Category: Writing

Initial Public Offering Term Paper Available

Initial Public Offering
Initial Public Offering

Initial Public Offering

Order Instructions:

SECTION A ( 2 pages minimum)

Initial Public Offering

One method utilized by companies to obtain the long-term capital necessary to run and grow their businesses is by providing the general public with the option to purchase stocks. The company’s first sale of stock is known as the initial public offering (IPO). When a company first offers the IPO, stocks are, on average, underpriced.

• Discuss the implications of such underpricing to established theories of market efficiency.

• Explain the role market efficiency might play in the underpricing theories presented by Loughran and Ritter.

Include a reference list hear 4 references minimum

SECTION B ( 2 pages minimum)

International Finance

Critics of the field of international finance charge that the field is simply “corporate finance with an exchange rate.”

• Critique this statement.

• Do you agree or disagree with it? Why?

• Justify your answer with specific details.

Include a reference list at the end hear 4 references minimum

Resources

• Article

• Loughran, T., & Ritter, J. (2004). Why has IPO underpricing changed over time? Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited, Autumn), 33(3), 5–37. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

The authors of this article research the common practice of underpricing IPOs and how it has drastically fluctuated over the last several decades. They then propose and discuss three hypotheses to explain the level of changes that have occurred.
• Cohen, G., & Yagil, J. (2007). A multinational survey of corporate financial policies. Journal of Applied Finance, 17(1), 57–69. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

This article reviews findings from a six-country survey of corporate financial policies where it finds that investments were considered the most important financial decision and the internal rate of return was the most commonly used evaluation method.

• Ahern, K., & Weston, J. (2007). M&As: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Applied Finance, 17(1), 5–20. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

This article analyzes and rates the different theories surrounding the goals of mergers and acquisitions.

• Rhodes-Kropf, M., & Robinson, D. (2008). The market for mergers and the boundaries of the firm. Journal of Finance, 63(3), 1169–1211. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In this article, the authors describe a new model they have developed that helps explain the process companies use for decision making on potential mergers and from using this model, they conclude that like-buys-like in terms of financial ratios.

• Statman, M. (2007). Local ethics in a global world. Financial Analysts Journal, 63(3), 32–41. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In an increasingly global market, this article discusses the importance of evaluating ethics and fairness in different countries and seeking to improve the level at which is business occurs.

• Poulsen, A., & Stegemoller, M. (2008). Moving from private to public ownership: Selling out to public firms versus Initial Public Offerings. Financial Management, 37(1), 81–101. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

Throughout this research, the authors study over 1700 firms to determine the characteristics of those private companies that choose to sell out to a public company versus those who choose to become public by issuing an Initial Public Offering.

• Gondat-Larralde, C., & James, K. (2008). IPO pricing and share allocation: The importance of being ignorant. Journal of Finance, 63(1), 449–478. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

In making decisions on investing in IPOs, the authors discuss how banks and investors often form coalitions where both groups share the risk and in return the banks give lower-priced offerings to those in the coalition.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Section 1

Initial public offering (IPO) is mostly underpriced or below the market value. Usually, IPOs are in most cases underpriced because of issues relating to liquidity and the uncertainty on the level at which the stock is expected to trade. Low liquidity results to low uncertainty; hence, the need to under price to compensate investors for taking the risk. A company may be aware of the value of shares; however, the investor may not be aware. Therefore, the company must offer a lower price with the intent of encouraging investors. On the other hand, if IPO is offered at a higher price, investors are likely to reject. As such, the company is forced to give low prices to attract as many investors as possible (Gondat-Larralde & James, 2008).

IPOs are less understood by some investors. In fact, there are two types of investors, the informed and the uniformed. The informed investors are knowledgeable about the true value of shares while the uniformed only invest randomly without the knowledge on the value of shares. Usually, the price of fluctuates by the changes in demand as the stock is held constant. The demand is separated in two: informed and uniformed investor demand. If companies had IPOs that reflect their true value, then the uninformed investors would break or lose money as the informed investors would only invest in good IPOs. This would crowd out uninformed investors and be the only people turning profits. The law allows investment banks to allocate shares of oversubscribed that crowds out uninformed investors (Loughran & Ritter, 2004).

Ritter and Loughran stipulate that riskier IPOs are underpriced as compared to less risky ones. This attracts many investors as opposed to overpriced IPOs that discouraged informed investors. Further, it has been observed that IPOs stocks over the long seem to underperform the market. The long term underperformance is an anomaly that shows inefficient market hypothesis with inherent challenges. There is an argument that IPOs have a track record of earnings by the time they go public. The participants fail to realize that earnings growth reverts the stick prices before going public are quite high. It is claimed that SEOs have good returns three years before the issue. The past earnings are then corrected over time slowly (Schwert, 2003). To increase market efficiency, the uninformed investors should reduce uncertainties and gain the necessary information and increase market efficiencies. Analyzing of information can help traders to make informed decisions about IPOs.

Market efficiency refers to the availability of relevant information on stock prices is reflected. This view stipulates that it is not possible for investors to outperform the market since all the information is in stock prices. The concept of efficient markets relies majorly on the ideals of random walk that stipulates that price changes of today are independent of the past (Fama, 1998).  This means that the flow of information should be uninterrupted and should not incur any cost. The information should reflect on the prices immediately. The price of tomorrow will change in anticipation to tomorrow’s news, which is unpredictable. Therefore, the prices of tomorrow are also unpredictable and random. This same view claims that efficient markets fails to allow investors to earn high profits without taking high risks.

It is arguable that market efficiency is the function of information cost. Information determines the distribution of IPOs. Thus, the analysis of information market is critical to understand anomalies that might emerge in the market.

References

Fama, E. F. (1998). Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral finance. Journal of financial economics, 49(3), 283-306.

Gondat-Larralde, C., & James, K. (2008). IPO pricing and share allocation: The importance of being ignorant. Journal of Finance, 63(1), 449–478. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

Loughran, T., & Ritter, J. (2004). Why has IPO underpricing changed over time? Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited, Autumn), 33(3), 5–37. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

Schwert, G. W. (2003). Anomalies and market efficiency. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, 1, 939-974.

Section 2

International finance is a body that deals with monetary economics at international levels. It is a body of financial system that protects the framework of finance institutions and legal agreements. The evolution of international finance has led to the development of central bank and other institutions such as multilateral agreements. The central bank is the major player in international finance (Ocampo, 2007). It is charged with the role of currency exchange between various countries. It determines the value of differing currencies in differing countries in relation to another. The foreign exchange rate is open and is determined by many factors. Buyers and sellers must know the value of currency of the countries they are trading with in order to determine the price and exchange rates. The international traders must also understand the fluctuations in the exchange rates.

International finance determines the value of currency for each country depending on factors. The currency for a particular country has more value if its demand is greater than the supply. On the other hand, when the demand is less that supply, the currency becomes weaker. This does not mean that people will not value that money anymore; rather, they prefer keeping their wealth in another form. The international finance helps people and corporations to determine when to trade and make more profits at international levels depending on the value of currency of the trading countries. The transaction demand for money leads to increased demand for stronger currency. This demand for transaction is determined by the country’s level of GDP, employment and business activities. The lesser the employment level, the less the people will get involved in trade and transactions; hence, weaker currency. Other factor that the international finance is charged with is the adjusting of interest rates. The higher the interest rates, the more the demand for currency and vice versa. For carrier companies, information on exchange rates is crucial in carrying out businesses. Therefore, such companies need to seek the expertise of international finance in order to maximize profits and determine when to trade and when to hold on (Greuning, Scott & Terblanche, 2011).

