In the ((COMPARISON COUNTRY)) choose: united Kingdom
2)Identify and describe some of the cultural differences in the two chosen countries and how it affects leadership practices.
3)Analyze the effect such cultural features have on leadership practices.
4)Evaluate the effectiveness of your own country’s leadership practices with regard to acknowledging and understanding these two other cultures.
Also,
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System.
3)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
4)I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Comparison of Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom
Exploring the culture of Saudi Arabia will obtain different sets of drivers that affect the leadership practices in relation to other countries. Power is one of the elements that are being pursued at each level (Akers, 2007). The dimension of the power in general claim and prove the fact that every human being living in a community is equal. This reveals how we should take our culture as we practice it amongst ourselves (Akers, 2007). Therefore, in Saudi Arabia the cognition of power distance as a way of culture has been referred as the extent to which the less powerful members of the organization or institution in the Saudi Arabian country would expect and also they accept that power has been distributed equally (The Hofstede center, 2015). As a way of life the people living in the country have accepted the hierarchical order that has provided each individual a place and they need no further jurisdiction.
The practice of individualizing exists in the people of Saudi Arabia as the degree of interdependence is maintained (The Hofstede center, 2015). These people are taking care of themselves compared to the other states where there are organs of the government undertaking the role in protecting their citizens (The Hofstede center, 2015). Also the organization behavior of of the citizens in relation to the practice of culture is that there exists a society being driven by achievement, competition and success (The Hofstede center, 2015). The critical issue in here is, what motivate the people to do the best? They are masculine and they live to work. Also Saudi Arabia culture has proved that of pragmatism encourages effort and thrift in today’s education as a way out to prepare for the future (The Hofstede center, 2015). Another challenge that exists in human beings is the degree into which little children can socialize (The Hofstede center, 2015). The rate of indulgence in the Saudi Arabian country is high, in its definition is the extent to which the citizens try to control their own desires and impulses according to the way they were raised (The Hofstede center, 2015).
Cultural differences affecting leadership practices
Saudi Arabia is one of the nations located in the Middle East region where majority of its citizens are Muslims (Domina, 2009). One of the most convenient cultural practices that Muslims do is the art of festival activities. There are a number of festivals that Muslims participate according to their calendar. In relation to the United Kingdom, it is not an Islamic based nation as the majority of the citizens in this nation are Christians (Domina, 2009). The consideration of these numerous festival activities in the Islamic country does have an influence in the leadership practices (The Hofstede center, 2015). Leaders in Saudi Arabian country are aware of the religious activities that are pertaining the celebration practices as in the United Kingdom each individual take part in the celebrations in their own ways (The Hofstede center, 2015). Islamic festival occupies a large base in leadership practices as they also play a substantial role in ensuring leaders have good skills to guide and lead citizens (The Hofstede center, 2015).
The use neo-charismatic leadership in the United Kingdom compared to the culture that have adopted the use of power distance in Saudi Arabia affects leadership practices (LEADERSHIPS LEARNING PA N 1 CBE IRU, 2013). The use of visionary or neo-charismatic leadership style will be affected by engaging in a culture of power distance like the one being adopted in Saudi Arabia (LEADERSHIPS LEARNING PA N 1 CBE IRU, 2013). The culture being shaped on in the United Kingdom involves challenging different processes, modeling most of the ways to participate in and also encouraging or inspiring citizens as a leader. Therefore, observing and adopting the culture of the United Kingdom which is effective, will improve on the leadership qualities for the people of Saudi Arabia (LEADERSHIPS LEARNING PA N 1 CBE IRU, 2013). Culture plays a vital role in improving leadership practices, hence adhering to infringing cultural practices will bring up negative impact on leadership practices (LEADERSHIPS LEARNING PA N 1 CBE IRU, 2013).
Also, another cultural practice that is being practiced in Saudi Arabia that is highly condemned in other world states is the inconsiderate or undermining of gender bias (Aimar, 2007). Saudi Arabia as an Islamic state they do value male dominance hence infringing the woman gender (Aimar, 2007). The other states have advocated for freedom and equality of gender on any field that individuals wish to participate. Women have been segregated from leadership activities in Saudi Arabia while in United Kingdom there is equality of leadership practices (Aimar, 2007). Therefore, gender bias influences leadership activities and it should be abolished. There is need for equality on all genders in the world to ensure effective leadership practices is achieved (Aimar, 2007).
Effect of cultural features of leadership practices
The fundamental issue behind individualism is that people will not be able to think about others as they portray a self image that have to keep (Svensson, 2005). In a culture, it it recommended to care about others as much as they do care about themselves. Individualism practices affect negates the value of leadership practices, hence people should step up and care others as much as they do to themselves (Amnuckmanee, 2002). Also the availability of ambiguity that is brought forward by the use of uncertainty avoidance in a culture brings the onset of to deal with the fact that the future can never be known hence there should control measure (Amnuckmanee, 2002). Lack of control of the future will bring about the uncertainty avoidance that affects leadership practices too. More so the effect of uncertainty avoidance affects the leadership practices through being unaware of the future and the lack of ways to control it (Amnuckmanee, 2002). Lastly, cultural practices to indulgence has been seen as another feature in Saudi Arabia that’s affected leadership practices. In individuals it has been revealed that they try a lot to control their impulses and desires, but yet it is not easy (Svensson, 2005). Indulgences affect leadership activities through the creation of desires that are irrelevant to other people (Svensson, 2005).
Effectiveness of your own country’s leadership practices
Leadership practices in my country largely depend on the societal norms hence they are considerate in many ways (Fisher, 2002). The exercise of various characteristics and values in my country renders the daily activities being performed to be accurate (Harris, 2005). There is the existence of neo-charismatic leadership, hence following of cultural values cannot be influenced. The use of charismatic leadership should be exercised in all countries since it is the best way to consider the value of diverse cultures (Harris, 2006).
References
Aimar, C., & Stough, S. 2007, “LEADERSHIP: DOES CULTURE MATTER? COMPARATIVE PRACTICES BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 11(3), 9-43. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214228068?accountid=45049
Akers, D.S. 2007, “SAUDI ARABIA: Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia”, The Middle East Journal, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 173-174.
Amnuckmanee, A. 2002, “Demographic influences on the leadership practices of chief faculty officers during the period of reform (Order No. 3053216). Available from ABI/INFORM Complete. (305470852). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/305470852?accountid=45049
Aziz, S.F.A., Silong, A.D., Karim, N.A.A. & Hassan, H. 2012, “Leadership Practices in Public Sector in Selected Countries: An Integrative Literature Review”, Journal of Management Policy and Practice, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 113-126.
Fisher, R. 2002, “Social cohesion in the United Kingdom: a case report CIRCLE-CCRN Round Table 2000]”, Canadian Journal of Communication, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 161-166.
Harris, L.L. 2006, The relationship of leaderships’ communication to employee engagement and intent to stay, University of Minnesota.
Harris, P., Rettie, R. & Cheung, C.K. 2005, “ADOPTION AND USAGE OF M-COMMERCE: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF HONG KONG AND THE UNITED KINGDOM”, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 210-224.
LEADERSHIPS LEARNING PA N 1 CBE IRU2013, , Experian Information Solutions, Inc, Costa Mesa.
In the ((SELECT COUNTRY)) choose: United Arab Emirates
In the ((COMPARISON COUNTRY)) choose: Saudi Arabia
2)Identify and describe some of the cultural differences in the two chosen countries and how it affects leadership practices.
3) Analyze the effect such cultural features have on leadership practices.
4) Evaluate the effectiveness of your own country’s leadership practices with regard to acknowledging and understanding these two other cultures.
Also,
1) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System.
3) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
4) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
This paper seeks to identify and describe some of the cultural differences between the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. This paper also seeks to analyze how this difference affects leadership practices. Studies on how different cultures perceive leadership and leadership behaviors. This paper also provides an analysis of the effect such different cultural features have on leadership practices. Finally, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the United Kingdom’s leadership practices with regard to acknowledging and understanding of both the cultures of the UAE and Saudi Arabia will be made.
In identifying cultural differences that affects leadership practices between the two countries, a comparison conducted by the globe studies identified dimensions of leadership behavior in relation to culture. They included Charismatic or value based leadership, team orientated leadership, participative leadership, human orientated leadership, autonomous leadership and self protective leadership.
Cultural features have also been proven to have various influences on leadership practices. For examples, many cultures in the Middle East such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have self protective characteristics which are indicative of authoritative and autonomous leadership styles where the leader comes first in society then everybody else follows coupled with a lack of participative leadership behavior which involves the inclusion of everyone in decision making and implementation.
As compared between Saudi Arabia, the UAE and the UK, it is clear that culture and power distance play a major role. Power distance is the extent at which the less powerful members of a society expect and accept that power is unevenly distributed. In the United Arab Emirates people accept pecking orders in which everybody has a place in society and everyone should be content with that place to maintain stability. The power distance is lowest in the UK but highest in Saudi Arabia. Individualism as a cultural attribute also plays an important role.
