Take note that this paper comes in two sections and each section is suppose to have its reference list at the end of that section. For section A, you will have to paste the link to the article used for the critique, and also any references used in the paper. and for section you will provide 4 minimum references from credible pear review sources. remember to follow proper rules on how to critique an article.
SECTION A (1 page)
Health Reform Shaped by Nursing Research
Critique a reliable internet source that describes a health reform-related public policy that was shaped or influenced by the application of nursing research in the U.S and should not be more than 5 years old. Also post the link to the internet source at the end of your paper.
Paste the link at the end of this section, which will directly link the reader to the article use for the critique.
SECTION B (1 page) ( 4 references minimum)
For this section, refer to 111521 and 111489 to better understand this section as those sections will have some reasonable information to the writer a better understanding of the amendment we are working on.
Compare two ethical principles and three measurable goals that would support passage by Congress of your amendment hear below.
The public policy problem is that section 2713 requires organizations to provide their workers with birth control as part of their insurance coverage. The public policy question is: should the federal government mandate that organizations can choose whether or not to provide contraceptive services to employees as part of their insurance coverage? The public policy resolution is an amendment to section 2713(a) (4) of PL 111-148 that would say: organizations – both for-profit and non-profit organizations – have the option of either offering their employees birth control as part of their insurance coverage or not to offer contraceptive services (Cauchi, 2014).
The reforms in the health sector have been researched by various researchers in the nursing field. One of the highly recognized researchers that came up with a series of reforms in the health sector is the IOM report as by the committee of Robert Wood Foundation. Their research methodology was very efficient given the breadth of the area of study. Survey was used in observing the practitioners in the field and the use of questionnaires in collecting the data was very recommendable in their study.
The findings came were analyzed and the researchers recommended the changes that were to be effected in the field so that the field could be running effectively and smoothly. The first finding according to the researchers is that nurses in the U.S do not practice their nursing fully due to a variety of historical, regulatory and policy barriers which have limited the ability and scope of practice of the nurses (IOM, 2011, chapter 3). In regard to this barrier the researchers recommended that there is need for standardization of policies of practice by the nurses in all over the states of America. Once the rules have been standardized then the staff turnover will be reduced and any nurse can work at any hospital within the United States (Montgomery & Keegan, 2013, p. 59). All nurses should be allowed fully to the degree of their knowledge without limitations. Secondly the researchers found out that the education levels of the nurses were never advanced and therefore recommended that nurses should achieve higher education training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression (IOM, 2011, chapter 4). Thirdly they found out that the nurses were not cooperating fully with the physicians. They recommended that nurses should be full partners with physicians and other health professionals in redesigning the healthcare system in United States (IOM, 2011, chapter 5). Laureate &Grey (2010, p.4) refer to this as the change in the practice model for the better achievement of results and effective flow of work in the working environment. Fourthly, the researchers’ findings revealed a lapse in the patient management of information. The researchers recommended effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information structure (IOM, 2011, chapter 6).
Reference
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Retrieved from
One of the ethical principles is the principle of autonomy. This principle stands for independence and the ability to be self directed. According to this principle everyone has a right to self-determination and arte entitled to decide what happens to the life. Adults have the ability to think and capacity to consent to or refuse the treatment. This amendment will provide that everyone’s wishes are respected even if they do not agree to them. Mandating that the insurance companies cover the contraceptives, sterilizations and drugs or devices that are meant to induce the expulsion of human embryo would violate the consciences of many Americans which shall be against the promises made by president Obama (Centre for Medicare and Medical Services, 2011).
The other ethical principle is justice to all. This requires that all clients be treated equally irrespective of the origin, race or occupation. This principle stands to equalize those who are in the job market and those who are not. The bill is unfair because it concentrates on providing the contraceptives to those people who are in working in organizations or companies. Those who work in the private sector or who do not work will have not been affected by this bill. According to the National Catholic Bioethics Center (2010) pregnancy is not a disease and therefore contraceptives, sterilizations and abortifications should not be included as mandated preventive services. Therefore amending t he bill will ensure that both the workers and those who are not working are all treated equally.
One of the measurable goals is public education in regard to the use of the contraceptives their side effects and other better birth control methods. Another measurable goal is workers engagement in understanding the need for the amendment. The amendment should be expressed fully to the workers explaining to them why we need the amendments. Once they have understood then the need for the amendment then they can be the first ones to campaign for the amendment. The third measurable goal is engage organizations and groups that stand against the bill. for instance the religious group[s such as the Catholics are on record for opposing this bill, therefore engaging them in the amendment process will give more support to the amendment. The amendment should have the support of as many people as possible and one of the ways is to use such organizations.
Is it possible for a health policy to fail due to cultural factors? How important is it for the community to get involved with the decision-making process during policy development?
You will recognize the significance in cultural awareness and health policy development. For this writing, consider community engagement in policy development.
Consider the importance of beliefs and behaviors when developing health policies. This is a 3 pages):
Answer the following Questions:
1. Explain the importance of culturally appropriate health policies.
2. Explain how one can develop a policy so that it gets the support of the community.
3. Explain how you might engage the community to be part of the voice when developing a policy.
Articles:
Campbell, D. (2011). Anthropology?s contribution to public health policy development. McGill Journal of Medicine, 13(1), 76.
Anthropology?s contribution to public health policy development by Campbell, D., in the McGill Journal of Medicing (MJM), 13(1). Copyright 2011 by McGill
University/Faculty of Medicine. Reprinted by permission of McGill University/Faculty of Medicine via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Lee, K., Buse, K. & Fustukian, S. (Eds.). (2002). Health policy in a globalising world. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Health policy in a globalizing world by Lee, K., Buse, K. & Fustukian, S. Copyright 2002 by Cambridge University Press. Reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Allen, T. & Heald, S. (2004). HIV/AIDS policy in Africa: What has worked in Uganda and what has failed in Botswana? Journal of International Development, 16(8), 1141?1154.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Porter, J. D. H. (2006). Epidemiological reflections of the contribution of anthropology to public health policy and practice. Journal of Biosocial Science, 38(1), 133?144.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2011). Global health and issues in disease prevention [Multimedia file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu
Medical Care?s Role in Promoting Health,? featuring Stephen Bezruchka, MD
Fortier, J. (Director & Producer). (2008). Importance of culturally appropriate care for Native Americans [Video excerpt]. In L. Adelman (Executive producer),
Unnatural causes: Episode 4?Bad sugar. United States: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved from http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/video_clips_detail.php?res_id=77(c) California Newsreel, 2008. www.unnaturalcauses.org? Fortier, J. (Director & Producer). (2008).
Tohono Odham Community Action (TOCA)?Cultural renewal to improve health [Video excerpt]. In L. Adelman (Executive producer), Unnatural causes: Episode 4?Bad sugar. United States: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved from http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/video_clips_detail.php?res_id=46
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The increasing diversity of the healthcare spectrum comes with challenges and opportunities for healthcare providers, policy makers, and healthcare systems to develop and deliver culturally competent healthcare services. In the healthcare setting, cultural competence is defined as the ability of healthcare organizations and providers to deliver effectively healthcare services that satisfy the cultural, social, and linguistic patient needs, (Johnson et al, 2008). Culture is defined as incorporated models of human behavior. These include thoughts, language, actions, communications, beliefs, customs, values as well as institutions of religious, racial, ethnic and social groups. In essence culture is generally the way of life of a particular community (Galea, 2007). Benefits of culture include the ability of people to provide adequate preparation response as well as recovery from disaster based on their culture, it provides for a protective system that can provide comfort and reassurance, it also defines suitable behavior and provide a support system that identifies a shared dream for recovery. However despite the strength of culture, some cultures can render one group vulnerable compared to others (Galea, 2007).
The importance of culturally appropriate health policies cannot be adequately stressed. A healthcare system governed by culturally appropriate cultural policies has improved health outcomes and enhanced quality of care, and contributes greatly to ethnic and racial discrepancy elimination. The healthcare systems that are culturally competent easily implement strategies that provide relevant enlightenment on cultural capability, competence as well as cross-cultural concerns to health personnel besides initiating policies that decrease linguistic and administrative setbacks to patient care. Cultural competence is also important for it can help reduce long standing differences in mental and physical health conditions of people who belong to different ethnic, cultural and racial backgrounds.
