Role Played by Non written Sources in Our History Directions: Choose TWO of the following 50 point essays (based on which text or texts you are using)
As should be expected, many of these questions and topics are the same as they were for your two previous Exams:
Role Played by Non written Sources in Our History
just different material and time periods covered. Please note that I have added a couple of summary questions, however, to give you a chance to look back on what we’ve done this semester and to tie it all together.
Your responses to the following essays should be based on Lessons 7-11 of the E-Text or Chapters 9-15 of the Text (or material from both if you have both),
with the exception of Essay Choices 8 and 9 which require you to use material from our entire semester as a way of summarizing what you’ve learned and
put it all together, so to speak.
Role Played by Non written Sources in Our History
1. TEXT. Choose two illustrations (pictures, painting, graphs, charts, etc.) from Chapters 9-15 and reflect on their meanings for both past and present. Go
beyond the captions given for each illustration and offer your own interpretation. What are your thoughts about the role played by non-written sources in our history?
2. TEXT. Choose a topic from these chapters you find particularly interesting and offer your reflections about its continuing relevance for our lives today.
Don’t be afraid to “think outside the box” on this one.
3. E-TEXT (Lessons 7-11) Choose one movie (assessed by clicking on the Media icon found in various places throughout the lessons) and reflect on how its information sheds light not only on the “past” but on the “present” as well.
4. E-TEXT (Lessons 7-11). Choose one eyewitness account found in a Briefcase icon and reflect on how this account enriches our understanding of the past as well as making connections with us today.
Role Played by Non written Sources in Our History
5. E-TEXT (Lessons 7-11). Each lesson has a Menu that lists the topics for that chapter. After reviewing this material, choose one topic that you find
particularly interesting and reflect on its importance for an understanding of both “past” and “present.”
6. TEXT AND / OR E-TEXT. Many historians believe the time period we”re studying in this Module witnessed the birth of ?� modern America.’ In what ways is this true? Discuss at least two specific examples.
7. TEXT AND / OR E-TEXT. To what extent do you agree with a history student who believes that many of the issues that led to the Civil War were left
unresolved at war’s end? In what ways are we still struggling with these issues today? To what extent are we still divided by these issues? Discuss at least
two specific examples.
8. TEXT AND / OR E-TEXT (Comprehensive for all material covered this semester, including Modules 1, 2, and 3): If you are asked to put three items into a
time capsule representing the events, people, and themes of this entire course, which three will you choose and why? Choose one item from each Module we’ve
studied.
Role Played by Non written Sources in Our History
9. TEXT AND / OR E-TEXT (Comprehensive for all material covered this semester, including Modules 1, 2, and 3): Suppose you are asked to deliver a
commencement address for this class on this topic: “Why Studying American History 2010 Is Relevant To Our Lives Today: Three Examples.” Which three examples
will you choose and why? Choose one example from each Module we’ve studied
TOTAL IS TWO ESSAYS, EACH ESSAY NO MORE THAN 3 PAGES.
African American History Before 1877 Describes in detail one event in African American history BEFORE 1877 that had a profound effect on African Americans and history.
African American History Before 1877
Even though this is your opinion on what had the profound impact you will still need to give details and descriptions with source citations. The history of African-Americans begins with slavery, as white European settlers first brought Africans to the continent to serve as slaves. The fate of slaves in the United States would divide the nation during the Civil War. And after the war, the racist legacy of slavery would persist, spurring movements of resistance, including the Underground Railroad, the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Selma to Montgomery March.
History on American Civilization 1607 to 1877 Directions: Answer two (2) of the following questions in essay form. You may consult among yourselves if you wish, but the answer to the question must be
your own answer in your own words.
History on American Civilization 1607 to 1877
You should utilize only materials from the assigned reading as well as the lectures in developing your answer. The use of outside sources is not required nor is it permitted. Referencing specific materials from assigned primary sources requires a citation. Anything else
constitutes plagiarism. Direct quotation from the text and primary sources is prohibited, but citing the source of specific relevant information stated in
your own words is not.
Please note Information available exclusively through a www. location is not permitted as a source for the completion of this assignment. Therefore, citing
a “web address” is not permitted.
Your essays should be typed, using standard margins and font size (12), double-spaced. Deviation from this requirement may result in the loss of credit. Your
grade will be based on both form and content and should be written in Standard English. Each essay should no less than two (2) pages in length, and the total
for both essays should be no less than five (5) pages. Additionally, the total length of the assignment should be no more than eight (8) pages. Assignments
longer than eight (8) pages will not be accepted on the due date and will be considered late. Consult the course syllabus for additional information
regarding the completion of the assignment.
These questions require the development of a logically constructive narrative and not simply the presentation and/or a listing of information. Please review
your answers to ensure that they are clear, concise, and free of all ambiguity. All late papers will be marked down one (1) grade.
1) Compare and contrast the earliest English settlements of Jamestown and others throughout the southern colonies with those settlements first established at
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay and throughout the New England colonies during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Discuss and evaluate their
most significant characteristics in terms of the following:
Motivations of the colonists for settlement
Demographics of the population over time (i.e. age,
ethnicity, and gender)
Mobilization and Utilization of labor
The economic system and its implications
Also, discuss what you consider to be the most significant difference between these two areas? What is/are the cause(s) of that difference?