Individualism is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only while in collectivist societies in the Middle East such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia, people belong to societies as manifested in close long-term relationships like family and extended family. For example the employer and employee relationships are made in gentleman and moral terms and hiring and promotion take account of where the employee is from and who they know.
Masculinity however has no much difference in the three country comparisons with the United Arab Emirates scores 50 in this dimension indicating that it is neither masculine nor feminine. Where uncertainty avoidance is concerned, the United Arab Emirates has a high preference for avoiding uncertainty indicating that the extent to which the members of the culture feel threatened by unknown circumstances and try to avoid them while the United Kingdom has the highest.
Works Cited
Foster, Dean Allen. The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa and the Middle East Everything You Need to Know for Business and Travel Success. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 2002.
Harris, Philip R., and Robert T. Moran. Managing Cultural Differences. 6th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.
Khan, Marryam. Gender Dynamics from the Arab World an Intercultural Service Encounter. Orlando, Fla.: University of Central Florida, 2013.
Based upon the required articles that is attached and your experience, reflect on your personal goals and how they relate to your career development.
Develop a personal development action plan, based on earlier PDP submissions that are provided in the attachment files.
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)The answer must include examples from aviation experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real aviation companies
3) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
4)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
5)I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
My personal goals relate and how they relate to my career development in various ways. My professional development objectives involve treating individuals as prized customers while contributing positively to the organization. I also intend to offer services that provide an enthusiastic interest in the lives of other people. My aim in personal development by continuing to develop my range of skills in my profession and my ability to balance between my professional and personal life are abilities I possess that are a great asset to me.
My Human Resource competencies that include the knowledge, values and abilities for a HR professional coupled with the right aptitude and attitudes towards the profession will enable me perform better than others enabling me to create intangible shareholder value, engage employees and serve clientele. To achieve my personal development goals in the next five years, I will need to possess six competency values. Being a credible activist of the profession will enable to soar to great heights and will make me a credible professional within the profession (Adams, 2013). In order to be active, I will take leadership and management positions that will ensure I undergo challenges in the profession on a day-to-day basis. Overcoming such challenges and learning to adapt and change strategies depending on the circumstances at hand will make me one of the best Human Resource practitioners as I establish the right competencies and experiences over time. The pursuit of such positions will also ensure that I learn to replace my self-doubt with self-confidence adding value to both myself and the organizations I work with and for (Alexandria, 2008).
My ability to focus on personal relationships and my understanding that every individual has something unique to offer will make me develop networks with other related professionals in my field. Networking with other professionals also ensures that I obtain current and recent knowledge on changes and advances of the professional making me a better human resource professional. In relation to my goals and professional development objectives, I intend to draft an action plan that will help me work with my manager to deliberate on my key competencies and abilities and design ways to expand my demonstration of them. The action plan will also involve working as a volunteer or as an intern in various companies and organizations with unique Human resource programs to attain experience and exposure (Palmer, 2004).
Finally, my professional goal of creating a portfolio of my skills and abilities and what I have achieved in my work as a human resource professional will enable me market myself further into the profession to a point where I could be a private consultant providing consultancy services to individuals and corporations. This goal will spur me to greater heights as I might even end up with enough experience to be a head in a diverse human resources department in a multi-billion dollar global organization such as Southwest Airlines, Microsoft, Coca-cola, or Google (Lawler and Boudreau, 2013).
Personal development action plan
My first goal will be to develop an attitude of cooperation and quality in our daily operations and to create working conditions that fosters fun, safety, and challenges. Upsurge the participation in community and company activities while seeking enthusiasm, an improved quality of life for everyone. The Second goal is Change and Culture Stewardship. I intend to articulate, appreciate, and assist in shaping the company’s culture. To achieve this, I must facilitate change by helping it happen and developing disciplines throughout the organization by implementation of initiatives, projects, or strategy. My third goal will be the introduction of talent management in the organization (Miller, 2001). My fourth goal is to be a Strategy Architect and have the knowledge of how the company can prosper in the marketplace, now and in the future by recognizing business trends and their influence on it, enabling the process of achieving strategic clarity, and forecasting potential barriers to success. My final goal is being an operational Executer by implementing the operational aspects of managing employees and companies (Mclagan & Bedrick 2012).
Goals and Objectives
1. Develop an attitude of cooperation
2. Change and Culture Stewardship
3. Talent Management
4. Strategy Architecture
5. Operational Execution
Start Date
End Date
1. Community and corporation between members of the organisation are achieved when people start working together.
2. Milestone to achieve in objective two is the creation and shaping of a new organisational culture while respecting the structures of the old.
3. Introduction of talent management in the organization.
4. Having the knowledge of how the company can prosper in the market place.
5. Ensuring staff basic needs are met.
MM/DD/YY
MM/DD/YY
Step towards accomplishing milestone
1. Encourage the participation in community and company activities such as sports and community service creating joy, enthusiasm, and friendships improving the work and private life of everybody involved.
2. Ideally, it starts with transparency around external customer expectations and then converting them to internal organization and employee behaviors.
3. To achieve this, I must facilitate change by helping it happen and developing disciplines throughout the organization. It may have to include implementation of initiatives, projects, or strategy.
4. Becoming the Talent manager in the organization in order to create and enforce policy aligned with customer strategy and requirements.
5. Involve myself actively in the establishment of the organization overall strategy by recognizing business trends and their influence enabling the process of achieving strategic clarity, and forecasting potential barriers to success.
6. Implementing the operational aspects of managing employees and companies
References
Adams, L., & Allred, A. (2013). The first step in proactively managing students’ careers: teaching self-SWOT analysis. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 17(4): 43- 51.
Alexandria. (2008). Society for Human Resource Management: managing your human resource career.
Community Tool Box. (2013). Section 14 SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Retrieved from: https://www.edu/en/table-of contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-and-resources/swot-analysis/main on 20/2/2015.
Lawler & Boudreau. (2013). Achieving strategic excellence: Assessment of Human resource organizations. Stanford, CA.
Mclagan, P., & Bedrick. (2012). Models for Excellence: The results of the ASTD training and development study.
Miller, G. (2001). The career coach: Winning strategies for getting ahead in today’s job market. New York:
Environmental impacts are the positive or negative effects that are used as symptoms to predict the environmental consequences of a policy, program, plan or project. Impacts usually help in the understanding of a projects potential benefits or harm to the immediate environment. Usually, the level or degree of the environmental impact or potential impact in relation to a project determines the cost and benefits related to the project. Halley (2009) identifies that the words impact and effects can be used hand in hand.
The impacts that are related to a project are usually measured through impact assessments to propose measures that can either adjust the impacts to acceptable levels or investigate new ways in which those impacts can be mitigated say through integration of new technological solutions. Four environmental impacts in relation to the future government project to expand the Camisea gas field of the San Martín reservoir will be discussed in this paper. They include the biological impacts of the project to human beings as well as other living things in the area, the impact of the project to the surface and ground water systems as well as the impacts to the lithosphere and atmosphere at large.
The impacts of the gas expansion project can also either is irreversible, synergistic, cumulative or positive in nature. Irreversible impacts are those that can never be changed ones they occur. Synergistic effects on the other hand are environmental impacts that arise between two or more factors or substances that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual capacities. Mayes and Lewis (2012) define cumulative effects in environmental impact assessment as the net result of environmental impact from a number of projects and activities. Many environmental problems for example, such as increase in air pollution result from the cumulative effects of human activities or effects such as acid rain, loss of biodiversity and rapid climatic changes. Cumulative effects are therefore the combination of multiple activities.
According to Banqueri (2006), the biosphere is the zone of life on the earth as it is the combination of all ecosystems. It integrates all living things including plants and animals as well as microorganisms. In order to extract and transport natural gas from the Urubamba River area to major markets around the Americas, construction to place manmade structures such as pipelines required for the drilling of oil and gas can alter the traditional use of the land by the locals and home the local symbiotic relationships between the ecosystems. This harm could include the advent of soil erosion through the felling if trees in the forests for drilling infrastructure therefore affecting the wildlife ecosystems, their migration and breeding patterns as well as the destruction of the water catchment areas hindering the levels of both surface and underground water sources. This kind of alteration to the environment and soil structure is irreversible in nature and is therefore better prevented than cured (Thomashow, 2002).
When forests are destroyed to clear a site, the construction process also poses a threat with the erosion of minerals and harmful pollutants into streams affecting the river, lake, stream and sea ecosystems through sedimentation which as a result leads to aquatic contamination. Usually, deforestation is always a permanent exercise as nobody cuts trees and plants others. The threat of sedimentation because of deforestation is an indication to that the effects of these are synergistic in nature as the erosion of minerals from the soils also pollutes the water resources (Zelli, 2014). It is clear therefore that the individual impacts from a single factor in the examples given above may not be significant on their own as single entities but when combined with other impacts the effects become significant indicating that all these effects are not just irreversible, synergistic, cumulative or positive in nature but are intertwined and connected (Krzyzanowski, 2010).
