, 2009).
Another issue with juvenile criminal justice is that a higher percentage of juvenile delinquents comprise of school drop-outs or minors whose attendance records are very poor. The criminal justice system experiences a deficiency in the provision of educational experiences and programming (Moll, 2011).
Mandatory minimum sentences and lack of judicial discretion have also been a great challenge in the juvenile criminal justice system. 15 states allow prosecutors the discretion to prosecute juvenile cases in adult criminal courts, while 15 states provide for juvenile court judges to cause automatic transfers children cases to an adult criminal court with regard to certain offenses or the age or previous history of the juvenile. Furthermore, 29 states provide for automatic transfer of juvenile cases to adult cases basing on the juvenile’s alleged crime or age or both. These states do not consider the fact that adolescents have special problems and need to be addressed in a special way. Thus, the criminal justice system subjects the minors to harsh penalties that are intended for adults (Richards, 2011).
Juvenile victimization
Today, there are high rates of juvenile victimization due to several patterns among this population. Juvenile victims may be categorized into:
Juvenile victims drawn into prosecutions and prosecutions: This category comprises of children who are victims of sexual assault and abduction, as well as those children subjected to victimization by other children. This category may also involve child witnesses to crimes, that is, vicarious victims. These children usually get involved in investigations and sometimes they are called upon to testify, which exposes them to publicity and stigma.
Juveniles victimized by domestic violence and custodial abductions: Many juveniles tend to have experienced a series of abuse at home that ultimately led to resentment and early independence so that when they become adolescents, they run away as a way to escape the abuse suffered at home. Several studies have been carried out that show the damaging effects of abuse on homeless or runaway youth, including mental and physical health problems. These youth record higher rates of attempted suicide compared to juveniles who do not have an abuse history (Ferguson, 2009). Abducted children become victimized by being deprived of contact with their family, friends, and neighbors.
Juvenile victims within child protection suits: This category comprises of juveniles who have been abused or neglected, although there is also an overlap with criminal justice system victims. The criminal justice system significantly influenced the family and living situation of such children. There is little data showing the impact of the investigatory process on children, the services they are given, the actions pursued in court, and the filing of criminal cases, in addition to the outcomes of such cases. The data on abused children reported is not still sufficient for policy analysis purposes.
Juvenile victims implicated in status offenses: This category involves juveniles handpicked by law enforcement officers and adjudicated by the court for curfew violations, disobedience, malingering, and running away. Most of these juveniles have a past history of being victimized within their family and community.
Juvenile victims implicated in criminal offenses: Most of the juveniles subjected to arrest and adjudication for criminal offenses also record previous victimization histories which play a very important role in offending. The criminal justice system does not indicate to what extent it puts these victimization histories into account while deliberating and adjudicating on juvenile offenses.
Social media sites on computers, the internet and other technology have brought up new venues for victimization. Digital crimes affecting juveniles include cyber-hate, cyber-stalking and cyber-bullying. These crimes can be perpetrated to anyone including a child’s home, thus leaving no safe place for children. Many juveniles are victims of digital crimes. Today, the society is majorly confronted with the challenge of mitigating digital juvenile victimization. For instance, there is a case of a thirteen-year old juvenile who ended up committing suicide after experiencing a cyber-bullying incident from his classmates. There are many challenges faced by the criminal justice system with regard to mitigating the effects of social media on juvenile victimization. A recent research found that there is a close connection between children suffering from alienation from parents and their potential to involve themselves in strange relationships on the internet (Wells & Mitchell, 2008).