2) Thomas Paine presented a persuasive case in support of colonial independence from England in his compelling pamphlet, Common Sense, published in January,
1776.
Discuss what Paine considers to be the most significant shortcomings of the English system of governance over the American colonies in terms of both the
monarchy and the English parliament. What were the most serious flaws in the system of monarchy as practiced by George III?
Be sure to include in your answer an explanation of how the government ruling the English colonies had become, according to Paine, “arbitrary and coercive,”
and had made a mockery of what had previously been embraced as the guarantor of individual rights due to its “mixed and balanced” design? (Specific examples
are helpful in making a case.) Finally, why was reconciliation with England presented as impractical and unwise?
3) Although the system of national government provided by the Articles of Confederation had a number of weaknesses and was discarded, it did compile a record
of achievement. In regard to the government under the Articles of Confederation:
A) Identify and discuss two (2) of its weaknesses and two (2) of its achievements. What, in your opinion was the most
significant achievement of the government under this system?
What was its most significant weakness?
B) Explain how the system of federalism was implemented in the
U.S. Constitution and how it was intended to correct what was
seen as the fatal flaws in the national government as practiced under the Articles of Confederation. What is federalism?
C) What, in your opinion, was the most significant compromise
resulting from the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
Discuss its significance.
4) In the debate over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, Americans disagreed about specific features of a new government that were intended to defend
the achievements of the Revolution without sacrificing its principles. This debate further reflected disagreements about the Revolution’s achievements and
aims. In Federalist Number 10, James Madison argued that the perils posed by the republican governments instituted during the Revolution were remedied by the
proposed federal Constitution.
A) According to Madison, how was a “faction” defined? Explain what he identified as the cause of factions? Discuss why Madison contended that factions were
undesirable, and explain the way in which he believed the causes of factions could be eliminated and their negative effects on good government controlled.
B) Discuss Madison’s concerns regarding “an interested and overbearing
The majority,” and explain how he contended that the new Constitution would provide for vital checks on majorities.
C) In terms of Madison’s argument in support for the new Constitution, identify what was the most significant difference between a republic and a democracy?
Explain why Madison contended that a large republic was better than a small one.
N.B. In answering question #4, direct quotations are not permitted. Rather, a concise explanation of the quotation in terms of answering the question should
be presented as part of your answer.
Topic:”Close the Gap”is a program initiative committed to closing the health and life expectancy between Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous Australians by 2030. While measurable improvements take time, there have been some demonstrated improvements in reducing smoking rates, improvements in maternal and child health outcomes and behaviours that lead to chronic diseases.
APA style
Assessment Criteria attach upload
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
The Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander have been experiencing disproportionate levels of education achievement, social disadvantage and employment. This has been associated with poor health outcomes as compared to the other Australians, often with lower life expectancy rates than the other Australian communities. To get a clear picture of the Aboriginal health status, it is imperative to consider the Aboriginals historical context. In the past few decades, the healths of Aboriginal people have shifted from being significantly better to worse as compared to the non-Aboriginal people. Research attributes this to the socio economic disadvantage which is a direct consequence of the past practices of exclusion, oppression and dispossession (Zubrick, Holland, Kelly, Calma, Walker, 2014).
In this regard, this essay will critically analyze the current health status of the Aboriginal people in order to identify the improvement, failures and health demands in this population. This will be done by evaluating the various policies introduced by the government with the aim of identifying why the policies have been adequate or inadequate. The essay will focus on “Closing the Gap policy” to explore its relevance in health promotion strategies. The benefits of these strategic approaches will be explored. In addition, the role of nurses in meeting the current and future health demands of Aboriginal population will be explored. The information will be obtained from the sources that are up-to-date including the government reports and all relevant scientific studies.
Critical analysis of current health status of the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
According to information from 2011 census, it is estimated that the total population of Aboriginal and Torres Strait people is 729,048. In 2015, approximately 33% of the populations are major city dwellers and almost half of the population live remotes areas. The population is much younger as compared to the non indigenous population; only 3.5% of the indigenous people are above 65 years as compared to 14% of the non-indigenous (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016).
Fig. 1. Population pyramid: Aboriginal and Strait Islander vs. non indigenous population
By 2014, approximately 17,779 new births registered were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. This indicates that there were about 6 in every 100 births. Approximately 17% of the new births were from teenagers as compared to 2.5% of the non indigenous population. In addition, the babies were likely to be of low weight (below 2500 g) as compared to the non-indigenous population. The low birth weights are associated with increased risk of developing health related problems. The infant mortality rates are 3 times folds that of the national average (Holland, 2016).