The hydrosphere is also affected by the activities of oil and gas exploration through hydraulic fracking. In this process, various chemicals are mixed with a mixture of many gallons of water and sand and then injected into the wells with very high pressure. This fracking method however, has been seen by the locals around the Camisea field to pose threats to water, air, land, and the health of their community. Fracking sites in oil and gas extraction, according to Nagelhout (2014) have caused smog in rural areas over the years around the Camisea field and the San Martín area ecosystems in general. The locals experiences where oil and gas exploration is concerned and their value for the preservation of natural ecosystem services that they have been enjoying prior to the 1980s remain a source of concern for them to the point where it is difficult to convince them that the planned natural gas extension project in the Camisea area will have minimal negative impact. The cumulative effects of these factors to the eyes of the locals have resulted in their negative campaigns against the expansion of the project.
Documented cases of contamination of groundwater near oil and gas with fracking fluids as well as with gases, including methane and volatile organic compounds has also been noted by researchers (Ralph, 2012). Kessler (2005) also reveals that tropical regions such as Peru hold high methane concentrations increasing their probability and possibility of contamination to the environment as improperly constructed or failing wells allow gas to leak into groundwater. Cases of contamination for example have been documented in similar areas in the United States such as Ohio and Pennsylvania (Wilber, 2012).
Since drilling muds, diesel and other machinery fluid are used in the process, leaks and spills also spill at the surface creating permanent damage to the land making it unfit for use for agriculture in the future even when the natural gas deposits dry out. Since fracturing involves the use of a lot of water, the local water supplies may also be strained as a result of expansion of this project. Synergistic and cumulative effects are also bound to emerge when water becomes scarce. When water is scarce, agriculture and food production reduces and therefore the local food supply to the area also declines. A decline in the food supply results in an increase of food demand and therefore the prices of food are likely to increase in the area which will make the cost of living in the area increase. The irreversible impact of fracturing also is that most of the water used in the process is not recoverable.
Where the impact to the lithosphere is concerned, agricultural practice can also be affected by the large quantities of chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, bactericides and friction-reducing chemicals. These chemicals are usually stored in a typical well pad and if not properly managed, leakages and spillages during transport could leak into agricultural land in the area causing massive irreversible losses. The cumulative effects to the atmosphere could include the development of smog should the natural gas be burned in large quantities because of the production of several nitrogen oxides with the air. However, these factors could lead to irreversible public health conditions and illnesses for people in the area because respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis have been linked to the said pollutants.
The Impact Evaluation
The impact evaluation seeks to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the processes of production, processing, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas and oil to the Peru ecosystem. According to Gertler (2011), impact evaluation should be illustrated using the EIA operating principles of good practice such as scoping, examination of alternatives, impact analysis and mitigation. Scoping is involved with the identifying of impacts that are most important such as the benefits of the project to the local community and the mitigation of the worst possible risks that the locals are concerned about. An examination of alternatives as defined by McCabe (2003) is the establishment of the most preferred environmentally beneficial option for achieving the objectives of both parties where conserving the heritage of the area’s environment and safe and pollution free alternatives are found. Impact analysis involves the identification and the prediction of the related impacts to the most environmentally beneficial option. Impact management and mitigation involves establishing measures that are necessary to mitigate or even avoid completely the predicted adverse effects that would then be incorporated into an environmental management system (Cancilla, 2010).
Where production is concerned, the drilling of the wells and the clearing of forest for creation of the space to construct the central gathering unit that includes pipelines, liquid storage tanks, facilities will result into negative impacts such as increasing soil erosion and sedimentation, pollution of the land and air by the use of separators, pneumatic devices, chemical injection pumps, dehydrators and compressors. The processing unit will include the utilization of gas acid removal units that would help reduce the impact of acid pollution which is a positive impact. Where transportation and distribution of the natural oil and gas is concerned, pipeline networks will have to be build and many trees within the demarcated pipeline plan will have to be fell which would affect the water catchment areas and make the area prone to soil erosion. People living around these networks will also have to be evacuated and resettled for their own safety which might be an inconvenience to them. However, the presence of meter and pressure regulating stations as well as the gas facilities will ensure that general infrastructure such as electricity and roads will be built or upgraded which will speed up the development of that area. Another positive impact would be that jobs will be created as a result of the expansion of the project (Kandiyoti, 2008).
Environmental Management Plan
The environmental management plan will therefore include priorities such as demarcating sensitive lands and watersheds completely off limits to oil and gas production, curbing air pollution from drilling and production to distribution across the system by setting clean air standards that minimize methane leakage and prevention of smog-formation and cancer-causing toxic air pollution, mandating the use of drilling best practices, funding robust inspection and enforcement programs to protect the environment from pollution and setting up commissions and taskforces for the same, and making the local public or government a shareholder of the oil and gas companies ensuring that oil and gas companies post adequate bonds or other financial securities, disclosure of chemical information used in the processes, facilitating the transparency and public participation of regulatory processes associated with oil and gas development and restricting fracking through comprehensive zoning and planning (Montgomery, 2003).
Works Cited
Banqueri, Eduardo. The Biosphere Philadelphia: Chelsea House Pub., 2006.
Cancilla, Riccardo. Global Environmental Policies: Impact, Management and Effects. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
Gertler, Paul. Impact Evaluation in Practice Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2011.
Halley, George T. Environmental Impact Assessments New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
Kandiyoti, R. Pipelines Flowing Oil and Crude Politics London: I.B. Tauris, 2008.
Kessler, John Daniel. Studies on Oceanic Methane: Concentrations, Stable Isotope Ratios, and Natural Radiocarbon Measurements. 2005.
Krzyzanowski, Judi, and Pedro Lara Almuedo. Cumulative Impacts of Natural Resource Development and Ecosystems and Wildlife an Annotated Bibliography for British Columbia Kamloops, B.C.: FORREX Forum for Research and Extension in Natural Resources, 2010.
Mayes, Linda, and Michael Lewis the Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
McCabe, Mary. Studies of EIA Practice in Developing Countries Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, 2003.
Montgomery, Carla W. Environmental Geology. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Nagelhout, Ryan. Fracking New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2014.
Ralph, Peter. Dirty Fracking Business Melbourne: Melbourne Books, 2012.
Thomashow, Mitchell. Bringing the Biosphere Home Learning to Perceive Global Environmental Change Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002
Wilber, Tom. Under the Surface: Fracking, Fortunes and the Fate of the Marcellus Shale. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.
Hi there,
I have another assignment for you to finish for me.
I will email you my related documents soon.
This assignment is due on Wednesday Feb 18, 2015.
Thank you very much.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Psychometrics is a field that explains survey development in conducting studies. Psychometric study checks if a survey accomplishes what it intends to measure. It strives to ascertain whether a certain variable accurately measures a given construct (like opinions regarding a certain area of study). Psychometrics is known to assist researchers and evaluators to choose appropriate surveys and identify whether their survey is performing as intended (Kumar, 2009). Techniques for measuring variables in a study involve levels of measurement, reliability and validity.
There are 4 levels of measurement which are associated with any outcome, and they include;
Nominal level data: This is data produced when a measure categorizes people but the outcome of the measure which is numbers does not represent any hierarchy.
Ordinal level data: The scores in this scale are arranged in order, ranging from the lowest to the highest. This is the main difference between ordinal and nominal scales. Ordinal scales provide a mechanism to compare the extent to which 2 subjects influence the dependant variable but do not have equal intervals.
Interval level data: It usually involves order between scores and equal intervals between units of measurement, and it does not have a true zero.
Ratio level data: This category involves order between scores and equal intervals between the measurement units, and it has a true zero (Kumar, 2009).
Reliability is a concept applied in measurement where one gains confidence that the outcome of a measure does not change and produces the same result each and every time when it is used. Although measures are not reliable in the entire period, a measure is assumed to be reliable for use only with a particular population under study. The reliability coefficient is the mostly used statistic when investigating the reliability of a test. The several types of reliability include;
Test-Retest Reliability: It refers to the test’s consistency in test results, especially self-report tests, when administered on more than one occasion. To determine the coefficient for this type of reliability, the same test is given to a group of subjects on at least two separate occasions
Internal Consistency: is a type of reliability used to test measures of outcome which usually test a single concept, and assesses the magnitude to which all items in the outcome measure address the same underlying concept
Intra-rater Reliability: It shows the consistency with which a rater performs and scores an outcome measure.
Inter-rater Reliability: It shows the consistency with which 2 raters come to a consensus when they administer and score a measure of outcome (Kumar, 2009).
Validity is the degree to which an instrument of measure achieves its intended purpose. The different aspects of validity include;
Face validity: It measures the magnitude by which a test seems to measure what is intended.
Content validity: It measures the degree to which a test brings on board all the items which should be included to represent the concept under study.
Criterion Validity: It can also be referred to as predictive validity because it measures the extent to which one variable or several variables can predict the outcome of other variables in study.
Construct validity: It strives to assess whether a test can measure the variables of interest in a study as required by a clinician or researcher (Kumar, 2009).
Robert (2013) conducts a study to investigate the “Psychological and Neurological Bases of Leader Self-Complexity and Effects on Adaptive Decision-Making”. Robert looks into the leader’s complex working environments and the need to change their decision making and behaviors to produce effective responses. The researcher uses techniques used in clinical and social psychology to make an index for psychological LSC (leader self-complexity). A multi method approach is used to form and test hypotheses of the study which states that psychological and neurological bases are both measures of LSC.