The influences of neglect, abuse, and social media are capable of easily leading to criminal behavior and the use of dangerous drugs in the bid to survive and ease pain. Accordingly, victimized juveniles tend to disobey rules and challenge authorities, and they ultimately become offenders as part of this vicious victimization cycle. The lack of reporting makes it difficult to gauge the real extent of juvenile victimization. This is attributed to the fact that school administers and parents are not able to control all that happens in the lives of their children and the intimidation that victims feel keep them from reporting. In addition, the fact that digital crimes and domestic abuses are widely varied and that they can go from inappropriate to morally reprehensible makes it very difficult to create specific laws to mitigate this issue (Meredith, 2010). It is very disturbing that the reporting rate for offences against children is lower than the reporting rate for offenses against adults (Richards, 2011). In fact, police rarely receive reports involving victims under the 12. The crimes that have high chances of being reported include those involving families with previous contact with the police, adult or multiple offenders, and serious injuries. Incidences of reporting juvenile victimization are also low due to the fact that most schools prefer handling episodes of involving juvenile victims on their own rather than reporting to the police.
Juvenile justice professionals
Traditionally, the role of the juvenile court was to intervene with wayward and criminal minors under the theory of parens patriae which empowers the state to stand in place of parents and substitute its authority for that of the family. Basically, court decisions were left to judicial discretion rather than the need to observe due process rights. Recent developments now recognize the right of juveniles to be represented by a counsel as was held by the Supreme Court in Re Gault. Nevertheless, research still indicates a failure in the juvenile justice system to fulfill guarantees of fairness envisioned by the Supreme Court. Inadequate legal representation of juveniles often results in the juveniles being transferred to the adult system and possibilities of life without parole (Lipsey, 2009).
The staffs in the detention facilities tend to lack adequate training and experience to deal with juvenile delinquents suffering from mental problems. This, in addition to the ill-equipped county facilities, often exacerbates mental illness, leading to escalation in symptoms and problem behavior.
Possible changes to address challenges faced by juveniles
In most instances, police, teachers, caretakers and parents often view the juvenile justice system as a means for juveniles to access treatments and services that are not available in the community. This is disheartening because most of the juveniles detained with mental health problems are rarely treated. The problem is that the juvenile justice system lacks adequate expertise and/or resources to effectively act as a mental health service provider for all juveniles. In addition, developing these resources within the juvenile justice system will not appropriately resolve this crisis. Nevertheless, there are changes that need to be adopted in order to mitigate these challenges.
The reduction of reliance on incarceration and other programs which lead to the concentration of juveniles together is necessary. The juvenile justice system should focus on providing proper juvenile options within the community as an option to detention. Preference should be placed on community-based referral sources over residential placement. This is because community-based services provide a better venue for family members to be involved with juvenile justice and treatment providers. In addition, these services furnish the family with educational services to put them in an appropriate position to understand and manage the behavior of their child. Community-based interventions are also less costly and they are more effective than incarceration. These collaborative interventions help families to be independent and self-sufficient as they acquire skills required for successful access and navigation of services independently (Lipsey, 2009).
Similarly, instead of majorly focusing on the crime committed, it is important to shift focus on the individual risk factors for criminal behaviors and their need. Due to the fact that juvenile offenders exhibiting risk factors have higher chances of becoming recidivists, early intervention can be very beneficial to them as it will have a positive impact on their lives and decrease the rates of crime within the communities. Rehabilitative programs comprise of various ways of addressing the problem of juvenile offenders.
With regard to specialty courts, Jordan and Myers (2011) observe that subjecting juveniles in adult jails or detention facilities merely increases their chances of recidivism. Thus, the move to have juvenile prisons, jails, and courts, is very effective in terms of rehabilitative services. Early intervention programs play a very vital role in providing a venue for juveniles transform their lives and become productive in the society.
The local and federal government, as well as various rights-based organizations have been advocating for community-based programs to address juvenile victimization (Shufelt, Skowyra & Cocozza, 2010). There is great emphasis on family support and preservation, as well as independent living where appropriate. These programs aim at providing early intervention and assistance to the victims. These programs have proven to be a success in places where they have been implemented as they instill youth with resilience and coping skills, thus helping them to overcome victimization. Resilience is very important in ensuring that intervention programs are effective. Resilience is the capacity of a person to adjust to hardship and distressing situations. People react to these situations differently in line with their respective physical and emotional restraints. However, still there are loopholes in different state laws which lead unnecessary injustices being occasioned on the children. These laws need to be reformed in order to help in bringing about children in the best way so as to reduce their chances of offending in future (Moll, 2011).