The indigenous people are two time likely to be hospitalized as compared to the non-indigenous people. The main causes of hospitalization in young adults below 15 years are respiratory disorders, ENT and injuries. The main causes of hospital admissions in adults are digestive system disorders, injuries from accidents and cardiovascular disorders. Women have higher pregnancy related issues and the reproductive system disorders as compared to the non-aboriginal population. The indigenous populations have shorter life expectancy of about 18-19 years less as compared to the non-indigenous population. The most common causes of mortality include cardiovascular diseases, which are estimated to be two folds that of the non-indigenous population. Diabetes is the most common endocrine health issue, which is approximately six times higher as compared to that of the non indigenous people(Watkins et al. 2014). About 30% of the indigenous people suffer from diabetes. Other causes of mortality include injuries, lung cancer, liver cancer and cervical cancer. This is a clear indication that although indigenous health policy has been the key Agenda on Australian public policies and politics, there are still huge health disparities (gap) between the indigenous health and the non-indigenous health (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016).
The issue of health inequality has been a great concern for Australia. Although the overall health status of Australia has improved, the health status of the indigenous Australians continues to score below those of non-indigenous populations. Although a lot has been done to address the health disparities, the statistics illustrate that the policies established to address the health disparities have been ineffective (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010, p.29). Information with historical context of the Indigenous Health is scare. However, it is well illustrated that the health status of indigenous population has been poor from the time the European settlers arrived. The indigenous people had no contact with the outside world before colonization; thus, there were minimal incidences of infectious diseases. The arrival of European settlers led to the introduction of new illnesses such as reproductive diseases due to consensual contact of the colonizers (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2011).
In addition, the indigenous health was also largely impacted by the change in diet. For instance, before colonization, the indigenous food consisted of vegetables and animal proteins. They were also physically active as they obtained their food from hunting and gathering. Colonization led to changes in these lifestyles, which led to increase of heart diseases, diabetes and obesity observed among the indigenous people today. Poor mental health is associated with socio-economic disadvantage which leads to substance abuse. The lack of commitment in addressing the mental health has resulted into increased suicidal rates among the indigenous community. In addition, the populations have low access to medical care. This is due to language barriers where voice can be misinterpreted. From my experience, what one would consider as polite is sometimes conceited by other people. Other issues identified includes inadequate health facilities in rural areas and high cost of services such as travelling costs and treatment costs (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2014).
Anthropological studies indicate that indigenous people have spiritual connection to their lands. Land to the indigenous people connects them to their ancestors. It was their sense of belonging. The colonizers did not understand this world perspective, and when the more they grabbed the land, the more the indigenous people mental health status deteriorated. Their psychological health issues increased when they were forcefully evacuated from their lands into reserves and settlements. This created disturbances from family, which exacerbated their mental health due to low self esteem and low sense of belonging (Gee et al., 2014).
Evidently, the concept of health among the indigenous population is very complicated by the diverse world perspectives of the indigenous and the non-indigenous populations. The lack of understanding between these two populations has led in a series of health policies with the aim of eradicating health inequality among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait population. The first health policy implemented to address the health disparity was established in 1968. There were a total of 35 reforms that were done between the period and 2006. In general, each of amendments was done by various bodies and institutions which had been created to address the disparities issues that had been inadequately expressed previously. However, the main responsibility was allocated to government, which assigned the various programs to the local authorities. The changes in government led to constant changes in the way the health issues were perceived and addressed (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2010).
From my analysis on the policies that have been established to adequately address the issue of health disparities among the indigenous population, I found that comparative analysis was used to identify strategies that have been successful in other countries; which would be implemented in Australia. This kind of analysis is very sufficient in some cases, but when it comes to the Indigenous population, such strategies would hardly align to the indigenous populations and culture because our world perspective is complex and unique. Although the health issues incidences are similar to those in other parts of the world, world perspectives impact the indigenous people health and well being very considerably (Gee et al., 2014).
This ideology is well exemplified by the closure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 2004. This led to greater health disparities as the government could not understand the intricacies of indigenous Australian culture as well as the implications of the actions on the indigenous people’s health. Of all the programs that have been implemented to address the health inequalities in Australia, Closing the Gap policy has seems to be the most promising. The policy focuses the concept of health in a different approach, one which perfectly suits the needs of the Indigenous people. The policy is cultural competent and aims to reduce the health inequality gap by 2030, half the children mortality rates by 2018, improve access to education by 2013 and half the unemployment gap by 2018 (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2016).
Health promotion strategies: Strategic approaches used to address the challenges
The concept of Closing the Gap policy is an effective approach that is being applied by the government to promote the indigenous well being and health. The governments have acknowledged that to close the gap in health inequalities, it must recognize the rich cultural practices of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. This strong cultural identity is very important in promoting the indigenous health as well as their emotional wellbeing. The council of Australian Governments (COAG) has established sustained commitment from all arms of the government, which has led to initiatives that are directed towards seven building blocks including, early childhood, education, establishing effective economic participation, healthy homes, safe communities and in establishing leadership and governance. This is an effective strategy because it is the destruction of the Aboriginal and Australian culture that has led to the despair and confusion which are associated with the irreconcilable cultures (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).