In conducting the study, the researcher tests the following hypothesis;
H0: Leaders who have higher levels of neurological LSC usually demonstrate higher levels of adaptive decision-making.
103 participants who volunteered were military leaders with their levels of experience ranging from low to high. The use of a self-reporting exercise(test retest reliability), and externally coded responses provides the multi method procedure which limits common method biases which may occur and hence increase the reliability and validity of the study. The study measurements on leadership attributes were conducted using a three point scale with the following units of measurement: not important = 0, important = 1 or very important = 2. The used scale provided for ordinal level data measurement.
Apart from measuring the leadership attributes of the military personnel, the researcher also conducted an adaptive decision making measure. The researcher studied the importance of LSC by taking adaptive decision making as a form of measuring adaptive leadership performance which was measured by placing the military personnel through a 4 part tactical military scenario. The soldiers’ responses were audio-recorded, transcribed and content-analyze. The researcher followed the process to ensure that the outcome of the adaptive decision-making tests administered on the military personnel.
A three point scale with the following units; “low = 1, moderate = 2, or high = 3” was created and then used to rate each of the three adaptable decision making aspects (situational analysis, decisiveness, and positivity) in the 4 part scenario exercise.
“Coding of the content was done through the assistance of 2 independent military personnel outside the research team, each former military officer with significant experience and expertise with the type of tactical situation used in the scenario (content validity). A training session was conducted to familiarize each rater with the indicators and to practice on sample participant responses. Practice coding protocols were discussed and more refined coding rules were developed to eliminate ambiguity in the coding rules (content validity). Each rater then independently coded each of the participant transcripts in randomized order. After initial coding produced a mean Cohen’s kappa = .73, reflecting substantial inter rater reliability, discrepant scores between raters were identified, discussed and resolved using a consensus approach in a second iteration, ultimately achieving 100% reliability”.
After conducting a correlation test, both psychological and neurological markers of LSC were positively associated with demonstrated levels of adaptive decision-making on a complex leadership task, as rated by expert coders. More complex leaders portray higher adaptive thinking, decisiveness, and positivity in decision making as they sorted daily task needs and made leadership decisions in response to an evolving, four-part leadership scenario that escalated in complexity in each part according to the results of the regression analysis conducted.
From the first correlation test conducted, the ordinal measurement scale used was not the best method for providing scores to be analyzed since a Regression analysis and Pearson Correlation tests use interval or ratio data so as to obtain more powerful results (Gay, et al, 2009). Triangulation employed during data collection enabled presentation of valid and reliable data.
References
Gay, L, R., Mills, E. G., & Airasian, P., (2009). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (10th ed.)
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications.
Robert, W, T. (2013). Journal of Applied Psychology. American Psychological Association, Vol. 98, No. 3, 393–411 https://www.doi.10.1037/a0032257
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
I will email my related documents to you later.
Please let me know how many pages will be.
Thank you very much.
SAMPLE ANSWER
One sample Chi-square Test
This test is conducted on variables which consist of two or more categories and it investigates if the proportions of scores/observations which appear in categories of a variable are equal to expected values. The table below shows Kristen’s variables which were used in conducting a research study on the method of cooking and the taste of chips.
Table 1: Variables in Kristen’s Study of Cooking Methods and Taste of Chips
Variables
Definition
Taste
Taste has 3 categories
1 = potato chips fried in Animal Fat
2 = potato chips fried in Canola oil
3 = Baked potato chips
Hypothesized Taste
Taste has 2 categories
0 = potato chips fried in Canola oil
1 = potato chips fried in Animal Oil or Baked
Question 1
Creating a weighted data file
To add weight to the data file, SPSS was used and the following procedure was followed. After loading the file into SPSS, click on Data from the menu bar. A drop down menu appears from where you choose `weight cases’. Then a dialogue box appears where you click on the radio button for `weight cases by’ then from the variable box on the left hand side, select “number who preferred each type of chip” and move it to the right hand side box for frequency variables and eventually click ok (Kumar, 2009).
Question 2
Conducting a one-sample chi-square test to study if the cooking method used to fry potato chips affects the resulting taste. From the output, identify the observed frequency for potato chips fried in canola oil, the p value and the chi-square value.
The procedure for conducting a one sample chi-square test in SPSS is described below. Load the data into SPSS then from the menu bar click analyze and choose non parametric tests then choose chi-square from the legacy dialogue box which appears. A chi-square dialogue box appears where you select the following variables from the left window; “method of cooking potato chips” and “number who preferred each type of chi” and move them to the right side window and eventually click ok. The tables below present the output obtained after conducting the test.
Table 2: Method of cooking potato chips
Observed N
Expected N
Residual
Fried in animal fat
7
16.0
-9.0
Fried in Canola oil
33
16.0
17.0
Baked
8
16.0
-8.0
Total
48
Table 3: Number who preferred each type of chip
Observed N
Expected N
Residual
7
7
16.0
-9.0
8
8
16.0
-8.0
33
33
16.0
17.0
Total
48
Table 4: Test Statistics
Method of cooking potato chips
Number who preferred each type of chip
Chi-Square
27.125a
27.125a
df
2
2
Asymp. Sig.
.000
.000
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.The minimum expected cell frequency is16.0.
After conducting the test, the observed frequency for potato chips that have been fried in Canola oil is 33 as shown in table 2 in the second column. Table 4 above presents the test statistics obtained after conducting the test whereby the chi-square value was 27.125 at 2degrees of freedom and test was significant at a p value of 0.000.
Question 3
The expected frequencies obtained for the 3 categories of potato chips are shown in table 3 above in the third column where 16 individuals were expected in each case. The study has a sample size of 48 individuals which is relatively large and it is expected that all the individuals are allocated randomly (Gay et al, 2009)
Kristen states that individuals seem to likely prefer potato chips that are fried in canola oil over those that are fried in animal fat or baked. The following hypothesis was formulated to conduct the test;
H0: Individuals likely seem to prefer potato chips that have been fried in Canola oil over those fried in animal fat or baked.
Vs
H1: Individuals do not likely seem to prefer potato chips that have been fried in canola oil over those fried in animal fat or baked.
A follow up test was conducted using expected frequencies which are not equal following the procedure explained above and the obtained output is shown in the table below.
Table 5: Test Statistics
Number who preferred each type of chip
Method of cooking potato chips
Chi-Square
6.750a
6.750a
df
1
1
Asymp. Sig.
.009
.009
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 24.0.
Question 4
A results section of the conducted analyses
A one-sample chi-square test was conducted to investigate whether individuals prefer potato chips in canola oil over those fried in animal fat or baked. The results of the test were significant, = (2, N = 48) = 27.125, . The proportion of individuals who prefer potato chips fried in canola oil was greater than the hypothesized proportion while the proportions of potato chips fried in animal fat and baked were less than their hypothesized proportions. A follow up test indicated that the proportion of individuals who preferred potato chips fried in canola oil did not differ significantly from the proportion of individuals who preferred potato chips fried in animal fat or baked,= (1, N = 15) = 6.750, . The results suggest that individuals did not prefer potato chips fried in canola oil over those fried in animal or baked.
Two Independent –Samples Test: The Mann-Whitney U Test
This test is used to investigate if median scores of a variable being tested appear to be different between 2 groups. The table below shows the variables studied in Billie’s test.
Table 6: Test variables
Variables
Definition
Weight
Weight is the grouping variable;
1 = Over weight
2 = Normal weight
Time in seconds
It is the test variable and it shows the time taken by an individual to complete a meal
To carry out Billie’s study, the following test was conducted via SPSS. After loading the data file into SPSS, click analyze from the menu bar, click non-parametric tests, and click legacy dialogue box and then click 2 independent samples. A 2 independent samples tests dialog box appears where you pick time in seconds from the left window and post it to the test variable list then select weight (1,2) and post it to the box for the grouping variable. Click define groups where you type 1 in the group 1 box to show the over -weight cases and 2 is inserted into group 2 box to show normal weight and click continue. Move to the test type section and check the Mann-Whitney u box then click ok to conduct the test (Kumar, 2009). The tables below indicate the results obtained from the test.
Table 7: Ranks
weight
N
Mean Rank
Sum of Ranks
Time in Seconds
overweight
10
8.30
83.00
normal weight
30
24.57
737.00
Total
40
Table 8: Test Statistics
Time in Seconds
Mann-Whitney U
28.000
Wilcoxon W
83.000
Z
-3.811
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
.000a
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: weight
Question 1
The Mann-Whitney U test conducted shows that the mean rank obtained for normal weight individuals is 24.57 as indicated by results from table 7 above. The p value for the test is .000 and the Z value for corrected ties is -3.811.
Question 2
Comparison between the p value for the Mann-Whitney U test and the p value obtained from conducting an independent samples t test. After conducting an independent samples t test, the p value obtained was 0.000 which was similar to the p value obtained from conducting the Mann-Whitney U test hence no difference was noted (Gay, et al, 2009). The results table for the independent samples t test is shown in the appendix section as table 12.