Even though the exchange rate is crucial in financial market of international communities, this does not mean that corporate finance is all about exchange rates. The basic domestic corporate finance is crucial in the foreign exchange. Likewise, international corporations are greatly influenced by cultural, political, and environmental regulations and changes (Madura, 2011).

Exchange rate is a process in which the pricing system and currency exchange takes place at international levels. Exchange rate changes over time depending on the changes in domestic and international market. Corporations at international levels use critical information availed in the foreign exchange market to help in capital budgeting and making critical decisions necessary for future growth. The managers in the financial sector accept decisive factor of market efficiency and act in the interests of all shareholders. In cases where the exchange rate matters most, international finance corporations purchase power parity to balance the risks inherent in exchange rates and capital budgeting.

It is true that international finance deals with currency exchange; however, there are many more roles than that. It is responsible for advising international traders in order to determine when it is best to trade (Sercu, 2009). As such, international finance is not just exchange rate.

References

Greuning, H. ., Scott, D., & Terblanche, S. (2011). International financial reporting standards: A practical guide. Washington, D.C: World Bank.

Madura, J. (2011). International Financial Management. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, Inc.

Ocampo, G. J. A. (2007). International finance and development. New York, NY [u.a.: Zed Books.

Sercu, P. (2009). International finance: Theory into practice. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.

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Leadership Style Journal Entry Assignment

Leadership Style Journal Entry
Leadership Style Journal Entry

Leadership Style Journal Entry

Order Instructions:

As Dr. Claudia Fernandez and Dr. David Steffen explained in this week’s video program, leadership models offer a helpful blueprint for your growth as a leader, but there is no one model that is right for everyone. Instead, you must find the model that resonates best with you.

Review this list of 13 books on leadership models, and find out more about each one by reading summaries or reviews online or by browsing in a bookstore.

The book that resonates with you and interests you the most, and read sections of it to get a better sense of its theories and approaches.

Leadership Models Book List

Address the following Questions:

1. Reflect on the leadership style that resonates with you and why.

2. Relate the leadership style to specific attention to the congruence of values and motivators between the leadership model and your own.

Please use this Book from the list:

Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2004). Primal leadership: Learning to lead with emotional intelligence. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.

Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.

I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Leadership Style Journal Entry

There are various leadership styles suitable for different individuals and situations. These leadership styles play a key role in the growth of the leader and the organization. Effective leaders adopt the right style that meets the needs of the organization.

Among the six ‘emotional intelligence’ styles of leadership, the leadership style that resonates with me is visionary. I am a person that always wants to take the organization forward. Many organizations require a sense of direction at various situations and this requires that a leader be visionary to be able to achieve the set goals (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004). I believe that giving people an opportunity in an organization to be creative and innovate will propel the organization to achieving its goals and objectives.

This leadership style requires a leader to have specific values and motivators. The leader is expected to be positive when addressing changes and challenges that come in their way.  The leaders must as well be a go-getter and a risk taker to stir the organization forward to achieve the goals set.  The leaders must as well exhibit good behaviors by leading as role models (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004).  The goals and aims of the organization need to be stated and should be clear to provide direction for the organization. Other leadership models have some relationship with visionary style I embrace in my Leadership. One of the models is the three skills approach. Three skills approach including technical, conceptual and human skills.

A leader is required to be a good problem solver and have the ability to assess situations and make appropriate decisions (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004). Furthermore, a leader must have human skills to create conducive working conditions in an organization. The relationship between various stakeholders is important to triggering achievement of an entity. The model therefore rhymes with the visionary leadership styles, as it as well requires that leaders use their skills and capabilities to provide leadership and move the organization forward.

Reference

Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2004). Primal leadership: Learning to lead with emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 79(11): 42-51.

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McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study

McKenzie Corporation's Capital Budgeting Case Study
McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study

McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study

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McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study

The case study, found on page 557 of your course text, deals with the process of corporate budgeting and the types of decisions that must be made. After reading the scenario:
• Briefly answer the six questions at the end (4 to 6 sentences each).
• Include all calculations you were asked to provide.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Question 1. The Expected Value of the company within one year

The economic growth probabilities without expansion are;

Low .30 $25,000,000 $27,000,000
Normal .50 30,000,000 37.000.000
High .20 48,000.000 57,000,000

The expected value without expansion is

(0.3 x 22) + (0.5 x 35) + (0.2 x 45) = 33.1

The expected value with expansion

(0.3 x 26) + (0.5 x 48) + (0.2 x 57), minus the cost of financing (43.2-9) = $34.2 million

With these scenarios, the company would be better off with the expansion since they would be making more than 1 million dollars (34.2-33.1) = $1.1m.

Question 2. Expected value of company debt within one year

Without expansion, the expected value of the company’s debt would be $28m since all of it would be financed by the equity funds. The value of the company’s debt with low economic growth would be bad since it would negatively affect the company value while seeking financing (Bruce, 2003). The expected value of the company debt within one year is very important since it determines their ability to get financing within the following year.

Question 3. Value expected from expansion

The expected value without expansion would be;

The expected value without expansion is (0.3 x 22) + (0.5 x 35) + (0.2 x 45) = 33.1

The expected value with expansion is (0.3 x 26) + (0.5 x 48) + (0.2 x 57), minus the cost of financing (43.2-9) = $34.2m.

Therefore, the overall value created with this expansion is $1.1m. In this scenario, the additional value will be for the stakeholders since the debt is expected to remain the same and the expected value of stakeholders would be $1.1m and zero for the bondholders.

Question 4. The impact of non-expansion on the price of bonds

The prices of bonds will not be affected by the non-expansion of the company since the prices of bonds and the value of the stakeholders will remain the same. However, in case where expansion happens, there will be more equity that will in turn affect the debt to equity ratio to change significantly. This change in equity to debt ratio will also have an impact on the rate of bonds and this value will also affect the return on bonds and the bond market (Wilmott, 2007).

Question 5. Implications of non-expansion on the borrowing needs

If the company fails to expand, there will be implications on the borrowing needs in that the equity will be the same and the company will fail to get financing due to lack of debt equity. The availability of greater equity, which the financiers are keen on, will be lacking and this will lower the borrowing capability of this company. On the other hand, the ability of the company to expand will put them in a position to have more equity that will make them get more financing (Ross et al, 2013). In addition, the expansion will also help their borrowing needs in the following year since they will always have financing through equity.

Question 6. How Equity financing would affect the company

The bond covenant will force the expansion to be financed by equity, which would be a different scenario if it is financed by cash. The benefit of financing the expansion by cash is that the company would not have to pay for the cost of changing equity to cash, making it less expensive (Bailey & Lopez, 2013). On the other hand, the bond expansion would be expensive when financed by equity since the company would have to undergo additional costs of changing equity to cash.

References

Bailey, D. & Lopez-de-Prado, M. (2013): “The Strategy Approval Decision: A Sharpe Ratio Indifference Curve approach”, Algorithmic Finance 2 (1): 99-109

Bruce J. F. (2003). Investment Performance Measurement. New York: Wiley

Ross, S. R., Westerfield, R. W., & Jaffe, J. (2013). Corporate finance (10th ed.). NY:McGraw-Hill.

