Nursing research differs from research in other fields in that nursing draws data and develops interventions from a broad knowledge base (e.g. social science, biology, chemistry, etc.). The advantage of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration is increasingly apparent. Review Bringing Science to Life: The Interdisciplinary Advantage (NINR, 2011).
After reviewing, please address the following:
• Compare and contrast nursing research to that of other fields of study.
• Appraise the role of the NP in the process of collaboration with researchers in other fields.
• Distinguish the role of the NP in clinical trials.
Resources
Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles
• Chapters 4, 9
Please review the following web resources:
National Institute for Nursing Research
NINR – Bringing Science to Life: The Interdisciplinary Advantage
Robert Johnson Wood Foundation
National Institute of Health
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
SAMPLE ANSWER
As compared with other professions, nurses do numerous kinds of duty. They make observations and adjust treatments, patient habits, and medications. Nurses not only observe medical and scientific outcomes, but also human treatment results and emotional behavior that influence treatments. As a result, nursing research is developed to cover all these areas, which other forms of researches easily neglect.
Nursing research is developed on a rigorous scientific inquiry with a significant body of knowledge with the goal of advancing the field of nursing practice, creating positive health impact across the world, and shaping healthcare policy. Nursing practice is structured to meet the goals of optimizing population health and societal well-being (Potempa & Tilden, 2004). The research is coined on holistic study of individuals, their families, communities, and society in general. Unlike most studies, nursing practice encompasses a wide discipline including biobehavioral, translational scientifically approach, and interdisciplinary. A significant development in nursing research is the emphasis on evidence-based practices (Squires, Adachi & Estabrooks, 2008).
Nursing research has a wider scope than other researches. Most researches are developed for a specific outcome, however, any single nursing research is aimed at coming out with diverse outcome. Nursing researches revolves around clinical research, health outcomes research, health systems, and nursing education research. Clinical research is aimed at unearthing behavioral, biological, and other forms of investigations. They are undertaken in any setting where nursing practice takes place (Berlin, Wilsey & Bednash, 2005). Health systems and outcomes research are aimed at examining the quality, availability, and costs of health care services. In addition, the research is aimed at finding ways improving the effectiveness and appropriateness of all clinical practices. Nursing education practice is aimed at empowering young learner and equipping them with necessary skills needed in practice, scientific, and clinical development.
With new developments in nursing practice, such as evidenced based studies, researchers are obliged to collaborate with other parties. Nurses likewise are interested in solving diverse problems away from individual patient. They prefer observing clients in their traditional setting rather the hospital cases alone (Ploeg, Davies, Edwards, Gifford & Elliott, 2007). Usually, gaining access of clients in their natural setting presents numerous challenges. In independent research, nurses rely on diagnosis chain such as public health assistants, physicians, laboratories, and doctors to vital information. Nursing researches cannot be undertaken successfully without legal interventions, which consent and facilitate acquisition of information in their natural setting. Nurses rely on various researches to gather information basic information such as population statistics from statistical departments, geographical maps from the relevant departments, they rely on climatic and whether information to relate their health impact on the population. Additionally, nurses collaborate with educators to promote their values, and technological researches for their research instrumentation and validity (Ploeg, Davies, Edwards, Gifford & Elliott, 2007).
Nurses have a unique practices in clinical domain. The activities are diverse and span over specializations such as medical surgical, neurology, oncology, and mental health. Most of the activities undertaken by nurses are service driven (Schramp, Holtcamp, Phillips, Johnson, Hoff, 2010). There are two distinct nursing roles; CRN and RNC. CRN role is integration of specialized knowledge and skills to collaborate with patients for better outcome. RNC is focused on study management, continuity and care coordination. Some of the work conducted in clinical trials overlaps nursing research practices (Nagel, Gender, Bonner, 2010). In essences, nursing research is a holistic study approach with diverse perspectives.
Nagel, K., Gender, J., Bonner, A. (2010). Delineating the role of a cohort of clinical research nurses in a pediatric cooperative clinical trials group. Oncol Nurs Forum. 37(3):E180– 185
Ploeg, J., Davies, B., Edwards, N., Gifford, W. & Elliott M., (2007). Factors influencing best-practice guideline implementation: Lessons learned from administrators, nursing staff and project leaders. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. Vol 4(4):210-219.
Potempa, K.M., & Tilden, V. (2004). Building high-impact science: The dean as innovator. Nursing Education, 43, 502-505.
Squires J, Adachi A, Estabrooks C: (2008). Developing a Valid and Reliable Measure of Research Utilization Technical Report. Edmonton, AB: Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta.
Schramp LC., Holtcamp M., Phillips SA., Johnson, TP., Hoff J. (2010). Advanced practice nurses facilitating clinical translational research. Clin Med Res. 8(3–4):131–134.
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McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study
McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study
Order Instructions:
McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study
The case study, found on page 557 of your course text, deals with the process of corporate budgeting and the types of decisions that must be made. After reading the scenario:
• Briefly answer the six questions at the end (4 to 6 sentences each).
• Include all calculations you were asked to provide.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Question 1. The Expected Value of the company within one year
The economic growth probabilities without expansion are;
Low .30 $25,000,000 $27,000,000
Normal .50 30,000,000 37.000.000
High .20 48,000.000 57,000,000
The expected value without expansion is
(0.3 x 22) + (0.5 x 35) + (0.2 x 45) = 33.1
The expected value with expansion
(0.3 x 26) + (0.5 x 48) + (0.2 x 57), minus the cost of financing (43.2-9) = $34.2 million
With these scenarios, the company would be better off with the expansion since they would be making more than 1 million dollars (34.2-33.1) = $1.1m.
Question 2. Expected value of company debt within one year
Without expansion, the expected value of the company’s debt would be $28m since all of it would be financed by the equity funds. The value of the company’s debt with low economic growth would be bad since it would negatively affect the company value while seeking financing (Bruce, 2003). The expected value of the company debt within one year is very important since it determines their ability to get financing within the following year.
Question 3. Value expected from expansion
The expected value without expansion would be;
The expected value without expansion is (0.3 x 22) + (0.5 x 35) + (0.2 x 45) = 33.1
The expected value with expansion is (0.3 x 26) + (0.5 x 48) + (0.2 x 57), minus the cost of financing (43.2-9) = $34.2m.
Therefore, the overall value created with this expansion is $1.1m. In this scenario, the additional value will be for the stakeholders since the debt is expected to remain the same and the expected value of stakeholders would be $1.1m and zero for the bondholders.
Question 4. The impact of non-expansion on the price of bonds
The prices of bonds will not be affected by the non-expansion of the company since the prices of bonds and the value of the stakeholders will remain the same. However, in case where expansion happens, there will be more equity that will in turn affect the debt to equity ratio to change significantly. This change in equity to debt ratio will also have an impact on the rate of bonds and this value will also affect the return on bonds and the bond market (Wilmott, 2007).
Question 5. Implications of non-expansion on the borrowing needs
If the company fails to expand, there will be implications on the borrowing needs in that the equity will be the same and the company will fail to get financing due to lack of debt equity. The availability of greater equity, which the financiers are keen on, will be lacking and this will lower the borrowing capability of this company. On the other hand, the ability of the company to expand will put them in a position to have more equity that will make them get more financing (Ross et al, 2013). In addition, the expansion will also help their borrowing needs in the following year since they will always have financing through equity.
Question 6. How Equity financing would affect the company
The bond covenant will force the expansion to be financed by equity, which would be a different scenario if it is financed by cash. The benefit of financing the expansion by cash is that the company would not have to pay for the cost of changing equity to cash, making it less expensive (Bailey & Lopez, 2013). On the other hand, the bond expansion would be expensive when financed by equity since the company would have to undergo additional costs of changing equity to cash.
References
Bailey, D. & Lopez-de-Prado, M. (2013): “The Strategy Approval Decision: A Sharpe Ratio Indifference Curve approach”, Algorithmic Finance 2 (1): 99-109
Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health
Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health
Order Instructions:
Total 17 questions
60-80 words per question
Harvard style referencing
SAMPLE ANSWER
Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health
Functions of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA)
The board plays various roles in ensuring that nurses execute their roles well. One of the roles is to register nurses and midwifery practitioners as well as students. This registration allows the board to have a clear picture of the nursing professional to ensure that they deliver better services. The board as well has the responsibilities of developing codes, standards and guidelines for the nurses and midwifery professions. It also handles various complaints, notifications, and investigations and hears disciplinary cases (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, (NMBA), 2014). The board assesses oversees trained health practitioners that have an interest to working in Australia. Lastly, the board approves accreditation standards as well as courses of study.