For instance, the early child initiatives, the government has established activities that engage with culture, and ones which are essential in the development of resilient Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. The Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association (AIPA) increased connection to family, culture and land results to spiritual protection to psychological distress and ill health. This is associated with the wellbeing factors such as kinship networks increases self identity, and self esteem. This is associated with improved academic performance due to reduced school absenteeism due to health issues. The initiatives also aims at improving education and schooling reduces dropout rates, results in better reading and communication skills in both their language and English communication. Research associates low literacy with negative impacts due to language barriers (Parker and Milroy, 2014).
Evidently, the aboriginal people have strong connection with their culture. Research indicates that when these indigenous people participate in cultural activities, it improves their physical and mental health. The National Mental Health Policy 2008 states that such activities improve their cultural identity which connected to lower mortality and morbidity to the population. In this policy, there are initiatives that have been established to allow the indigenous community to participate in activities which promote preservation of their culture (Holland, 2016). This includes activities such as visual arts production, performing in theatre and music. The socio-cultural wellbeing’s have been identified as the building blocks of the overall health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities. This is supported by a qualitative study which found out that participation in cultural ceremonies such as the Kanyirninpa reduces suicide and effectively prevents self harm in communities living in the southeast region. This is because such programs are associated with numerous benefits for participants such as capacity building, social capital as well as empowerment through provision of activities that prides in their cultural identity (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2016).
In order to help in closing the gap, nurses should understand the statistics regarding the health status on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait community. These includes the birth rates, the death rates, domestic violence and disease incidences. These are the main sources of mental illness, and statics represents the number of lives that have been destroyed by pain and suffering. Societal issues such as drug abuse, poor living conditions and poor socioeconomic status are the leading causes of such diseases. Understanding these statistics will help the nurses establish care plans are cultural competent and safe (Watkins et al. 2014).
Conclusion
The study analysis indicates relative limited progress against the Closing the Gap 2030 policy. Although there is some good report that have led to fundamental improvements in Aboriginal and Torres Strait health outcomes, the government still have a long way in order to effectively address the issue of inequality among the indigenous people. Although an ambitious task, closing health equality by 2030 is an achievable task. Fortunately, it is also the government priority. Over 200,000 Australians supports the policy, which indicates that it is clear that there is high public demand that government must continue to establish partnership with the indigenous people in order to build a close gap platform that will meet this challenge. I believe we can and should be the people to finally close the gap.
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2011). Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Campaign, Australian Human Rights Commission, retrieved from <http://www.hreoc.gov.au/Social_Justice/health/index.html>.
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet.(2010).Major developments innational Indigenous health policy since 1967. Retrieved from, <http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-systems/policies/reviews/health-policy-timelines
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2016). Closing the gap Prime Minister’s report 2016. Canberra: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Gee, G., Dudgeon, P., Schultz, C., Hart, A., Kelly, K .(2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. In: Dudgeon P, Milroy H, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 55-68
Holland, C. (2016). Close the Gap: progress and priorities report 2016. Canberra: Close the Gap Campaign Steering Committee
Parker, R., and Milroy, H. (2014). Mental illness in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In: Dudgeon P, Milroy H, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 113-124
Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision. (2014). Overcoming Indigenous disadvantage: key indicators 2014: Table 11A.1.2.6 Alcohol induced deaths (rate per 100 000), age standardized, by sex, NSW, Queensland, WA, SA and the NT, 2008−2012. Canberra: Productivity Commission
Watkins, R.E., Elliott, E.J., Wilkins, A., Mutch, R.C., Fitzpatrick, J.P., Payne, J.M., O’Leary, C.M., Jones, H.M., Latimer, J., Hayes, L., Halliday, J., D’Antoine, H., Miers, S., Russell, E., Burns, L., McKenzie, A., Peadon, E., Carter, M., Bower, C. (2013). Recommendations from a consensus development workshop on the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Australia. BMC Pediatrics; 13: 156 Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-156
Zubrick, S.R., Holland, C., Kelly, K., Calma, T., Walker, R. (2014). The evolving policy context in mental health and wellbeing. In: Dudgeon P, Milroy H, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd edition ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 69-90 (chapter 5)
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The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Order Instructions: Book Review over “The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin” by Gordon S. Wood Do not use slang, colloquialisms, first or second person, and keep passive voice to a minimum.
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
You must use parenthetical citations each time you refer to the book or use a direct quote.
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Paper Organization
Thesis: Identify the thesis or theses of the book. NOTE: The thesis refers to the author’s argument, and generally goes beyond the topic or subject matter. What point is the author trying to make? Demonstrate that you understand the author’s purpose in writing the book.
Synopsis: Respond to all synopsis questions. The purpose of this is to present a brief overview of the book. Discuss the methods, sources, strengths, and weaknesses of the book. Did the author propose new approaches, use any major new documents, propose new interpretations, challenge existing interpretations, rehash old information in new ways? In your synopsis section, please do not jump from topic to topic, but have smooth transitions between paragraphs. For more information on how to do this, visit this site.
Evaluation: Did the author accomplish what he/she set out to do? Was the thesis adequately supported? Was the evidence powerful enough? Of what value or use is the book? Did you enjoy or like the book? Give your judgment of the book: interesting, boring, provocative, significant, or whatever, and explain how or why you came to that conclusion. If you did not like the book, say so, and support your opinion with solid evidence.