According to Johnson et al (2008), culturally appropriate health policies are crucial in improving healthcare through: effectively eliminating ethnic and racial disparities, improving healthcare quality, and increasing the access to healthcare. In the present day healthcare climate, there is a high potential for appropriate and competent healthcare policies to increase healthcare quality , which is a significantly motivating factor for healthcare providers to undertake training to improve their practice of cultural competence and appropriateness, (Johnson et al, 2008).
If someone wants to develop a policy so that it gets the support of the community, they can establish a policy that supports culturally competent care. Five themes govern such a policy that has a community support namely: a patient-centered emphasis; effective physician-patient communication; achieves balance of skill/attitude-centered and fact-centered approaches to achieving cultural competence as a process of development; and incorporates the understanding of the alternative care sources, as illustrated by Donini-Lenhoff & Hedrick (2010). The policy should be based on a conceptual framework that emphasizes on the cultural competence that focuses much of the attention on the patient and the kin, as opposed to the characteristics of cultural group of the patient or the disease.
Effective communication must be underlined in the policy because such communication facilitates the success of the patient-physician relationship. Important concepts that should be incorporated into the model to facilitate communication include: proper interviewing techniques, negotiation of treatment, and implementing the explanatory model, as mentioned by Donini-Lenhoff & Hedrick (2010). Methodologies to acquire cultural competence are either skill/attitude-centered or fact-centered. The fact-centered approach focuses on education on specific ethnic group information. The model must ensure community acceptance by incorporating the skilled/attitude-centered approach so that patient cannot appear to be represented as racial stereotypes, according to Chin (2011). As well the policy must acquire cultural competence as a developmental process and underline the alternative healthcare sources so that it can fit into the community. Gaskin & Hoffman (2010) argues that the best way of ensuring that a healthcare policy is acceptable to the community is by engaging the community to be part of the voice when developing the policy, as argued by Chin (2011).
Many of the conceptual frameworks that address cultural appropriateness and competence in healthcare emphasize the significance of healthcare policies to recognize the voice of the patients because community compliance to healthcare policies is improved by culture compliance. The voice of the community can be part of developing a healthcare policy if the policy is focused towards provision of linguistically and culturally competent care, (Geron, 2012). To achieve this, before implementing the policy, data can be collected from the community regarding ethnicity, race and language preferences, which will be a basis of designing the policy. After identifying any disparities in the reported in the data collected, the policy can be designed to reflect the voice of the community by focusing on the provision of linguistically and culturally competent care, (Geron, 2012). The policy should also underline that the entire spectrum of the healthcare profession should receive training in diversity issues. It should also emphasize development of a patient language resource, written patient communication and addresses ethnic and racial diversity. Such a policy will inhibit the voice of the community, as illustrated by Gaskin & Hoffman (2010).
References
Chin, J. L. (2011, January/February). Culturally competent health care. Public
Health Reports, 115(1), 25-33 Crimmins, E.M., Hayward, M.D., & Seeman, T.E. (2004). Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and health. In N.B. Anderson, R.A. Bulatao, & B. Cohen (Eds.), Critical perspectives on racial and ethnic differences in health in later life (pp. 310-352). Washington, DC: National Academies Press
Donini-Lenhoff, F. & Hedrick, H. (2010). Increasing awareness and implementation of cultural competence principles in health professions education. Journal of Allied Health, 29:241-245.
Johnson, M., Noble, C., Matthews, C., & Aguilar, N. (2008). Towards culturally competent health care: language use of bilingual staff. Australian Health Review, 21(3), 49-66
Gaskin, D.J., & Hoffman, C. (2010). Racial and ethnic differences in preventable hospitalizations across 10 states. Medical Care Research Review, 57(Suppl.1), 85-107.
Geron, S.M. (2012). Cultural competency: How is it measured? Does it make a difference? Generations, 26, 39-45.
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Assessment Brief: Prepare a 10-minute audiovisual presentation of a selected design or designer within the thematic of Assessment Task 1. Hand in a 1,000-word summary supplemented with visual supports from the audiovisual presentation.
this is a case study and need 10-minute audiovisual presentation (PowerPoint)
1,000-word summary supplemented with visual supports from the audiovisual presentation
SAMPLE ANSWER
Four Themes of Feral Experimental
The Feral Experimental Exhibition explains four major themes with different designers. It describes the theme and its designs, its impact to others and to the designer, and the broader issues that are addressed through the design. These are: the speculative design, participatory design, interaction design, and the co-design.
The speculative design process does not necessary design specifically a problem to be solved (Galeffi, 2009). It instead establishes a starting point that is provocative from which the design process may emerge. An example of this from the Feral experiment is the, ‘Avena+ Test Bed: Agricultural Printing and Altered Landscapes’. This is a speculative design that investigates the opportunity of agricultural printing.
Participatory design was originally known as the Cooperative design (Co-design) (Karakas, 2011). This design attempts to actively involve stakeholders in their design process so as to make the results usable. The stakeholders in this case may be the employees, citizens, customers, partners and the end users (Steen, 2013). An example of this design from the feral Experiment Exhibition is the ‘Design-Anthropological Innovation Model (DAIM)’. This model investigated how users are driven to recycling services and waste disposals.
Interaction Design, just like the other fields of design, has an interest in form but it focuses mainly on behavior. It designs systems, services, interactive digital products and environments (Karakas, 2011). It actually shapes the digital environment for people’s use. An example of this from the Feral Experiment exhibition is ‘Circus Oz Living Archive’. This design celebrates rehearsals, performances and adverts of the Circus Oz.
Exploratory Experimental Design is a type of design that is conducted on a research problem when there is no reference to any earlier studies that was conducted. Its main focus is to gain insights and familiarize in case of future investigations. An example from the Feral Experimental is, ‘If We Meet Again’. This is a film that is screened on two different screens that explores the narratives and fantasies about the interactions with the design.
The Kindred Spirits
Kindred Spirits is a fictions co-design research project developed together with the people of the drug rehabilitation clinic in Netherlands called the Mistral in The Hague (Matisoff & Edwards, 2014). It was designed by Susana CamaraLeret. It became part of the G-Motiv which was a large scale research project funded by the government in the Creative Industry Scientific Research Program (CRISP). This project gives a clear view of an imaginary clinical setting resided by the hybrid companion creatures that shows their habitual behavior. Kindred Spirits however is a term that explains someone who shares the attitudes, features, beliefs and feelings only with oneself.
Kindred spirits had two series: a crustacean with claws and a trumpet-like creature. Listening to the crustacean is quite relaxing since it induces alpha brainwaves from its released frequencies. This brainwaves helps in relaxing the brain. The trumpet-like creature, on the other hand, lies and listens to conversations. It has a high sense of smell and it is also full of nerve endings in the tail. The smell releases mood that blocks the olfactory receptors thus influences mood and makes one to talk.
Designer’s Argument about Kindred Spirits
Susana Camara Leret describes the 3D printed creatures of the kindred Spirits as companion creatures. These species can be introduced to the ecosystem of the clinic and perform the acquired obsessions, compulsions and behaviors on the Mistral clients’ behalf. These creatures as described by Camara Leret, could be a beneficial influence to the health centers alienating environment. For example, at Mistral in The Hague, residents spend most of their time at the living room (Young, DeLorenzi& Cunningham, 2011). A patient then says that the noise that comes from there at times may be too loud such that one could not hear his or her own mind. The first Kindred Spirit was inspired by the patient’s comment. This was a crustacean that had claws functioning like earphones (Matisoff & Edwards, 2014). These earphones transmitted frequency that induced ones meditative state of mind. The comment of Berend Hofman also inspired the co-creation of the trumpet like creature.
Technology claims human as its own. Susana Camara Leret question what happens about this. She however evolves into digital extensions of people with acquired obsessions. This informs about the interactions and designs our own evolution.
Others Argument about Kindred Spirits
Clients share their stories evoked about the Smell memory kit and the smell exercises is now included with the mistral in their patient intake procedure because of how their new residents reflected on how to change their behavior.
Issues Addressed through the Design
Kindred spirits is an interaction between the ordinary and the fantastic needs. This project balances the actual needs and the imagined desires. It also builds on experiences in order to encourage the contemplation of alternatives in future. This design engages participants in the change of behavior especially in the addiction therapy context. It mainly addresses young drug addicts.