Question 3
A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that overweight individuals tend to eat faster than normal weight individuals. The results of the conducted test were as expected and significant, Z = -3.811, Overweight individuals had an average rank of 8.30 while normal weight individuals had an average rank of 24.57 as shown in tables 7 & 8 above.
Question 4
The box plot named figure I from the appendix section shows the distribution of the time taken by both the overweight and normal weight individuals. The graph was generated through SPSS by following the procedures from the menu bar and graphs to box plots then defining axis variables (Kumar, 2009).
Conducting the K Independent-Samples Tests: The Kruskal-Wallis Tests
Marvin conducted a research study to test the effect of hair color on social extroversion. The table below indicates the variables used in the study.
Table 9: Research variables
Variable
Definition of Terms
Hair Color
1 = Blond
2 = Brunet
3 = Red Head
Social Extroversion
A measure of social extroversion
Question 1
A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to investigate the presence of a relationship between the 2 variables under study. The procedure similar to Mann-Whitney U test was followed and the results of conducting the test are shown below (Kumar, 2009).
Table 10
Ranks
Hair Color
N
Mean Rank
Social Extroversion
Blond
6
12.75
Brunet
6
10.25
Redhead
6
5.50
Total
18
Table 11
Test Statisticsa,b
Social Extroversion
Chi-Square
5.963
df
2
Asymp. Sig.
.051
a. Kruskal Wallis Test
b. Grouping Variable: Hair Color
The Kruskal-Wallis test indicates the presence of a significant difference in the medians= (2, N =18) = 5.963, . Since the test is significant, follow up tests should be conducted (Gay, et al, 2009).
Question 2
The effect size for the test is obtained by computing the formula below (Gay, et al, 2009);
A box plot was generated via SPSS to show the distribution of social extroversion among the three groups as shown in figure 2 from the appendix section.
Question 4
One way ANOVA was conducted for comparison of the results with those obtained from the Kruskal-Wallis test. The table below shows the output after conducting the test,
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Social Extroversion
Source
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Partial Eta Squared
Corrected Model
24.111a
2
12.056
3.511
.056
.319
Intercept
249.389
1
249.389
72.638
.000
.829
hair
24.111
2
12.056
3.511
.056
.319
Error
51.500
15
3.433
Total
325.000
18
Corrected Total
75.611
17
a. R Squared = .319 (Adjusted R Squared = .228)
The ANOVA test conducted was significant at the 0.05 level of precision, F (2, 15) = 3.511, p = 0.056, ms error = 3.433 (Ghauri, et al. 2005).
Both the Kruskal-Wallis and the one way ANOVA tests conducted indicated that the test were significant at p values .051 and 0.56 respectively (Ghauri, et al. 2005).
Question 5
A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to investigate the differences between hair colors on the median change in social extroversion. The test was significant, = (2, N =18) = 5.963, . The effect size for the relationship between hair color and extroversion was strong with hair color accounting for 35% of the variance in social extroversion.
References
Ghauri, P., Granhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I.,(2005). Research Methods in Business Studies: a Practical Guide.
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications
Not giving bribes to corrupt governmental officials is a very laudable approach but does it yield results in terms of enhanced profitability etc? Might financial measures improve as a result of refusal to bribe? I can see costs being saved but in a wider context how might this relate to CSR? Mordi et al (2012) suggest that CSR in any country is open to various interpretations. How might you deal with this issue in your organisation?
Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L. and Parboteeah, K. P. (2007) Deciding to bribe: a cross-level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50 Issue 6, p1401-1422
Mordi, C., Opeyemi, I.S., Tonbara, M., and Ojo, S., (2012), Corporate Social Responsibility and the Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges. Vol. 64 Issue 1, p1-8.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Corruption is one of the unethical practices in society. Many o government projects stall because of improper utilization of the available resources. Initiatives and strategies, as well as laws, exist to help deter corrupt practices.
Fighting corruption is laudable in every society as it helps to avoid misappropriation of resources. If the corruption is eliminated, the government retains enough money and resources enabling it to render better services to the members of the public. Government spent its revenues in providing resources and, therefore, absent of corruption means more developments (Martin et al., 2007). Profitability is also geared to improve as resources can be invested with an aim of increasing investments. Therefore, it is clear that corrupt affects profitability and the ability of the government to provide services.
If people refuse to take bribes, is an indication of improvements in the financial measures. Bribes affect the economy and, therefore, it is important that, financial measures undergo improvement to ensure that the rate of bribes reduces. Furthermore, this saves costs. Costs saving relate to corporate social responsibility issues. The business has a moral obligation for a company to work closely with the families, workers, and community. If the company has put in place appropriate measures that deter bribes, it reduces costs and the money channeled into their CSR initiatives uplifting economic level of the community members.
CSR in various countries is open to different interpretations. Therefore, it is important to understand how an organization deals with this (Mordi et al., 2012). In my case, I would treat CSR as the obligation of the organization to work closely with the community it operates in. Therefore, the organization will have a duty to ensure that it protects and uplifts the lives of the people through various ways.
References
Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L, & Parboteeah, K. P. (2007). Deciding to bribe a cross- level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity, Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1401-1422.
Mordi, C., Opeyemi, I.S., Tonbara, M., & Ojo, S., (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and the Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 64(1), 1-8.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s correlation) is a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval or ratio scale (Ghauri, 2005). From the data set, several variables will be tested to determine if any relationship occurs among the variables under study. The tests will be conducted at a significance level to determine if the possible relationships occur due to chance or a possible relationship.
Assumptions of Pearson’s correlation
1: The two variables should be measured at the interval or ratio level (i.e., they are continuous)
2: There needs to be a linear relationship between the two variables. Whilst there are a number of ways to check whether a linear relationship exists between the two variables, create a scatter plot using SPSS, where one can plot the dependent variable against the independent variable, and then visually inspect the scatter plot to check for linearity. If the relationship displayed in the scatter plot is not linear, either run a non-parametric equivalent to Pearson’s correlation or transform your data, which can be done using SPSS.
3: There should be no significant outliers. Outliers are simply single data points within your data that do not follow the usual pattern (Ghauri, 2005).
Hypothesis Testing
In this study, the relationship between the number of hours worked and the injury rate will be investigated. The following hypothesis was formulated to study the relationship;
H0: The rate of injury is independent from the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations.
H1: The rate of injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations
To test the above hypothesis, Pearson’s correlation test was conducted to establish if there existed any significant relationship between injury rate and the number of hours worked at a 95% confidence interval using SPSS.
Procedure
Load data into SPSS from the excel spreadsheet. From the data editor menu bar, select analyze and from the drop down menu which pops up, choose correlate and then proceed to bivariate correlation. A bivariate correlations window appears where you choose the variable to test from the left hand side box and move them to the right. Highlight on number of hours worked and move it to the right and repeat the same procedure for the injury rate. From the same window, proceed to the correlation coefficients section and select Pearson by checking in the box preceding it. Proceed to the test of significance section and check the two tailed radio button then select ok to conduct the test (Kumar, 2009).
A linear relationship exists between the variables under study is an important assumption in conducting a Pearson’s correlation. To investigate the presence of this relationship, a scatter plot is drawn using SPSS. The procedure involves; from the SPSS data editor menu bar, select graphs then from the drop down menu that appears, choose legacy dialogs then select scatter/dot plot. A dialog box pops up where you select simple scatter and click define. A simple scatter window appears with the variables on the left hand side from where you highlight on hours worked and move it to the x axis box and then choose injury rate and move it to the y axis box. Click ok to produce the scatter plot using SPSS.
The output obtained from the tests conducted is explained below.
Correlations
Hours Worked
InjuryRate
Hours Worked
Pearson Correlation
1
-.636**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
51
51
InjuryRate
Pearson Correlation
-.636**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
51
51
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 1
Decision Rule
Reject H0 if (Creswell, 2003). From table 1 above, p value = 0.000 which is less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion
We can conclude that the injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations at a 95% level of precision. The Pearson Correlation coefficient posted a result of -0.636 which indicates a strong negative relationship between the injury rate and the number of hours worked. The p value reading of 0.000 confirms that no single outcome occurs due to chance and the test significant. The scatter plot confirms the negative relationship of the 2 variables as indicated by the coefficient (Gay et al, 2009). The scatter plot does not post a perfect relationship of -1 due to the presence of outliers but the strong relationship was confirmed by the scatter dots as shown in figure 1 in the appendix section.
Regression Analysis
Linear regression is the next step up after correlation. It is used when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of another variable. The variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or sometimes, the outcome variable). The variable we are using to predict the other variable’s value is called the independent variable or sometimes, the predictor variable (Ghauri, 2005).
Assumptions of Regression Analysis
1: The two variables to be studied should be measured at the continuous level (i.e., they are either interval or ratio variables)
2: There needs to be a linear relationship between the two variables. Whilst there are a number of ways to check whether a linear relationship exists between the two variables, one can create a scatter plot using SPSS Statistics where one can plot the dependent variable against the independent variable and then visually inspect the scatter plot to check for linearity.