In the SYNOPSIS portion of your book review be sure to specifically address the following points and questions.
1. Describe the factors that made Franklin “the man of many masks.”
2. What role did the class divisions that existed in the English-speaking world have on Franklin’s development?
3. Describe how Franklin managed to rise from a lowly station into the ranks of gentlemen.
4. How did Franklin’s exposure to London during the 1750s shape his outlook?
5. What factors made Franklin “a thoroughgoing imperialist and royalist” by the early 1760s?
6. Describe how, by the late 1760s, Franklin had become too English in America and too American in England.
7. How did Franklin’s treatment by English officials in the early 1770s turn him into an ardent patriot?
8. How did Franklin, to the French, come “to symbolize America as no single person in history ever has”?
9. How did Franklin become “indispensable to the success of the Revolution abroad”?
10. Why was Franklin so unappreciated by so many of his contemporaries of the revolutionary era?
11. How did Franklin, after his death, become the ideal for both workingmen and businessmen, especially in the northern states? How did this reflect changes in (northern) culture?
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Sample Answer
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
Thesis
Gordon Wood the author of the book The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin seeks to bring the real and holistic character of Benjamin Franklin. Gordon points out that numerous books written regarding the important role Benjamin Franklin played in the independence of the United States. Whoever he paints a different negative image of Benjamin Franklin. In the biography, Franklin is depicted as an individual who does not in any way behave like an American. In fact, he spends more time living in France and England. Additionally, he is seen as a staunch supporter of imperialism favoring colonization of United States by other parties. In the book, Franklin is depicted as an individual who never shared American values deeply rooted in their patriotic nature and love of their country (Wood 14). Instead, he is portrayed as an individual interested in making personal gains rather than decolonizing the United States. Gordon goes further to illustrate how it was only after he fell out with the English that coming home became a priority. During his stay in England and France, Franklin preferred to make progress and improve social status. He was never interested in any issue relating him to the United States. Gordon Wood dissects and exposes the negative side of Benjamin Franklin in a much better way than what a surgeon would do. The main emphasis placed by Gordon is to show the real negative picture of Benjamin Franklin before americanization process took over. Gordon Brown conquers with one important role played by Benjamin Franklin where he convinced the French to assist in liberating of United States from the hands of the British colony.
Synopsis
Benjamin Franklin is described as a quintessential man and a jack of all trades. He is described as an inventor, scientist, diplomat, satirist, businessman, printer and politician. Most attributes typical of Benjamin were learned in France and England. He started out as a simple individual in society and solely rose in the English and French society to become one of the senior most members of society.
The England social class gave Franklin the imperialist view of everything. It made him believe in some questionable behaviors. Some included the lack of belief in God and mistreatment of women. Gordon notes that Benjamin Franklin looked down upon his wife since she had been scarcely educated (Wood 21). These were some of the current beliefs of British society. It was always about maintaining class. It gave Franklin the urge to become wealthier in the society since wealth was associated with the class. For Franklin to fit into the British system several sacrifices had to be made. He had to engage in different money generating practices from a small age.
Since he was the son of a candle maker, fitting in the English society was difficult. Therefore, he sought to work hard to create or establish different businesses. The printing business started did quite well from the beginning assisting him to make a name for himself. Similarly, he invented several important facets. They included the lightning rod, Franklin glasses, a stove, the glass harmonica, and a flexible urinary catheter (Wood 27). All these products established brand associated with Benjamin Franklin. This gave him more fame in society raising his social class very first.
After a short period of time, Franklin was involved in making speeches at a social gathering and formulated a group known as Philadelphia’s American Philosophical Society (Wood 78). The increase in fame came with a higher class status (Wood 45).
A trip to London where he had been assigned new roles became the major point of focus. Franklin had been promoted to a bigger office which had better facilities compared to the other surroundings. Additionally, he had been recognized as a critical part of the English system. He expressed his great desire and love for England and at even one point considered it to be his home.
He had once been considered too much of an Englishman than American. This was because most practices he had inherited and practiced came from the English culture. He had become part and parcel of the imperialist practices that were dominantly practiced in England. Additionally, he was a firm believer of classes in society.
However, he showed most behaviors associated with people from the United States. He made numerous inventions made to suit society. Such behaviors were normally associated with people from the United States. In 1770, the British wanted him to become part and parcel of the patriot force (Wood 48). This was during a period in which there had been intense wars between people in the United States and Britain.
When he rejected the offer, there was profound negativity associated with calling of names (Wood 54). Some prominent ministers were publicly noted stating that Benjamin was an enemy. This is what led him to move to the United States (Wood 57). The way he was received in the United States proved to be a major difference. After noting the suffering of the people in the society and the effects of colonization, he became one of the patriots fighting for the rights of Americans.
