What should the United States do to better prepare for, or counter, the threat from WMDs(weapons of mass destruction)? Climate change is already being felt in communities across the United States and will cause growing harm to the economy, infrastructure, and human and ecological health—unless the United States and other nations take concerted action to reduce emissions of warming gases and adapt to a warmer world. That is the sobering message sent by a major federal report released today that examines climate change impacts on different U.S. regions, economic sectors, and ecosystems.
Industrial Relations in Poland with Empirical Evidence
We shall discuss the above subject in the current age.
The elements you have to include in this essay are
1. the presence of labor unions or any alternative forms of worker representation
2. union organizations and their characteristics
3. collective bargaining system and its coverage
4. overall characteristics of industrial relations and labor politics
1. I attached files that provide information about criteria and content (important!). Please read ALL of them carefully.
– Essay question and Criteria.doc, Outline of the essay structure.doc and Overall Instructions.doc have significant information, please read
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research Order Instructions: Research a federal agency within the U.S. federal government. Consider the complexity of the issues that decision-makers at this agency must consider.
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research
Write a research paper of 1,200-1500 words addressing the following:
1. Describe the function, mission and scope (work) of the federal agency you have selected.
2. Discuss the types of issues this agency addresses.
3. Describe the impact this agency has on health care policy and delivery.
4. Identify at least one current initiative the agency considers a priority.
5. Provide a summary of the initiative.
6. Describe how and why a health policy analyst needs to consider policy problems using political and legal analysis.
A minimum of three scholarly sources must be cited.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center
Must be authentic no plagiarism. thank you
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research Sample Answer
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research Paper
The Functions, Mission and Scope of EPA
Established in 1970, the Environments Protection Agency (EPA) was developed as an independent agency in the United States of America. The primary mission of this organization was to act as a responsible agent on the protection of the environment with the aim of maintaining it for the nation’s future generation (Beck, et.al.2016). The EPA’s aim is directed towards diminishing and controlling water and air pollution, pollution from radiations, noise pollution, toxic substances and pesticides. This agency works at the state and federal level in order to ensure that effective laws are developed by congress that are complaint with the nation’s environmental laws and regulations.
On the other hand, the EPA incorporates several partners in the reduction of environmental threats that have resulted in public health outcomes in the U.S. Once these laws are passed by congress, the EPA creates a platform that analyses them and establishes the manner in which they can be clarified and implemented into effect fairly and consistently (Beck, et.al.2016). In addressing environmental concerns, the EPA inclusively engages the use of innovative strategies that combine the element of compliance assistance, different incentives and monitoring and enforcement tools. The inclusion of compliance incentives in achieving the state’s environmental concerns and better how the state affects the functions of the earth are provided.
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research and the Types of Issues EPA Agency Addresses
Consequently, the EPA also addresses how the U.S government incorporates approaches of dealing with pollution, the laws that they develop in bettering the nation’s health, as one of its significant initiatives. The agency also ensures that health policy analysts consider how the developed policies will essentially be affected by some of the policies that are in existence. To begin with, it is imperative to ascertain that EPA is mandated to uphold the federal and state laws that relate to the environment, laws that include the Clean Water Act, Clean Air, and the Federal Food, the Cosmetic and Drug Act (Rosen & Sanderson, 2015). The Clean Air Act was passed as a law in 1973 and officially mentioned in 1990. In consideration of this law, the EPA ensures that it regulates the emissions that result from pollutants that have a negative impact on the health of the public. The agency has made it in instances where fewer components of pollution in the air by reducing the intensity of chemicals that are likely to contribute to the environment through the ozone layer, and consequently reducing the amount of lead content especially from gasoline from polluting the environment.
The EPA is structured in a way that makes coordinated efforts to reduce some of the attacks that pollute the environment such as the air, water, and the land that grows food. The agency has combined efforts with the government in order to deal with the environmental pollution issues that defy concerted and effective actions (Rosen & Sanderson, 2015). Irrespective of the complexities that have been experienced, the organization has taken measures to control pollution through a perceived interrelated system. In this case, the EPA ensures that a more efficient approach to controlling pollution would:
Mark out these pollutants through the ecological chain by observing and recoding some of the effects and changes that result from interactions with these pollutants.
Establish the tot of man and how this relates to the environment.
Examine the existing interactions that occur in the forms of pollution.
Identify and address the ecological chains and their interdiction and how they are efficient in addressing environmental concerns.
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research and The Impact of the EPA on Health Care Policy and Delivery
The environment plays a significant role in establishing the wellbeing of people such as their mental, physical, and social wellness. Major differences in the quality of the environment and human health are one of the aspects addressed by this agency. The complexities in the relationship between human health and environmental factors take into consideration several interactions and pathways (Rosen & Sanderson, 2015). This details the fact that the degradation of the environment through chemicals, noise, air pollution, natural areas, poor quality water is likely to substantially increase the rates of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, nervous and cardiovascular ailments, and cancer, with all of this pointing out to a major public health concern in America.