Use of National Competency Standards for the Enrolled Nurse
These national competency standards are critical in helping to assess the performance of the registered nurses to establish whether they are competent enough to execute their responsibilities. These standards provide a framework to assess these nurses competence to determine whether they qualify to be retained or dismissal from their responsibilities. The standards as well assess nurses with education overseas that seek to work in Australia, assess them when they return to work after breaks in the service and whether the nurses comply with the professional codes of conduct (Nursing National Competency Standards 2013).
Professional codes and guidelines an Enrolled Nurse need to follow to ensure legal ethical practices adherence.
Nurses must adhere to professional codes and guidelines when executing their responsibilities. This aims to ensure that they provide quality care to their patients. Some of the professional codes include, respect and treatment of all the clients, trust, privacy and confidentiality, autonomy, duty of care and public liability among many others (Dekking, Van der Graaf & van Delden 2014). Nurses must ensure that they preserve the privacy of the patients. They as well must act with diligent to save the lives of the patients (Nursing National Competency Standards 2002). Nurses are also expected to respect their patients, colleagues and the family members as they execute their services to the patients.
Nurse theories of any three of the following nursing theorists
Various theorists have developed different nursing theories. For instance, Florence Nightingale developed Environmental theory; Virginia Henderson developed Need Theory while Dorothea Orem developed self-care theory.
The benefits of the shift from hospital training (the student nurse as an apprentice) to the tertiary sector Diploma for Enrolled Nurse and Bachelor Degree for Registered Nurses education
This shift is very beneficial because it has allowed the nurse practitioners to acquire in-depth knowledge and skills about the professional. Theories define how practical are carried out. Therefore, by requiring the enrolled nurse to purse diplomas and degree it gives them a very firm foundation about the nursing settings. Furthermore, this shift as well orients the nurse practitioners to different environments (Bogaert, Clarke, & Willems & Mondelaers 2013). They can learn socialization skills and other valuable skills in colleagues which they may not learn at the hospital setting. Furthermore, students at colleges and university as well participate in practical and are required to go for an attachment in a health facility where they gain more practical skills that help them to become experienced and competent when they are recruited.
4 contemporary work environments enrolled Nurse could work in
Enrolled nurses can work in various environments provided they have appropriate skills to execute their duties in those environments. One of the work environments is at the health facility. They can render their services in the health facility that provides various nursing services to patients (Cleary et al., 2012). They can as well work as administrators in a health facility. They help to formulate policies and make decisions pertaining to healthcare. The other setting is online where they provide advices and counseling services to the patients (Huddleston 2014). They can as well through online prescribe medication to the patients. This is facilitated by information technology such as internet and telephones. Another environment is to work with the community to provide preventive healthcare as well as curative care to the members of the community.
Description of models of delivering nursing care and likely setting for each
Task oriented (functional nursing) models of delivering nursing care
This model allows the nurse practitioners to handle the tasks they have specialized in. This ensures that appropriate nurses that have special knowledge attend to certain patients with specific needs (Cann & Gardner 2012). This model is applied in various departments in the hospital setting. For instance, nurses that deal with children are assigned in the pediatric department because they have the requisite skills to execute their responsibilities.
Team nursing
Team nursing model requires that nurses work as a team to address a problem. These are tasks that cannot be executed by a single nurse and therefore, participation is important to delivering successful nursing (Cann & Gardner 2012). Example where this model is applied in medical wards and surgery wards.
Client assignment
This model provides insights on how nurses are expected to deal with their clients at the health facilities. This model is applied in general health setting, as nurse must understand how to get along with various clients.
Primary nursing
Primary nursing model of delivering nursing is geared at preventing diseases to enhance better healthcare (Cann & Gardner 2012). Nurses using this model work with the community members to control health care. They as well work in school setting to help create awareness about various diseases to help the community members adopt measures to prevent their spread.
Attributes of critical thinking
Critical thinking involves many attributes. Critical thinkers evaluate various sources of information before making any conclusions (Nashville State Community College 2014). They assess arguments and statements and have a sense of curiosity. They examine beliefs, opinions, and assumptions and weigh them against facts (Bardach 2011). They are good listeners and make judgment after accessing to facts.
What are best practice guidelines?
Best practice guidelines are processes or techniques used as benchmarks to ensure that quality standard set are met. Best practices must have been tested and shown some sense of consistency in their outcomes to be relied upon and applied in other settings to help improve the quality standards (Gitau, Gburek & Jarrett 2005).
Some of the cultural and religious considerations for nursing practice
There are a number of cultural and religious considerations for nursing practices. Nursing must therefore understand these considerations to provide quality care to the patients. Some of the cultural considerations, includes, the cultural beliefs and norms of the community such as their attitude to treatment, their behaviors in line with accessibility to healthcare. Some cultures or communities embrace traditional forms of medication and it becomes difficult to convince them to go to hospitals (Stone, Stone-Romero & Lukaszewski, 2007). Religious considerations include the faith of the patient, their doctrine and their approach to health. Different religious affiliation should different views when it comes to health and healing processes. For instance, Christians provide support to the sick through prayers and visitation
Benefits of performance appraisal processes and practices
Performance appraisal processes and practices have various benefits. One of them is allows the supervisors and employee to share on various aspects that can be addressed o help foster productivity (Macmillan, Huddleston, Woolley & Fothergill 2003). They as well help to determine whether the goals set have been achieved. They also encourage better future performance. Appraisals, as well motivates employees as it allows recognition of those that have excelled in their duties (Gitau, Gburek & Jarrett 2005. It also provides insights on the need to training and development of employees to trigger high productivity (Maley & Kramar 2007).
Evidence based practice (EBP) in nursing
EBP is practice that focus on critical thinking as well as outcomes. Nurses are expected to use their academic knowledge and research information and incorporate it into the real world settings to gain insights and understanding of how to apply it in patient situations, nurses therefore need to look for quality improved data and expert opinions to meet the needs of their patients.
What the term ‘Reflective practice’ mean?
Reflective practice is where practitioners evaluate their decisions with facts before relying on it. They must understand the consequences of their decisions or actions when delivering health care to patients. This therefore, helps to enhance quality of healthcare as precautions are taken to avoid unexpected consequences or results.
What is quality improvement and accreditation in health
Quality improvement in health care is initiatives undertaken to ensure positive health outcomes. This process involves carrying out correction measures on all the systems to ensure that quality healthcare is provided. Some of the initiatives includes, providing enough equipment and good facilities in healthcare, training and recruiting of skilled and experienced health providers among many others (Goldfield Institute of Technology 2014). Accreditation in healthcare is getting certified by independent institutions as having met all the requirement to deliver quality healthcare. To be accredited, a health facility and practitioners must meet the minimum requirements.
What are some of the age and gender related issues for nursing practice?
Age and gender related issues for nurse practice includes, the required age for an individual to join nursing professional and the recommended retirement date. Gender issues have been experienced in various parts of the world. Most of the societies have been adamant to allow male join nursing profession as it is viewed as a women profession. This perceptions and stereotypes have as well affected the number of people that have joined the profession.
List of National Law Acts for each state/Territory under which nursing is practiced
In Australia there are six states managed by a premier. Every state has got its own constitutions and can make legislations and laws pertaining to health and nursing practices. The six states include South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia (Australia Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, (AHPRA) 2014). As well, ten territories in Australia have passed various legislations pertaining to nursing practice and health care with the aim of promoting and improving healthcare in general. These laws in most cases have similarities. They define the professional codes of conduct of nurses and other laws governing the practice of nursing in quest to promote quality healthcare (Queensland 2014).
Discuss educational and career opportunities for Enrolled/Division 2 nurses
Those nurses enrolled for division 2 nurses have an opportunity to pursue a diploma. They are trained on nursing practices that makes them eligible to assist registered nurses to execute their duties in healthcare. They can monitor a patient vital signs administer medications, dress wounds, admit and discharge patients and assist doctor in theater with various medical procedures. These division 2 nurses have an opening to further their career in nursing. They can advance in this field by pursuing higher education as they gain experience in the hospitals.
Bardach, E 2011, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bogaert, P, Clarke, S, Willems, R,&Mondelaers, M 2013, ‘Nursepractice environment, workload, burnout, job outcomes, and quality of care in psychiatric hospitals: a structural equation model approach’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 69 no. 7, pp. 1515-1524.
Cann, T, & Gardner, A 2012, ‘Change for the better: An innovative Model of Care delivering positive patient and workforce outcomes’, In Collegian, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 107-113.
Dekking, S, Van der Graaf, R, & van Delden, J 2014, ‘Strengths and weaknesses of guideline approaches to safeguard voluntary informed consent of patients within a dependent relationship’, BMC Medicine. Vol. 12 no. 1, pp. 1-31
Gitau, M, Gburek, W, & Jarrett, A 2005, ‘A tool for estimating best management practice effectiveness for phosphorus pollution control’, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation vol. 60, pp. 1-10.