Once a patriot, he used all available means to fight the British. Most notably Franklin chose to engage the French. He had lived in France during his early years and consequently knew that the French suffered from old wounds inflicted by the British which ultimately resulted in losing lands in Canada and near Mississippi. Therefore, this was an opportune moment where the French could come in and help the French revenge their loss of land. He decided to write a letter to the French asking them for assistance in case the United States was attacked by the British (Wood 68).
The ultimate effect was more on the French who assisted to defeat the British and thus regaining their position on the society. This act endeared him within and beyond the United States (Wood 72). In fact, the French honor him with much more respect as compared to the Americans. Three days are used to remember the man who helped restore the French dignity in society.
However, there exists a negative feeling among many American who feels that he has dominated history yet initially he was a staunch believer and follower of British imperialist tendencies. Most of his behaviors especially the imperialist tendencies and inventions are still associated with people from the North. This shows the effect Franklin ha on their lives.
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Evaluation
The author accomplished all the targets that were initially set forth at the beginning of the book. The author managed to bring out all information relating to the specific years that the events. All events were recorded chronologically and used all pieces of supporting evidence. The book is enjoyable and significant since it brings out issues that are rarely addressed. It helped bring out a different image of an iconic person whose life had initially been told from one perspective.
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Work cited
Wood, Gordon S. The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin. Penguin, 2005. Print.
Basically, you will need to read 20 pages and answer these questions below in an essay form please.
1- Statement of the issue – one or two sentences.
2- Review of the authors arguments – one or two paragraphs stating at least three major points made by each author.
3- Comparison of arguments – at least one paragraph contrasting what each author had to say.
4 – Your opinion – at least one paragraph explaining either
a) why you agree with one of another, or
b)why you disagree with all the authors.
5- Discussion Question – an open ended question that you derive from the readings.
This is the textbook name just in case you need to know or if you want to quote anything. “The Enduring Debate (Norton, 2014)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Chapter Summary
Statement of Issue
The paper revolves around one fundamental concept of the role of elected representatives in congress. Most of the decisions made by the members of congress are solely of self- interest, pursued to ensure re-election, a narrative practiced for many years by members of congress who go against set policies and opinions of the general population (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014).
Review and Comparison of Arguments
David Mayhew believes that most members of congress are self seekers and would only engage in any activity that sees their re-election back in the House of Representatives. David Mayhew notes that members of congress would use three main tactics to remain relevant so that they can be re-elected back in Congress. These methods include use of advertising, position taking and credit claiming. Advertising involves making appearances in public forums by necessarily engaging in activities such as ribbon cutting ceremonies, speeches, interviews and franking. Position taking involves using speeches or roll call votes to come out with a popular position that changes certain policy. Certain laws become directly associated with them. Credit claiming involves use of caseworks, pork and particularistic policies (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014). May hew hold the view that Members of congress are never solely held or motivated exclusively by their quest for re-election, but most behaviors that are shown by members of congress portray all activities associated with re-election
Richard Fenno seeks to answer an important question regarding how elected representative become affected by the views of the constituents and the general population. Fenno identifies goals of a member of congress first before going to see how such behaviors may influence the represented area and political area. Fenno notes that the major goal of members of congress is re-election, good power policy and power in the congress.
Fenno argues that most of members of congress engage in different activities in their home districts as compared to their behavior in Washington (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014). These are white Fenno refers to as home styles. They include categorizing people in different circles. The broadest circle includes the largest geographical locations where the huge population of different people. This encompasses all potential votes. The second circle encompass people who would specifically vote for the member of congress while the third circle encompasses people who would are primary supporters. The last circles include the immediate family members, close friends and allies. This is where original decision are made and implemented.
Opinions
Mayhew puts into perspective all factors that are considered by most political members of congress in ensuring they remain relevant. Once a politician remains relevant for the entire period they are in congress, it is more likely that they will be re-elected. However, their major decisions will be solely based on all opinions that are accepted within the population, Mayhew fails to mention some key critical issues associated with re-election such as parties and the general attitude during an election (Canon, Coleman & Mayer, 2014). Fenn mentions how most people cast their votes irrespective of the varying opinions among members of congress. In doing so, Fenn establishes the more likely source that members of congress will use to get more power to retain their seats.
Discussion Question
What is the relationship between opinions meted by members of Congress and their re-election bids?
References
Canon, D., Coleman, J., & Mayer, K. (2014). The Enduring Debate: Classic and Contemporary Readings in American Politics (Sixth Edition) 6th (6th ed.). New York: w.w.w. Norton.
It is a “Writing analytic reflections” paper. So there are no rigid rules.
Read the book “Haney Lopez – White by Law” (Chapter 1~8 only).
Professor gave guide line
1. Give a concise, but comprehensive summary that lays out the main arguments, claims, evidence, and/or findings. It is not sufficient to simply restate what
the reading is about based on the first couple of pages. Give short overview of the main themes and arguments in the reading . A paragraph is sufficient.
2. Then lay out several specific themes from the reading you want to focus on in more depth. Explain why these themes are important or whether and why you
agree/disagree. Focus on substantive issues. Be specific, avoid generalities and vagueness.
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Immigration and Slavery in the Antebellum South have one short essay of 5 pages and one long essay of 10 pages. The requirements are attached below.