The EPA therefore develops approaches aimed at establishing some of the health concerns that result from risk factors as a result of the degradation of the environment. This approach ensures that the agency sets priorities, evaluates the benefits of these measures and develops appropriate mechanisms that address the environmental factors that affect the health of the population, an aspect that impacts the state’s healthcare policies and deliver (Rosen & Sanderson, 2015). In recognition of the need for a management structure in handling hazardous pharmaceutical wastes, the EPA proposed a Universal Pharmaceutical Waste legislation in 2008 which required the management of perilous waste pharmaceuticals through a streamlined, simplified alternate system, an aspect that impacts healthcare policies and delivery approaches. Under this proposed rule, health faculties need to ensure that hazardous wastes are managed effectively.
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research and Current Initiative EPA Considers a Priority
Currently, the EPA has taken the initiative to ensure that it makes a visible difference in the wellbeing of different communities across the nation. This has seen the agency team up with states, tribes, federal agencies and local communities with the aim of improving the health of the American population and protection of the environment within each and every community within the U.S.A.
In order to achieve this, the organization has engaged in an expansive work that is aimed at enhancing the economic vitality of different neighborhoods in America. On the other hand, the agency has developed efficient structures that will strengthen its relationship with the agricultural communities in America, an approach that will incorporate the use of green infrastructures that will manage some of the wastes that come from these fields as well as urban wastes (Bergeson, 2014). The EPA is also dedicated to reduce air pollution along different roadways such as ports and railways, and take consideration of the impacts of these decisions on the environment.
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research and Using Political and Legal Analysis in Establishing Policy Problems
Health care remains a complex element within a state, an aspect that has resulted in the creation of middlemen and complexities that affect the legal systems that are structured and developed to enhance the sector (Bergeson, 2014). Policy analysts need to consider some of the policy problems through the inclusion of legal and political analysis, an aspect that ensures the community is broken into smaller units, thus making up the important individuals in the environment.
This allows the policy makers to establish the people they need to accomplish their common goals, an aspect that ensures a strategy is initiated in advancing and meeting their goals. The application of legal analysis through an interpreter of the law therefore plays a significant role in addressing the complexities in making decisions that are in a complaint with the law. These laws guide the efforts of these policy makers in changing healthcare policy’s that meet a majority of population needs (Bergeson, 2014). On the other hand, policy analysis needs to consider the interests of the population since this creates a sense of security among the majority in the development of policies that address their needs. This also details the need to ensure that some of the middle men that make the achievement of these goals are eradicated through the process.
Government Agencies and Health Policy Research References
Beck, N. B., Becker, R. A., Erraguntla, N., Farland, W. H., Grant, R. L., Gray, G., & … Dourson, M. L. (2016). Approaches for describing and communicating overall uncertainty in toxicity characterizations: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) as a case study. Environment International, 89110-128. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.031. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=8gh&AN=114091989&site=ehost-live
Bergeson, L. L. (2014). Environmental Protection Agency Assessing Utility of Toxic Substances Control Act to Obtain Information on Hydraulic Fracturing Chemical Substances and Mixtures. Environmental Quality Management, 24(1), 67-72. doi:10.1002/tqem.21378. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=98487058&site=ehost-live
Rosen, J. A., & Sanderson, J. W. (2015). EPA Proposes Eliminating State Regulations as to Start-up, Shutdown, and Malfunction Emissions. Natural Gas & Electricity, 31(7), 8-12. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=100664295&site=ehost-live
—First, review the lecture about the structure of the Republican Party in Virginia as an example. Select 1 of the major parties in your state to study. Because this was already discussed in the presentation, do not base your discussion on the Republican Party of Virginia. If you live in Virginia, you may examine the Democratic Party of Virginia or you may adopt another state and study its party structure. For example, a Virginia resident could study the Republican Party of North Dakota or Missouri, or any other state except Virginia.
—Second, locate the website for your political party. Use a search engine to find the address. If you are unsuccessful, contact an elected official of that party and ask for help in locating it. Once you have located the party website, determine how much you can learn from it.
—Third, collect the information to answer the following questions:
–What is the structure of the state party?
–Does the website contain the legal document governing the party similar to the Party Plan of the Republican Party of Virginia?
–How does the party choose its state officers?
–How is the party organized locally?
–How can an interested person become a member of the local party committee?
–What other types of information are contained in the website?
–If the website does not have sufficient information, a phone call to a member of the local party can provide this information. You can obtain the names of local party officials from state party headquarters.