Lessons Learnt from the Kindred Spirits Design
Kindred Spirits is a piece of memory. It relaxes the mind and makes one able to talk by influencing mood. It contributes in the understanding and the creation of strategic roles for designers in several ways. First, designers have to play a role in solving complex problems. This is where the design comes in. It allows them to have capable skills to create solutions. Secondly, a creative economy will be more competitive if people can know the importance of the strategic role design. Designers will benefits from this and the society will be more flexible. Aside from that, the strategic designers have to create new perspectives with a new medium. They have to design kits related to their smelling capabilities just like the smell memory kit. This kit opened doors to engaging with tentative results that brings more about the future that was not previously imagined. This design contributes more to strategic designers in many ways.
This design looks specifically to young drug addicts and how smelling can aid in their treatment. It explains how smelling helps in storytelling and especially about their past experiences.
References
Galeffi, A 2009, ‘Biographical and Cataloguing Common Ground: Panizzi and Lubetzky, Kindred Spirits Separated by a Century’, Library & Information History, 25, 4, pp. 227-246.
Karakas, F 2011, ‘Positive Management Education: Creating Creative Minds, Passionate Hearts, and Kindred Spirits’, Journal Of Management Education, 35, 2, pp. 198-226.
Matisoff, D, & Edwards, J 2014, ‘Kindred spirits or intergovernmental competition? The innovation and diffusion of energy policies in the American states (1990–2008)’, Environmental Politics, 23, 5, pp. 795-817.
Steen, M, Arendsen, J, Cremers, A, De Jong, A, De Jong, J, & De Koning, N 2013, ‘Using interactive model simulations in co-design: An experiment in urban design’, Codesign, 9, 1, pp. 2-16.
What was Kant’s new way of understanding the relation of the objects of knowledge to the mind? Why does he compare his epistemology to the Copernican revolution? How is his view both similar to and different from rationalism on the one hand and empiricism on the other? Be sure to include in your response a definition of epistemology and at least a brief explanation of rationalism and empiricism. For our purposes, “explain” means to state the theory and to describe the important features of the theory in a manner that an intelligent but uninformed reader would understand. For our purposes, “evaluate” means (1) to determine whether or not the theory rests on a sound or cogent argument, and to (2) determine the overall plausibility of the theory or strategy. In this context, “plausibility” refers to the strengths and weaknesses of the theory or strategy).
SAMPLE ANSWER
Kant’s Epistemology
Emanuel Kant, who was born in 22 April 1724, and died in 12 February 1804, was a renowned German philosopher from Königsberg in Prussia (today, Kaliningrad, Russia) who researched, lectured, and wrote on philosophy and anthropology during the Enlightenment towards the last periods of 18th century (James and Stuart 322)
In the history of western philosophy, Immanuel Kant is recognized as a very influential philosopher, with his contributions to epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics and metaphysics, impacting virtually all the philosophical movements that came after him. The bulk of his work actually tries to address the question, “What can we know?”, whose answer, if presented in the simplest manner, is that the knowledge of human beings is constrained to the science of the natural, empirical world, and mathematics. According to his argument, the main reason as to why the limitations present themselves in the ways of knowledge is because the human mind plays a very critical role in constitution of the features gained from experience, hence, the mind’s access is usually only limited to the empirical realm of time and space (Edmund 122).
In CPR, the mind is discussed by Kant mainly in connection with his major projects, rather than in its own right, as such, rendering the effort quite scattered and sketchy. He puts forward seven major discussions with respect to the mind in both the two editions of the CPR: Transcendental Aesthetic and Metaphysics Deduction. His discussions of the mind and its relation to the objects of knowledge may be presented in two key stages, as outlined below.
Transcendental Aesthetic
In this stage, his argument is on what space and time should really be like, and the manner in which we as humans should handle them in case our minds are really to have the temporal properties and necessary conditions that it has. To him, the conditions of experienced are very necessary to help understand the ways in which the mind relates to the surrounding.
The Critique of Pure Reason, which is Kant’s major work, was aimed at uniting reason with experience so that he could transcend the obvious failures of metaphysics and ancient philosophy. He hoped to end an age of speculation where objects outside experience were used to support what he saw as futile theories, while opposing the negative and discouraging thoughts of Berkeley and Hume. As regards this, he stated that everything that exists, which circumvents the universality of humans, should only be believed through utmost faith, and anyone who objects to that common ideology should be shunned (James and Stuart 367).
Kant proposed a “Copernican Revolution-in-reverse”, saying that although it has been widely assumed that human cognition must be in tandem with certain objects, we must try to continue with the study and practice of metaphysics unabated, by forfeiting the conformance between humans and objects (Jürgen 412).
Kant, in relation to this, argues that it possible to have “synthetic a priori knowledge” – the categories are not known through experience but they are nevertheless not analytically true. In fact, we need some experiences before we can even know that we have these categories, but the categories must be innate. The categories include: Categories of quantity, encompassing plurality, unity, and totality; Categories of quality, such as negation, reality, and limitation; Categories of relation, with such aspects as causality/ dependence, substance/ accident, and community/ interaction.
One way Kant argues for the necessity of categories is in his discussion of causality. Remember, Hume argues that we have no sense of impression, which could correspond to our idea of causation. Well, Kant agrees, but whereas Hume says that this is a confused idea, which we should ditch, Kant argues that causation is one of the essential a priori categories that make our experiences possible.
Kant explains that sometimes the order in which our experiences occur is significant and sometimes it is not. For example, I might enter my house from the front door and have a series of perceptions, e.g. bathroom followed by (as I walk down the hall) lounge followed by kitchen. On another occasion, I enter through the back door, and perceive kitchen followed by lounge followed by bathroom. The order of my perceptions does not matter here – my understanding of the house has not changed, and neither has the house.
In other fields such as ethics, aesthetics, religion, law, history, and astronomy, notable works of Kant can still be traced. Just to mention a few, the Critique of Practical Reason, the Critique of Judgment, and the Metaphysics of Morals are among some of his works published under the above banners (Jonathan 13). The main aim of the renowned philosopher was to solve the ensuing dispute between rationalist and empirical approaches. As it were, the empirical approach postulated that virtually all knowledge that humans have is a result of experience, while rationalist ideology posits that innate ideas and human reason are naturally existing. To support his point of view, he reiterated that experience is a product of pure reason, and that the use of reason without integrating the aspect of experience is completely delusional. These philosophical viewpoints formed the basis of Kant’s arguments.
Owing to the practicality and renowned nature of Kant’s philosophies, many German thinkers were influenced. The great philosopher succeeded in creating a new paradigm in the world of philosophers, by adopting a discussion that transcended the friction between empirical and rationalist approaches (Edmund 123). As regards the argument on the plausibility of the theory, it can be argued that Kant’s philosophy is valid, as it is based on reliable arguments and viewpoints. Though various critics have addressed multiple issues with the theory of Emmanuel Kant, it remains a n undisputed fact that its strengths outweigh its weaknesses, thus, qualifying it as a perfectly plausible argument. Perhaps, this is the reason why his work has remained monumental in the field of philosophy, and continues to inspire many a people.
Select an organization you work for or one in your chosen field.
Conduct online research on the ethics of your organization and the industry it belongs to.
Write a 750- to 1,050-word paper describing how ethical principles can address organizational issues. Include the organization you selected and discuss the following with regards to that organization and its industry:
•What role do external social pressures have in influencing organizational ethics?
•How might these issues be relevant to organizational and personal decisions?
•What is the relationship between legal and ethical issues?
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Responsibility Project
At the top of discussion in every arena such as churches, schools, and casual fellowship is how the principles of ethics are used to address organizational issues. Ethical principles are applicable in a number of ways that establish a strong relationship structure that workers of all level will value and appreciate (Trevino & Nelson, 2006). This paper discusses how the ethical issues are applied and used in organizations regarding the information about a film redeemed from “Responsibility project” website. The important highlights from the film are the roles, which external pressure has in influencing the ethics of an organization, relevance of these issues in personal and organizational decision, and the relationship between the ethical and legal issues.