Goldfield Institute of Technology, 2014. Diploma of nursing (Enrolled/Division 2 nursing). Retrieved from: http://www.goldfields.wa.edu.au/courses/nursing,- education-and-community-services/nursing-and-aged-care/diploma-of-nursing- %28enrolleddivision-2-nursing%29/
Macmillan, J, Huddleston, T, Woolley, M, & Fothergill, K 2003, ‘Best management practice development to minimize environmental impact from large flow-through trout farms’, Aquaculture. Vol. 226, pp. 91-99.
HYPERTENSION
In clinical settings, advanced practice nurses frequently use various strategies to treat and manage patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. These strategies often include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, natural remedies, and/or changes in patient behavior. For hypertension patients, behavioral changes including increased exercise, healthier diet, and smoking cessation have proven to be particularly beneficial. However, it is important to recognize that treatment and management plans centered around changes in behavior often require greater patient commitment. This creates the need for patient-provider collaboration, as well as appropriate patient education. When patients are actively involved in their own care and better understand implications of their disorders, they are more likely to adhere to treatment plans.
To prepare:
• Review Part 11 of the Buttaro et al. text and the National Heart Lung Blood Institute article in this week’s Learning Resources.
• Reflect on your Practicum Experiences and observations. Select a case from these experiences that involves a patient who presented with a hypertension problem. When referring to your patient, make sure to use a pseudonym or other false form of identification. This is to ensure the privacy and protection of the patient.
• Think about the patient’s history including drug treatments and behavioral factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, etc.
• Review the National Heart Lung Blood Institute article in the Learning Resources. Reflect on health promotion strategies for the patient. Consider ways to reinforce hypertension management.
Post on or before Day 3
1) A description of a patient who presented with a hypertension problem during your Practicum Experience.
2) Explain the patient’s history including drug treatments and behavioral factors.
3) Then, suggest two health promotion strategies for the patient.
4) Include suggestions for reinforcing hypertension management.
Readings/ Required Reference Resources
• Buttaro, T. M., Trybulski, J., Polgar Bailey, P., & Sandberg-Cook, J. (2013). Primary care: A collaborative practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
o Part 11, “Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders” (pp. 487–611)
This part explores diagnostics of cardiovascular disorders, including how to differentiate between normal and abnormal test results. It also examines how patient history and physical exams contribute to differential diagnoses for cardiovascular disorders.
• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/pphbp.pdf
this article reviews factors that impact the patient education of hypertension. Hypertension prevention and intervention methods are also explored.
Optional Resources
• American Heart Association. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/
• Drugs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from www.drugs.com
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.ismp.org/
• Million Hearts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/index.html
• WebMD. (2012). Medscape. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/
SAMPLE ANSWER
High Blood Pressure is a cardiovascular disorder that needs good treatment and management plan. This plan needs a patient-provider collaboration. It is important for the patient to have appropriate education and great commitment to the treatment and management plan. Different strategies can be used to give better results in the management of the condition to the comfort of the patient. Alongside the plan, patient’s behavioral changes can particularly yield good results in management of the condition. These include increased exercises, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking. Two approaches are recommended for the treatment and management of Hypertension. Pharmacologic therapy approach is much dependent on standards set by government agencies and professional associations like the American Heart Association while non-pharmacologic therapy deal with patient’s behavioral change (Buttaro &Trybulski, 2013).
Mr. Lewis’scase
During my Practicum one patient, Mr. Lewis aged 55 years (not his real name) came for observation after having breathing difficulties. Going through the patient’s file revealed that indeed he has had this condition for about two years. A closer observation gave further evidence to confirm my worries. Mr. Lewis was overweight as he had a BMI of 28/m2, BP at 150 mm Hg and a waist circumference of 130 cm, way above the recommended (NHLBI, 2002).
He has been experiencing unusual fatigue for the last two years. Overweight people experience breathlessness when performing a task, yet unknown to them it might be a symptom of hypertension. Other symptoms of hypertension include chest pain, blood in urine, severe headache, vision problem, irregular heartbeat and pounding in the chest (Medscape 2014).
Mr. Lewis was a smoker, had poor eating habits and exercised less. Perhaps he could not remember the last time he was in a gym. Mr. Lewis has not been on any serious medication.
This condition meant that I had to put him on immediate treatment and management of his condition. At an early stage, BP can be managed by lifestyle modifications and low combination of thiazide diuretic and an ACE inhibitor as recommended by American Heart Association and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention algorithm (Medscape, 2014). He responded well and within a week I reviewed his condition with remarkable results. His condition was stage 1 hypertension that needed more of lifestyle modification than drugs treatment. Fatigue levels reduced drastically and the congestion in his chest was notably down.
Two health promotion strategies for the patient (Mr. Lewis)
Mr. Lewis can do better by exercising regularly and eating healthier. Losing weight helps prevent hypertension. He needs to eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, free or law fat milk products and adequate intake of minerals like potassium, calcium, and magnesium. He needs to reduce sodium chloride intake in his diet too (Medscape, 2014).Smoking affects the quality of oxygen that one gets in the bloodstream. Mr. Lewis should stop smoking and go for aerobics to help burn the fats in his body.
High Blood Pressure Management
Hypertension needs to be managed as it is a serious health challenge. It increases the risk for diabetes and is very fatal in pregnancy. It can lead to a higher risk of stroke, renal disease and poor vision.. Treatment is best recommended for younger patients as a management plan with maxima doses depending on disease’s status and progression. At an early stage, change in lifestyle is the best way to manage high blood pressure (Medscape, 2014).
References
Buttaro, T M., Trybulski, J., Polgar BP., & Sandberg, CJ. (2013). Primary care: A collaborative practice (4th Ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Part II, “Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders” pp 486- 611)
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and publichealth advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/pphbp.pdf on 13th Dec. 2014.
Meena, SM., Kamran R., & David GH. (2014). Treatment and Management of Hypertension. Medscape medical journal. Edited by David JM. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/ on 13th Dec. 2014.
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• The PrOACT model has provided us a systematic approach to:
o Address the right decision problem (Pr).
o Clarify the objectives (O) – considering needs of key stakeholders .
o Develop a range of creative alternatives (A) – both creative and routine
o Understand the consequences of each alternative.(C)
o Make appropriate trade-offs among conflicting objectives (T) as we:
Create unweighted / weighted decision matrices or use even swap as decision aids
Deal sensibly with uncertainty.
Take account of your risk-taking attitude/preferences
Plan ahead for future linked decisions
o FYI: As many of you noted in LA 7-2, luck favors the prepared mind.
o I’ve truly enjoyed our learning experience together!
• Final Project – It’s Also Found in Syllabus
• Joan Salmon is the 35 year old daughter of Garret Salmon the owner of a medium sized party invitation company, “Invitations Inc.” Joan has recently received a degree from UMUC in Business Management and is anxious to take over her father’s company. She is a single mother, very attractive but a little retiring in her manner. She and her father have been planning her take over for several years ever since her ex-husband left the business after their divorce, an event that did not go unnoticed within the company. Joan has always worked in some capacity within the company but never in a serious leadership role. She is simply known as the “boss’s daughter”. Joan and her father have agreed that she will take over as CEO in the next two months. No one knows of this decision.
Having taken BMGT 317 Joan realizes that she has a lot of important decisions to make if she is going to make this transition work. The first thing she has to do is take stock of the company. This is what she sees. The company has netted 1.5 million in sales for the last two years with no growth rate. Costs have, however, increased by 3 percent. The company produces and sells a variety of invitation styles and price points but her most popular items seem to be either the “budget” invitations or the “high end” expensive paper products. Her sales people have traditionally only sold to card stores or stationers. The company has never sought to sell directly to the customer. Joan would like to explore the online market for future growth potential. In addition to new markets, Joan would like to revamp the company image and marketing plans. The business side seems solid right now but her father has never really changed things since he started the business forty years ago. The business needs growth products.
Her father, Joan thought, is another matter. What is his role going to be? He jokingly says that he wants to go into “semi retirement” but never really says what that means. In fact, Joan is not really sure that he wants to retire. When she asks him what role he wants his reply is “I have just one request, don’t make me a figurehead. I would rather retire completely. You choose the job or have me retire either way I will do what you want. It is your show now sweetheart. ” Garret Salmon is an extrovert through and through. He always wants to be near the action and thrives on running the company. Joan is not sure what would be best for him and her emotions are torn as she wants him to be happy but at the same time does not want him to usurp her authority. His open personality and hands on style has made the business what it is now, but is it what will make the business grow? Joan knows her Dad has been successful, but her role as the “I’ll do any job girl” has made her privy to company gossip and it has made her wonder. New middle management staff of which there are three, say he is nice but too controlling while others such as the Vice President and CFO, men who have been with him for 25 years, just go with “his” flow. They do not question anything he says. Joan wonders, “Can this work for the future? What should I do with my father?”