—Fourth, organize this information into an essay and submit it. Include the correct citation of the party’s website.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The organization of major political parties in the United States i.e. Democrats and Republicans is generally at the national, state, and local (usually county/precinct) levels. In this case, the structure of state party to be considered is that of the Republican Party of Texas. The structure of the Republican Party of Texas consists of the State Chairman, State Vice Chairman and the State Executive Committee all of which are elected at the State Convention (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The party structure also consists of one committeewoman and one committeeman elected from each of the thirty one Senate Districts through primary ballot by Republican Party voters in Texas. In addition, the structure of the Republican Party of Texas consists of Ex Officio members within the State Executive Committee including the National Committeewoman, National Committeeman, Auxiliary Representatives and Party Officers (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).
Compared to the Party Plan of the Republican Party of Virginia, the website of the Republican Party of Texas contains the legal document governing the party including not only the rules but also the bylaws. The party chooses its state officers through State Conventions where delegates representing counties participate in the elections (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The local organization of the Republican Party of Texas is majorly at the county and precinct levels where the structure consists of Precinct Chairmen, who are elected through primary ballot and County Chairmen, who are also elected through primary ballot and may be obliged to appoint County Vice Chairmen, as well as County Executive Committee comprising of the Precinct Chairman and County Chairman (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).
For an interested person to become local party committee member for the Republican Party in Texas, he/she must be a registered voter and offer his/her candidature during Republican Primaries where party voters elect their county chairmen and precinct chairmen who subsequently constituted the local party committee (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016). The other information contained in the website concerns the party officers, election information/primary process, candidate resource, communication from state party chairman as well as information on various political party conventions (The Republican Party of Texas, 2016).
Applying Economic Theory to Corporate Governance and Employee Performance Evaluation
Order Instructions:
Assignment #1 (1 page and 3 references)
Applying Economic Theory to Corporate Governance and Employee Performance Evaluation
Firms exist because they represent more or less optimal responses to a costly market contracting environment for both resource inputs and product outputs. At the same time, such optimal responses do not occur spontaneously. Rather, such responses require knowledgeable, competent managers who can develop and implement plans, while offering proper incentives to employees.
Whether you are a researcher, or an executive, or a consultant, you need to understand the economic theories that explain and predict what makes firms’ responses to costly market contracting factors as optimal as possible. This means, you need to be able to identify the conditions under which a firm is likely to create value and remain economically efficient.
In this Discussion, you will explore the basic dimensions and implications of such economic theories, as they apply to corporate governance and employee performance evaluation. You will also discuss how managerial accounting systems and methods can best serve the objectives of corporate governance and employee performance evaluation.
By Day 5 of Week 1, respond to at least two of the following questions:
1. What data would you use in analyzing corporate governance and employee performance evaluation systems, and why?
2. How do you categorize corporate governance and performance evaluation systems as optimal or suboptimal, and what criteria need to be used in the evaluation?
3. Why is an understanding of the economic theories underlying corporate governance and employee performance evaluation systems critical to understanding managerial accounting?
4. How would you apply economic theories of corporate governance and performance evaluation in resolving planning and control issues in organizations?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Applying Economic Theory to Corporate Governance
Q1. What data would you use in analyzing corporate governance and employee
performance evaluation systems, and why?
Corporate governance is about crating efficiencies for the firm. In this case, the data that would be most effective would come from sources such as sales data, production data and the human resources database (Daily, Dalton, & Cannella, 2003 ). The sales data can because to indicate a number of useful information such as how effective the sales force is. Point of Sale (POS) data for retailing firm can be useful in determine which shelf arrangements are likely to drive sales by. Production data can be used to determine which production strategy provides the most effective production in turn of productivity per employees and marginal costs as well as the elasticity of the production. HR database and payroll system can also be used by managerial accountants to determine the effectiveness and productivity of the firm’s labour force. If the firm is able to collect as much data as possible, this data can be used to do analysis to determine how efficiencies can be achieved in the firm (Klapper & Love, 2004).
Q3. Why is an understanding of the economic theories underlying corporate governance and employee performance evaluation systems critical to understanding managerial accounting?
Understanding of the economic theories and the underlying corporate governance as well as employee performance evaluation systems is critical to understanding managerial accounting. This is because managerial accounts need to be able to know which set up will bring in the most effective way of operations. Just like marketers try to understand consumer behaviour in order to know which sales methods, packaging style and other factors that will increase sales, managerial accounts need to understand which production strategies, operation strategies and corporate culture will help the firm to have the highest efficiencies. In general economics, a number of factors work together to determine how consumers behave and how much they buy. Having the best combination of these factors will help a firm in driving sales. As Manzoni and Islam (2009) point out, in corporate governance too, a number of factors within the organization determine issues such as the productivity, innovativeness and motivation of the employees. Having the best combination of these factors makes the firm effective.