Wilmott, P. (2007). Paul Wilmott introduces Quantitative Finance (Second Ed.). Wiley

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Reimbursement for NP Services Available

Reimbursement for NP Services
Reimbursement for NP Services

Reimbursement for NP Services

Order Instructions:

SECTION A (1.5 pages minimum)

Reimbursement for NP Services

Reimbursement processes and rates for services provided by NPs vary between funding sources. Differentiate between public, private and managed health care plans. Research the application process for NPs to join the panels for reimbursement and the rates of reimbursement for services provided by NPs. Share with your colleagues which panel(s) you researched and what you learned.

Include a reference list at the end of this section 4 minimum.

SECTION B (1.5 pages minimum)

Healthcare Reform and the NP

Health care reform has prompted numerous debates in regard to reimbursements for providers, such as NPs, Physician Assistants (PAs) and MDs. What are the arguments, data, and rationale used by proponents and opponents of healthcare reform? What is your perspective on the implications of healthcare reform in regard to the role of the NP?
Also, in less than 300 words assess how regulatory, legal, and legislative issues impact advanced practice nurses and discuss how this plays into healthcare reform.

Include a reference list at the end of this section 4 minimum.

Resources

Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles
• Chapter 7, 13

Please review the following web resources:

American College of Nurse Practitioners
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
HealthCare.gov

SAMPLE ANSWER

SECTION A: Reimbursement for NP Services

Reimbursements for the services provided by nurse practitioners (NP) constitute a significant part of the health care programs offered in the United States of America and there are considerable variations in the extent of reimbursement rates according to the processes adopted as well as between funding sources (Safriet, 1992). For example, there a various public, private and managed health care plans in the US and there are relative variations between them on basis of the reimbursement rates as well as adopted reimbursement process. In particular, the major health care plans include Medicare, Medicaid as well as commercial indemnity insurers, health maintenance organizations and/or commercial managed care organizations (MCOs) and finally schools or businesses that want provision of health services for their student or employees respectively. Each of the above mentioned health care plans have varied rules and regulations on reimbursement process and rates for the services provided by NPs (Safriet, 1992).

The particular differences that exist between the above mentioned health care programs are in form of management, ownership as well as reimbursement rates as well as reimbursement process. For example, both Medicare and Medicaid health care programs are managed by the government to provide health insurance services to its citizens who meet threshold requirements for inclusion (Stanley, 2010). All the latter health care programs are privately managed or managed by non profit making organizations. Moreover, these health care programs are differently owned where both Medicare and Medicaid are owned by the government while the rest health care programs are either privately managed or managed by non profit making organizations.

Furthermore, in order for the NPs to join the panels for reimbursement the application process also vary considerably as well as the reimbursement rates for the health care services that the NPs provide (Stanley, 2010). In particular, the for an NP to join the Medicare reimbursement panel, the must be holders of state licenses as an NP while at the same time an holder of a certification as an NP by a nationally recognized certifying professional body. Some of the nationally recognized professional bodies for certifying NPs include National Certification Corporation, Americans Nurses Crediting Center, Critical Care Certification Corporation, as well as American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (Stanley, 2010). Moreover, since January 1, 2003 individuals who intend to apply for Medicare reimbursement panel must also be in possession of a master’s degree from a recognized institution of higher learning. Upon meeting the above mentioned requirements an individual NP can apply to join Medicare reimbursement panel (HealthCare.gov).

According to Medicare the reimbursement rates to the services provided by NPs, the NPs are paid 80 per cent of the 85 per cent of the rate of physicians Fee Schedule for any medical procedure where an NP participates since in Medicare an NP must always offer his/her services in conjunction with a physician to qualify for reimbursement (Medicare & Medicaid Services).

References

American College of Nurse Practitioners, Retrieved from: http://www.discovernursing.com/about-us

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Retrieved from: http://www.cms.gov/

HealthCare.gov, Retrieved from: https://www.healthcare.gov/

Safriet, B.J., (1992). Health care dollars and regulatory sense: The role of advanced practice nursing. Yale Journal of Regulation, 9(2), 417-488.

Stanley, J.M. (2010). Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles, (3rd ed.). New York, NY: F.A. Davis Company.

SECTION B: Healthcare Reform and the NP

Reimbursements for health care providers such as NPs, MDs and Physician Assistants (PA) have prompted numerous debates with regards to health care reform. For instance, over the last two decades key issues that have influence health care system in the United States and in particular with regards to reimbursement for the services provided by health care providers. The key debates have revolved around improvements of health care access while containing the costs and maintaining quality for the health care services. However, the direction of this debate has always been changing in direction on basis of newly upcoming issues (Griner, 1995). For example, the rapid increases of health care costs in the 1980s together with global recessions of the early 1990s brought another new issue regarding to making sure that security of health care benefits that accrue from the health care programs are sustained. Based on this premise, the main debate with regards to reimbursements has not only revolved around the rates or process, but around the cost of health care services access (Stanley, 2010).

The arguments by proponents have been that the cost of health care access should be maintained as low as possible even if it means reducing the reimbursements rates, but on basis of a stringently controlled procedure. This includes devising a procedure through which NPs, MDs and Physician Assistants (PA) reimbursement rates could be maintained as affordable as possible in order to make them easily accessible while ensuring quality is not compromised (Stanley, 2010). Since a considerable number reimbursements are done by public health care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, proponent of reduction in reimbursement rates argue that this would reduce the amount of money the government uses on this programs meaning that if the same budget is maintained the more people would access quality health care affordably courtesy of these public health care programs. On the other hand, the opponents of this debate argue that it would not only compromise with the quality of health care services but also it will significantly reduce the motivation of health care providers such as NPs, MDs and Physician Assistants (PA) as a result of low reimbursement rates (Stanley, 2010). My perspective on the implications of healthcare reform in regard to the role of the NP is that the same reimbursement rates should be maintained, but the government should increase budgetary allocations for these programs to ensure wider access (Stanley, 2010).

Regulatory, legal, and legislative issues have the potential o significantly impact advanced practice nurses into healthcare reform (Safriet, 1992). For instance, regulatory issues help to ensure that the threshold requirements are met by advanced practice nurses in order to guarantee quality. Moreover, the legal and legislative issues impact advanced practice nurses by making sure the necessary laws and rules are formulated to ensure healthcare is stringently controlled with regards to intended reforms (Stanley, 2010).

References

American College of Nurse Practitioners, Retrieved from: http://www.discovernursing.com/about-us

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Retrieved from: http://www.cms.gov/

Griner, P.F. (1995). The work force for health: Response. 20/20 Vision: Health in the Twenty-first Century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 102-103.

Safriet, B.J., (1992). Health care dollars and regulatory sense: The role of advanced practice nursing. Yale Journal of Regulation, 9(2), 417-488.

Stanley, J.M. (2010). Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles, (3rd ed.). New York, NY: F.A. Davis Company.