To enhance the determination of juvenile issues, it is important for juvenile justice professionals to make well-reasoned judgments with regard to the risk of adolescents causing future harm and the likelihood of adolescents to benefit from the interventions. Since the courts have a very great potential to separate children from their family, friends, and neighbors, judges need to receive proper and adequate training, information, and workable facilities. There is need for adequate representation of juvenile offenders and juvenile victims in court proceedings. In addition, it is important for communities to have adequate, safe and effective programs and placements for juvenile offenders and victims.
Criminal justice professionals also need to educate and act as spokespersons on behalf of neglected and abused children in their communities. They need to spearhead advocacy for adequate resources and community systems in response to child neglect and abuse.
Possible resources, organizations, policies, procedures, or processes that can be used to promote fairer treatment of juveniles
Rather than punitive policies, policy makers should completely shift to rehabilitation programs which are evidence-based juveniles can be referred to specific programs which meet their needs. According to Piquero and his colleagues (2010), punishment has the potential to do more harm than good. Victimizing juveniles through punishment potentially results to future offending and a continuing victimization cycle all through adulthood. Effective rehabilitation programs can help in breaking this vicious victimization cycle. Rehabilitation and alternative programs also help in preparing juveniles to reintegrate society through the development of individual responsibility and accountability necessary for the achievement of better outcomes. Rehabilitative programs are also relatively cheaper compared to incarceration.
Proper implementation of the above changes requires adequate collaboration between the juvenile justice system, parents, and the community as a whole. Children need a sufficiently supportive environment in order to grow up in the right manner. The environments with which children interact on a daily basis include the school, friends, the family, the neighbors and the internet (Ferguson, 2009). Thus, the juvenile justice system should collaborate with all community stakeholders to help in ameliorating the neglect and abuse of children. The criminal justice alone cannot cater for all the needs of juveniles. Collaborating with different organizations such as ACLU and community based organizations as well as mental health providers will go a long way in grappling with the risk factors for juvenile delinquency and preventing juvenile victimization.
Local governments should collaborate with state governments to establish juvenile mental health courts such as the Harris County Juvenile Mental Health Court. Juvenile mental health courts have judges who have adequate training and resources for addressing the causal mental element of delinquent behavior in mentally ill juvenile offenders, while putting emphasis on personal accountability and public safety (Children’s Mental Health in Harris County, 2006). In addition, through the creation of community-based alternatives to institutional placements, juvenile mental health courts will greatly help in developing mental health services. The accessibility of services has the potential of allowing families an alternative to reliance on the juvenile justice system for treatment, a practice that leads to the criminalization of mentally ill juveniles. The mental health court adopts a therapeutic approach that empathizes with the emotional disturbances experienced by youth which mostly cause them to offend. The mental health court places preference on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
The federal and state governments need to implement policies that put emphasis on collaboration. For instance, the Juvenile Accountability Block has made attempts to encourage the setting up of information sharing systems for purposes of facilitating effectiveness and efficiency in decision making in the juvenile justice system with regard to the procedures of identifying, supervising and treating the youth (Shufelt, Skowyra & Cocozza, 2010).
Conclusion
The best way to mitigate the challenges facing juveniles is by adopting a rehabilitative approach and other alternatives to incarceration. These will involve collaboration among different stakeholders in the society, including all community members and community-based institutions such as schools and the juvenile justice system. Community-based programs will have a positive impact on the society as a whole due to the fact that they are less expensive and more effective to manage. In addition, the minors will be molded and taught proper values such as resilience and independence, which will eventually make them responsible members of society. These reforms might bring social change because they will reduce re-offending by juvenile offenders. In addition, cases of juvenile victimization will be reduced, thus making the youth to grow up in the right way with minimal possibilities of committing crime.