References
Daily, C., Dalton, D., & Cannella, A. (2003 ). Corporate Governance: Decades of Dialogue and Data. ACADemy of MANAGEment REView, 1, vol. 28 , 3 371-382 .
Klapper, L., & Love, I. (2004). Corporate governance, investor protection, and performance in emerging markets. Journal of Corporate Finance, 10, 5 , 703–728.
1.claim of the article may be:(a).state sovereignty need not be understood in absolute terms to obstruct direct application of international law.apprehension of superiority of international law over domestic law,serious undermine state sovereignty and power of the legislative organ of the state.
(b).impugned conflict is more imaginary than real.viz,states are presumed not to assume international obligations under treaties which are contrary to their domestic laws.on the other hand customary norm are universally assumed to be part of the law of the land.
2.suggesting measures to avoid major conflict between treaties and statutes.
3.to critique.
4.creativity and original in perspective and approach
4.to use footnotes.
SAMPLE ANSWER
State sovereignty
To fully understand the term state sovereignty, we must first comprehend the meaning of state and sovereignty. The word state has a lot of meanings which is attached to the particular context the word is being used. However, in the context of international law, the word state has the following meaning. A state is a territory or a nation that can be considered to have only one government and defined as an organized political community (Arend et al., 2014). Examples of states can be countries that are dependent on their own and are ruled by the government that exists in the country. Furthermore, the meaning of sovereignty in the contextual use of the word state has the following meaning. Sovereignty is referred to as the absolute right and power of a government or a governing body to govern itself without ant outside interferences from other regulatory bodies (Armstrong et al., 2012).
Therefore, a sovereign state it a territory or nation that comprises of an organized political community that is governed by one government without outside interferences from other governing bodies. In the context of international law, state sovereignty, therefore, refers to the ability of a country, state or nation to have the complete power or absolute control over what goes on within its territories (Gould et al., 2015).
The issue of sovereignty in countries has been a major one in the discussions about the international law. The ability of a nation to make its decisions can be excellent and wrong at the same time in the context of international law or law itself. For a sovereign state, the decision made by the state government cannot be influenced by any other outside party. This gives the country the power to be the judge and the jury of whatever happens within its territories.
However, this leaves the country at a disadvantage because its citizens stand to lose at any minute the government decides to make decisions that harm or endanger their lives.
The state sovereignty also gives a nation the power to decide to enter into deals with other sovereign states or not. It gives the government control over what the country does and how it acts in the international community. A sovereign state is considered as an individual whose actions are accountable only to itself alone and to no other individual. Therefore, a sovereign state may wage war on its citizens or conduct acts against the human rights of their citizens.
In international law, a state is considered as sovereign according to the following guiding factors. One of the factors is there be a permanent population (Law, 2014). The permanency of the population refers to the nation having its citizens not migrants from another nation, country or state. The second factor that defined a sovereign state has a defined territory. Without no defined territory, a state cannot be considered to be sovereign. Thirdly, for a state to become sovereign, it must have a government. The government should be a governing body that has no influence on any outside parties. Furthermore, the government should have the complete power and control over what happens within its territories. Lastly, for a state to be considered as a sovereign one, the government should have the capacity of entering into relations with other states (Law, 2014).
This paper will focus on state sovereignty and the obstruction it has on the direct application of international law in sovereign states. State sovereignty must not be defined or practiced in complete terms for it to make difficult any efforts regarding the application of international law. It is quite a hard task for international law to have full effect on sovereign states. However, much state sovereignty stands in the way of implementation of international law. At some point, the international law finds its way into sovereign states and takes charge of the government from the sovereign governing body of that particular nation.
In the context of international law, state sovereignty needs to be limited to some point. International law is what makes possible the existence of some international organizations. Examples of international organizations include The United Nations, The European Union, and the African Union. For this international organization, international law is significant. Organizations like the United Nations are very influential in most countries when it comes to matters concerning economy, human rights, education and war. It is just impossible to run international organizations without cooperation among states. However, state sovereignty is making it difficult for the association to exist among some states.
At some point, a sovereign state will decide to do something that well affects the international community. Most of the times, the significance of the actions of a sovereign state may impact negatively on the international community. It may even impact adversely on the effort of human rights in the said sovereign state. Consequently, the international community, through some international organizations will want to exercise international law in the given state. Therefore, if the sovereign state refuses to enter into a deal with the international community, the sovereignty will be seen as an act that diminishes the efforts of international law. The international community is left with no choice but to intervene.