Final Project
This project is worth 30% of your final grade. This project allows student to demonstrate what they have learned in the course by applying the PrOACT model to a business decision as well as evaluate the interaction with stakeholders and the management of risk, and the role of change in decision making. Students should review all learning activities and assignments to ensure an understanding of key concepts.
Students will be provided with a business case study.
Required Elements to include in the Final Project:
You are to apply the PrOACT method to Joan’s dilemma.
You must explain each step in the process and how you arrived at your conclusions.
Make sure to reference the reading material covered in the course.
You must include in your analysis the application of the five step process and a weighted and unweighted decision matrix.
Make sure your five steps include an in- depth discussion of all the elements. Be sure to include a risk analysis, psychological traps, shareholders, consequences, and change. I urge you to think outside the box with your alternatives.
Review the application of the PrOACT method in the beginning of chapter one. You want to make sure you are exploring all the alternatives. Creativity is really a great tool in this exercise.
Required Formatting of Final Project:
This report should be double spaced, in narrative format, 12-point font, and 7-8 pages in length excluding the title page and reference page;
Title page with your name, the course name, the date, and instructor’s name;
Include a reference page;
Use headings to separate the different sections;
This paper is to be written in the third person. There should be no words in the paper such as “I. we, you or your;”
Use APA formatting for in-text citations and reference page. You are expected to paraphrase and not use quotes. Deductions will be taken when quotes are used and found to be unnecessary;
Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder.
Due Date
Dec 14, 2014 11:59 PM
Hide Rubrics
Rubric Name: Written Assignment (30%)
Criteria Outstanding Superior Good Substandard Failure
Subject Matter Knowledge: Decision Alternatives, Consequences, Stakeholders, Trade offs, Change Management 10.5 points
Demonstrated complete understanding of problems – their symptoms, causes, and definition 8.93 points
Demonstrated complete understanding of all but one of the knowledge requirements associated with this assignment. Knowledge of one element was not demonstrated or was only partially demonstrated. 7.88 points
Demonstrated complete understanding of all but two knowledge requirements associated with this assignment. Knowledge of two elements was not demonstrated or was only partially demonstrated. 6.83 points
Demonstrations of knowledge requirements associated with this assignment appeared to be superficial. 5.78 points
Did not demonstrate knowledge of any of the knowledge requirements associated with this assignment.
Demonstrated clear evidence of critical thinking skills. Provided sound rationale in identifying symptoms and potential root causes. Problem definition based on strong foundation of facts or reasonable assumptions. 8.93 points
Usually demonstrated clear evidence of critical thinking skills. One or two areas showed a deficit in analyzing the situation or coming to conclusions based on facts or reasonable assumptions. 7.88 points
Occasionally demonstrated clear evidence of critical thinking skills. Three or more areas showed a deficit in analyzing the situation or coming to conclusions based on facts or reasonable assumptions. 6.83 points
Rarely demonstrated clear evidence of critical thinking skills. More than three areas showed a deficit in analyzing the situation or coming to conclusions based on facts or reasonable assumptions. 5.78 points
Did not demonstrate clear evidence of critical thinking skills.
Responsiveness to Assignment Requirements 4.5 points
Demonstrated full understanding of requirements. Responded to each aspect of assignment. 3.83 points
Demonstrated understanding of requirements. Missed one minor aspect of assignment. 3.38 points
Demonstrated some understanding of requirements. Missed a key element or two minor aspects of assignment. 2.93 points
Failed to show a firm understanding of requirements. Missed two key elements or several minor aspects of assignment. 2.48 points
Did not demonstrate understanding of assignment requirements.
Writing Skills 4.5 points
Paper was well-organized and clear. Error-free grammar and spelling. Citations followed correct APA formatting. 3.83 points
Paper was for the most part well-organized and clear. Grammar and spelling were mostly correct. APA formatting of citations was correct or mostly correct. 3.38 points
Paper was difficult to follow, or grammar, spelling, or APA formatting was often incorrect. 2.93 points
Paper was difficult to follow and grammar, spelling, and APA formatting were often incorrect. 2.48 points
Paper was not well-organized and clear. There were numerous errors in grammar and spelling. APA formatting of citations was incorrect or missing.
Overall Score Outstanding
18 or more Superior
16 or more Good
14 or more Substandard
12 or more Level 1
0 or more
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
The PrOACT method is a decision making model that assists decision makers to make better decisions and PrOACT is an acronym for Problem definition, Objectives, Alternatives, Consequences and Tradeoffs. Defining the problem involve identifying the decision the decision maker is trying to make. For instance if a company is faced with increased demand, the problem could be whether to install additional capacity or outsource some of the functions. Framing the decision problem is the most important single step. A decision problem framed well will a drive the entire process of decision making (Akridge & Foltz, 2005). A good decision problem assists in determining alternative courses of action in solving the problem. The next step in the model involves specifying the objectives of the decision being made. For instance what is the objective of installing additional capacity or outsourcing some of the functions? What the decision maker intends to accomplish has an impact on the decision to be made (Akridge & Foltz, 2005).
The next step involves creating alternative courses of action. This step is not difficult if the first two steps have been made properly that is defining the problem and outlining the objectives to be achieved by the decision to be made. Identifying a set of possible alternatives that offer possible solutions to the problem is what is required in this step. The alternatives selected should be the ones that will enable the decision made to achieve the objectives of the decision problem (Akridge & Foltz, 2005). The next step in the PrOACT decision making model is to understand the consequences of every alternative identified. The decision maker at this step maps the alternatives selected with the objectives of the decision problem. This step in some cases makes use of a decision matrix to identify the best alternative that best achieves the objectives of the decision problem (Akridge & Foltz, 2005). The last step in the PrOACT decision making model is grappling with trade-offs. Many complex decisions in business involves making trade-offs. This step involves identifying what will be given up by choosing one alternative relative to what will be given up by choosing another alternative a decision is being made. These steps of the PrOACT model briefly define what Joan Salmon should do to arrive at a smart decision on the way forward for Invitations Inc. (Akridge & Foltz, 2005).
The application of the PrOACT method to Joan’s dilemma
In applying the PrOACT model, it is critical to design the decision problem. An analysis of the company shows that it made sales of $1.5 million over the last two years with no growth rate and costs have increased by 3 percent in the period. The company’s business model has never undergone any major shift since the company was started over forty years ago. There is therefore a lot of resistance to change. The organizational structure is hierarchical with the CEO practicing an authoritarian leadership style (Akridge & Foltz, 2005). This can be attested to the fact that the middle level managers feel that Mr. Garret Salmon, the CEO, is too controlling whereas the CFO and Vice President just go with the flow. Decisions are made from the top and cascaded downwards for implementation. Jane is also seeing opportunities that the company can exploit to grow the company but which either no one is seeing or they are too scared to mention. These opportunities include developing new products to grow the product line, selling to customers directly etc. Jane’s decision problem is therefore what is the best strategy to grow sales which have flattened, manage costs which are growing and increase employee productivity to get competitive advantage? (Ram, Montibeller & Morton, 2011)
The objectives of the decision problem are that Jane would like to increase the company’s market share and increase sales revenues. The fact that the company made $1.5 million over the two year period with no growth is one of her major concerns. She would like to identify the best organizational structure, grow sales, and manage costs, increase employee morale and productivity as some of the objectives of the decision problem. She wants also to improve customer satisfaction by increasing engagement with the end users of the company’s products. The other objective is that she wants the company to be adaptable to the changing environment. The last objective is that she wants to design an organizational structure that improves the productivity of all employees and especially assigns an appropriate role for his father that fits his skills and competences. Other objectives includes coming up with an ideal organizational structure that will accommodate Jane’s father (Tompkins & Rhodes, 2012).
The next step in the PrOACT decision model is developing a range of creative alternatives to solve the decision problem facing Jane Salmon. The first alternative is vertical integration. This strategy will enable the company to produce its raw materials and be engaged in transportation, marketing and retailing. The next strategic option is divestiture. The other strategic option is divestiture. In this strategic option, Jane will need to carry out a value chain analysis to identify which activities or divisions in the company to divest from to cut costs. The other strategic option that Jane could choose is market development (Woiceshyn, 2011). Market development is the expansion of the total market for products. The strategy could involve developing new products for the existing market, increasing sales of existing products to new customers or developing new products for new markets. The next alternative is adopting market strategic option. Market penetration is a strategy that identifies ways to eliminate internal barriers to sales and increases promotional efforts to sell more to current or new customers (Ram, Montibeller & Morton, 2011). The next alternative solution to the decision problem is restructuring the company. This strategy will involve modifying the structure and operations of the company to eliminate significant problems in the company that are preventing it from optimizing sales and minimizing costs. The last alternative solution to the decision problem is retrenchment. This is a strategy aimed at reducing the overall size of the company. This strategy is aimed at cutting expenses to enhance the financial stability of the company (Ram, Montibeller & Morton, 2011).