3: There should be no significant outliers. An outlier is an observed data point that has a dependent variable value that is very different to the value predicted by the regression equation. As such, an outlier will be a point on a scatter plot that is (vertically) far away from the regression line indicating that it has a large residual.
4: There should be independence of observations, which can easily be checked using the Durbin-Watson statistic, which is a simple test to run using SPSS Statistics..
5: Your data needs to show homoscedasticity, which is where the variances along the line of best fit remain similar as you move along the line.
6: Finally, check that the residuals (errors) of the regression line are approximately normally distributed. Two common methods to check this assumption include using either a histogram (with a superimposed normal curve) or a Normal P-P Plot (Ghauri, 2005).
Hypothesis Testing
In this study, the relationship between the number of hours worked and the injury rate will be investigated. The following hypothesis was formulated to study the relationship;
H0: The rate of injury is independent from the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations.
H1: The rate of injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations
To test the above hypothesis, a linear regression or goodness of fit test was conducted to investigate the presence of linear relationship between the 2 variables as stated at 95% level of precision.
Procedure
After loading the data into SPSS, select analyze from the SPSS data editor menu bar. From the drop down menu which appears, choose regression then linear. A dialog box with the variables on the left hand side where injury rate is selected and moved to the dependant variable box while the number of hours worked is moved to the independent variable box. On the right hand side of the same dialog box select plots then move the predictor variable to the x axis and the residuals to the y axis and choose histogram and normal probability plot then click ok to conduct the test (Kumar, 2009). The output obtained is explained below;
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
.636a
.405
.393
1.361737129585175E1
a. Predictors: (Constant), Hours Worked
Table 2
ANOVAb
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
6182.010
1
6182.010
33.338
.000a
Residual
9086.207
49
185.433
Total
15268.217
50
a. Predictors: (Constant), Hours Worked
b. Dependent Variable: Injury Rate
Table 3
Coefficientsa
Model
Un-standardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
50.809
6.459
7.866
.000
Hours Worked
.000
.000
-.636
-5.774
.000
a. Dependent Variable: Injury Rate
Table 4
Decision Rule
Reject H0 if (Creswell, 2003). From table 1 above, p value = 0.000 which is less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion
We can conclude that the injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations at a 95% level of precision. The linear regression model posted an R value of 0.636 which indicates a strong relationship between the injury rate and the number of hours worked as shown in table 2. The R squared reading of .405 indicated that 40% of the variation in the injury rate can be explained by the number of hours worked. Table 3 gives F statistic (F 50= 33.338) which is a measure of the absolute fit of the model to the data. Here, the F-test outcome is highly significant (less than .001, as you can see in the last column), so the model does fit the data. A straight line, depicting a linear relationship, described the relationship between these two variables. Table 4 gives the coefficients of the model as follows; Injury Rate = 50.809+ 0 hours worked (Kumar, 2009). The histogram with a superimposed normal curve and the normal p- p plot confirm the assumption that the residuals (errors) of the regression line are approximately normally distributed shown in figure 2 & 3 in the appendix section
Discriminant analysis which highly related to regression analysis was not the best test to conduct since it is very robust to violations of assumptions and in turn, it can yield less powerful statistics when assumptions are violated (Gay et al, 2009).
References
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gay, L,R., Mills, E. G., & Airasian, P.,(2009). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (10th ed.)
Ghauri, P. (2005). Research Methods in Business Studies: a Practical Guide.
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications.
Appendix
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Business Operations in Your Organization: A Systems View
Order Instructions:
For this paper the writer has to pay attention to details and use the template that is provided. The paper contains three sections and the writer must clearly respond to all the three sections. The writer will have to chose a company to use for this paper. APA 6th edition will be require for this paper and the writer must properly format the paper. Another very important aspect is that the writer must read carefully the entire requirement before attempting the responds so as to properly understand the requirements of the assignment. Use subheadings as indicated in the template and also harmoniously link all sections together. As mentioned earlier, the writer must use the provided template to complete this assignment.
Business Operations in Your Organization: A Systems View
For this paper, you will develop a systems perspective of business operations in your organization, or the organization you have chosen to use as an appropriate subject for analysis, as a whole.
Your task is to show how the business operations in your organization, or the organization you have chosen as an exemplar, can be brought into harmony, generating the smooth flow of information and materials throughout the value network for the benefit of customers and the competitive success of the organization. A key element of the Praxis Paper is the identification and framing of an organizational problem that relates to the course topics such as
– Inventory, Transportation, and Warehousing.
– Trends in Supply Management
– Developing Market Specific Supply Chain Strategies
– Outsourcing and the Extended Organization
– Innovation and Change.
Your research should lead you to identify possible solutions to the problem(s) you identify. You will apply knowledge gained in the course in order to present advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to the problem(s) with the goal of generating the smooth flow of information and materials throughout the value network in order to increase the organization’s competitive success.
SECTION A of the paper
Focus on discussing the importance of effective logistics management in smoothing the flow of materials, reducing inventory costs and enabling responsiveness throughout the supply chain.
SECTION B
You will complete an analysis of the outsourcing of capabilities to achieve optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the whole value chain and consider the need for new kinds of relationships with suppliers.
SECTION C
You will conclude the paper by developing and presenting a strategy for implementing change in the organization with the objective of bringing about a transformation that will secure competitive advantage through improved performance, coordination, and innovation.
This systems perspective will allow you to formulate a strategy for the management of operational issues relevant to your chosen organization such as demand, supply, production, inventory, and logistics with a view to assessing how processes can be managed to bring about integration, coordination, and harmonization throughout the supply chain.
The Praxis Paper, will comprise 8 pages in APA format. One to three diagrams and presentation slides may be included, but they will be additional to the required length of the paper. You are required to include research from at least two first-person interviews and at least two peer-reviewed practitioner or scholarly journals ( not more than 5 years old ) in addition to your resources. Please remember to include the doi is all cited materials.
Resources
Articles
• Wallin, C., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Rabinovich, E. (2006). What is the “right” inventory management approach for a purchased item? International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article explores four basic approaches to the problem of inventory management and shows their application to different circumstances.
• Pokharel, S. (2005). Perception on information and communication technology perspectives in logistics: A study of transportation and warehouses sectors in Singapore. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This survey analyzes perceptions of logistics companies in Singapore concerning the benefits of ICT applications for their industry.
• Varila, M., Seppänen, M., & Suomala, P. (2007). Detailed cost modelling: A case study in warehouse logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37(3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This study considers the various drivers for assigning activity costs to products in warehouse logistics and concludes that the accuracy of accounting can be significantly increased by measuring the actual duration of transactions.
• Timme, S. G. (2003). The real cost of holding inventory. Supply Chain Management Review: Top 50 PLs, 7(4), 30-37. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article examines the total costs involved with holding inventory. The author also presents a solution to valuing inventory and how it can lead to better management decisions.
• Phillips, W., Lamming, R., Bessant, J., & Noke, H. (2006). Discontinuous innovation and supply relationships: Strategic dalliances. R&D Management, 36(4). Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article explores the need for supply relationships to generate, support, and respond to discontinuous innovation.
• Simpson, D. F., & Power, D. J. (2005). Use the supply relationship to develop lean and green suppliers. Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This doctoral research paper presents a conceptual framework for investigating the relationship between a supplier firm’s level of environmental management and the structure of the customer-supplier manufacturing relationship.
Christopher, M., & Towill, D. R. (2002). Developing market specific supply chain strategies. International Journal of Logistics Management, 13(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
• Trent, R. & Monczka, R. (1998). Purchasing and supply management: Trends and changes throughout the 1990s. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 34(4), 2-12. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Database.
This article details the real and projected changes and trends that have affected and will continue to affect purchasing and sourcing professionals.
Harland, C. M., Lamming, R. C., & Cousins, P. D. (1999). Developing the concept of supply strategy. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 19(7), 650-674. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article provides experienced lean practitioners with information to expand their scope in order to better address multiple-tiered value streams.
• Phillips, W., Noke, H., Bessant, J., & Lamming, R. (2006). Beyond the steady state: Managing discontinuous product and process innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 10(2). Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article argues that in a world of rapid change and technological revolution companies must deal proactively with the challenge of discontinuity.
• Kontoghiorghes, C., Awbre, S. M., & Feurig, P. L. (2005). Examining the relationship between learning organization characteristics and change adaptation, innovation, and organizational performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article suggests that the structural, cultural, and information systems of a learning organization determines its success with adaptation to change, quick product or service introduction, and bottom-line organizational performance.
Organizational change that produces results: The linkage approach. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3) by Goodman, P. S., & Rousseau, D. M. Copyright 2004 by ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT (NY). Reprinted by permission of THE ACADEMY via the Copyright Clearance Center.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Business Operations in Your Organization: A Systems View
Nowadays, the fiscal environment is typified by rising costs of raw materials, high inflation risk, and even strong volatility. These factors have an impact on the strategies of firms that operate in the very competitive manufacturing and transport logistics sectors. This paper is focused on Avon Corporation; the scope of logistics spans the entire company. This paper has 3 sections. Section A provides a discussion of the significance of effective logistics management in smoothing the flow of materials, lowering the costs of inventory, and facilitating responsiveness in the supply chain. Section B covers an analysis of the outsourcing of capabilities to realize optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes as well as inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain. In Section C, a strategy is developed and presented for executing change within Avon Corporation in order to bring a transformation that would secure competitive advantage through improved performance, coordination, as well as innovation.