In most instances, the international community will invade the sovereign state and conduct acts aimed at taking the governing power from the sovereign governing body and give it to a more reasonable administrative body. The interference is then used to distrust the actions of the sovereign governing body of its citizens. For example, the United Nations will make every effort to enter into a deal with the sovereign state to stop act against human rights in the sovereign state (Cosentino, 2015). However, if the state refuses to cooperate. The international organization, United Nations will have to intervene to save the citizens from the dehumanizing acts of their sovereign government. Hence, state sovereignty need not be defined in a complete term to create a barrier to the application of international law in a country. Where the significance of the application of the international law will be for the greater good of the international society.
The international community had witnessed a worrying trend of state sovereignty during the Second World War. Some to the aspects of the international law were being violated regarding the capacity of national sovereignty. Due to the significance of these violations in the states ant the presence of national sovereignty, there was an obstacle in the application of international law. However, the recent trend in the international community is to restrain sovereignty in a country to a point where it is appropriate and acceptable. Some of the aspects of the international law have witnessed quite a development due to the restraint on the power of sovereignty in the international community.
The aspects of international law include foreign; human rights law and international environmental law. For some time in the international community, there has been a noted awareness of on the adverse effects that sovereignty cause to the efforts of the application of these aspects of international law. It has been noted that sovereignty has been quite an obstacle to the application of these international laws. Therefore, the international community has made an effort to restrain sovereignty in matters that touch on international law.
For example, when an authoritarian administration goes ahead and places fundamental importance on the economic development of its state through prioritization of expanding the scale of the economy through means that endanger the environment, violate human rights laws and environmental laws. Such violations include industrial pollution caused by massive burning of fossil fuels. What leads is the pollution of air, coastal waters and the rivers (Juda, 2014). Restraining of sovereignty was made necessary due to such acts that violated international human rights laws and environmental laws. To avoid such abuse I the future or currently, a restraint has to be put on state sovereignty. Therefore, the obstruction created by sovereignty will be dissolved to give way to the application of international law in a various way. The different ways involve super state controls that will be advocated by environmental and some human rights law experts.
In the issue of the apprehension of the superiority of international law over domestic law, regarding the power vested in governing bodies of sovereign states. The international law sometimes has to be made clear that it is superior to the domestic law that exists in such countries. For most sovereign states, some laws may be introduced that are not of positivity to human rights or environmental conditions. The laws or policies may even lead to the undermining of international law. The international community thereby pulls in to re-affirm the superiority of international law over the domestic law. The acts of the international community will thus undermine the power of the legislative organ of the state as well as state sovereignty.
To reinforce the superiority of international law over domestic law, the following acts are conducted by the international community through the jurisdiction of the formed international organizations like the United Nations. The significance of the actions come in when protecting the environmental conditions and human rights conditions in various states against the destruct caused by some authoritarian administration of some sovereign states. Some actions include decisions that are taken by the international organization concerning international laws the sovereign country in which the government of these States has no decisive influence over. The other thing allowed by the international community is the jurisdiction mandated to regional or international judicial institutions that an individual can turn to on issues that concern the violation of human rights. Lastly, in situations of war like foreign invention, internal conflicts or civil war, the international community is allowed to intervene, thereby infringing sovereignty in these states to protect individuals for the grave violations of human rights that comes with the acts of war.
Through the intervention by the international community on matters concerning a sovereign state, sovereignty is said to be restrained. In agreement with the international law, the infringement on sovereignty is a necessity to show the superiority of international law over domestic law. The advantage is shown when the sovereignty is undermined through various ways as indicated in the paragraphs above. Therefore, a sovereign state can cooperate with the international law. However, the sovereignty of these state cause an obstacle to the display of the superiority of international law over domestic law.
Speaking, international law, from its definition has jurisdiction over international law. However, domestic law has its authority within the confines of its territory. Therefore, the magnificence of international law is thereby said be glorified by the undermining of sovereignty through the acts of international organizations that apply international law in different instances that prove to be endangering to the environmental conditions and the grave violations of human rights laws.
The state of the sovereignty of a nation is a very conflicting one. In the sense that it conflicts majorly with international laws, the domestic laws that are created as a result of sovereignty have no regard for international obligations that go with them. Therefore, a sovereign state which is presumed to acknowledge international obligations bounded in treaties and statutes will not do so in an effort to protect their own sovereignty and pride of the country in an ever global world in terms of economy and other significant aspects of power. A developing or a small country will want to be seen as powerful or in the same way as a large and powerful country. In the road to achieving this power or state of pride, a state adopts sovereignty that highly disregards the significance of international law to demonstrate its power to the international community. It is therefore very common nowadays to see developing countries be in more conflicts that are more internal than external. The conflicts arise from the efforts of the governing body to exercise its power on its citizens. Therefore, the government of these sovereign states overdoes it, and this leads to internal conflicts that capture the attention of the international community. The international community, therefore, intervenes to apply international law in these nations and protect human rights laws and environmental laws (Sassen, 2013). What follows are treaties and statutes that need to be enforced in the conflicting society. The sovereign nations, therefore, disregard the obligations of the international law through disagreeing to sign the treaties to regain peace and order in the sovereign states.