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Informative speech on Social Security

Informative speech on Social Security
Informative speech on Social Security

Informative speech on Social Security

Order Instructions:

Informative speech on Social Security

Informative Speech. In this speech your goal is to inform your audience as to the details of the topic suggestion below. Being an Informative Speech you are not asked to discuss the merits of the program. Your task, as is consistent with an informative speech, is to provide your audience the details (information) as to the proposed topic below:
Social Security is a debated topic in every Presidential Election and one gaining increasing attention as more and more baby boomers retire. For this speech students should research the history and functioning of the current Social Security System. From this research you are to present an informative speech on Social Security. Topics may include: A brief history of the social security system; how to apply for benefits and how one qualifies; the pros and cons of delaying benefits; how to afford to live off of the benefits received from Social Security; strategies to adopt while you are young to be able to afford to retire . . .
Also require an outline in the following format:

Sample Speech Outline
Title of Speech
Purpose: (Your purpose for this speech)
Thesis: (Main Argument that will be covered)
I. Introduction
A. Greeting your audience (simple greeting will suffice)
B. Attention grabber (should inflict emotion or raised attention)
C. Credibility statement (why you should be trusted?)
D. Thesis statement (a sentence detailing the subject that will be provided in speech)
E. Preview of main points (what the main points are that you will go over)
Transition (signals the transition from the introduction to the body)
II. Body
A. Main point 1 (Detail the first main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the first main point to the second main point)

B. Main point 2 (Detail the second main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the second main point to the third main point)

C. Main point 3 (Detail the third main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the body to the conclusion)

III. Conclusion
A. Signal closing (signal that you are concluding your speech)
B. Restate thesis (restate your thesis statement from earlier)
C. Review main points (briefly go back over all of your main points)
1. Main point 1 (briefly restate main points)
2. Main point 2
3. Main point 2
D. Memorable statement or call for action (your final statement to the audience)
E. Thank the audience for listening (a simple thank you for your time will suffice)

SAMPLE ANSWER

Speech Outline

  1. Introduction
  2. My fellow Americans, I salute you all.
  3. Of late, there have been a lot of discussions regarding Social Security.
  4. I have a lot of experience in this subject.
  5. I’m going to give you some information about the history and the current function of the Social Security System.
  6. Brief history about Social Security in the United States, how to apply for benefits, and how one qualifies for such benefits from the program.
  7. Body
  8. The origin of social insurance has its foundation on economic security.
  9. Throughout human history, societies have strived to deal with this problem through various approaches.
  10. The importance of social insurance was realized more after the Industrial Revolution.
  11. Most Americans lived on their land and their life expectancy was short.
  12. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy for most Americans increased.
  13. This was because of the improvement in health care.
  14. The Social Security was eventually started in America during the Franklin Roosevelt presidency when the Social Security Act of 1935 was enacted.
  15. Not everyone is qualified to receive Social Security Benefits.
  16. An income of at least 40 quarterly credits is required for one to qualify.
  17. One credit is gained by a worker after earring at least $900 in a period of three months.
  18. During this period, Social Security taxes have to be paid on that amount.
  19. The amount of income that one requires to earn a credit changes annually.
  20. This never affects the credits already earned.
  21. When a worker earns 40 credits, he permanently qualifies for the Social Security benefits.
  22. To afford living off on the benefits received from Social Security, it is imperative to ensure that you start paying for the Social Security early enough.
  23. This will also imply that you will have more benefits later.
  24. Calculation is done on the basis of the number of years you have worked.
  25. As such, you should avoid asking for early retirements because the benefits will not be enough to sustain you.
  26. Paying Social Security taxes when young is vital.
  27. This is one of the strategies to ensure you get enough benefits.
  28. Such benefits will sustain you after retirement.
  • Conclusion
  1. To sum up, the introduction of Social Security in the US was a positive move.
  2. The history and the current function of Social Security are essential as they make us understand how the program came into existence.
  3. Review of the main points.
  4. Social Security was started after the Industrial Revolution.
  5. Workers need to accumulate credits to qualify for benefits.
  6. It is important for us to start saving early to have enough benefits when we retire.
  7. I strongly believe that you now have a better understanding of Social Security and how it operates.
  8. Thank you very much for your attention and may God bless you.

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The Role of Music in the Single Moms Club

The Role of Music in the Single Moms Club
The Role of Music in the Single Moms Club

The Role of Music in the Single Moms Club

Order Instructions:

If you check on my profile i have 2 different orders. the 1st one is before and the 2nd one is After 1970.just wanted to clarified that detail in case two different people are doing it.
I’m instructed to watch a movie and create a movie review from a musical perspective.
I’m supposed to describe how music flows in the movie, describe the characteristics of the music in the movie, mention any famous themes in the movie, any leitmotifs, what type of instruments were used, or mention any famous music authors of the movie.

THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTIONS OF MY PROFESSOR.
Project: Discuss the role of music in a single film created in 1970 or AFTER

Length: 3-pages

You can choose any film even if it is discussed in the text. You are not limited to Hollywood films, as international films are acceptable. Films are available at the library media center if you do not have access to a work. A bibliography is not needed; use footnotes only when appropriate. Please follow the same submission guidelines as for the exam essays.

Remember: This project is about music. Do not spend much time in plot description. You do not need to write about all of the music in a film. You can choose a point of view or some aspect of the music in the movie and focus on that.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The Role of Music in the Single Moms Club

The Single Moms Club is one of the comedy-drama movies in the American film industry released in 2014. Similar to other films directed by Tyler Perry, his unsubtle nature is evident through the embedded themes and artistic approaches used to enhance the relationship between the characters and the targeted audience. The characters are brought together by an incidence in a preparatory school, which their children attend[1]. As part of the institution’s regulations, the five single parents have to organize a fundraising ceremony. In the process, they realize that they have similar problems perpetrated by their comparable social life. Despite the differences in their social classes, they strive to offer support to each other by initiating a single moms club.  By effectively manipulating the emotions of the viewers, this movie aims at promoting certain desirable values within various social frameworks. One of the suitable artistic tactics used by the director of this film entails the careful incorporation of music. Christopher Young is responsible for the music in this film. Owing to the essence of music in a movie, this paper will highlight the role of this artistic tactic in The Single Moms Club. This will entail the flow of music in this film as well as the characteristics of the integrated songs. This will aid in relating the music and themes in this movie.

There is limited use of music in this film. However, Tyler Perry and Christopher Young have collaborated in incorporating specific songs in different scenes of the movie. The dissimilar songs are effective in creating a specific mood and triggering particular emotions among the audience depending on the intentions of the director in setting a flowing storyline.  For instance, at the beginning of the film’s plot, the compositions are generally soft and calm. One of the key reasons of integrating this type of songs in the initial scenes of the film is to set a mood among the audience that highlights the problems faced by the five single parents. This is evident when Hillary is confronted by her daughter. The young girl asks her, “Why do you always make people leave us?” [2]The background music not only shows the psychological effect of these assertions on Hillary but it also aids in creating a sad and sympathetic mood and the relevant emotions among the audience.  The sad mood triggered by the peaceful background music changes to a vibrant and lively atmosphere when the five single mothers start benefiting from the emotional support provided by the newly created single moms club.  After May proposes that they take turns to babysit the children while the rest of the group goes out o have fun, the background music shows the relaxed nature of the characters as they try to forget about their predicaments in life.  When Lytia, Hillary, Jan, and Esperanza go to an entertainment club, the embedded music is effective in changing the mood and emotions exhibited by the audience[3].