References
“Children’s Mental Health in Harris County”. (2006). A Report of the Mental Health Needs Council, Inc.
Ferguson, K. M. (2009). Exploring family environment characteristics and multiple abuse experiences among homeless youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 1875–1891.
Jordan, K. L., & Myers, D. L. (2011). Juvenile transfer and deterrence: Reexamining the effectiveness of a get-tough policy. Crime & Delinquency, 57(2), 247-270.
Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: A meta-analytic overview. Victims & Offenders, 4(2), 124-147.
Meredith, J. P. (2010). Combating cyberbullying: Emphasizing education over criminalization. Federal Communications Law Journal, 63(1), 311–340.
Moll, J. (2011). Ten truths about juvenile justice reform. Texas Public Policy Foundation.
Piquero, A. R., Cullen, F. T., Unnever, J. D., Piquero, N. L., & Gordon, J. A. (2010). Never too late: Public optimism about juvenile rehabilitation. Punishment & Society, 12(2), 187– 207.
Richards, K. (2011). What makes juvenile offenders different from adult offenders? Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice.
Shufelt, J. L., Cocozza, J. J., & Skowyra, K. R. (2010). Successfully collaborating with the juvenile justice system: benefits, challenges and key strategies. Juvenile Justice Resource Series.
Drawing on the readings and lectures for this topic, identify and discuss the tensions inherent in the public representation of complex issues. Answer with reference to any one event or issue of current significance.
* Berger, J. (1972) Ways of Seeing, BBC and Penguin Books: London, pp. 7-34.
Langton, B. (1993) Well, I Heard it on the Radio and I Saw it on the Television, Australian Film Commission: North Sydney, pp. 23-44.
Pinter, H. (2005) ‘Art, truth and politics’, Nobel Lecture, 7 December, The Nobel Foundation, pp. 1-12.
Kovach, B. & Rosenstiel, T. (2001) The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect, pp. 35-50.
Morris, T. & Goldsworthy, S. (2008) PR—A Persuasive Industry: Spin, Public Relations and the Shaping of the Modern Media, Palgrave Macmillan: New York, pp. 97-111.
Oreskes, N. & Conway, E. M. (2010) Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, pp. 10-35.
Howell, G. & Miller, R. (2006) ‘Spinning out the asbestos agenda: How big business uses public relations in Australia’, Public Relations Review, 32 (3), pp. 261-266.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Truth and Representation
There is speculation that over the past years, philosophers of different ages have had a hard time in dealing with the basic concept of truth. It is quite evident that as we go on about our daily lives, we often meet a given thing that is a representation of another: For instance, it is a basic idea that a flag is a representation of a particular country (Parr, p1).
From a general point of view, the idea and form of representation have been developed by humans or nature to serve a particular function. Based on the idea that one thing represents another and truth and meaning may be interpreted differently, over the years, there have been issues that have arose and raised concern but their representation has been disguised to reduce significance and impact.
Most of the studies done in the current world are done from a scientific point of view, thus, their representation will be scientific. However, given that most are theories, they leave room for doubt and their validity is questionable. This in turn impacts the basic concept of truth and representation. There are given cases where scientific research can be geared to be represented in a given manner that would sway the interested parties from the truth.
The current global issue that has gripped the world and caused distress is the issue of global warming in particular to climate change. Global Climate change may be defined as any change or alteration which may be accredited or linked to human activities directly or indirectly. There are various factors that are attributed to global warming, the primary one being the emission of gases that have over the years been destroying the ozone layer (Capoor, 57-65).