The next step in the PrOACT decision making model is that Jane needs to understand the consequences of each alternative strategic options. The first alternative solution to the decision problem is vertical integration. The first consequence of this strategic option is that it could be very costly to implement. The company will require funds to make its raw materials and it will also require substantial amounts of money to set up card stores and stationeries in the location it chooses to locate them (Oliveira, 2010). The firm will also incur costs in hiring and training additional employees to undertake the new activities. The next alternative is divestiture. This strategy will require that a consultant firm that is competent in divestiture strategy is hired. The strategy may involve laying-off some staff which would cost the company in terms of severance pay to those affected. The strategy could also lead to poor morale among the survivors. The strategy could also lead to a lot of resistance to change especially when it will be substantial. This will be costly as well. The next strategic option alternative is market development (Ram, Montibeller & Morton, 2011). This strategic option is also expensive especially when it involves developing new products or moving into new markets. These activities will require an increase in promotional activities and investment in new infrastructure such as new delivery vans, new sales staff etc. The next strategic option is market penetration which involves identifying and eliminating barriers to sales and increasing promotional activities to increase sales. This strategy is also expensive since requires that the company increases its expenses in promotional activities (Ram, Montibeller & Morton, 2011; Malakooti, 2012).
The next strategic option is restructuring. This strategy is less expensive than the ones previously discussed. However, if it requires that Jane outsources the function to a consultant then it will be costly to undertake. The other consequence is that it is likely to be resisted by staff since the company has never implemented any change since inception. Any proposal to introduce a new way of doing things will most likely meet strong resistance. This strategy might involve laying-off staff which might be costly and lead to low morale to the surviving staff. The last strategic option alternative is retrenchment (Ram, Montibeller & Morton, 2011). Retrenchment is costly especially when it involves reducing the number of employees to cut the size of the payroll. In this case the staffs who survive the retrenchment are normally demoralized as they become uncertain about the level of job security in the company. It will also be quite expensive to retrench staff since it involves paying them their retirement benefits and a generous severance package (Baer & Liabotis, 2009).
The next stage in the PrOACT decision making model is for Jane to make appropriate trade-offs among objectives. The best way to do this is by using a decision matrix. The alternatives are ranked as from 1 to 5 ; 1 being the most ineffective, 2 as being ineffective, 3 as being unsure, 4 being effective to achieve the objective and 5 being the most effective to achieve the objective. The matrix is as follows. The matrix uses the flowing acronyms; Vertical Integration –VI, Diversification-D, Market Development-MD, Market penetration-MP, Restructuring-Res and Retrenchment-Ret
Objectives
VI
D
MD
MP
RES
RET
Increase market share
1
1
5
5
3
1
Achieve sales growth
1
1
5
5
3
1
Cut costs
3
5
1
1
5
5
Increase motivation levels
4
1
5
4
2
1
Improve customer satisfaction
1
1
5
5
2
1
An ideal organizational structure
1
1
1
1
5
1
The main trade-off areas is to achieve sales growth and market share versus coming up with an ideal organization structure that will ensure the father is gainfully engaged. The other trade- off is cutting costs versus increasing market shares and achieving high sales growth.
The most ideal alternative is market development (MP) which will assist the company to achieve most objectives identified. The next step involves identifying uncertainties and coming up with mitigating strategies. The risks that are involved in market development strategy include market risk, operational risk and financial risk. Market risk relates to the inability to get an adequate market to enable the company meet its sales growth projections (Malakooti, 2012). Operational risk relates to the inability or lack of capacity by the company internal operational set up to service a large market. Financial risk relates to the inability by the company to obtain adequate funds to finance the new strategy activities. Jane needs to prepare a budget to implement the activities involved in market development strategy. It is important for Jane then to identify decisions that will be linked to the market development strategy decisions. A decision to enter new markets will require new capital expenditure decisions. It is important for Jane to identify uncertainties involved in the decisions he will make and if possible try to forecast future linked decisions (Malakooti, 2012).
References
Akridge, J., & Foltz, J. (2005, Oct). Making better decisions. Feed & Grain, 44, 29-30,32-34.
Oliveira, F. S. (2010). Bottom-up design of strategic options as finite automata. Computational Management Science, 7(4), 355-375. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10287-008-0084-1
Ram, C., Montibeller, G., & Morton, A. (2011). Extending the use of scenario planning and MCDA for the evaluation of strategic options. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 62(5), 817-829. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.2010.90
Tompkins, T. C., & Rhodes, K. (2012). Groupthink and the ladder of inference: Increasing effective decision making. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 8(2), 84-90. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1318922285?accountid=45049
Woiceshyn, J. (2011). A model for ethical decision making in business: Reasoning, intuition, and rational moral principles. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(3), 311-323. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0910-1
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Is consumerism a valid way of forming group identities and relationships
Is consumerism a valid way of forming group identities and relationships
Order Instructions:
Essay Topic:
Miles argues that ‘Consumer goods and services potentially play an important role in who we are and how we construct our social lives’ (Miles 1998: 3) and that we relate to other people through goods and services we consume. Is consumerism a valid way of forming group identities and relationships?
Discuss with reference to fashion, giving specific examples.
Points to note and include:
1. Historically, people dress to reflect social status. Talk about the renaissance period or 18th century Marie Antoinette. (Example 1 – Minor point 1. Write about this as background).
2. Football fans wearing jerseys to show support to their favourite clubs. (Example 2 – Minor point 2. Write about this as brief background)
3. Subcultures. Mention bricolage. Talk about historic examples such as Skinheads/Teddy Boys. And then modern examples such as Transgender. (Example 3 – Major point 1. Deserves 1 to 2 paragraphs dedicated to it. Major elaboration.)
4. In today’s celebrity obsessed culture, purchasing of celebrity designer brands such as Victoria Beckham, or The Row (designed by the Olsen twins), to feel a more personal connection and relationship to the stars. (Example 4 – Major point 2. Deserves 1 to 2 paragraphs dedicated to it. Major elaboration.)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Is consumerism a valid way of forming group identities and relationships
Consumerism or rather the way people or consumer consumes their products and services changes over time. People as well have different choices and preferences of the products they consume. Some of these preferences aim at identifying with some figures in the society such as celebrities and famous individuals. Certain category of products is designed to suit people of certain social status or from a certain geographical location. Miles asserted that ‘Consumer goods and services potentially play an important role in who we are and how we construct our social lives’ (1998: 3). This therefore means that the products and services that people consume shape the way they perceive the society. Fashion is one of the areas that have shaped the way people consume their products. From time in memorial various fashions designs have emerged. Consumers have adopted these designs on various instances to be part of the bandwagon of the wave of transformation. This discussion, therefore, provides an argument whether in deed consumerism is a valid way of forming group identities and relationships focusing on fashion industry. The paper provides various examples on how fashion has contributed in the formation of these group identities and relationships.
Historically, people dress to reflect their social status. Those in the leadership positions dress in manners that befit their status in the society. Society as well expected that these persons dressed decently by virtue of the position they hold. Those that deviated from these expectations were viewed in a different way as rather contravening the values and norms of the society. In some instances, it attracted a public outcry (Illouz 2009). For instance, in the renaissance period and period around 18th century dressing code was very critical for those people that had some influence in the society. The members of the public expected the leaders to dress in a certain manner. One of the famous fashionist in the 18th century was Marie Antoinette a wife to a French King. Her dressing attracted the attention of the members of the public. She wore gowns and hats designed by Marie-Jeanne Rose Bertin. In most of her letters, she says that she used fashion to give her credit and appearance. She wanted to earn reputation and credibility from the members of the society. As a woman, she expressed her power through her dress code. Therefore, because of her status in society. She had an opportunity to influence other women in the government. Unlike other previous queens, she paid more attention to fashion by moving away from the usual fashion of the traditional court dress codes. Therefore, through this, she lead fashion industry by creating new styles and dominated the fashion industry to gain attention and to earn some prestige in the eyes of the other court members.