Antebellum immigration:
Immigration and Slavery in the Antebellum South
Pick any two of the following groups – Irish, Germans, and Scandinavians – and compare their immigrant
experiences in the nineteenth century. The essay should not be a summary of their overall experiences. It should instead focus
on two categories such as where they lived, what they did for work, what obstacles they encountered, what push and pull
factors affected their immigration, and what cultural contributions that they made. In your analysis of these categories, make
sure to address how those groups contributed to diversity in American life. The essay should integrate at least three
different sources.
o Coming To America, Chapters 5 &6
o Reading 4: Tocqueville on associations
o Materials from Slideshow 4
Slavery in the antebellum South: After the Revolutionary, slavery underwent a massive expansion in the Southern states.
Describe and analyze this state of slavery by addressing the causes and effects of expansion, the practice of paternalism, and
the conditions of slaves. Integrate at least three other sources besides Kolchin’s American Slavery.
o American Slavery, Chapters 4-6.
o Reading 3: Primary source on women’s anti-slavery society o Reading 5: Primary source on master-slave relations
o For Cause and Comrades
o Materials from Slideshow 5
The Voices of the American Revolution Order Instructions In the years preceding the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, many American colonists expressed opposition to Great Britain’s policies toward the colonies, but few thought seriously about establishing an independent nation until late in the imperial crisis. Throughout the
Voices of the American Revolution
years of controversy beginning in the 1760s, Americans expressed a variety of opinions about the legitimacy of open acts of resistance and rebellion, which intensified as armed resistance began in April 1775. On both sides of the issue, perspectives and motivations were diverse. Among those who favored resistance, for example, not all would go so far as to advocate full-scale rebellion against Great Britain or national independence for the United States. The debate, moreover, was not a static one, and its terms shifted over time; by 1776 many colonists found themselves advocating positions undreamed of a decade earlier.
In this lesson, you will work to make informed analyses of primary documents illustrating the diversity of religious, political, social, and economic motives behind competing perspectives on questions of independence and rebellion. Making use of a variety of primary texts, the activities will help you to “hear” some of the colonial voices that, in the course of time and under the pressure of novel ideas and events, contributed to the American Revolution.
Your assignment will be to read ten documents from the lists below. Each document must come from a different perspective. You should use two documents from each group to write your essay. You will then write a three to five page essay in which you compare and contrast what the Revolution meant to different groups in society.
Feel free to include any other sources, but the majority of your paper must be based on primary sources from the time period.
You will also need to footnote what documents you are using in Chicago Manuel style. Any word processor should help you make footnotes. Please use the following link to complete your footnotes in the correct style. http://history.hanover.edu/courses/handouts/footnotes.htm
Your paper should be double spaced and in 12 point font.
Most religious ministers who operated before independence largely asked the American population to seek divine judgement. They always interpreted Bible teachings and applied them to settings of the society. However, they believed that true justice came from God. For example, Jonathan Mayhew one congressional minister who served during this time was a key believer in high justice. They believed that God was to be the ultimate judge of all actions of human beings. Therefore, they expected all people irrespective of their positions to apply Bible teachings to the society[1]. Despite being from both divides, they believed that all members of society who were doing good and following the mandatory laws as set by the Bible would never be punished. However, punishment was to be used for all parties that contravened Bible teachings. However, they believed that this form of punishment will only be applied to God. Jacob Cushing another minister advocated for a different form of following. However, it was still in line with divine judgments[2]. Most teachings were based on the teachings of Moses. The same context was being used to confront challenges associated with colonialism.
Loyal Perspectives
Loyalist wrote poems and songs advocated for Great Britain continual presence in the United States. Most songs and poems that were written during this time placed a lot of praise on King George and their family. In one of the poems titled God Save the King loyalists ask God to punish all people who are against the King[3]. Another poem urges all people from the United States to choose the winning side, that is in their case the army of King George. They urge all people to refrain from joining the rebellion side. They even term it as a failed objective. The main purpose seems to be the continual dominance of the British Empire in the United States. Another commonly used song utilised is known as the Tradesman Song. It urges all people to come out in large numbers to celebrate certain occasions in society. Celebrating such occasions in their colony showed British influence and dominance and their intention to continue staying in the United States.
Rebel Perspective
Patrick Henry wrote a book in 1775 titled Give me Liberty or Give me Death. The paper articulated rights of all Americans affected by colonial policies. The rebels intended to use all available methods to gain their freedom. They are demanding their rights and not begging for it under the current law. They intended to use any means possible to overcome the British, who had taken over their land. Patrick Henry’s book provides the British community or colonialist with only two options[4]. The first one is to either give them their liberty or to give them death since they have suffered for many years from their country. The rebels wanted their land back using all means, legally or illegal. Thomas Jones articles titled Common Sense brings out major issues affecting the country. Most Americans were tired of abuse of power by the colonialist government[5]. The King of Great Britain had in numerous cases reduced powers of American giving precedence to majority issues facing colonial settlers. The sole purpose of all rebels was to ensure they fought against the British colonial system and all other players who were interested in taking their lands.