Avon Corporation
Avon Corporation is the selected organization. Avon is a major global beauty corporation and one of the biggest direct sellers worldwide and makes almost $10 billion in yearly revenue (Avon, 2015). Avon’s product line consists of home products, fashion products, as well as beauty products. The company has several famous brand names including Advance Techniques, ANEW, mark, Skin-So-Soft, Avon Color, and Avon Naturals (Avon, 2015). Avon is an international corporation which is entrenched in tradition with a vision of being a corporation which best knows and meets the service, product, as well as self-fulfillment requirements of ladies all over the world (Avon, 2015).
Section A: Importance of effective logistics management
Logistics management basically entails controlling and supervising the movement of goods. Logistics management is understood as that component of supply chain management which is involved with planning, implementing, and controlling the effective, efficient reverse and forward flow and storage of services and goods between the points of origin and consumption so as to satisfy the wants and requirements of customers (Christopher, 2008). The subject of logistics management involves many dissimilar factors. Effective logistics management is vital in smoothing the flow of materials, reducing costs of inventory, and enabling responsiveness throughout the supply chain.
The scope of logistics spans the whole company. Through logistics management, customers are satisfied through the coordination of material as well as information flow (Aitken, 2008). Some of the factors that have to be taken into account in logistics management include materials handling, transportation management, order fulfillment, as well as inventory and freight management (Christopher, 2008). Effective logistics management operations have to yield four main results: improve customer service; decrease the overall costs of transportation; improve the operating cost structure; and raise revenue. Effective management of business logistics is of great importance in meeting customer expectations and keeping costs low. According to Wallin, Rungtusanatham and Rabinovich (2006), effective logistics management offers a vital opportunity for companies to achieve cost savings since a lot of organizations mention transportation and logistics as key generators of production-related costs.
The present fiscal environment is typified by mounting costs of raw materials, high inflation risk, and strong volatility. These factors have a direct impact on the corporate strategies of business organizations that operate in this very competitive sector. This implies that efficient logistics becomes a key element of ensuring the competitiveness of these companies through: (i) reducing the levels of stock to achieve more efficiency. (ii) Effective coordination all through the supply chain: in essence, communication between the sales department and procurement department is vital to pass on all the increases in production and purchase costs. (iii) Guarantee of tailor-made, quick, and quality services in order to attain competitive advantage over the competitors (Varila, Seppänen & Suomala, 2007).
Effective logistics management entails managing the flow of materials including the movement of raw materials from various suppliers of the company, in-process within the company, as well as movement of finished products to consumers. One way in which costs of inventory are reduced is through quickening the flow of the various raw-materials used, work-in-progress, as well as finished goods (Christopher, 2008). Improving the effectiveness of logistics management encompasses 5 key pillars. These are information; logistical network; materials handling, warehousing, and packaging; transport; and inventory. Logistical network: this comprises various facilities including retail stores, warehouse, manufacturing, and dealers. The bigger the geographical stretch, the more intricate an organization’s logistical network will be (Varila, Seppänen & Suomala, 2007). For Avon Corporation, superior logistical network that is based upon methodical analysis and determination of the number of facilities, their exact work allocations, and geographical position could be an important competitive tool.
Transport: dependability, speed, and cost are vital determinants of the effectiveness. Given that time is crucial, the quality of transport performance is a critical factor. In addition, since cost and speed are interconnected, it is important to carefully select the transport since this is vital for optimal cost. For instance, quicker transport is costly but reduces inventories and improves customer service (Christopher, 2008). Information: correct prediction and proper order management are vital for the systematic inventory management Just-In-Time and Contingency Replenishment as well as quick response to the client (Simpson & Power, 2005). As such, timely information is essential to logistical performance. At Avon, deficiencies in information are removed by using email, faxes, phones, and Enterprise Resource Planning Software. Inventory management: a proper inventory management system has to be deployed in order to attain the desired level of customer service with least inventory investment. Products should be delivered timely and fast (Aitken, 2008). Avon should be committed to consistent and rapid delivery to gain customer service advantage. Materials handling, warehousing, and packaging: warehouses should be located in a site where the company can be nearer to its main clientele. Materials handling in the warehouse must be planned to ensure quick and safe receiving, movement, storage, as well as packaging of client’s requirements (Christopher, 2008).
Section B: Analysis of the outsourcing of capabilities
For Avon Corporation, the outsourcing of capabilities can help to attain optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain. By outsourcing logistics for instance, the transportation logistics company can act as Avon’s logistics department and handle the following functions: procurement – the transportation logistics firm can engage in carrier rate negotiations as well as selection (Christopher, 2008). Execution: the logistics firm will handle Avon’s daily movement of cargo, including consignment tender, performance management, exception resolution, and service monitoring; planning: the transport logistics firm will handle Avon’s strategic network evaluation and optimization; and administration – the transport logistics company will also handle claims management, contract administration, invoicing, reporting, as well as freight bill audit and payment. A third party logistics company can provide a wide range of modes for the manufacturer – Avon Corporation – ranging from ocean and air to rail and over-the-road intermodal (Landstar, 2015). Through this kind of outsourcing, Avon Corporation can easily attain optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain.
According to Aitken (2008), outsourcing of capabilities could enable workforce reduction, operational flexibility, cost reduction, reduced cycle times, freedom from restraining labor environments, expanded geographical coverage, improved responsiveness, as well as logistics management and technology issues. Outsourcing of capabilities is basically an important measure for cutting costs. Nonetheless, by outsourcing capabilities, Avon can gain capabilities it currently lacks in-house or it can strengthen the capabilities it currently has, for everything from introducing new women’s products into the marketplace faster to developing top-notch talent and enabling business model innovation (Varila, Seppänen & Suomala, 2007).
Outsourcing of capabilities helps in improving the competitive position of an organization since it ensures that functions and processes are obtained at the right cost and from the right source. Business organizations can leverage outsourcing for more processes and attain various objectives such as improved quality, costs, or capabilities (Landstar, 2015). Through the strategic use of outsourcing of capabilities, Avon can attain a long-term competitive advantage that may not only improve quality and lower costs and, but also drive innovation, improve productivity, open-up new markets for its women products, provide new revenue sources, and deliver a sustainable cost advantage. Equally important, outsourcing of capabilities will help Avon Corporation in optimizing the performance of its several manufacturing facilities. For a manufacturer such as Avon Corporation, the following outsourcing solutions can considerably help it to attain optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain: supply chain planning and execution, after sales and support, marketing and order management, new product development, and operations (Aitken, 2008).
Business organizations generally profit when they are focused on their core business and the area of their best proficiency, for instance manufacturing of goods, importing, and/or sale of their merchandise. A small number of business organizations are actually proficient in distribution and warehousing as Third Party Logistics companies or 3PL are (Simpson & Power, 2005). Manufacturers like Avon Corporation who create a strong relationship with reliable Third Party Logistics companies are able to lower their transportation costs, simplify their supply chain management, and improve their capability of delivering products to their clients when required.
As companies seek increased competitiveness as well as success in the current international marketplace, many of them are in fact pursuing the tendency of increased outsourcing of capabilities and have seen the necessity for new types of relationships with suppliers (Landstar, 2015). Establishing new relationships with cheaper and better suppliers and suppliers who provide high quality materials will allow Avon to save costs of materials and develop products that are actually of higher quality. Companies establish their outsourcing relationship needs and their needs for new suppliers, and then find and select the right suppliers and vendors. Outsourcing of capabilities is essentially a management tool which alters a company’s organizational structure and a business transformation process which could provide an important opportunity for improved performance (Christopher, 2008).
Section C: Strategy for implementing change in the organization – Implement lean logistics
The strategy for implementing change in Avon Corporation to bring about a transformation that would secure competitive advantage by means of improved performance, coordination, as well as innovation entails adopting the lean approach in logistics and supply chain. Lean logistics helps in identifying and eliminating the wasteful activities in the supply chain so as to increase speed and flow of materials. Lean logistics, as Simpson and Power (2005) reported, is a method of driving the costs down considerably while allowing the company to increase its output as well as sales.
The rationale of adopting a lean supply chain is basically to meet the 4Rs: inventory which is in fact: the right merchandise, at the right place, in the right condition, and lastly in the right quantity. The activities which support the aforementioned 4Rs add value and this is applicable both to the movement of information and product. On the other hand, activities which add no value are considered as waste. Lean is the way that an appropriately designed and operated supply chain has to function (Simpson & Power, 2005). A lean supply chain is simplified to decrease and eradicate waste or the non-value added activities to the entire supply chain flow and also to the products that move in the supply chain. This in turn smoothes the flow of materials, reduces inventory costs, and facilitates responsiveness throughout the supply the chain. Wastes could be measured in inventory, time, and needless costs. Generally, value added activities contribute to efficiently bringing the finished product to the client. The supply chain and the inventory therein must flow; any activities that stop the flow must create value (Simpson & Power, 2005).