This is therefore a typical example of how fashion helped to create identity and as well establish relationships. She adapted to this style of dressing with an intention of appearing different. She wanted to break away from a bandwagon in the dressing codes of the court queens. This therefore enabled her to earn credit and form an identity. Fashion as well helps in creating of relationships in the society. This fashion created a brand that people or other women adopted to match the status of the Marie. Most of people that adopted this dressing fashion included those of her social status in various positions in the government. The fashion was expensive and beyond reach of many women of low social status.
Another example on how consumerism is a valid way of forming group identities and relationship in experienced amongst football fans wearing jerseys of their teams to show their support of favourite clubs. This has been a trend from historical periods. Football fans wear jerseys of their teams during matches as well as in off the stadium as a way of identifying with the teams they support (Matthews 2013). It s not difficult to tell the team the fans support but to just look at the jerseys they wear. Football teams especially those that are at the top of the leagues mint a lot of money by selling these jerseys to fans. For instance, most of the famous teams with professional players such as Manchester and Arsenal have a wider fan base that will always dress in the team’s jersey during their match to support them. “Neuroeconomics and behavioural economics have shown that shopping produces emotional reactions, rather than rational decisions and that human are liable to manipulation” (Shermer 2008). This statement hold truth in circumstances where the consumers of fashions are obsessed with the celebrity euphoria making them not to consider the fashion itself (Van tuinen 2011). The emotions associated with certain celebrities may therefore lead to consumers making unprecedented decisions pertaining to their consumption behaviors, a scenario evidenced among football fans
Consumerism is also used to form relationships and to exemplify identities among subcultures. People will dress in a certain style that demonstrates the values and beliefs they hold. Subcultures contributed to the emergence of new designed that were developed from combination of styles meant for other purposes to suit their styles. This is a concept popularly known as bricolge styles. The major aim of this style is to create new products by erasing the original straight meaning. Examples of such fashions is the consumerism is a valid way of forming group identities and relationships focusing on fashion industry joining candy wrappers to produce a purse. These kinds of fashions modify the existing styles to make them suitable for the purpose of the specific category of group. Example of the groups that used bricolage fashion were the Teddy boys and skinheads (Teddy Boys 2014). Teddy boys were a group of young teenagers in 1940s and 1950s that were a member of cult wore fashion were inspired by Edwardian era (1901-1910) (Teddy Boys 2014). They had money and therefore they had power to purchase or consume the cloths or fashions styles they wished. They adjusted the dressings codes the former trousers and shirts had drapes and drainpipe (Teddy Boys 2014). This was customized as drapes had collars, cuff and pocket trimmings. The trousers were customized and became narrow, they wore crepe soled shoes and beetle crushers. The hairstyles were greased into a quiff and it was shaped into a DA, also called ducks arse. This style was the first to be self-created in history.
With increasing number of changes in the society, the consumption behaviors have as well continued to evolve and change. The society has continued to change and people as well have continued to agitate for their rights (Michael 2008). Transgender category of people/subculture has as well contributed in the revolution of fashion and dressing codes. Designers are coming up with clothes that suit transgender. They achieve this by incorporating various materials and designers. These clothes are as well identified by the transgender subcultures. The increased agitation of this category of people in the society has necessitated these amendments in the fashion industry.
In the contemporary world today, fashion has become very important and designers are doing the best they can to come up with designs that meets the expectations of the people. Most of the designs that celebrities wear attract a huge followers who want to be associated with such individuals in society (Morris 2005). This has as well contributed to the increase in competition in the fashions trends. New fashions or styles of dressing are cropping up every day as celebrities competes for the best designs. Followers of those that like these celebrities are also not being left behind in these quests. They are doing their best to ensure that they keep to the standards of the celebrities. The culture today people are obsessed, and often will purchase celebrity designers brands of such propel like Victoria Beckham to feel personal connection and relationship to these stars. Evolutionary theories contend that, “Consumers are subject to a host of cognitive biases which…appear to render them vulnerable to manipulation’ ((Van tuinen 2011). This biasness makes the consumers to associate or purchase certain kinds of products and not the others. They can easily be manipulated to associate with certain kinds of fashion.
A star and a celebrity such as Victoria Becham has a fashion label that has grown and which has attracted many people or consumers. The star is famous and consumers want to create a connection and touch with what she wears and what she does. For instance, the fans of this celebrity will always want other people to identify by their like of the style, the kind of cloths and other fashion products they have (Michael 2008). The recent fashion label has launched deals with various dresses, and other luxury products such as handbags. These diffusion ranges of products offered through her outlines are highly consumed by the consumers. Victoria is as well one of the most talked designers in the social media such as twitter especially during New York Fashion fashion week. This signifies her place in the fashion industry. The consumer base of her fashion trends is growing every other day as people see her as a model and a success story. The human mind is wired to associate with what others feel is right. The bandwagon effect is experienced among many fashion lovers. They will go for anything that is associated with celebrities and which they perceive is new and stylish. Addictive critique contends that, “Noting the importance of fashion to the phenomenon of consumerism connects with the third of the more common criticisms of consumer behavior, which is that it is an addiction” (Campell 2010). Fashion is addictive and people or consumers may find themselves purchasing new products because fashion continues to change. This therefore explains why many consumers that engages in purchasing behaviors on every fashion that comes out.
Fashion designers as well must consider various aspects when designing these fashions to their customers. This means that some of the consumers will go for specific attributes in a fashion and therefore being able to concentrates on such areas will increase their consumption. One is to consider how the product or service image is to be represented. The designers should ensure that they factor in the cultural aspects of the people or target consumers. Therefore, focusing on local theories and beliefs will help the fashion to sell more quickly. Behaviors of the consumers are built on constructed through the social groups in respect to various aspects of fashion and preferences and life and transformation of these into norms and beliefs. Therefore, products can become marketable image through the way people identify with their own image, representation and symbols. Most of the jersey won by fans is designed to match the interests and preferences of the fans. The fans have their favourite players and that is why most of them are printed with the names of the players on them. This therefore, gives the consumers a freedom to buy the jersey with the player they like. This personalization of fashion makes the fans identify at a much closer distance with their favourite team players not just the team they support.
Consumerism behaviors highly depend on the media depiction and portrayal of the products and services. Media has become an essential channel to influence the behaviors of people towards fashion (Morris 2005). Media such as television and nowadays-social media play keyhole in influencing adoption of certain fashions. Media and movies contribute greatly to reshaping, re-patterning lives, meanings, and needs of the consumers. It therefore contributes to the formation of group identities and relationships by helping to distribute information to the consumers. Most consumers’ view or access information through media and it as well shapes the way they consume fashion. The media platform is therefore very crucial in helping showcase latest fashion trends in the society (Morris 2005). Celebrities as well attain their celebrity through frequent media appearances that makes them reach a wider market. Media agenda setting theory helps to understand the importance of media in its role in influencing the decision making process of the consumers. People act and react to information they view or see through these media platforms. Social media such as facebook have become popular media for people to showcase their fashions. These media are popular in all parts of the world and it has become easier for fashion to be showcased and to spread across the globe. Many of the celebrities across the world for instance, have managed to influence consumers fashion trends courtesy of media. “Media play a more important role in our lives than before television became dominant; commercial messages are more pervasive and more penetrating. Brands are now marketed as representations of lifestyles or ‘meaning’” (Klein 2005). This therefore, qualifies the agenda setting theory and portrays the impact that media can have in determining or influencing the way people purchase fashion. Media portrayal of certain kind of fashions or dresses triggers consumers to purchase the same to be part of the brand. They also want to be identified with the celebrities that champion those brands.
In consumerism, it is also very important for the designers of various fashion trends to customize or fragment their markets for specific category of consumer. People from a certain part of the country or those within a certain age bracket or those within a given income range, social status require consideration when designing a fashion. The preferences of individuals also vary and this will as well play a critical role in creating identities and relationships. For instance, designs for people from the entertainment industry may not be similar to those in corporate sector/industry. There must be a clear understanding and lines in designing fashions. Customization will therefore ensure that the needs and the wants of that particular group of the consumer’s targets are met (Caput 1991). For instance, most of the consumers that will go for the products of celebrities such as Victoria must have high level of income to buy these products and as well must understand who Victoria is and her values. They as well may be motivated by her dressing and fashions because they want to be like her.
Fashion is also one way that consumers choose to show solidarity and support to those celebrities or things they admire and like. In most of the fashion, designs involving celebrities many people go buying such fashions because they love them and wants to show their support for them. For example, in football and other popular games, fans will actually show their support to their clubs and favourite footballers by wearing their jerseys even though they identify with the teams, they also want to show that they are with the teams through thick and thin. They give their teams’ moral to keep going and doing what they can to win.