The short film known as Good Vibration is a lively animated story that depicts the image and the responsibility of the community and cost of being pleased. The film majorly focuses on a group responsibility within the society and the way community and organizations behave. The milieu of this film is the society responses on their behavior when they see the helpless and disabled individuals walk down on the sidewalks tripping and falling. Some of the employees of the organization find it very interesting when they see these individuals fall. They mock and laugh at them without giving the necessary warning to the ones who are coming on the danger that faces them (Good Vibrations, 2009). After a short time, the laughing employees see an elderly person approaching, he opens the window and warns the next helpless of the dangers ahead at the loose bricks. This helps the person from getting hurt.
A major highlight in this film is how just a single person can take the initiative and responsibility to warn other individuals on the defective pavement, while a group enjoys how the helpless people suffer. An interrelation of this kind can be gotten when it is linked with the attitude of numerous organizations. In many instances, serious problems are figured out by many people regarding certain organizations. However, in this case they are laughed upon, and an effort of improvement becomes an interesting topic of discussion. There are times when an individual finds a problem in the firm, but instead of solving the problem, one just assumes the issue and makes it fun. The major problem with such issues is that if they get ignored for a long time, they become incurable and cause big losses (Trevino & Nelson, 2006). At the end of the day, it is the organization that suffers for its malfunctions and lack of positive attitude to ensure development.
External social pressure manipulates an organizational ethics extensively. In most instances, the number of stakeholders such as the employees, shareholders, and customers increases greatly. As a result, their interests overlap causing serious problems in the organization. In this case, Enron’s example can be cited. To continue with such existing stakeholder and welcome new shareholders, Enron started an off the books to conceal the massive debts and loans. To acknowledge the financial crisis in Enron’s business to the global world, a major reaction to the issue was inevitable, and the business would come down. Nevertheless, due to the social pressures Enron handled it in a different manner. This is an example on how external social pressures affect the ethics of an organization.
In order to secure an organization’s turnover, deals, and profits, in many occasions, legal and ethical responsibilities may be neglected. To save the firm from internal and external problems the head in some cases, implements and makes his verdicts. In doing so, they tend to forget that just for the sake of saving the company; the unethical decision can ruin the firm at the long run. In the case of Enron’s scandal, the unethical and illegal decisions were done in the employee’s good understanding, but at last, they remained numb to the situation. Later, when the scenario got exposed individuals tried what they could to safeguard themselves from the quandary. At last, it jeopardized the reputation of the organization. It would have been much better alternative for Enron to reveal their financial position earlier and avoid unethical decisions.
Between ethical and legal issues, correlation is common in many a times (Trevino & Nelson, 2006). The practices and decisions that are ethical are habitually illegal. In the film, the employees laugh at the helpless people; this act cannot be seen as illegal, but it is very unethical for the company reputation hence cannot be sighted as the illegal act but certainly unethical one. The employees ought to have taken the responsibility to fix the pavement or to erect a warning signs to caution the pedestrian. Therefore, some acts may not be illegal but very unethical.
From the discussion, we can learn the real story of what might happen to any organization when the employees lack the nerves to do the right thing and follow the moral stand in some situations. Unethical acts of employees are enough to spoil an organizations reputation. Even though external social pressures have an inevitable role in manipulating an organization’s code of ethics, moralistic approaches should be maintained in the organization for the good of every stakeholder
References
Trevino, L.K. & Nelson, K.A. (2006).Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1. How many significant figures are in the number 0.0030 g?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
2. Which of the following is equivalent to 1 µg?
A. 1000 ng B. 1000 kg C. 10–3 g D. 1000 mg
3. If the density of a sample is given as 6.57 g/mL, what volume does a 22.5 g sample occupy?
A. 148 mL B. 3.42 mL C. 0.292 mL D. 6.57 mL
4. The following unit, °C, is a measure of
A. mass B. volume C. temperature D. heat
5. The dosage of a narcotic containing cough syrup is dispensed at the rate of 0.250 mL per kilogram
per dose for adult females. The prescription is written for three days and is to be taken four times per
day. What volume of the medication should be dispensed for a 108 lb adult female?
A. 59.5 mL B. 225 mL C. 1.02 mL D. 147 mL
6. Which of the following would be considered a hypothesis?
A. The volume of a sample was measured at 1.86 mL
B. The color of the sample was recorded as clear green
C. The color of the sample changed to dark blue when 10.0 mL of acid were added to the sample,
and bubbles evolved from the mixture.
D. Since bases sometimes react with acids to produce gaseous products, the sample is likely some
kind of base.
7. The energy in a chemical bond, such as a covalent bond, is an example of ______________ energy.
A. kinetic B. potential
8. On a cool day in autumn, the temperature was 9.0°C. What does this correspond to in degrees
Fahrenheit?
A. 5.0 °F B. 9.0 °F C. 16 °F D. 48 °F
9. The number 5 X 10–3 can be written in full as:
A. 0.005 B. 0.05 C. 500 D. 500010. Convert 23 cm into
10. inches and report the answer with the correct number of sigfigs.
A. 0.11 in B. 9.1 in C. 9.055 in D. 58 in
11. A quantitative measurement was recorded as: The mass = 25. Why is this measurement recorded
incorrectly?
A. The measurement does not include any description of the sample.
B. The measurement does not have enough significant figures.
C. The measurement does not include the mass unit in which the measurement was taken.
D. None of the above. It is an example of an appropriate way to record a quantitative measurement.
12. Convert one serving of vegetables (2.5 oz) to grams.
A. 0.014 g B. 0.88 g C. 71 g D. 11 g
13. The dimensions of a room are typically given in feet, but carpeting is sold by the square yard. How
many square yards of carpet are required to cover the floor of a room that is 12 feet wide by 18 feet
long? There are 3 ft in one yard.
A. 12 yd2 B. 18 yd2 C. 24 yd2 D. 216 yd2
14. What is the mass in g of 30.0 mL of a liquid if its density is 0.60g/mL?
A. 0.056 g B. 0.020 g C. 50. g D. 18 g
15. The number 0.0004210 L expressed in scientific notation becomes
A. 4.21 X 10–4 L B. 4.210 X 10–3 L C. 4.210 X 10–4 L D. 4.210 X 104 L
16. A patient is 6 feet 2 inches tall (1 ft = 12 in). Express this height in m and report the answer with 2
sigfigs.
A. 29 m B. 1.9 m C. 74 m D. 188 m
17. The side of a box was measured as 1.675 meters. Convert this measurement to centimeters.
A. 0.01675 cm B. 0.1675 cm C. 167.5 cm D. 1675 cm
18. Which of the following numbers or conversions are exact?
A. 12 inches = 1 foot
B. 1 mL = 1000 µL
C. There are 12 children in the room
D. All of these are exact
19. Convert 147 lb into kg.
A. 3.09 kg B. 30.6 kg C. 324 kg D. 66.7 kg
20. A student is instructed to determine the density of an unknown. The mass of an empty beaker is
25.678 g. The student adds 10.15 mL of the unknown to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and the
unknown is 56.750 g. What is the density of the unknown?A. 31.07 g/mL B. 5.591 g/mL C. 3.061 g/mL D. 0.3267 g/Ml
SAMPLE ANSWER
Chemistry Term Paper
C
B
B
C
A
D
B
D
A
B
C
C
C
D
A
B
C
A
D
C
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
This paper is a continuation of 111489, but I have revised the introductory paragraph that your writer wrote since he really did not understand what to do and by the time you send the revised version from the new writer, it was past due so I did not use it as you will see hear if you take time to read the paragraph below. The writer will have to take time read the entire assignment requirement and respond accordingly. It is a very easy paper if proper instructions are followed. The writer must take note of every aspect of this paper and respond to all the different sub headings using the template provided before. Note that every aspect of this paper is critical so the writer must pay attention , and also note that it is require that he write a summary at the end and not a conclusion because as I mentioned before this paper is a continues paper and we will put it together section by section each week.
3. Write the body of the proposal.
The public policy problem is that section 2713 requires organizations to provide their workers with birth control as part of their insurance coverage. The public policy question is: should the federal government mandate that organizations can choose whether or not to provide contraceptive services to employees as part of their insurance coverage? The public policy resolution is an amendment to section 2713(a) (4) of PL 111-148 that would say: organizations – both for-profit and non-profit organizations – have the option of either offering their employees birth control as part of their insurance coverage or not to offer contraceptive services (Cauchi, 2014).