Back in the late 1970s to early 1980s, there was research conducted based on the idea that smoking of tobacco had a significant effect on global warming (Warner, 289). Although there is speculation that smoking has a negative impact on the ozone layer, the representation of the truth was that it had very minimal influence if any on the ozone layer. Different theories over time have been raised in relation to the effect of smoking, but there has never been a solid case where it has been simply put that smoking has a negative impact on the atmosphere.
Although this can be contributed to the basic idea that the tobacco industries would not want to be shut down as a result of their products leading to global warming (Buelens, Sinding and Waldstrom, 30), their truths have not been represented in the correct manner. Furthermore, there are also concerns raised on the issue of health as a result of tobacco. Their effect may be well known to the people; however, it is still represented as a cause that may have little significance in part to lung cancer. This has been the same representation from the onset of the 1950s, despite the fact that then there was little evidence on whether smoking led to lung cancer or not (‘Meaning, Truth, And Reference In Historical Representation’ 40-45).
Conclusion
It is evident that the idea of truth and representation may be correlated but at times, it may be presented in a manner that may be confusing. This is in particular to hiding the truth indirectly.
Works Cited
Buelens, M. Sinding and Waldstrom C., Organisational Behaviour. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. (2011). Print
Capoor, K. and P. Ambrosi State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2009. Washington, D.C., The
World Bank. (2009).Print.
‘Meaning, Truth, And Reference In Historical Representation’. Choice Reviews Online 50.04 (2012): 50-2207-50-2207. Web.
Parr, Hector. “Hector Parr’s Essays on Cosmology, Physics, Philosophy and organ Music”. Hectorparr.freeuk.com. N.P., 2015. Accessed Web. 2 Feb. 2015.
Warner, K. E. ‘Global Warning Comes to Tobacco Control’. Tobaco Control 22(5) (2013): 289-290.
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Process Integration Case Study
In today’s unpredictable global business environment, organizations must be laterally integrated so that customer requirements are accurately translated into the designs, products and services. However, changing a traditional organization to a process-centric model can prove to be a complex and challenging task.
McAdam and McCormack state, “Organisation structures change to suit their environment and to enable strategic decisions.” (McAdam & McCormack, 2001)
• How well is McAdam and McCormack’s proposition borne out by the evidence from the various companies they surveyed, and in particular from Nortel Networks?
• To what extent does the evidence assembled by Cagliano, Caniato, and Spina suggest that, to be successful, external integration strategies need to be supported by internal integration within the firm?
What lessons does this have for the businesses discussed by McAdam and McCormack?
Using the above case studies as a jumping-off point for further inquiry, identify key areas in which supply chain management can be influenced by business process integration and management. Your task is to prepare a 5 page paper using the resources and at least two other peer-reviewed practitioner or scholarly resources, fully documented and cited in APA format. Make sure you include the doi of any article use.
Resources
Course Text
• Handbook of Global Supply Chain Management
o Chapter 7, “Process Orientation”
This chapter delves into the meaning of process as applied to the organization. The elements within a process-oriented organization are covered as well as the steps for designing the process-oriented organization. Finally, issues of process measurement, analysis, and development are presented.
Chapter 11, “Integrated Logistics Management”
This chapter examines the integration of the logistics management function within an organization. Integrated logistics management requires the joining of logistics business processes within the supply chain. The context of integrated logistics is viewed in relation to a global supply chain and a framework and guidelines are presented.
Articles
• Cagliano, R., Caniato, F., & Spina, S. (2006). The linkage between supply chain integration and manufacturing improvement programmes. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26 (3/4). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article offers empirical evidence to suggest a relationship between supply chain integration dimensions and lean production programs.
• McAdam, R., & McCormack, D. (2001). Integrating business processes for global alignment and supply chain management. Business Process Management Journal, 7(2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article reviews the literature on business process integration and supply chain integration and presents case studies on three well-known companies.
Themistocleous, M., & Corbitt, G. (2006). Is business process integration feasible? Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 19(4). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
In this article, an ongoing project is used to explain the importance of business processes redesign in the development of a globally integrated IT infrastructure.