Any fashion designers are also expected to showcase the benefit of their products. Making a product look attractive and appealing starts by defining the value of the product in the mind of the customer. The mindset of the customers should be captured in the design of the products before it is designed (Cheveresan 2013). Having clear mindset and positioning it becomes easy to design mechanisms that allows production of appropriate products that offers the values distinct , and desirable as well offers a meaningful representation over the other on the market (Ding 2014). Fashion designers therefore must understand the thinking or the mindset of the customers when creating their designs to suit specific tastes of their consumers. For instance, a fashion designer, that creates or designs clothes and other products for celebrity for instance, needs to put in mind the target consumers of the celebrity. This will help the designer to come up with an appropriate design that will as well enable the consumers to purchase the same because they will have some connections and relationship or attachment to that celebrity.
In fashion industry, consumers as well have the reasons they consume certain kinds of products and not the others. Some of the consumers will not be moved or motivated to purchase certain fashion products because they do not mind the trends. While others are very much attentive to any new fashion trends and will not hesitate to scan a round for any new trends in fashion (Edvardsson, Enquist & Johnston 2005). The core benefits of the products in fashion are not more on quality but it is a trend and a lifestyle people embrace. Consumers of fashion, may not be mindful of the cost of the dress provided that they are part of the group that share the fashion.
Extensive research studies have been done in the area of consumerism and consumer behaviors, the experiences and purchasing patterns. Various questions that pertains to purchasing is what makes people to purchase the products, the basis on which people make their purchases- whether they base on the core benefits or on intangible representation (Henry 2005). Gaining an understanding to these allows the producers or fashion designers to have a clear understanding of the best strategies to position their products. For instance, those that purchase these fashion products based on core benefits may go for the quality, the design and not the popularity of the cloths. However, those that are pushed by the euphoria surrounding the fashions such as the celebrity will make a purchasing decision without having to consider the core benefits of the products.
Therefore, in the contemporary world today competition has increased and it is s very important for the fashion designers to embrace strategies that delve on creativity and innovation to remain relevant and to meet the needs of their customers. The behaviors depicted by people or consumers should be closely monitored and scrutinized as this will give the designers and upper hand in their decision (Illouz 2009).
The fashion industry has experienced development over the years. New designs have changed over the years. For instance, in the 18th century dressing was more important and was caused to signify social status. People in leadership positions were expected to wear certain dressings. Example of people that shaped fashion industry included Marie. Football funs as well provide a good example of how fashion is used to demonstrate identity and relationships. Most football fans wear jerseys of their fauvorite team to identify with them and to show their support and solidarity behind them. The Teddy boys as well have contributed to the fashion trends in 1940s and 1950s. The dressing was distinct and was customized for their identity to that cult. In contemporary days, fashion has changed. Most of the celebrities have shaped the fashion industry. Their dressing styles go viral and are replicated across many of their fans who seek for personal association and for identity. Therefore, it is no doubt that fashion or consumerism helps in forming group identities and relationships.
Caput, J 1991, ‘Charting the Flow: The Construction of Meaning through Juxtaposition in Media Texts, Journal of Communication Inquiry, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 32-47.
Edvardsson, B, Enquist, B, & Johnston R 2005, ‘Cocreating Customer Value Through Hyperreality in the Prepurchase Service Experience, Journal of Service Research, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 149-161.
Assignment #3: Delegation
Instructions:
Review APTA guidelines for supervision of support personnel at: http://www.apta.org/Practice&Patient Care/PracticeAdministration/Supervision&Teamwork. Review state requirements for supervision of support personnel for the state you intend to seek licensure. Links to each state’s practice act are available at: https://www.fsbpt.org/LicensingAuthorities/index.asp
Analyze the two supervision scenarios provided in the course syllabus. What did the PT (and/or PTA) do wrong? What should s/he have done? You MUST cite your state PT practice act and APTA guidelines in your analyses. Submit both analyses as one document.
For your record attaching copy of scenarios, practice act of state of Connecticut(CT) for your reference.
All assignments are to be word processed; 12 point font and double spaced are preferred. Do not use color, pictures, etc. in your documents. Use only black text. Number the pages and make sure your name is on every page.
PT referral for scenario 1 is right after surgery when pt was discharge from hospital
SAMPLE ANSWER
Delegation
Supervision Scenario 1
In the first supervision scenario, the physical therapist (PT) delegated the task of stretching the patient and putting ice on the patient’s shoulder to the athletic trainer (ATC)/the clinic manager. The athletic trainer did exactly what he was asked by the PT to do: stretch the shoulder of the patient and then ice it. However, this caused the patient pain since what the ATC did brought about re-injury to the repaired site. However, a second surgical operation repaired the rotator cuff. What the physical therapist did wrong was to delegate the supervision to an athletic trainer rather than a physical therapist assistant (PTA). As per the Connecticut General Statutes, a physical therapy assistant is an individual who is licensed to aid in the practice of physical therapy in Connecticut under a PT’s supervision (Connecticut General Statutes, 2014).
In essence, the Connecticut General Statutes 376§20-74 does not forbid anyone who is a PTA from assisting in the practice of PT under the supervision of a licensed PT so long as such assistance is limited to the treatment of an individual by using effective properties of physical measures to prevent, correct, or alleviate a mental or physical disability (Connecticut General Statutes, 2014). In this scenario 1 however, the PT did not delegate the task of stretching the shoulder of the patient and putting ice on it to a PTA, but to an athletic trainer who is prohibited by Connecticut General Statutes from assisting the PT. Moreover, the other thing that the PT did wrong was that she did not supervise the athletic trainer in the tasks that she had delegated to him. Supervision, according to the Connecticut General Statutes (2014), implies the participation in, or the overseeing of a PTA by a licensed PT. This supervision basically includes (i) constant availability of direct communication between the PTA and a licensed PT. (ii) Availability of a licensed PT on a regular basis to (a) assess the PTA’s practice; and (b) support the Physical Therapist Assistant during the execution of the PTA’s services. (iii) A prearranged plan for crisis situations, such as the designation of an alternate licensed PT if the regular licensed PT is absent.
What the PT should have done is that she should have delegated the tasks of stretching the shoulder of the patient and putting ice on it to someone who is actually a physical therapist assistant, instead of an athletic trainer. Secondly, as a licensed PT, she should have supervised the task which she had delegated to that person by ensuring there is (a) constant availability of direct communication between the two of them; (b) support the PTA as the PTA carries out his services; and (c) develop a prearranged plan for situations that are emergency, like in this scenario when the patient experienced severe pain in his arm during the stretching done by the athletic trainer (Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy, 2014). Supervision and direction are vital in providing quality PT services and the PTA should at all times work under the direction and general supervision of the licensed PT (American Physical Therapy Association, 2014).
Supervision Scenario 2
In the second scenario, the physical therapist carried out an initial examination and assessment of the patient, developed a plan of care and established that a physical therapist assistant could perform therapy interventions for the 60-year-old patient. The PT supervised the PTA, which was actually an apt thing to do. In this second scenario however, what the physical therapist assistant (PTA) did wrong was that she determined a treatment plan for the patient; something that she should not have done. What the physical therapist (PT) did wrong is that he did not develop a plan of care basing on the initial examination that is specific enough and which actually includes the goals and outcomes of the physical therapy. In this second scenario, the written physical therapy plan of care did not specify if the hip prosthesis was uncemented or cemented. Moreover, it did not record particular limitations to the weight bearing status of the patient on the patient’s operated leg. Given that the plan of care did not have precise information with regard to the sort of prosthesis utilized, the physical therapist assistant determined to follow a care progression that she thought was in line with that of a cemented hip. The PTA began the patient at toe touch weight bearing on the lower extremity that was affected, and progressed the patient to minimal weight bearing over the next 21 days and later on partial weight bearing. The patient’s physician pointed out that these initial weeks of weight bearing progression in physical therapy was essentially the primary reason of the failure of initial prosthesis. What the PTA should have done is that she should have asked the licensed PT and confirm with him about the patient’s treatment plan as well as a specific physical therapy plan of care.
What the PT should have done right is provide a physical therapy plan of care that documented whether the hip prosthesis was uncemented or cemented. The PT should also have ensured that the PT plan of care record specific limitations to the patient’s weight bearing status on his operated leg. According to APTA (2014), the physical therapist has the crucial task of creating a plan of care basing on the initial examination or reexamination that includes the goals as well as outcomes of the physical therapy. The Connecticut General Statutes 376§20-74 states that it shall not ban a PTA from aiding in the practice of PT under the supervision of a licensed PT so long as that assistance does not include the determination of treatment plans. The PTA in this second scenario actually determined the patient’s treatment plan, which is prohibited (Connecticut General Statutes, 2014).
Quantitative data collection instruments and sampling methods
Quantitative data collection instruments and sampling methods
Order Instructions:
Research at least three quantitative data collection instruments and sampling methods available to researchers using the text and additional resources from the University Library.