After the introductory paragraph above, create headers for social, political, economic, legal, and ethical issues, as well as the stakeholders. Write one paragraph for each type of issue with citations and references for each describing how the issue would support or not support your proposed amendment.
Start each issue section like this example and write each section in 4 to 5 sentences with cites and references- you may use the links provided in the resources for cites and references:
The legal issue that would affect passage of the proposed amendment is that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the law constitutional and the payment mandate a tax because (you fill in this after reading about it).
Here are the topics to cover under each issue section. Be sure to say how the issues support passage of your proposed amendment and if the issue does not support passage of your proposed amendment, how you plan to get Congress to vote to pass the amendment into law anyway.
Legal Issues
Write about the 28 states that have filed suit against the federal government to repeal PL 111- 148 claiming the law is unconstitutional. Be sure to include the status of the lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court and the effect this would have on getting your proposed amendment passed if the law is ruled unconstitutional or constitutional
Political Issues
Write about the Senate and House bills in Congress to repeal PL 111-148 and the effect repealing the law would have on getting your proposed amendment passed.
Economic Issues
Write about the trillion dollar U.S. budget deficit, budget cuts to entitlement programs like the one you may propose, and spending cuts as well as increased taxes to balance the Congressional budget and the effect this would have on getting your proposed amendment passed.
Social Issues
Describe why the proposed amendment is good for all Americans and why Americans would support the amendment to Congressional stakeholders to vote for it.
The last issue is a little different so you will write it like this:
Ethical Issues
Choose one ethical principle and use it to convince stakeholders why your amendment should pass. Begin the paragraph like this instead of like the other issues:
The ethical principle that supports passage of the proposed amendment is (insert principle) because (insert why) (cite).
Stakeholders
Then list the stakeholders who have a stake in seeing your amendment pass or fail and in one sentence describe the role of each stakeholder- remember nurses would be an American voter.
You would use a numbered list for clarity.
Use these stakeholder groups
1. Politicians because a politician would vote to pass, not pass, or table the amendment.
2. The American voter who would support or not support the amendment to politicians.
3. Political Activists who demonstrate for or against the amendment.
4. Political Lobbyists who lobby for or against the amendment.
Next write a summary (not a conclusion): Summary
First write about what the section of your proposed amendment says. Then write how the amendment would change the section. This is a summary (not a conclusion) that describes the section of the law you chose and why the amendment is important to America from a social, economic, political, legal, and ethical point of view. In this section, you would “sell” the amendment to stakeholders. So talk about the social, legal, political, ethical, and economic issues that support passage of the amendment to the stakeholders.
On the last page list references in the most recent version of APA format and remember for every reference there needs to be at least one citation in the body of the paper.
References Note:
References will come from your class textbooks and reliable internet websites and be no older than 2010.
Resources to be use
Landmark: The inside story of America’s new health-care law and what it means for all of us
• Chapter 9: “On the Front Lines”
• Chapter 10: “Preventative Measures”
• Chapter 11: “In the Workplace”
• Chapter 12: “Medicaid’s Expansion”
• Chapter 13: “Paying for It”
• Chapter 14: “The Abortion Fight”
• Chapter 15: “The Rest of the Story”
• Conclusion: “Judging Success”
Mason et al.: Policy and politics in nursing and healthcare
• Unit 4: “Policy and Politics in the Workplace and Workforce” (Chapters 47–53)
• Unit 5: “Policy and Politics in the Government” (Chapters 68–73)
The public policy problem is that section 2713 requires organizations to provide their workers with birth control as part of their insurance coverage. The public policy question is: should the federal government mandate that organizations can choose whether or not to provide contraceptive services to employees as part of their insurance coverage? The public policy resolution is an amendment to section 2713(a) (4) of PL 111-148 that would say: organizations – both for-profit and non-profit – have the option of either offering their employees birth control as part of their insurance coverage or not to offer contraceptive services (Cauchi, 2014).
Economical issues
The economic issue that would affect passage of the proposed amendment is the dollar-trillion budget deficits that are continuously witnessed in the U.S. According to the treasury department, the federal debt is over 16.7 trillion (Desilver, 2013). Despite coming with free packages such as preventive health care, the initiative, which offers tax credits to small employers that provide health insurance for workers who earn relatively low average wages has not seen major success in the recent past (Owcharenko & Nix, 2012). Currently, there are plans to inject over $14 billion into the scheme over the next ten years.
Political issues
The political issue that would affect passage of the proposed amendment is that the Act states that ‘The law creates a new nationwide requirement for health plans to cover essential health benefits and preventive services, but does not allow stakeholders to opt out of covering items or services to which they have a religious or moral objection, in violation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (Public Law 103–141)” (Hass, 2012). Because the government has exempted faith-based organizations from the preventive health care, there is still an outcry from the same quarters over signing of Form 700, which requires the services to be provided by a third party.
Legal Issues
The legal issue that would affect passage of the proposed amendment is that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the law constitutional and the payment mandate a tax because the rising health care costs and its unpredictability had become burdensome for employers, thus, providing the same for employees at a minimum cost would have been welcome (Newman, 2014) . Later on, 28 states (out of which 26 were enjoined) filled a suit seeking nullification of the Act. The case was based on two main issues: the Act is undermining the sovereignty of the individual states and it also heaps unfair financial obligations to state governments. In 2014, the Supreme Court also allowed religious based organizations to opt out of the free birth directive in the ACA in the popular Hobby Lobby case (Kessenides, 2014).
Social Issues
The social issue that would affect passage of the proposed amendment that would allow the U.S. government to provide quality healthcare to women while at the same time respecting religious inclinations creates a lot of controversies. Religious groups do not seem satisfied by the government’s exemption because it requires third parties to offer contraceptive medication that they view as immoral (Lederman, 2014). The signing of Form 700 or writing of a special notification letter also brews tussles as most people view it as committing to immorality. Faith-based organizations have come out in arms against these provisions.
Ethical Issues
The ethical principle that supports passage of the proposed amendment is the principle of individualism because it emphasizes on individual consumer’s choice in any circumstance whether for education or health care services (Williams et al., 2011). The power of choice will enable women working in religious based organizations choose programs that suit them.
Stakeholders
Politicians – because a politician would vote to pass, not pass, or
table the amendment.
The American voter, who would support or not support the amendment for politicians.
Political Activists, who demonstrate for or against the amendment. An example would be Teamsters PAC, which deals with labor issues hence the welfare of employees.
Political Lobbyists, who lobby for or against the amendment. An example would be the American Jewish Committee.
Summary
The public policy problem is that section 2713 requires organizations to provide their workers with birth control as part of their insurance coverage. The public policy question is: should the federal government mandate that organizations can choose whether or not to provide contraceptive services to employees as part of their insurance coverage? The public policy resolution is an amendment to section 2713(a) (4) of PL 111-148 that would say: organizations – both for-profit and non-profit – have the option of either offering their employees birth control as part of their insurance coverage or not to offer contraceptive services (Cauchi, 2014).
Amending section 2713 would mean that American women will have access to basic health care based on the options chosen. On the other hand, faith-based organizations will have the right to opt out of the preventive health care scheme for their female employees but continue to cover them for other services. This will also stop the politicking associated with the preventive health care service in that individuals will not have to sign Form 700, which most organizations view as committing an immorality.
Marketing Research Methods
A debate exists among marketing researchers over the use of research techniques. Some researchers believe that the only way to understand consumers and products is to utilize qualitative research. Critics of qualitative research, however, disapprove of methods such as marketing focus groups or in-depth interviews. These critics contend that qualitative research is prone to bias because of small sample size and the subjectivity of qualitative approaches. They prefer quantitative research methods. Those researchers preferring quantitative research methods point to the use of large sample sizes and rigorous statistical approaches that exemplify the quantitative method and imply greater generalization. Critics of this research method like to cite the Coca-Cola study.
In 1984, Coca-Cola spent millions of dollars on quantitative market research for their New Coke product. Research results led executives to change the formula to a newer, sweeter formula. Sales of New Coke were very disappointing and post-launch research indicated that consumers disliked the new product. Less than three months after the introduction of New Coke, the Coca-Cola Company announced a return to the old formula leading some to question the merits of quantitative research.
• On the Internet, research the quantitative marketing research undertaken by Coca-Cola. How did they design the research? In hindsight, what were seen as the shortcomings that resulted in such faulty data?