There are certain distinct characteristics of the music embedded in this film. One such trait entails rhythm. Rhythm focuses on the pace, beat, and the evident pattern of weak or strong beats. In this movie, the director uses these components of rhythm to create the right mood with reference to the embedded themes. In addition, the music integrated in differ scenes of this film exhibits sound fidelity. This refers to the capability of the incorporated sound to be authentic to its source as conceived by the targeted audience. For instance, in this movie, the background music playing when the single mothers go to an entertainment joint concurs with the entire event. These characteristics are defined by certain noteworthy instruments.  Various scenes have music composed by use of different instruments depending on the mood and the emotions it seeks to trigger among the audience. For example, when May reunites with her son and enters in a romantic relationship with TK, one can easily note the piano in the song playing in the background[4]. The softness of the resultant melody creates an atmosphere filled with love and calmness. In contrast, drums and a saxophone are some of the key musical instruments used to compose a melody in the scene at an entertainment joint. This initiates a lively and relaxed atmosphere. Through the created mood, the audience relates with the characters as they acquire a new sense of life away from their problems.

In line with the general role of music in a film, there are various themes enhanced by this artistic tactic. One such theme is societal discrimination. The problems faced by the five women in this movie are somewhat due to the fact that they are not in a stable romantic relationship. Accordingly, the outside society does not understand their predicaments and make it hard for them to cope with their challenges due to the evident alienation. In addition, love is a theme enhanced by the embedded soft melodies. Despite the challenges they have been facing in their social life, it is obvious that the five main characters are hopeful of finding loving partners.

Work Cited

Perry, Tyler, Matt Moore, Ozzie Areu, Nia Long, Amy Smart, Cocoa Brown, Ryan Eggold, Zulay Henao, William Levy, Wendi McLendon-Covey, Terry Crews, Christopher Young, Maysie Hoy, and Alexander Gruszynski. The Single Moms Club. , 2014.

[1] View The Single Moms Club for a comprehension of the plot

[2] View the initial scenes of The Single Moms Club to understand the plot

[3] The mid scenes of the film highlights the role of music in setting the mood and triggering emotions

[4] The final scenes of the film highlight the relationship between music and the plot with reference to the embedded mood and emotions

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Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health

Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health
Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health

Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health

Order Instructions:

Total 17 questions
60-80 words per question
Harvard style referencing

SAMPLE ANSWER

Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health

  1. Functions of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA)

The board plays various roles in ensuring that nurses execute their roles well. One of the roles is to register nurses and midwifery practitioners as well as students. This registration allows the board to have a clear picture of the nursing professional to ensure that they deliver better services. The board as well has the responsibilities of developing codes, standards and guidelines for the nurses and midwifery professions. It also handles various complaints, notifications, and investigations and hears disciplinary cases (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, (NMBA), 2014). The board assesses oversees trained health practitioners that have an interest to working in Australia. Lastly, the board approves accreditation standards as well as courses of study.

  1. Use of National Competency Standards for the Enrolled Nurse

These national competency standards are critical in helping to assess the performance of the registered nurses to establish whether they are competent enough to execute their responsibilities. These standards provide a framework to assess these nurses competence to determine whether they qualify to be retained or dismissal from their responsibilities. The standards as well assess nurses with education overseas that seek to work in Australia, assess them when they return to work after breaks in the service and whether the nurses comply with the professional codes of conduct (Nursing National Competency Standards 2013).

 

  1. Professional codes and guidelines an Enrolled Nurse need to follow to ensure legal ethical practices adherence.

Nurses must adhere to professional codes and guidelines when executing their responsibilities. This aims to ensure that they provide quality care to their patients.  Some of the professional codes include, respect and treatment of all the clients, trust,   privacy and confidentiality, autonomy, duty of care and public liability among many others (Dekking, Van der Graaf & van Delden 2014).  Nurses must ensure that they preserve the privacy of the patients. They as well must act with diligent to save the lives of the patients (Nursing National Competency Standards 2002). Nurses are also expected to respect their patients, colleagues and the family members as they execute their services to the patients.

  1. Nurse theories of any three of the following nursing theorists

Various theorists have developed different nursing theories. For instance, Florence Nightingale developed Environmental theory; Virginia Henderson developed Need Theory while Dorothea Orem developed self-care theory.

  1. The benefits of the shift from hospital training (the student nurse as an apprentice) to the tertiary sector Diploma for Enrolled Nurse and Bachelor Degree for Registered Nurses education

This shift is very beneficial because it has allowed the nurse practitioners to acquire in-depth knowledge and skills about the professional. Theories define how practical are carried out. Therefore, by requiring the enrolled nurse to purse diplomas and degree it gives them a very firm foundation about the nursing settings.  Furthermore, this shift as well orients the nurse practitioners to different environments (Bogaert, Clarke, & Willems & Mondelaers 2013). They can learn socialization skills and other valuable skills in colleagues which they may not learn at the hospital setting. Furthermore, students at colleges and university as well participate in practical and are required to go for an attachment in a health facility where they gain more practical skills that help them to become experienced and competent when they are recruited.

  1. 4 contemporary work environments enrolled Nurse could work in

Enrolled nurses can work in various environments provided they have appropriate skills to execute their duties in those environments. One of the work environments is at the health facility. They can render their services in the health facility that provides various nursing services to patients (Cleary et al., 2012). They can as well work as administrators in a health facility. They help to formulate policies and make decisions pertaining to healthcare. The other setting is online where they provide advices and counseling services to the patients (Huddleston 2014). They can as well through online prescribe medication to the patients. This is facilitated by information technology such as internet and telephones. Another environment is to work with the community to provide preventive healthcare as well as curative care to the members of the community.

  1. Description of models of  delivering nursing care  and likely setting for each

Task oriented (functional nursing) models of delivering nursing care

This model allows the nurse practitioners to handle the tasks they have specialized in. This ensures that appropriate nurses that have special knowledge attend to certain patients with specific needs (Cann & Gardner 2012). This model is applied in various departments in the hospital setting. For instance, nurses that deal with children are assigned in the pediatric department because they have the requisite skills to execute their responsibilities.

Team nursing

Team nursing model requires that nurses work as a team to address a problem. These are tasks that cannot be executed by a single nurse and therefore, participation is important to delivering successful nursing (Cann & Gardner 2012). Example where this model is applied in medical wards and surgery wards.

Client assignment

This model provides insights on how nurses are expected to deal with their clients at the health facilities. This model is applied in general health setting, as nurse must understand how to get along with various clients.

Primary nursing

Primary nursing model of delivering nursing is geared at preventing diseases to enhance better healthcare (Cann & Gardner 2012). Nurses using this model work with the community members to control health care. They as well work in school setting to help create awareness about various diseases to help the community members adopt measures to prevent their spread.

  1. Attributes of critical thinking

Critical thinking involves many attributes. Critical thinkers evaluate various sources of information before making any conclusions (Nashville State Community College 2014). They assess arguments and statements and have a sense of curiosity. They examine beliefs, opinions, and assumptions and weigh them against facts (Bardach 2011). They are good listeners and make judgment after accessing to facts.

  1. What are best practice guidelines?

Best practice guidelines are processes or techniques used as benchmarks to ensure that quality standard set are met. Best practices must have been tested and shown some sense of consistency in their outcomes to be relied upon and applied in other settings to help improve the quality standards (Gitau, Gburek & Jarrett 2005).