Web Site
• Zhu, J., Tian, Z., Li, T., Sun, W., Ye, S., Ding, W., et al. (2004). Model-driven business process integration and management: A case study with the Bank SinoPac regional service platform. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 48(5/6), 649-669. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article demonstrates how each key business process integration and solution development phase was carried out and guided by business process modeling by the IBM China Research Laboratory.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Nowadays, because of technology businesses are changing the way they conduct their businesses. Technology, even though has brought many changes, it has also contributed to a number of challenges in running business. Integration and orientation of new business models has as well become more challenging and complex in this era. Business process integration and management influences various business areas and one of them is supply chain management. The business framework consists of various aspects such as means and ways of operations, people, organization, data and system expected to balance and to work together for the achievement of the common goal. The author deliberates on various aspects relating to process integration by identifying areas that business process integration and management can influence supply chain management. McAdam and McCormack propositions are as well integrated in the discussion as we as evidence by Cagliano, Caniato, and Spina as well as lesson learned.
In any organization and especially in management of supply chain, all stakeholders should work together to achieve common goal. For this to be achieved, they need to have a plan and control mechanisms of business process integrated. The case study of Nortel Networks Corporations that focused on supply chain integration and market repositioning indicated that companies gained a competitive edge by integrating their supply chain processes (McAdam & McCormack, 2001).
Any supply chain management that can be successful is that that does not manage individual functions but rather integrates all activities into key supply chain processes. In the modern world today, businesses must remain agile and flexible. This will ensure that the company manages to deal with the current dynamic and ever changing environments of doing business. Nowadays, products and services keep on changing and it becomes important for any company or organization to always meet the expectations and requirements of customers. Customers have as well become flexible and they will buy the products or services that meet their needs. Therefore, the concept of Business process management (BPM) comes into play as entities seek to meet and address the needs of the ever-changing customer perspectives.
Having basic knowledge and understanding of the functioning of supply chain strategies and their association with internal manufacturing is essential (Caglianoi, Caniato & Spina, 2006). If proper integration of external strategies is lacking, it is definitely going to be hard to achieve successful internal integration in a company. This, therefore, means that, the people responsible must ensure that all the stakeholders and issues affecting supply chain management are put into consideration. Businesses as well should not put their focus on process integration only by looking at the internal point of view. This is as well highlighted in the McAdam and McCormack study. Avoiding this will help the supply chain management processes consider external forces that may affect negatively on the achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization.
Business management processes is a technique that have found its applicability in business. The concept involves use of IT supported business operations to manage and execute business strategies from a business expert and not technical perspective. Methods, techniques help in designing, enacting control and in analyzing of the operational processes that involve, organizations, humans, documents, applications and other value source of information. Therefore, it gives a business an upper hand through the various insights in running and operating a business better.
In execution of business process, the business process management systems usually in application covers two layers including business processes and resources. The business is limited in terms of their capability or extend they can access to their own resources. It is important, that even if resources are available, parties with vested interest understand the different ways to retrieve information such as data warehousing and query processing. This means that not all information retrieved is appropriate and it become prudent to search relevant information that suits the context.
Organizational architecture varies from one another and is developed through processes to help entities manage effectively their transition challenges. Some architecture are based on four key aspects that make up their businesses. The major aspects include strategy, structure, communications and culture. Structure need to adapt new process that takes place in an organization. Strategy is the techniques that the entities have decided to adopt to enable them achieve their objectives. The strategy therefore should provide guideline on how and where the entity is going. Culture is the way the organization carries its daily activities and interacts with the stakeholders. Culture need to enable the entity to achieve its goals and objectives and should not be deterrence. Communication is yet another important aspect that any organization cannot do without. Effective communication creates cohesion and allows the stakeholders to work well to achieve the goals of the entity. Vision and missionand objectives of any entity are conveyed through communication (Gershon, 2009). Therefore, through effective communication, it is easy for an entity to achieve its goals and aims.