• Do you believe that the best marketing research approach is qualitative or quantitative? Justify your response. Are there particular situations where one approach is clearly preferable?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method as a tool for marketing research? Provide specific examples to illustrate your response.
Resources
• Article
o D’Esopo, M., & Almquist, E. (2007). An approach to mastering the marketing mix. Business Strategy Series, 8(2), 122–131. Retrieved from ProQuest Central database.
In this article the authors describe how structural equation modeling, historical analyses, and in-market experiments can be used to analyze marketing investment patterns.
• Hauser, W. (2007). Marketing analytics: The evolution of marketing research in the twenty-first century. Direct Marketing, 1(1), 38–54. doi:10.1108/17505930710734125
By using advances in technology, such as data mining, and other marketing analytics, the author argues that companies can be much more effective in researching marketing issues and problems.
• Lee, N., & Broderick, A. (2007). The past, present, and future of observational research in marketing. Qualitative Market Research, 10(2), 121–129. doi:10.1108/13522750710740790
This article reviews the history and philosophical debates surrounding the use of observational research in marketing and then describes how technology has allowed observational research to expand beyond just qualitative research.
• Reppel, A., Szmigin, I., & Gruber, T. (2006). The iPod phenomenon: Identifying a market leader’s secrets through qualitative marketing research. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(4), 239–249. doi:10.1108/10610420610679601
A problem with online marketing research is how to account for those individuals who do not use the Internet. The authors in this article present a possible solution to this dilemma.
• Schibrowsky, J., Peltier, J., & Nill, A. (2007). The state of Internet marketing research: A review of the literature and future research directions. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7/8), 722–733. doi:10.1108/03090560710752366
After reviewing research studies on Internet marketing research, the authors of this study identify the three most researched areas: consumer behavior, Internet strategy, and Internet communications. They also discuss current trends in online marketing.
Marketing Research Methods
A debate exists among marketing researchers over the use of research techniques. Some researchers believe that the only way to understand consumers and products is to utilize qualitative research. Critics of qualitative research, however, disapprove of methods such as marketing focus groups or in-depth interviews. These critics contend that qualitative research is prone to bias because of small sample size and the subjectivity of qualitative approaches. They prefer quantitative research methods. Those researchers preferring quantitative research methods point to the use of large sample sizes and rigorous statistical approaches that exemplify the quantitative method and imply greater generalization. Critics of this research method like to cite the Coca-Cola study.
In 1984, Coca-Cola spent millions of dollars on quantitative market research for their New Coke product. Research results led executives to change the formula to a newer, sweeter formula. Sales of New Coke were very disappointing and post-launch research indicated that consumers disliked the new product. Less than three months after the introduction of New Coke, the Coca-Cola Company announced a return to the old formula leading some to question the merits of quantitative research.
• On the Internet, research the quantitative marketing research undertaken by Coca-Cola. How did they design the research? In hindsight, what were seen as the shortcomings that resulted in such faulty data?
• Do you believe that the best marketing research approach is qualitative or quantitative? Justify your response. Are there particular situations where one approach is clearly preferable?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method as a tool for marketing research? Provide specific examples to illustrate your response.
Resources
• Article
o D’Esopo, M., & Almquist, E. (2007). An approach to mastering the marketing mix. Business Strategy Series, 8(2), 122–131. Retrieved from ProQuest Central database.
In this article the authors describe how structural equation modeling, historical analyses, and in-market experiments can be used to analyze marketing investment patterns.
• Hauser, W. (2007). Marketing analytics: The evolution of marketing research in the twenty-first century. Direct Marketing, 1(1), 38–54. doi:10.1108/17505930710734125
By using advances in technology, such as data mining, and other marketing analytics, the author argues that companies can be much more effective in researching marketing issues and problems.
• Lee, N., & Broderick, A. (2007). The past, present, and future of observational research in marketing. Qualitative Market Research, 10(2), 121–129. doi:10.1108/13522750710740790
This article reviews the history and philosophical debates surrounding the use of observational research in marketing and then describes how technology has allowed observational research to expand beyond just qualitative research.
• Reppel, A., Szmigin, I., & Gruber, T. (2006). The iPod phenomenon: Identifying a market leader’s secrets through qualitative marketing research. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(4), 239–249. doi:10.1108/10610420610679601
A problem with online marketing research is how to account for those individuals who do not use the Internet. The authors in this article present a possible solution to this dilemma.
• Schibrowsky, J., Peltier, J., & Nill, A. (2007). The state of Internet marketing research: A review of the literature and future research directions. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7/8), 722–733. doi:10.1108/03090560710752366
After reviewing research studies on Internet marketing research, the authors of this study identify the three most researched areas: consumer behavior, Internet strategy, and Internet communications. They also discuss current trends in online marketing.
Leading Strategic Decision-Making
End of Module Coursework Assessment
This graded assessment accounts for 90% of your final grade and comprises two separate assessment exercises: Part A & Part B which are both weighted equally at 45% of your final grade.
You need to use this cover sheet for your assignment.
Part A
In Part A, we assess learning outcomes related to units 1, 2, 3, 7 & 10 by providing you with case study information on the leadership and strategic development processes which operate within the innovative context at Google.
The purpose of this brief is to provide you:
• Details of the coursework assessment: background to the case and questions
• Information on presentation and submission date.
• Guidelines to assist you in answering the questions
• The assessment marking criteria and feedback sheet for Part A.
Case Study Background & Questions
Read carefully the case information on Google which is contained in the following two sources:
1. Johnson G, Whittington R, & Scholes K (2011) Exploring Strategy, 9thedition, FT Prentice Hall, Chapter 12 Strategic Development Processes, page 426-428: Google: who drives the strategy?
(digitised copy available in unit 3 as prescribed reading)
2. Grant R (2013) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 8thedition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Case Study 20 available online: Google Inc.: What’s the Corporate Strategy?
Both sources cover the strategic development of Google from start-up, to stock market listing (IPO), to market dominance in internet search. Source 2 finishes in early 2012 and updates developments beyond the end date of source 1 (2010). For example, we see in source 2 how Larry Page, one of the founders, replaces Eric Schmidt as CEO in 2011. Schmidt took up the post of Chairman of the company and would continue to act as an advisor to the founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
Both sources provide insights into the leadership and management practices within Google. Source 1 places more emphasis on how this approach affects the strategic decision-making process (unit 3), whereas source 2 explores the content of its strategy, questioning its corporate level strategy (unit 1) and how it relates to its strategic direction and mission (unit 2).
Part A of your coursework assessment requires you to answer two questions:
Questions.
1. 1. Using the Ashridge Sense of Mission Model as a theoretical framework, analyse the case evidence on whether Google has achieved a sense of mission through its existing leadership.
2. In a famous interview Eric Schmidt Executive Chairman of Google stated that “We don’t really have a five-year plan.”
Based on this statement, critically discuss Google’s approach to strategic decision-making and consider to what extent you think their approach is transferable to organisations in other industry contexts.
Both questions are equally weighed and you should review how grading is allocated in the Coursework Feedback Sheet on page 4.
Presentation and Submission Date
The assessment in Part A is a case analysis and by completing many of the self-assessment exercises in the units, you are provided with an opportunity to improve your case analysis technique. You should note that case analysis is not a conceptual explanation or discussion but the application of concepts and frameworks to interpret the case information, analyse key events and statements, and reach evaluative judgements. The concepts and frameworks are covered in the module learning units and the guidance below gives you a few pointers on how you need to use this knowledge to answer the questions. In developing your analysis and arguments, you should use supporting evidence from the information contained in the case studies.
Your answers must only be derived from the information on Google contained in the two case study sources listed above. You are not required to consult other sources on Google or go beyond the end date of the second case study. The reason for this is that your analysis and evaluation is being assessed at this point in the organisation’s development and not in the light of subsequent events. As a result you should not include references on Google from the internet or other sources.
In terms of presentation, introduce each question indicating how you will structure your answer and conclude each answer with reference to your preceding arguments and the task required by the question. Do not present your answer in rigid report format but you may wish to divide your answer into sections which reflect the major elements of your analysis. The combined word count of your answers to both questions must comply with the following guidance:
Minimum Length: 2000 words
Maximum Length: 2500 words
Submission date: Friday 29th August 2014, 11.59 pm (UK time)
The word limit excludes appendices and bibliography. Where a submission exceeds the stated word limit the maximum grade awarded will be P1. Appendices can be useful to provide additional information from your analysis but you must incorporate the key analytical arguments into the main body of your answer.