  1. Some of the cultural and religious considerations for nursing practice

There are a number of cultural and religious considerations for nursing practices. Nursing must therefore understand these considerations to provide quality care to the patients. Some of the cultural considerations, includes, the cultural beliefs and norms of the community such as their attitude to treatment, their behaviors in line with accessibility to healthcare. Some cultures or communities embrace traditional forms of medication and it becomes difficult to convince them to go to hospitals (Stone, Stone-Romero & Lukaszewski, 2007).  Religious considerations include the faith of the patient, their doctrine and their approach to health.  Different religious affiliation should different views when it comes to health and healing processes. For instance, Christians provide support to the sick through prayers and visitation

  1. Benefits of performance appraisal processes and practices

Performance appraisal processes and practices have various benefits. One of them is allows the supervisors and employee to share on various aspects that can be addressed o help foster productivity (Macmillan, Huddleston, Woolley & Fothergill 2003).  They as well help to determine whether the goals set have been achieved. They also encourage better future performance. Appraisals, as well motivates employees as it allows recognition of those that have excelled in their duties (Gitau, Gburek & Jarrett 2005. It also provides insights on the need to training and development of employees to trigger high productivity (Maley & Kramar 2007).

  1. Evidence based practice (EBP) in nursing

EBP is practice that focus on critical thinking as well as outcomes. Nurses are expected to use their academic knowledge and research information and incorporate it into the real world settings to gain insights and understanding of how to apply it in patient situations, nurses therefore need to look for quality improved data and expert opinions to meet the needs of their patients.

  1. What the term ‘Reflective practice’ mean?

Reflective practice is where practitioners evaluate their decisions with facts before relying on it. They must understand the consequences of their decisions or actions when delivering health care to patients. This therefore, helps to enhance quality of healthcare as precautions are taken to avoid unexpected consequences or results.

  1. What is quality improvement and accreditation in health

Quality improvement in health care is initiatives undertaken to ensure positive health outcomes. This process involves carrying out correction measures on all the systems to ensure that quality healthcare is provided. Some of the initiatives includes, providing enough equipment and good facilities in healthcare, training and recruiting of skilled and experienced health providers among many others (Goldfield Institute of Technology 2014). Accreditation in healthcare is getting certified by independent institutions as having met all the requirement to deliver quality healthcare. To be accredited, a health facility and practitioners must meet the minimum requirements.

  1. What are some of the age and gender related issues for nursing practice?

Age and gender related issues for nurse practice includes, the required age for an individual to join nursing professional and the recommended retirement date.  Gender issues have been experienced in various parts of the world.  Most of the societies have been adamant to allow male join nursing profession as it is viewed as a women profession. This perceptions and stereotypes have as well affected the number of people that have joined the profession.

  1. List of National Law Acts for each state/Territory under which nursing is practiced

In Australia there are six states managed by a premier.  Every state has got its own constitutions and can make legislations and laws pertaining to health and nursing practices. The six states include South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia (Australia Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, (AHPRA) 2014).   As well, ten territories in Australia have passed various legislations pertaining to nursing practice and health care with the aim of promoting and improving healthcare in general. These laws in most cases have similarities. They define the professional codes of conduct of nurses and other laws governing the practice of nursing in quest to promote quality healthcare (Queensland 2014).

  1. Discuss educational and career opportunities for Enrolled/Division 2 nurses

Those nurses enrolled for division 2 nurses have an opportunity to pursue a diploma. They are trained on nursing practices that makes them eligible to assist registered nurses to execute their duties in healthcare. They can monitor a patient vital signs administer medications, dress wounds, admit and discharge patients and assist doctor in theater with various medical procedures. These division 2 nurses have an opening to further their career in nursing. They can advance in this field by pursuing higher education as they gain experience in the hospitals.

References

Australia Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. (AHPRA) 2014, Legislation. Retrieved from:             http://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-AHPRA/What-We-Do/Legislation.aspx

Bardach, E 2011, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bogaert, P, Clarke, S, Willems, R,&Mondelaers, M 2013, ‘Nurse practice environment,     workload, burnout, job outcomes, and quality of care in psychiatric hospitals: a structural equation model approach’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 69 no. 7, pp. 1515-1524.

Budin, W, Brewer, C,  Chao, Y, & Kovner, C 2013, ‘ Verbal Abuse From Nurse Colleagues and Work Environment of Early Career Registered Nurses’, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 45 no. 3, pp. 308-316.

Cann, T, & Gardner, A 2012, ‘Change for the better: An innovative Model of Care delivering     positive patient and workforce outcomes’,  In Collegian, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 107-113.

Cleary, M et al., 2012, ‘Views and experiences of mental health nurses working with      undergraduate assistants in nursing in an acute mental health setting’, International  Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 21 no. 2, pp. 184-190.

Dekking, S,  Van der Graaf, R, & van Delden, J 2014, ‘Strengths and weaknesses of guideline    approaches to safeguard voluntary informed consent of patients within a dependent relationship’, BMC Medicine. Vol. 12 no. 1, pp. 1-31

Gitau, M, Gburek, W, & Jarrett, A 2005, ‘A tool for estimating best management practice             effectiveness for phosphorus pollution control’,  Journal of Soil and Water Conservation vol. 60, pp. 1-10.

Goldfield Institute of Technology, 2014. Diploma of nursing (Enrolled/Division 2 nursing). Retrieved from: http://www.goldfields.wa.edu.au/courses/nursing,-    education-and-community-services/nursing-and-aged-care/diploma-of-nursing-            %28enrolleddivision-2-nursing%29/

Huddleston, P 2014, ‘Healthy Work Environment Framework Within an Acute Care Setting’,  Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, Vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 50-54.

Macmillan, J, Huddleston, T, Woolley, M, & Fothergill, K 2003, ‘Best management practice         development to minimize environmental impact from large flow-through trout farms’,     Aquaculture. Vol. 226, pp. 91-99.

Maley, J, & Kramar, R 2007, ‘International Performance Appraisal: Policies, Practices and        Processes in Australian Subsidiaries of Healthcare MNCs’, Research & Practice in Human Resource Management, Vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 1-15.

Nashville State Community College 2014, Critical thinking initiative. Retrieved from:             http://ww2.nscc.edu/think/ta_traits.htm

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (NMBA), (2014). About NMBA. Retrieved from:             http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/About.aspx

Nursing National Competency Standards. 2013, Everything you need to know. Retrieved from:             http://www.learnprn.com/about-us/nursing-national-competency-standards/

Nursing National Competency Standards. 2002, Nursing National Competency Standards  for the Enrolled Nurses. Retrieved from:        http://ww2.fwa.gov.au/manilafiles/files/s243anf/D62.pdf

Queensland 2014, Health practitioner regulation National Law (Queensland). Retrieved    from:             https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/H/HealthPracRNatLa       w.pdf

Stone, D, Stone-Romero, E, & Lukaszewski, K 2007, ‘The impact of cultural values on the acceptance and effectiveness of human resource management policies and practices,’ In  The Status of Theory and Research in Human Resource Management: Where Have We Been and Where Should We Go From Here?, Human Resource Management Review, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 152-165.