African American Perspectives
African Americans were neutral partners in the war against the British and Americans. Both of the above parties had supported slavery of the African- American population and could not have acted as an arbitrator on all issues that were facing the two parties[6]. While violence between the two parties was going on some slaves were arrested and taken to British offices in New York. The slaves felt much better during this period. However, after the collision, slaves were much afraid of going back to their original owners since they were to be treated in the same manner as before [7]. This means that they would still be viewed as slaves during this whole period. African –Americans insisted that slavery and any form of colonialism were two systems not acceptable in any society.
Officials Perspectives
The Declaration of necessity to take up arms passed by Congress urging all people to take up arms to fight against anyone who attempted to degrade aspects of humanity[8]. The declaration stated that most violations had been made to the people of the United States. The declaration intended to take back the land of their forefathers that had been taken over by colonialists.
The Declaration of Independence showed that there are the United States was no longer a colony of the British government[9]. They would resist any attempt by major players in the British society from taking over their land.
Second Continental Congress Declaration of The Causes And Necessity Of Taking Up Arms July 6, 1775, < 1751-1775 < Documents < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction And Beyond. 2016. Odur.Let.Rug.Nl. Accessed March 25. Retrieved from http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1751-1775/war/causes.htm.
[8] “Second Continental Congress Declaration Of The Causes And Necessity Of Taking Up Arms July 6 1775 < 1751-1775 < Documents < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction And Beyond”. 2016. Odur.Let.Rug.Nl. Accessed March 25. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1751-1775/war/causes.htm.
Polarization and Division among People of United States order Instructions: Basically, you will need to read 20 pages and answer these questions below in an essay form please.
Polarization and Division among People of United States
1- Statement of the issue – one or two sentences.
2- Review of the authors arguments – one or two paragraphs stating at least three major points made by each author.
3- Comparison of arguments – at least one paragraph contrasting what each author had to say.
4 – Your opinion – at least one paragraph explaining either
a) why you agree with one of another, or
b)why you disagree with all the authors.
5- Discussion Question – an open ended question that you derive from the readings.
This is the textbook name just in case you need to know or if you want to quote anything. “The Enduring Debate (Norton, 2014)
Polarization and Division among People of United States Sample Answer
Chapter Summary
Statement of the issue
Two different authors differ on the level of polarization and division among the people of the United States. Morris Fiorina believes that polarization has been caused by the difference between the red and blue states, but they are more inclined towards political leaders and not all people while James Wilson believes that the whole of the United States is divided into two fronts in all public matters (Canon et al., 2006) .
Polarization and Division among People of United States Review of Authors Arguments
Morris Fiorina believes that politicians divide the country. The ordinary people only vote for the different republican and democratic candidates basing on what their leaders tell them. In fact, the leaders can polarize the election in their favor. A good example is given by the former president of the United States. Both candidates from the two main parties are unable to garner more than sixty percent of their countries vote because they ensure that their country is divided along political lines. When Barrack Obama won the elections in the year 2008, some of the red states that were originally perceived to belong to the opposition party voted for the Democratic candidates. This showed the leaders ultimately decided on how people will vote. Additionally, the leaders are divided on certain issues such as abortion and homosexuality while the people have nearly the same views (Canon et al., 2006).
James Wilson argues that the whole of America is divided into two parties, democrats, and republicans. Wilson argues that the actions of Democrats will never be supported by Republicans and vice versa. Wilson outlines how the differences have spilled over to other factors such as media houses and parties of interests. Wilson outlines that more Democrats will tend to watch CNN while Republicans will opt to watch Fox news. On issues of national debate such as abortion, both the democrats and republicans will be divided into two different opposing sides.
Polarization and Division among People of United States Comparison of Arguments
Fiorina clearly states that the political system is the one that is divided while people from the different parts of the divide will have a common ground when it comes to issues such as homosexuality and abortion. According to Fiorina, it is politicians who are divided.
James Wilson is very categorical on the divisions currently witnessed in the United States. According to James, all issues in the society are divided into two fronts. There those who support the Republicans and those that who support the Democrats. The two parties will never see eye to eye on different issues. That is why when they are given various options on abortions, Republicans tend to choose issues that lean towards saving of the mother while Republicans tend to choose issues that are more secular in nature (Canon et al., 2006).
Polarization and Division among People of United States Opinion
My opinion is in tandem with James Wilson. Different people want to e associated with different parties in the United States. To be associated with a given party, an individual needs to show that they are in line with the ideas of the party. They would, therefore, disagree with anything else that comes from a different party. This is why the United States presidents of recent times have not been winning by large margins. Fiorina fails to put into consideration some important aspects. People did not agree on issues on abortion. There were several options, and more people choose issues that idealized with their parties
Polarization and Division among People of United States Discussion Question
The discussion question will read as follows.
Is the United States a polarized and divided country on partisan levels?
Polarization and Division among People of United States References
Canon, D. T., Coleman, J. J., & Mayer, K. R. (2006). The Enduring Debate: Classic and Contemporary Readings in American Politics. WW Norton & Company Inc