Guidance Notes
The assessment feedback sheet at the end of this section gives the marking criteria for the overall case analysis. Remember, in writing your solution to the questions you must not describe what the case says but use the concepts to analyse the information and use the evidence/facts in the case to support your analysis.
Question 1 asks you to discuss the mission and leadership approach at Google in order to evaluate how it achieves a sense of mission. The question specifically asks you to use the Ashridge Sense of Mission model which is part of your prescribed reading for unit 2. The elements of strategic leadership and the differences between transactional and transformational approaches are included in unit 1 and you should be able to relate these to the innovative context at Google (unit 7).
Specifically you should apply and discuss the four elements of mission (Ashridge model) to Google. When considering purpose and strategy, you should evaluate the issues raised in case source 2 on questions surrounding Google’s corporate level strategy and “identity”. In doing this avoid being overly descriptive of the content of Google’s strategy as you will soon exceed the word limit. Attempt to develop arguments and, if necessary, include supporting details in appendices. You must also address the central issue in the question of how the fifth element, a sense of mission, is achieved through the alignment of the employees’ personal values with those of the organisation. In doing this, consider the role played by the leadership and management approach at Google to integrate the elements of mission, especially the behavioural standards and values of the organisation, with those of the employee.
To answer question 2 you will draw on your learning from unit 3 on strategic decision-making and your prescribed reading from Johnson et al, chapter 12. You will need to examine the leadership of the company based on both cases and how decisions are taken then relate these to the major approaches, especially planned and incremental, to develop arguments and reach conclusions on how strategic decision-making is practised in Google. Once you have identified its approach with supporting evidence, you should discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach as part of your critical assessment. To consider whether their approach is transferable you will need to discuss the extent to which it is contextually specific to Google.
Part A
Coursework Assessment Feedback
Matriculation No. Date of Submission:
Module: Leading Strategic Decision-Making
Part A: Google Case Study Cohort:
Category Comment
Presentation of analysis, use of appropriate concepts, and depth of understanding of the issues raised in the case.
(10%)
Evaluation of Google’s mission and how it achieves a sense of mission through its approach to leadership and management.
(35%)
Critically assessment of Google’s approach to strategic decision-making practised at Google and its potential transferability to other organisations.
(35%)
Ability to reach coherent and logical arguments from the analysis, supported by case evidence.
(20%)
General Comments:
Overall Grade: Marker:
N.B. the percentages are shown as indications of the relative importance of each section and should not be taken as a precise indication of the marking scheme.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Strategic Decision Making
Question 1
A strong mission exists where the four components of Ashridge Sense of Mission Model reinforce each other. These include purpose, strategy, values and behaviours; all which must be successfully managed by strategic leaders in order to achieve the organisation’s mission. In this discussion, the Ashridge Sense of Mission Model is used to analyse Google to establish whether its sense of mission has been achieved through the existing leadership.
Purpose defines the sole existence of an organization and is considered an essential part of the organisation’s mission (Campbell and Yeung, 1991). Strategic leaders seek to maximize shareholder value and stakeholder value through providing desired products and services to clients while creating returns for the shareholders. Google’s main purpose is to make internet search as convenient for users as possible through providing information, links and well developed content. Through well calculated leadership strategy, Google’s management has succeeded in developing the best search engine in the world; enabling users to access all forms of information online. However, Google has significantly deviated from its main purpose and invested in other projects including software development and telecommunication. This raises questions about its mission and based on this element of the Ashridge Sense of Mission Model, Google’s mission cannot be effectively assessed because it fails in accurately defining its purpose.
Strategy represents the tactics that a company uses to enhance its competitiveness in the market and derive value for its stakeholders and shareholders. In assessing an organisation’s mission, strategy is informed by purpose and is responsible for defining behaviour within the organisation. Google’s strategy is to let employees lead innovation. This has worked well for the organisation and leaders seek to intervene as little as possible; only taking a motivational role. This denotes the concept of transformational leadership which essentially drives motivation by promoting personal and professional growth. According to Volberda et al (2011), transformational leadership promotes innovation and creativity and in most cases yields a successful organisation. Transformation leadership must be accompanied by mission awareness in order to derive success.
Values define the beliefs, moral principles and expectations that constitute the company’s culture (Campbell and Yeung, 1991). They give direction and define what is right in the organisational setting. At Google, creativity and innovation, teamwork, dedication to work and attention to consumer needs inform its mission of providing the best products for its users. Based on this element, it can be established that Google is on track as far as its mission is concerned; given its values are well embedded in the organisational culture.
Unless purpose and strategy are implemented, they are merely intellectual thoughts; and having a policy and behaviour guidelines to guide everyday activities is therefore imperative (Campbell and Yeung, 1991). Behaviours at Google including teamwork and cooperation are deeply ingrained into the organisation’s culture. Individuals work in groups and brainstorming has played a great role in the generation and critique of ideas; thus creating innovative products. This illustrates that Google’s mission is reflected in the organisation’s behaviour
The fifth element in the model is the ‘sense of mission’, which basically the importance of individual values being matched with the organisation’s values. This calls for well calculated recruitment procedures to ensure that the identified employees are committed towards delivering the organisation’s mission and objectives. In addition, it calls on organizations to ensure employee engagement and motivation to assure their commitment to the organisation’s mission. Volberda et al (2011), note that strategic leaders effectively accomplish commitment to the vision and mission of the organization by aligning the employee and organizational goals.
Google seeks to recruit only highly qualified individuals who are not only capable of doing the job but also passionate about innovation. Google is highly rigid and extremely choosy when it comes to recruitment and all employees must pass through a series of interviews and assessment besides being qualified in terms of educational background to ensure that the selected individuals will bring in great ideas and high quality work. This ties the organisation’s mission of being the leading search engine company with the employees’ desire to accomplish through developing highly innovative ideas to drive the organisation’s growth. It is therefore justified to state that Google has achieved a sense of mission through its existing leadership.
In terms of employee engagement and motivation, Google seeks to empower employees to realize their potential by giving them discretion to make important decisions. The remuneration and benefits package at Google is also very attractive and employees are given the opportunity to use a proportion of their time to pursue their own interests. This makes Google a attractive environment to work in and consequently employees can work towards achieving the organisation’s mission.
Question 2
“Failing to plan is planning to fail” is a common saying depicting the need for organizations to make both long-term and short-term plans to guide the organisation’s strategy. A plan not only gives direction but also ensures that all important aspects of the strategy are met (Johnson, Gerry and Scholes, 2011). Based on these propositions therefore, Google’s strategic approach may be considered a deviation from the norm; leading to questions on whether an organization could actually succeed without a solid plan. This is a discussion on Google’s approach to strategic decision making and the possibility of transferring this approach to organisations in other industries. It includes a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of an incremental approach to decision making that Google adopts as opposed to a planned approach.
The Executive Chairman of Google, Eric Schmidt, during a famous interview categorically states that the organization has no five-year plan. This symbolises an approach to decision making that is unplanned and open for any ideas that come along. Google’s approach can be explained by the nature of the industry which calls for the organization to be constantly on the look-out for new social and technological trends, new forms of demand and possible innovations to enhance user experiences. Having a rigid plan therefore restricts the organisation from exploring new possibilities; yet Google seeks to stretch the imagination and innovation of its staff to create new ideas as much as possible. Theirs can be considered an incremental approach to decision making as opposed to a planned approach.
There are various advantages associated with the incremental approach to decision making. To begin with, the incremental approach is known to be highly successful in the modern day dynamic environment where customer needs are constantly changing. It allows for flexibility in adjusting plans unlike in formal and planned decision making approach where so much time may be required to plan for unexpected changes thus rendering plans obsolete. In the ever evolving web-based business, the more flexible and the faster the organisation can respond to changing consumer demands, the more successful it is likely to be. Google believes in rapid response as opposed to planning.