In the same context of domestic laws and disregarding of the obligations that come with treaties and statutes, sovereign states need not fight with the powers that be. The reason being the international law will ever be superior to domestic law. In the instances that the sovereign state refuses to perform its obligation to the international community by refusing to sign the treaties and recognize the statutes. The governing bodies of the sovereign states will be shown the upper hand of the international law. However, international laws may sometimes or many times conflict with the customary law. Customary law is regarded as the law of the land. In instances, that international law conflicts with the customary law. Then the law of the land may have an upper hand at some point. Being that most sovereign states are not amongst the most powerful nations in the world. They can be pressured into disregarding their customary laws in favor of the international law.
For example, if a sovereign state that is currently experiencing internal disputes or civil war. The international community will take note of the situation and try to intervene to neutralize the situation. You may find that the war in these sovereign states will mostly affect the human rights laws and environmental laws in an adverse manner, especially when there is the breaking of any international recognized statute. Therefore, the situation will catch the attention of the international community, and they will try to correct the situation. This leaves the international community with no choice but to intervene. They will intervene in various ways. The possible way being the signing of treaties between the two conflicting parties.
To save face and regain their pride, the governing body will choose not to sign the treaty. This in turn will be perceived negatively by the international community. The international community will view that action as one of deciding not to cooperate with any efforts of applying international law. Therefore, action will be taken against such states. The international organizations will gang up to come in and try to neutralize the situations. All the efforts of the international community will be aiming towards restoring peace and order in the war-stricken nation. Furthermore, also there will be efforts in enforcing international judicial jurisdiction in such countries, protection of human rights laws as well as environmental laws.
Sovereignty cannot be absolute. The complete nature of sovereignty can never be agreed upon to exist in the international community. Moreover, the absolute nature of sovereignty will deny the very nature of international law to exist in the first place. However, as sovereignty has its limits, also international law does. Therefore, there are some boundaries that cannot be crossed whatsoever the urgency the international community has. For example, the international community can not apply international law to touch on issues such as an election process in a sovereign nation. Such issues are regarded to be internal affairs that need no helping hand from the international community.
There is one significant measure that can be put in place in the process of resolving conflicts between statutes and treaties. The measure involves putting into effect the one that was enacted later that the other. In a state where a treaty and a statute seem to conflict, the measure above will be of significance to the goal of resolving the conflict between the two aspects of the law. Treaties are regarded as the law of the land. However, a statute may be an international law that has an effect on cooperating nations in the international community. Therefore, as a treaty is regarded a customary law and the statute as an international law. It is easier for a sovereign state to choose the customary law over the international one. The reason being the customary law is considered domestic as opposed to the contrary, international law.
References
Arend, A. C., & Beck, R. J. (2014). International law and the use of force: beyond the UN Charter paradigm. Routledge.
Armstrong, D., Farrell, T., & Lambert, H. (2012). International law and international relations. Cambridge University Press.
Bartolini, G. (2014). Universal Approach to International Law in Contemporary Cosntitutions: Does It Exist, A. Cambridge J. Int’l & Comp. L., 3, 1287.
Bremer, E. S. (2012). The Dynamic Last-In-Time Rule. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 22(1).
Bull, H. (2012). The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
Chen, L. C. (2014). An introduction to contemporary international law: a policy-oriented perspective. Oxford University Press.
Crawford, J. (2012). Brownlie’s principles of public international law. Oxford University Press.
Crawford, J., & Koskenniemi, M. (Eds.). (2012). The Cambridge companion to international law. Cambridge University Press.
Cook, R. J. (Ed.). (2012). Human rights of women: National and international perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cosentino, C. (2015). Safe and Legal Abortion: An Emerging Human Right? The Long-lasting Dispute with State Sovereignty in ECHR Jurisprudence. Human Rights Law Review, ngv013.
Davis, M. C. (2012). State sovereignty and indigenous rights in China: the global dimension of China’s Tibet Policy. In ISA Annual Convention 2012 (pp. 23-23). International Studies Association.
Dixon, M. (2013). Textbook on international law. Oxford University Press.
Dixon, M., McCorquodale, R., & Williams, S. (2011). Cases and materials on international law. Oxford University Press.
Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press.
Falk, R. A. (2015). The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3: The Widening Context (Vol. 3). Princeton University Press.
Greenberg, J. (2011). On the road to normal: Negotiating agency and state sovereignty in postsocialist Serbia. American Anthropologist, 113(1), 88-100.
Greve, H. S. (2015). State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law. Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 33(1), 104-107.
Gould, W. L., & Barkun, M. (2015). International law and the social sciences. Princeton University Press.