Organizations have different structures. Some have centralized departments while others have decentralized departments and this affects the decision making process. Centralized and decentralized departments provide a vital point for strategic managers to make decisions pertaining to their operations. Depending on the way the decisions are made, it is essential to ensure that parties in decision making agree to minimize any risks and complexities in their business operations.
Ontology based Business process management systems has one more layer that describes business processes and resources systematically. The major reason of the three-layered architecture in integrates business processes with different Business process management systems. They therefore, provide relevant services and functionalities of processes.
Different entities use different types of information systems such as CRM, ERP and Workflow Management in support of their execution of business processes (Cabral, Norton & Domingue, 2009). These information systems have the capability to store information or data on the previous transactions. Information stored is used as starting point for process mining (PM) and reverse business engineering (RBE). These two techniques help in analysis of process models and processes hence complement each other. Process mining helps to come up with similar types of analysis that includes execution of the processes, the organization model for a specific process and the areas that have bottlenecks (Cabral, Norton, and Domingue, 2009). On the other hand, reverse business-engineering focuses on scenario-based analysis using predefined business questions such as Continuous Improvement and As-Is-Analysis.
Semantic Web Services (SWS) technologies allow integration of various applications at semantic level (Hepp, Leymann, Wahler, and Fensel (2005). Furthermore, the technologies based ontologies provide scalable materials and ways for the machine-readable representation of knowledge. SWS furthermore, use SW technologies to support the automated discovery, composition, substitution and execution of software components such as Web services business process management is as well considered as natural application for SWS and SW technologies hence its implementation and adaptation is critical factor in many entities across the globe.
Benefits of Process Integration
Process integration is very important in these modern days. The environment of doing business keep on changing and it is important for the organizations structure to remain flexible. Integrating supply chain may be as well complex as it requires greater focus, hard work and commitment to ensure that internal and external process are integrated. When supply chain is integrated effectively, the company has an opportunity to accrue various benefits.
Some of the benefits of integrating supply chain include; the organization is able to reduce its inventory from 25 to 60. This is beneficial as it helps the organization to reduce its costs of operation hence increasing its profitability. The organization has as well the capability to make improvements in its fulfillment cycle from 30 to 50 percent (Varma, Pawan & Angelo, 2008). The company as well is able to improve in its forecast accuracy from 25 to 80 percent, reduces supply chain costs from 24 to 50 percent and improves in its overall productivity form 10 to 16 percent. Therefore, McAdam and McCormack surveys allow one to learn various lessons. It is important for entities to be flexible in their operations, as this will enable them to achieve their objectives. Situations of doing business keep on changing and this requires adjustments and flexibility.
Conclusion
Process integration is a concept that many organizations have embraced. The concept allows entities to improve in their operations as they liaise with the various stakeholders. The concept specifically has helps to improve supply chain managements of various organizations. The decision making process is as well improved with process integration hence adding value to the organization. McAdam and McCormack arguments and evidence from their surveys from Nortel Networks supports the need for structures to change to suit their environment and to help reach strategic decisions. It is also very important that internal and external integration strategies support each other to ensure achievement of objectives and goals. Therefore, this discussion enhances our understanding of the operations and the functioning of business more so when it comes to integration of processes.
References
Cabral, L., Norton, B. and Domingue, J. (2009). The business process modelling ontology. In: 4th International Workshop on Semantic Business Process Management (SBPM 2009), Workshop at ESWC 2009, 1 June 2009, Crete, Greece.
Cagliano, R., Caniato, F., and Spina, G. (2006). The linkage between supply chain integration and manufacturing improvement programs, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol 26(3), pp282-299.
Gershon, Richard A (2009). Telecommunications and business strategy. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group.
McAdam, R., and McCormack (2001). Integrating business process for global alignment and supply chain management, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 7(2) pp.113-130.