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Project management Assignment Available

Project management
Project management

Project management

Order Instructions:

I just sent the order by attachment.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Summary Level Budget:

Administrative Costs:        375,000
Capital or Development Costs:     8,431,000
Recurrent Costs:        457,000
Bidding and Inspection Costs:          62,000
Contingency costs        675,000
Total   10,000,000

Detailed Budget:

Administrative Costs:
Administrative costs (Central) 275,000
Administrative costs (Direct) 100,000 375,000
Capital or Development Costs:
Conceptual design 300,000
Purchase of land 600,000
Underground utilities installed 700,000
Foundations 1,100,000
Ground breaking and earthworks 125,000
Exterior walls erected 809,000
Interior walls erected 972,000
Plumbing installed 1,100,000
Roof installed 800,000
Electric wiring installed 1,100,000
HVAC installed 700,000
Paint and final finishes 125,000 8,431,000
Recurrent Costs:
Install furniture 10,000
Furniture (Light and Heavy assisted unit) 400,000
Review and approval of facility design 47,000 457,000
Bidding and Inspection Costs:
Bid furniture 2,000
Construction bid advertised and bids submitted 2,000
Construction bid preparation 12,500
Construction bids reviewed and contract awarded 20,500
Final inspecting and approval 25,000 62,000
Contingency 675,000
Total 10,000,000

St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility will employ Results-based approaches (programs) that are defined using the fundamental concepts of the results chain – also known as the logical framework. In this framework, inputs are used in carrying out activities in order to produce outputs and thereby achieve outcomes.  St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility Results-based approaches will bring together expenditures with a shared objective, the core of which is a common outcome which those expenditures are intended to achieve.  Thus, for example, a preventive health program – internal to the facility, brings together a diverse range of outputs all of which aim at the outcome of the prevention of disease and injury. These outputs might include anti-diabetes television ads; antismoking pamphlets distributed in public health facilities.

St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility result based budget concepts are groups of outputs.  This means grouping together all the activities that individually contribute to a particular intended common outcome.  St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility could adopt a vocational educational program for some of the beneficiaries’ children that would offer a vehicle bringing together vocational educational benchmarks (public assistance for small businesses and formal training).   It is hoped this will down the road bring will guarantee the facility quality labor for the economy (the by-product).

It is possible for result-based budgets to include outputs in addition to specific transfer payments that were incurred in pursuit of St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility objectives.  The outcomes herded together under a particular umbrella have the desired outcome as a common characteristic in addition to the desired avenue or specific focus group.  A result-based budget will thus define a group of unique St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility outcomes and or transfer payments that show a clear common preplanned and pursued outcome together.  This is assumed to happen within the confines of a group exhibiting common characteristic like a single target client group.

Within the budgeting system of St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility, subprograms will also be result based.  St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility subprograms will be those that represent increasingly growing disaggregated groupings of outcomes within the parameters.  Within St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility a preventive health program would bring together a very diverse and wide variety of services and programs targeted at preventive health.  As a result of this, subprograms will organize the services into a few specific types.

Why chose result-based budgeting as opposed to activity-based budgeting?

The choice between result-based budget and an activity-based budget is based on value attached to outcomes and processes.  In this case, an outcome will include a service or good that is delivered by St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility to an external party, whereas an activity is a specific type of work process performed in the production of an outcome.

Getting classification becomes critical since great care must be employed to avoid incidences where activity-based programs could be mistaken with results-based programs.  At St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility distinguishing between the outcomes and processes will be deemed achieved if the services offered between ministries – training human capital from a department, are seen as processes rather than outcomes.  Within the confines of St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility, shared common services – support services, will be considered as outcomes since they also cater to internal rather that an external stakeholders.

The logic of insisting that support services are not outputs can be seen more clearly if we remind ourselves that an “output” is the equivalent of a private sector company’s “product.” In the private sector context, where products are sold to customers, the distinction between products and support services is very clear.

For St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility, the inclusion of a budget item will be a clear indication that the support program.  A support program will cover all St. Dimas Assisted Living Facility support services.  Despite championing for a result-based budget, the program structure does adopt an activity-based approach.  Despite opposition, it is now the common practice world-over to treat support programs as significant when classifying the program with increasing support for the adoption of this strategy.  This confirms that support programs are not components in a result-based budget.  However, under GAPP, support programs are exempted thus they should be considered as result-based.

To keep these exceptions to the minimum, and to avoid unnecessary or even wholesale departures from the principle of results-based budgeting, it is crucial to explicitly recognize these distinctions and to be clear about why they are necessary.  It is important to remember in result-based budgeting, Programs and subprograms should to the maximum possible extent be results-based, grouping together outputs with a common intended outcome. This principle should be departed from only in specific cases with clear justification.

 References

Anderson, L. O., & Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.). (2002). Wood-frame house construction. New York ; Hong Kong: Books for Buisiness.

Hardy-Vallee, B (2012)  The Cost of Bad Project Management retrieved December 15 2014          from http://www.gallup.com/businessjournal/152429/cost-bad-project-management.aspx

Heldman, K. (2011). Project management jumpstart. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Lu, W., Zhang, L & Pan, J (2014) Identification and Analyses of Hidden Transactions Costs in    Project Dispute Resolutions, International Journal o f Project Management, Vol. 13, No.   1, pp. 25-52

Schwalbe, K. (2009). Introduction to project management. Boston, Mass: Course Technology.

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HYPERTENSION RESEARCH PAPER AVAILABLE

Hypertension
Hypertension

Hypertension

Order Instructions:

HYPERTENSION
In clinical settings, advanced practice nurses frequently use various strategies to treat and manage patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. These strategies often include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, natural remedies, and/or changes in patient behavior. For hypertension patients, behavioral changes including increased exercise, healthier diet, and smoking cessation have proven to be particularly beneficial. However, it is important to recognize that treatment and management plans centered around changes in behavior often require greater patient commitment. This creates the need for patient-provider collaboration, as well as appropriate patient education. When patients are actively involved in their own care and better understand implications of their disorders, they are more likely to adhere to treatment plans.

To prepare:
• Review Part 11 of the Buttaro et al. text and the National Heart Lung Blood Institute article in this week’s Learning Resources.
• Reflect on your Practicum Experiences and observations. Select a case from these experiences that involves a patient who presented with a hypertension problem. When referring to your patient, make sure to use a pseudonym or other false form of identification. This is to ensure the privacy and protection of the patient.
• Think about the patient’s history including drug treatments and behavioral factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, etc.
• Review the National Heart Lung Blood Institute article in the Learning Resources. Reflect on health promotion strategies for the patient. Consider ways to reinforce hypertension management.

Post on or before Day 3
1) A description of a patient who presented with a hypertension problem during your Practicum Experience.
2) Explain the patient’s history including drug treatments and behavioral factors.
3) Then, suggest two health promotion strategies for the patient.
4) Include suggestions for reinforcing hypertension management.

Readings/ Required Reference Resources
• Buttaro, T. M., Trybulski, J., Polgar Bailey, P., & Sandberg-Cook, J. (2013). Primary care: A collaborative practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
o Part 11, “Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders” (pp. 487–611)

This part explores diagnostics of cardiovascular disorders, including how to differentiate between normal and abnormal test results. It also examines how patient history and physical exams contribute to differential diagnoses for cardiovascular disorders.
• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/pphbp.pdf

this article reviews factors that impact the patient education of hypertension. Hypertension prevention and intervention methods are also explored.