Habermas, J. (2012). The crisis of the European Union in the light of a constitutionalization of international law. European Journal of International Law, 23(2), 335-348.
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Victor, D. G., & Lupu, Y. (2012). Political science research on international law: the state of the field. American Journal of International Law, 106(1), 47-97.
Holden, B. (Ed.). (2013). Global democracy: Key debates. Routledge.
Jeffrey, A. (2012). The improvised state: Sovereignty, performance and agency in Dayton Bosnia. John Wiley & Sons.
Juda, L. (2013). International Law and Ocean Management. Routledge.
Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (2014). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.
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The Committee system in the Scottish Parliament is a much better model for debating and scrutinizing draft legislation than its equivalent at Westminster.?
Discuss.
There is no minimum requirements for the number of sources you use however as a general guideline an academic paper can have 1 source per hundred words. In regards to the currency of the references, it is generally expected that sources are within 5 years published age. However if you have sourced a reference that is older than this you must demonstrate how it is relevant in your writing.
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Complete essay for following essay outline.
1. Introduction paragraph should have more information about the topic, make sure that thesis statement are well explained. All important keywords should be explained in the paragraph
2. Conclusion paragraph should be at least one page long.
3. Make sure that essay is reflecting issues that are present today in the world, and that are current.
4. Use visual elements if necessary to explain the topic
5. reference should be taken only from peer read papers, therefore no Wikipedia sources allowed
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As an early childhood educator, it is important to stay up-to-date with current and emerging issues in the field. It is also important to be well-informed as you shape your viewpoints on these issues.
(my topic)
Common Core State Standards
Research the topic to learn more about the issue. One resource you may find helpful to review is the National Association for the education of Young Children’s Early Childhood Education Topics
SAMPLE ANSWER
Common Core State Standards
The Common Core State Standards is a project that aims at developing and adopting common core standards in mathematics, English language and arts for K-12 students. The rationale behind the development of these standards is to ensure that parents and teachers are provided with a common basis to understand the issues that students are required to learn in school (NAEYC, n.d). The consistency of the standards play a significant role in providing students with proper benchmarks, regardless of their place of residence. Accordingly, the standards properly delineate the skills and knowledge that students in K-12 should possess. Currently, more than 45 states have incorporated the standards into the curriculum. Nevertheless, there has been significant debate with regards to the development and adoption of these Common Core State Standards. Some of the issues arising from the debate revolve around the contention that the process through which the new K-12 standards were created did not ensure adequate public dialogue, research, and input from the educators (Strauss, 2013).
Although NAEYC applauded this initiative, it has raised several concerns as well as recommendations on the best way to implement the standards. According to NAEYC, the standards should not be restricted to only mathematics, arts, and English languages, because this might lead to curriculum and instructional practice being narrowed down to the detriment of student learning and development. In particular, NAEYC recommended that the standards should also apply to students’ emotional and social development. Accordingly, NAEYC believes that the Common Core State Standards have a great role on contributing to their goal of ensuring that the development of children is effectively handled by giving them the highest quality of educational experiences in childhood. The main recommendation made by NAEYC in regards to the proper implementation of these standards include cooperation within the entire early childhood education community.
Corporate governance and Shareholder Responsibility Order Instructions: APA is critical for this paper and the writer must pay attention to that , also the writer must clearly respond to all the 4 points mentioned in the questions .
Corporate governance and Shareholder Responsibility
The writer must clearly indicate each point before responding.
The primary goal of for-profit firms is to maximize shareholder wealth. It is extremely important in the study of finance and business administration to help ensure that managers at all levels of the organization understand the significance of this goal. Some problems, including conflicts between managers and shareholders, risks in the financial markets, and other agency conflicts can negatively impact the financial success of a company and obstruct the attainment of the primary goal.
Corporate Governance
One of the most significant debates about corporate governance centers on whether the organization owes a greater responsibility to the shareholder who has invested in the company or to the stakeholders and those who can most be affected by its actions, namely the employees, suppliers, creditors, and customers.
After reviewing the resources for this week, respond to the following:
• Use the Internet to research alternative goals for shareholder wealth maximization.
• Identify countries with goals that differ from the U.S. or countries that are home to firms that have differing goals from those based in the U.S.
• Compare and contrast the difference between stakeholder focus goals versus shareholder focus goals.
• What are potential problems with both?
Corporate governance and Shareholder Responsibility Resources
• Articles
• Adams, S. (2008, February). Fundamentals of business economics. Financial Management (UK), 46–48. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article provides an analysis of the principal-agent problem and discusses some of the ways that many companies address the issue.
• Rappaport, A. (2006, September). Ten ways to create shareholder value. Harvard Business Review, 66–77. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
In this article, the author states his belief that there are certain principles that when followed will result in increased shareholder value for a company. He provides a review of the 10 steps he has found to be most important and provides a brief description of each.