Incremental approach creates a learning organisation culture that stifles knowledge and creativity within the organisation (Johnson, Gerry and Scholes, 2011). Google gives its employees the freedom to explore new possibilities and the management tries as hard as possible not to take a lead role in developing new ideas. Failures are taken positively and used to fuel future developments. This has ensured that it can develop user friendly products and thus take a leading role in the industry.
Organisations may be more effective if business strategy is based on learning and an incremental approach leaves room for learning. This happens where the incremental approach is utilised and products are developed based on continuous research The incremental approach to decision making explains why Google is not ashamed to declare its failures and proudly withdraw products which are seen not to be working well. Failure is seen as success because it gives the company direction as far as making better and more useful products is concerned. In the case of a planned approach, time and resource wastage is likely to occur because it leaves no room for flexibility.
Grant (2013), in the case of Kodak note that the incremental approach worked for the company because it allowed it to gradually move from the traditional to digital imaging and thus maintained its competitive advantage. Google in the same way must approach web evolution as a process; where the ability to produce user friendly products is based on continuous research and market studies.
Using the incremental approach saves a significant amount of resources because plans are made and implemented in small steps; such that it is easy to identify ideas that are not working and hence eliminate them before investing too much on them. Google often rolls out half-finished products and waits for user critique and ideas. This not only gives the organisation an opportunity to establish what the user wants but it is also a learning opportunity and a chance to utilise end users for the company’s gain.
The incremental approach has its own disadvantages and may not always be as effective. It is highly unpredictable unlike planned decision making and the chances of making uncalculated moves are increased. Google for example has to keep withdrawing products that were initially thought to be appealing because they did not meet the intended purpose. Secondly, incremental approach to decision making may slow down organisational procedures because unlike planned decision making, there is no guide to how decisions are made. Conflicts may arise due to differences in opinions and this makes it unfavourable especially in large organisations. Thirdly, incremental decision making approach is highly volatile and unpredictable. This is unlike planned decision making which is known for consistent results because it is well thought of, planned and evaluated before it can be adopted; which makes it highly reliable.
The incremental approach to decision making emerges as an effective approach and other organisations that seek to emulate Google would stand to gain from the flexibility of this approach and its ability to yield successful results. However, not every organisation can successfully adopt this approach unless it is dealing with an uncertain environment such as the technology market; where general goals exist as in the case of new organisations where precise objectives have not been set; where experimentation is necessary as managers seek to establish best strategy; and where there is need to coordinate emergent strategies. Organisations adopting the incremental approach must be willing to invest in research and be ready to undertake risks. As in the case of Google, a company is at a risk of losing financially when projects that do not meet intended purposes following research and trials have to be eliminated
References
Campbell, Andrew & Yeung, Sally, (1991) “Creating a sense of mission” from Long Range Planning. London: Pergamon Press
Grant, Robert M. (2013). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Edinburgh, Scotland: CAPDM Limited.
Johnson, Gerry; Whittington, R. & Scholes, K., (2011) “Chapter 12 : Strategy development processes” from Johnson, Gerry; Whittington, R. & Scholes, K., Exploring strategy [tex & cases] pp.396-428, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall
Tidd, J. & Bessant, J. (2013). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. Edinburgh, Scotland: CAPDM Limited.
Volberda H. W, Morgan R. E, Reinmoeller, Patrick, Hitt, M.A, Ireland R.D, Hoskisson R. E, (2011) “Chapter 11 : Strategic leadership” from Volberda H.
W, Morgan R. E, Reinmoeller, Patrick, Hitt, M.A, Ireland R.D, Hoskisson R. E, Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization : concepts and cases pp.398-434, Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning
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Worldview Analysis: Process Philosophy and American Government/Society
Order Instructions:
For this assignment, you will write a 2–3-page essay (double-spaced, 1-inch margins) providing examples of how some facet of “process philosophy” has impacted American government and/or society. You may focus on just 1 example, or you may discuss 2–3 examples.
Options include the following topics:
• A specific piece of legislation.
• The “party platform” of either the Republican Party or the Democratic Party (or both).
• Family and marriage.
• Economics.
• Civil rights.
• Education.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Worldview Analysis: Process Philosophy and American Government/Society
The concept of “process philosophy”, as postulated by two scholars Alfred N. Whitehead and Charles Sharthorne, operates from a core belief that processes and events are the key determining ontological categories (Hausman, 2008). Basically, the two elements provide a platform to justify the existence of all forms in nature, reality, and all categories of being as well as all their relations. While this concept is largely anchored on the Einsteinian world-view, it has been widely applied in real life as a factor that drives and influences key facets in the human society, especially that of the United States (Stanlick, 2013). It is on this premise that this paper proceeds to develop an interrelationship between the philosophy and key aspects of the American society, specifically, economics, and family and marriage.
Considering the influence of the process philosophy on America’s economy, the relationship between them can only be remotely traced. However, a keen analysis of the intricacies of the concept reveals astounding connection with some key principles and theories that have played a great role in shaping the economic realm of the superpower nation. For instance, the Marxian, Libertarian, and the Keynesian theories have some shreds of connection with the philosophy (Stanlick, 2013). Inasmuch as this relationship may not be auspiciously established for all the aforementioned theoretical frameworks, at least the Keynesian theory holds some relevance.
This claim can be substantiated by looking back into the historic periods such as the war eras. Since the Keynesian theory is firmly anchored on historical perspectives, the process philosophy provides supporting clues to it by favouring most of its historical experiences, and being more pragmatic when it comes to dealing with human problems (Stroll, & Popkin, 2014). Basically, it is a common knowledge that economics exists as a channel for alleviating human suffering, and providing a platform for exchange of goods and services. This principle has helped a great deal to create a balanced form of carrying out transactions. As a result, the adoption of the concepts of Keynesian theory, supported closely by the process philosophy, has provided a means of survival, and placed a justification for the existence of the human nature (Stanlick, 2013). It this belief in the contribution of economics to human life that has so much shaped the American economy, and enabled it to rise to the position of a superpower.
Secondly, the process philosophy makes some basic assumptions of human beings and the society, that the process view of the human nature is that which transcends simplistic libertarianism to embrace complete individualism and Marxism. This assumption has driven the American economy to be guided by the urge to grow bigger, richer, and more powerful than any other country in the global sphere. This individualistic Marxist tendency has also largely integrated itself among individuals within the state, where each person works towards amassing as much wealth as is economically feasible (Stroll, & Popkin, 2014). While this trend may not be viewed by communists as a concept that serves the sole purpose of economics, that is solving the problems of humans, it has largely helped the American economy to grow rapidly to surpass that of other powerful states such as the United Kingdom.
On the basis of family and marriage, the process philosophy has had unimaginable effects. Social theorists argue that the basic purpose of life of a human’s is to raise a family, and form strong social ties, guided by principles of care, love, and respect (Stroll, & Popkin, 2014). This concept views the human life as that which exists in a circular form; one is born, grows up, marries, and dies. This argument puts the concept of marriage at the pinnacle of the circle of human life, without which the continuum cannot exist. Traditionally, marriages were respected, and historians record that the number of divorce cases was minimal. However, as the society progresses, America has witnessed skyrocketing instances of divorce cases, where the average period people spend in marriages is estimated at five years (Stanlick, 2013). Notably, it is not only the marriage institution that has been affected. People are no longer interested in siring children, instead, the moral role of grownups of childbearing has been commercialized, and child adoption is the order of the day.
Amid all these developments, one wonders how the process philosophy comes in. Well, it is understandable that the existence of human beings, and their respective roles in the society is guided by the natural ontological principles of nature (Stroll, & Popkin, 2014). However, the perspective of this natural mandate has since shifted, thereby experiencing a complete paradigm shift, which is only explained by the concept of the process philosophy. It is arguable that humans have applied this principle in justifying their very existence, realities in life, and their reason for living. As this perspective continues to change, so does the behaviour of the American society.
In conclusion, it is imperative to note that the process philosophy has appreciably been significant in shaping the American society, with specific emphasis on the economic and social aspects. While the interrelationship among the concepts above can only be vaguely established, a critical analysis reveals a clear pattern of influence, which has remained systematic since the historical periods.
References
Hausman, D. M. (2008). The Philosophy of Economics : An Anthology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stanlick, N. A. (2013). American Philosophy : The Basics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Stroll, A., & Popkin, R. H. (2014). Philosophy Made Simple. New York: Three Rivers Press.
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