Optional Resources
• American Heart Association. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/
• Drugs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from www.drugs.com
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.ismp.org/
• Million Hearts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/index.html
• WebMD. (2012). Medscape. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/

 

SAMPLE ANSWER

High Blood Pressure is a cardiovascular disorder that needs good treatment and management plan. This plan needs a patient-provider collaboration. It is important for the patient to have appropriate education and great commitment to the treatment and management plan. Different strategies can be used to give better results in the management of the condition to the comfort of the patient. Alongside the plan, patient’s behavioral changes can particularly yield good results in management of the condition. These include increased exercises, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking. Two approaches are recommended for the treatment and management of Hypertension. Pharmacologic therapy approach is much dependent on standards set by government agencies and professional associations like the American Heart Association while non-pharmacologic therapy deal with patient’s behavioral change (Buttaro &Trybulski, 2013).

Mr. Lewis’s case

During my Practicum one patient, Mr. Lewis aged 55 years (not his real name) came for observation after having breathing difficulties. Going through the patient’s file revealed that indeed he has had this condition for about two years. A closer observation gave further evidence to confirm my worries. Mr. Lewis was overweight as he had a BMI of 28/m2, BP at 150 mm Hg and a waist circumference of 130 cm, way above the recommended (NHLBI, 2002).

He has been experiencing unusual fatigue for the last two years. Overweight people experience breathlessness when performing a task, yet unknown to them it might be a symptom of hypertension. Other symptoms of hypertension include chest pain, blood in urine, severe headache, vision problem, irregular heartbeat and pounding in the chest (Medscape 2014).

Mr. Lewis was a smoker, had poor eating habits and exercised less. Perhaps he could not remember the last time he was in a gym. Mr. Lewis has not been on any serious medication.

This condition meant that I had to put him on immediate treatment and management of his condition. At an early stage, BP can be managed by lifestyle modifications and low combination of thiazide diuretic and an ACE inhibitor as recommended by American Heart Association and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention algorithm (Medscape, 2014). He responded well and within a week I reviewed his condition with remarkable results. His condition was stage 1 hypertension that needed more of lifestyle modification than drugs treatment. Fatigue levels reduced drastically and the congestion in his chest was notably down.

Two health promotion strategies for the patient (Mr. Lewis)

Mr. Lewis can do better by exercising regularly and eating healthier. Losing weight helps prevent hypertension. He needs to eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, free or law fat milk products and adequate intake of minerals like potassium, calcium, and magnesium. He needs to reduce sodium chloride intake in his diet too (Medscape, 2014).Smoking affects the quality of oxygen that one gets in the bloodstream. Mr. Lewis should stop smoking and go for aerobics to help burn the fats in his body.

High Blood Pressure Management

Hypertension needs to be managed as it is a serious health challenge. It increases the risk for diabetes and is very fatal in pregnancy. It can lead to a higher risk of stroke, renal disease and poor vision.. Treatment is best recommended for younger patients as a management plan with maxima doses depending on disease’s status and progression. At an early stage, change in lifestyle is the best way to manage high blood pressure (Medscape, 2014).

References

Buttaro, T M., Trybulski, J., Polgar BP., & Sandberg, CJ. (2013). Primary care: A collaborative practice (4th Ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Part II, “Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders” pp 486- 611)

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/pphbp.pdf on 13th Dec. 2014.

Meena, SM., Kamran R., & David GH. (2014). Treatment and Management of Hypertension. Medscape medical journal. Edited by David JM. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/ on 13th Dec. 2014.

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Leadership Term Paper Assignment Available

Leadership
Leadership

Leadership

Order Instructions:

Prepare for this Discussion by choosing a leader you know and admire. Ideally this will be someone in public health, but it may be a leader in another sector such as business, academia, or health care. Reflect on what you have discovered about him or her in light of the leadership traits and styles you learned about this week.

The purpose of this interview is to discover this person’s “leadership story.” That is, you should ask them how they got where they are, what they value, and any other questions you think would help you identify their strengths and assets as leaders and any challenges they overcame. To help you formulate your interview questions, review this week’s Learning Resources, including the video program on Leadership Models.

Answer the following Questions:
1. Describe the strengths or assets that public health leaders in general need for success in leading in this field, and explain why these attributes are necessary.
2. Briefly describe the leader you interviewed and why you chose him or her.
3. What are the most important lessons you learned about leadership from this interview?
4. To what degree does he or she demonstrate the attributes of effective public health leaders?

Article:

1. George, B., Sims, P., McLean, A., & Mayer, D. (2007). Discovering your authentic leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 1291-1338.

This article discusses leadership traits and characteristics. It focuses on “authentic” leadership and how leaders developed their leadership abilities.

2. Ancona, D., Malone, T. W., Orlikowski, W. J., & Senge, P. M. (2007). In praise of the incomplete leader. Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 92-100.

This article discusses the analysis of four believed criteria found in all good leaders: sense making, relating, visioning, and inventing. Case studies representing best practices and utilization of each factor are reviewed.

3. Quinn, R. (2005). Moments of greatness. Harvard Business Review, 83(7/8), 740-83.

This article outlines Robert Quinn’s fundamental state of leadership theory. By achieving maximum leadership performance, leaders place themselves in a zen-like or maximum realm of productivity. Once the state is exited, leaders inadvertently have the ability to increase the overall performance of all those in contact with the effort.

4. Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 78–90.

This article discusses newly identified field research indicating that effective leaders establish and master a multifaceted approach to leadership to be effective. The six styles of leadership discussed in this article are: coercive, authoritative, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting, and coaching.

Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.

I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.

II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.

III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.

IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Leaders need strengths and assets for success in leading their fields. These attributes are crucial as they differentiate them from others and set them apart from the ordinary to extra-ordinary people.  Born in Stowe and started out his first business venture as a student paper, Richard Branson is a remarkable role model to millions. As a school dropout at the age of 16 and from a humble beginning, Richard grew to become a prominent and one of the most sought after entrepreneurs and leaders of our times. Being the figurehead of Virgin Atlantic airways, he is the mind behind more than 200 different businesses linked to the title virgin group (Dearlove, 2007).

Richard Branson is a charismatic and transformational leader in every aspect. He is visionary, an agent of change and loves investing in people. For him, people are the greatest assets and it is for the value he has placed on people that they have greatly rewarded him.

The most important lessons I learnt about his leadership from this interview is that leadership is inborn. You can mould leaders but cannot make them like George et al. (2007). The most successful leaders are transformational leaders like Branson. They posses wisdom and capabilities beyond studies that drive them to excel in all they put their mind to do.

Branson demonstrates the attributes of an effective public leader to a large extent. Like the trait, theory of leadership describes leaders and effectiveness, Branson stands out as an exceptional leader who gets results (Goleman, 2000). He is a high achiever with high ambition levels, is driven by motivation, values honesty and integrity, self-confident, has wisdom coupled with cognitive ability, emotional stability and business acumen.

References

Dearlove, D. (2007). The Richard Branson Way, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK

George, B. Sims, P. McLean, A. & Mayer, D.(2007). “Discovering your authentic leadership,” Harvard business review, 85(2), 1291-1338

Goleman, D. (2000). “Leadership”

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