• Articles
• Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance, 52(2), 737–783. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
The authors use a survey instrument to study how financial suppliers use corporate governance to assure that they receive a return on their investment.
• Almazan, A., Banerji, S., & DeMotta, A. (2008). Attracting attention: Cheap managerial talk and costly market monitoring. Journal of Finance, 63(3), 1399–1436. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article presents a new theory as to the best way to increase shareholder value by seeking market attention while the firm is undervalued.
Corporate governance and Shareholder Responsibility Sample Answer
Corporate governance
The primary objective of business entity is to a make profit and maximize generation of wealth. Managers are often faced with the challenge of maximizing shareholder wealth. Conversely, it is quite imperative that the corporation engage in corporate social responsibility and ensure that conflicts of interest are well addressed to bring financial success for the company (Adams, 2008). By and large, Corporate governance plays a critical role in appropriating organization responsibility towards the shareholders, stakeholders, employees, suppliers, creditors and as well as customers.
However, this paper addresses corporate governance with special reference to shareholder wealth maximization. On the same note, identify countries in which firms have differing goals from the U.S. Finally, the paper brings out the difference between stakeholder focus versus shareholder focus goals.
Paradigms regarding corporate finance in the US are built upon the notion that a corporation should maximize shareholders value (Brigham & Houston, 2011). However, there are other objectives that organizations pursue apart from wealth maximization. For instance, Organizations rationale for licensing by the government is the generation of social benefits. Most organizations formulate business strategies that aim at benefiting the shareholders and at the same time maximize the social benefits. Thus the financial performance and social performance should be optimistic. Organizations will, therefore, engage in Corporate Social Responsibility to justify company contribution of social goods in addition to the primary objective of wealth maximization (Shleifer & Vishny, 1997).
Another alternative goal for companies is business sustainability. Managers in most organizations focus on corporate sustainability. They develop strategies and objectives that aim at enhancing the organizations reputation and, therefore, promote sustainability and perpetual existence of such firms (Deng et al., 2013). Finally, corporations across the globe focus on business ethics and good customer relation, in order to obtain an edge over their competitors in the market. Firms often engage in ethical business practices and keep treating their clients well to enable them increase their customer loyalty and also win new customers.
However, Firms in Less Developed Countries such as India, Kenya, Congo have differing views as compared to the U.S. Firms in such countries have different objectives apart from those developed on the finance theory, which perceives that the primary objective is wealth maximization and the stakeholder’s theory that primarily focuses on business ethics and social responsibility.
Firms situated in such areas focuses on business sustainability and in diversification of business activities as there exists numerous opportunity in such countries. Such firms also focus in eradicating poverty by helping solve some of the problems in less developed countries. For instance, firms in such areas employ a labor intensive method of production rather than capital intensive method. Such strategies help solve unemployment problem in their countries.
There exist some similarities between stakeholder focus goals and shareholder focus goals. In both stakeholder and shareholder focus goals, they paradigms perceives that value creation is not only good for shareholders but also the society (Stakeholders). Since company revenue can only be valued after compensating each and every individual involved as well as the society where resources used were obtained.
However, shareholders focus goals differ from stakeholder focus goals since shareholder focus goals are built upon competitive market assumption. That is, all parties having a transaction with the firm are willing and are compensated fairly by market prices for the products or services they provide (Jones & Felps, 2013). On the other hand, stakeholder focus goals are built based on business ethics, business transaction as well as the society. Stakeholder focus goals look beyond the shareholders of the organization and propose that managing a firm should be based on stakeholder’s perspective.
Shareholders focus goals may have the problem of moral hazard (Deng et al., 2013). This arises from the fact that, shareholder focus goals main objective is wealth maximization. Therefore, the firm may engage in unethical behavior as long as they obtain wealth and create shareholders value by maximizing the market value of all financial claims such as warrants, debt, and preferred stock etc.
Stakeholder focus goals, on the other hand, may experience problems of less maximization of wealth as the company is not only concerned with wealth maximization but also stakeholders and the society at large.
In conclusion, management should merge both shareholder focus goals as well as stakeholder focus goals. This ideology will enable a company to create value through wealth maximization as well as develop a good reputation by engaging in corporate social responsibility and appreciate all the stakeholders of the organization.
Corporate governance and Shareholder Responsibility References
Adams, S. (2008, February). Fundamentals of business economics. Financial Management (UK), 46–48. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
Jones, T. M., & Felps, W. (2013). Shareholder Wealth Maximization and Social Welfare. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2), 207-238.
Deng, X., Kang, J. K., & Low, B. S. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder value maximization: Evidence from mergers. Journal of Financial Economics, 110(1), 87-109.
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance, 52(2), 737–783. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
Brigham, E., & Houston, J. (2011). Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning.