Landstar (2015) pointed out that business organizations are in a continuous cycle which drives them to improve their business to maintain their competitive advantage. The bottom line is that every company wants to reduce its costs, reduce time consumption, and reduce inventory. Although there are several techniques of achieving this, lean logistics is one method which has demonstrated over the years to significantly improve a company’s efficiency (Landstar, 2015). For business organizations such as Avon Corporation that work to decrease costs whilst improving their performance, the lean approach is suitable to them. By applying the lean approach, Avon can achieve efficient and smooth flow of materials throughout the supply chain.
Lean logistics will provides Avon Corporation with the capacity to decrease inventory carrying costs, free up cash, and get rid of substantial indirect costs that are associated with supplies, materials, as well as assets logistics. Lean logistics is of major importance in reducing inventory costs (Aitken, 2008). It is notable that inventory service costs, storage costs, capital costs, as well as risk costs all serve to reduce Avon’s profitability. Through lean logistics, the company can reduce all these costs. In essence, lean logistics results in greater efficiencies given that transportation efficiencies allow an increase in cargos managed and cargo density. There is also reduced inventory, improved lead-time dependability, and increased turns (Aitken, 2008).
In lean logistics approach, the main factors include the following: defining the focus areas and core competencies in logistics; absolute integration of the supply chain levels; and optimizing the logistics process interfaces and integration of logistics processes. Other factors are system approach; continuous application of the lean system to the back-to-back logistics chain; as well as continuous standardization and restructuring of the IT structures basing upon the lean/system approach (Aitken, 2008). For Avon Corporation, the benefits will include reduced costs of supply chain and making supply chain more flexible; increased process stability and transparency; as well as increased flexibility and responsiveness of the company’s supply chain. By being efficient, Avon Corporation will respond to the market requirements adequately (O’Reilly, 2010).
Conclusion
In conclusion, effective logistics management operations improve customer service, decrease the overall costs of transportation, improve the operating cost structure, and improve the company’s revenue. Effective management of business logistics is of great importance in reducing the levels of stock to achieve more efficiency and improve the flow of materials. Outsourcing of capabilities could aid in labor force reduction, operational flexibility, cost reduction, reduced cycle times, expanded geographical coverage, and improved responsiveness. Avon Corporation can adopt lean logistics to gain competitive advantage.
References
Aitken, J., (2008). Supply Chain Integration within the Context of a Supplier Association”, Cranfield University PHD Thesis. Cited in Christopher, M., (1998), “Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Strategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service”, Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London.
Christopher, M., (2008), “Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Strategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service”, Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London
O’Reilly, J. (2010). Managing Inventory: From Fat to Lean. Madison, WI: Aberdeen Group.
Simpson, D. F., & Power, D. J. (2005). Use the supply relationship to develop lean and green suppliers. Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Varila, M., Seppänen, M., & Suomala, P. (2007). Detailed cost modelling: A case study in warehouse logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37(3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Wallin, C., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Rabinovich, E. (2006). What is the “right” inventory management approach for a purchased item? International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Discuss some implications that ethics may have for organisations beyond just the ‘business’ side. How does a ‘sense of responsibility to others’ affect the decisions that are made by an organisation as a whole as well as the individual leaders within?
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)The answer must include examples from aviation experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real aviation companies. I prefer example from Qatar Airways, Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia Airline.
3)Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System.
4)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
5)I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Implication of Ethics in Organizations
Introduction
Ethics have become one of the most important pillars of organizations in today’s world. In this current century, ethics have neither been considered as an option nor a luxury. The consideration of ethics does not only occur on the business sides but also beyond it (Guliani, 2014). Therefore organization has a role to play to ensure ethical codes and values are being considered for an effective organizational performance. Ethics have been seen to contribute a lot in organization positively but they have also led to negative or poor handling of organizational roles (Guliani, 2014). Many organizations have seized the opportunities to shape the future through influencing culture and the practice of organizational ethics and values. Through creation of value based ethics in organization, their will exist an improved society by influencing the perpetuated conditions outside the organization (Guliani, 2014).
Implications
Organization has gone ahead in providing guiding and counselling to youth and the society at large (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012). Guiding and counselling sessions are important elements in the growth of an individual hence societies should be educated (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012). Organizations has taken these process seriously besides their daily activities as one of the practices to gain reputation and be accepted by the society though their activity they participate in the society. It’s a cultural practice for a society to offer moral guidance to its members, but in the existence of organizational businesses they should step in to build their reputation as they join hands with the youth to educate and more so to offer guidance and counselling on essential issues that are affecting the society (Guliani, 2014). For example the emirate airline company have set out members as part of their employees to offer counselling in colleges in the field of aviation to enlighten the youth what they are being expected of in the future (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012).
Infrastructural development is another option businesses have engaged in to assist the society in developing it. Organizations have joined in the society to develop some key projects in the societies as a way of giving back (Phillips, 2006). It is one part of the business practice in establishing a bond between the organization and the society through appreciation. Several developments that organizations go for in the society besides their normal business activities includes building and maintain roads, provision of clean water and also building of houses are some of the developments Emirates airline has engaged in towards contribution to the society (Phillips, 2006). By practising all this, the organization will have a clear consent that the organizations understand their daily issues that are affecting them. Ethics have taught them to give back to the society as appreciation hence they are offering infrastructural development to the community (Phillips, 2006).
The implication that comes with honesty in organization is that good people will always be good hence they will tend to do good things to others (Venkatadurai, Dhyani & Sharma, 2014). Though the virtue of honesty is not an attribute to a clear cut, there are available situations that the practice of honest in organizations may hurt other persons outside. For instance organizations have a role to play in the society to ensure that the society accepts them and approves of their activities (Venkatadurai, Dhyani & Sharma, 2014). They are to come together and join hands in undertaking the duties toward development of the society. Therefore the virtue of being honesty is required at any level as a measure of ethical concerns (Venkatadurai, Dhyani & Sharma, 2014).
Ethics entails that all human beings are equal before the law, hence organization use this to socialize with the society beyond their business activities (Welker & Berardino, 2013). According to ethical law enforcement authorities, it is expected of everyone to ignore all personal biasness in their job performance. And at any other level citizens are expected to ethically follow their duties and obligations accordingly. Confusion will occur once there is contradicting or inconsistent decision making (Welker & Berardino, 2013). Therefore organization besides their focus on business activities they are faced up with another obligation to ensure they stay focus on law as part of ethical consideration (Welker & Berardino, 2013). The implication of law is that whoever goes against it must be convicted and be punished for their crimes they have committed (Joel, 2015). The law is also a measure of the right and wrong activities to be done.
Lastly, leadership takes place utmost all places in the world. It is one of the basic elements that needs clear control over it (Othman and Rahman, 2014). The implication of leadership is that leaders are being selected because they are ethical people and in their duties they are expected to act ethically both in personal and leadership roles (Othman and Rahman, 2014). Leaders normally have influence on their followers hence it will be good for them to have good morals to ensure there follower increase and stick with them (Stephen, 2007). Organizational leaders should join hands with the larger society they are in to provide solutions to conflicting issues that the society are facing (Stephen, 2007). Ethical implications have been viewed as any activity in which the result will essential be viewed as those ethical considerations in mind (Stephen, 2007).
Sense of responsibility
A relatively strong sense of responsibility normally affects how an employee’s works and the amount of work they do (Amelia, 2015). The sense of responsibility in employee’s can be depicted in the essence that when an employee feels they have successfully increased their job performance they tend to show up on work in time (Amelia, 2015). They always put their best efforts and complete given tasks with their best of abilities. Being responsible in any organisation is essential. In the Emirates airline each worker has been given an opportunity to exercise their obligation according to the duties they are given (Amelia, 2015). For example pilots are expected to work together while flying hence they share similar responsibilities in ensuring a safe travel of their clients in board of their flights. Working as an individual involves certain situations that are hard to achieve since there is high level of setbacks comparing to having a partner to work with (Sarina, 2013). As a matter of ethical obligation it will be appropriate to work with an organization compared to individualism in making decision (Sarina, 2013). An organization can contribute towards decision making while as an individual it will not be easy to come up with a decision whose ideas are conflicting.
Guliani, L.K. 2014, “ORGANISATIONAL ETHICS: PARADIGM FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY”, International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1116-1121.
Othman, Z. & Rahman, R.A. 2014, “ATTRIBUTES OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN LEADING GOOD GOVERNANCE”, International Journal of Business and Society, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 359-372,377.
Phillips, E.D. 2006, “CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AVIATION”, Journal of Air Transportation, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65-87.
Reilly, N. P., Sirgy, M. J., & Gorman, C. A. 2012, Work and quality of life: ethical practices in organizations. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
Venkatadurai, J., Dhyani, U. & Sharma, M. 2014, “Ethics and morality beyond normative theories”, Asian Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35-39.
Welker, J. & Berardino, L. 2013, “INTEGRATING ETHICAL DECISION MAKING IN MULTIPLE BUSINESS COURSES”, Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 77-93.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