Identify two articles in the University Library: one in which the business problem is researched using a descriptive statistical method and another using an inferential method.
Summarize each of the data collection instruments, sampling methods, and the statistical methods.
Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you compare and contrast each of the approaches:
•What are the strengths and weaknesses of each sampling approach?
•What are the specific situations in which you would choose to use each of the instruments and designs?
•What are the strengths and weaknesses of each statistical approach?
•How can they be used most effectively in a combined approach?
•Which methods are more appropriate for research in your own business of youth ministry?
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
SAMPLE ANSWER
When conducting research, it is important to determine an appropriate research sample that will bring out the desired results. For any researcher, it is important that they know the observations and cases from the findings do contribute useful information.
The simple random sample is a very basic and ideal sampling method. The method is easy to understand which makes it appropriate where not much information about population is needed. Its use eliminates subject classification errors while making it possible to analyze and interpret results with relative ease. Despite its great value, simple random sampling is bedeviled by two main issues. When analyzing a large population, the sampling error reported was higher than when using stratified sampling in addition to having has to number each population element. Simple random sampling is best suited for target populations where members have a higher degree of similarities on the important variables (Singha & Jaman, 2012).
The proportional stratified sampling approach derives its strength for its ability to use easy subgroup comparisons while capturing a more representative sample than random and systematic. In this approach, the relationship between dependent variable is considered carefully and when the incidence is high, fewer subjects will be used and the results from this approach have emerged as a good population representation without weighting.
For its much strength, the proportional stratified has major hiccups. Its requirement that each population subgroup be identified and proportion identified makes a costly and difficult model to use since the population elements must be listed. This sampling approach is has emerged as most suited for heterogeneous populations containing quite a number of different groups exhibiting high relations and interconnection to the study topic.
The Cluster sampling method has emerged as the most suited of sampling approaches to address itself to population that largely consists of units as opposed to individuals. Given its approach, it is a very cheap method has proved time and again to be very efficient when employed in large populations. Its ability to enable for individual cluster analysis is extremely helpful. Unfortunately, it has emerged to be the least accurate of the sampling methods given the high than normal challenge of trying to get objective data from a cluster.
Considering further that each population element will have to be assigned to only one cluster, this further undermines the approach. There is need to consider the uniqueness of each member of a unit, which makes the approach less effective. Despites its shortcoming, it has emerged as the best suited approach to when considering population as units as opposed to individuals.
When considering a sampling technique to apply to a particular population, the error of the sample should be at the forefront. It should be the sole aim of each approach to reduce the sampling error as much as possible within the confines of reality. It should be representative enough to cover the whole population without having a sample so big that it makes sampling uneconomical. On the overall, it remains the rule that the larger the sample, the smaller the sampling error and the better the job one can do.
When the sample has been identified, an appropriate quantitative data collection instrument must be identified for the task. From the journals analyzed, interviews and focus groups are the most used instruments.
Interviews usage is based on the assumption that the respondents’ view of the question is meaningful, affects the outcome of the research in a significant way and can be explicitly expressed. To achieve this, one chooses to either use structured – questionnaire based, or in-depth – respondents are encouraged to freely express themselves with use of open responses. Both data collection instruments are ideally suited for evaluation research. The choice of instrument to use will depend on the data the researcher is looking for.
When the information needed is precise and easily defined, then a questionnaire will be best suited – precisely worded questions are asked with specific parameters set where the responses must fit, while in-depth interviews are designed to have the respondents open up and freely give information. The latter instrument may be more time consuming but is better suited when the researcher is looking to measure opinion and would like to know the basis of the opinion.
Interviews have emerged to be the most ideal tools when issues to be addressed include questions like;
To the stakeholders and participants, what does the issue under research feel and look to them?
What do both parties know about the research issue?
For the participants and stakeholders with knowledge about the research issue, what are their views concerning the various components of the issue?
What are their expectations?
With regards to the issue under research, what features are most salient to the stakeholders and participants?
Descriptive statistical methods are designed to paint a better picture of the data where there are a lot of results. As opposed to listing results, descriptive statistical methods avoid the boredom that would by synonymous with this and offer a tool that easily simplifies large amounts of data, highlighting the key factors while presenting the information in an easily understandable manner with clear focus on the parameters under scrutiny (Grim, 2012).
This method will thus sort and group, illustrate and develop summary statistics that elucidate of the research question. When sorting and grouping data, one has a choice between using range of values or frequency. The latter is the best method when sorting huge amounts of data and is able to show in a simple way number by type present – qualitative or discrete quantitative data.
When faced with data requiring size comparison of different data during interpretation, bar charts have emerged as the most widely used of approaches – qualitative data only. For quantitative discrete data, a frequency diagram is the best suited – emphasis on discreteness will be best elucidated by the use of strips. When the data to be exhibited shows comparison between information side by side, a composite bar chart will be idea.
When in need to showing how a total amount is divided into constituent parts, then a pie-chart is best suited. A pie chart will normally require the data to be captured in percentages for better value allocation. Finally, there are instances when research is a bit complicated and requires two or move variable to be related. When seeking a link between the two is sort, a scatter diagram will best capture this results and show the relationship.
The Inferential statistical method is best when inferences are required from a large population based on a sample. Since the measure of comparison is characteristic of the population, a sample cannot accurately capture the true picture of the population. Thus the sample will have to overcome errors (Lantz, 2013). When the final analysis is made, then a qualified inference is arrived at based on a particular percentage of confidence that it is representative. In inferential analysis, one can use Bivariate – to analyze two variable, or Multivariate – to analyze more than two variables (Lantz, 2013). The choice of inferential statistic will depend on the type of variable to be analyzed – Nominal, Ordinary, Interval/Ratio.
For the business of youth ministry, it is important to use research tools that will allow for capturing of all aspects and views of the participants. The choice of tool will be especially important given the dynamics of the youth ministry. By their very nature, the youth are very vibrant and highly mobile. The choice of method will be one that can capture these two critical aspects. The use of group or in-depth discussion will capture all aspects that are important to the sample population. By allowing the youth to ventilate and speak, they get a feeling that their views are value and thus are more likely than not to be responsive and be more generous with their views.
Reference:
Grim, B. J (2012) Is Religious Freedom Good for Business. A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 25-72.
Lantz, B (2013) Equidistance of Likert-type Scales and Validation of Inferential Methods Using Experiments and Simulations, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 16-28.
Identify two articles in the University Library: one in which the business problem is researched using a qualitative design and the other using a quantitative design.
Summarize each of the research designs.
Write a 350- to 700-word paper in which you compare and contrast the two approaches:
•What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach?
•How can they be used most effectively in a combined approach?
•Which method is more appropriate for research in your own business of youth ministry.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Understanding Business Research
Understanding business research allows the businessperson and researchers to adapt to appropriate strategies and designs. Researchers have an option to choose from various research designs but the mostly used include qualitative and quantitative research as well as mixed design. Research allows business personality to find solution to various problems that face them as they transact their business. The paper compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research designs based on their strengths and weaknesses. It also deliberates on their combination and provides a suggestion on the most appropriate design in conducting my business of youth ministry.
Example of an article that adopted qualitative research design is “Strategic communication and social media: An MBA course from a business communication perspective by Meredith (2012). In this qualitative article, the author found out social media is producing content that is getting used in pedagogy. The content is highly demanded by the student body, industry constituents’ as well as other discipline area. An MBA from a business perspective is also under development from social media strategy. This therefore presents a challenge of integrating various communication approaches to create social media content. On the other hand, a study, “Quantitative Research in American Economic History” by North (1963) adopted a quantitative research design. The study incorporated various studies quantitatively analyzed.
Each of this approach has advantages as well as disadvantages. Some of the advantages of qualitative research design include; it is appropriate in early stages of conducting a research especially when the researcher does not know or is not sure about what the study is not all about the study as well requires a researcher to have a strict design plan before commencing it or the area of focus. It also gives the researcher freedom allow the study unfold in more unnatural. The design further allows the researcher an opportunity to again detailed information comprehensively in written description or in visual form. The study is done in real situations hence it affects individuals, as data obtained is realistic and representation of what is going in the field. Disadvantage of this design is that it is prone to biasness as researcher may heavily be involved in the process hence subjective. Researcher may also interpret data according to the biased view leading to skeweness. It is also time consuming and takes long period.
Quantitative research design has as well a number of advantages. This design also the researcher to measure and analyze data hence ensures detailed relationships between dependent and independent variable. It is therefore more objective about findings. The design is also applicable in testing hypotheses as data is measured through statistics. Disadvantage of the design is that it fails or ignores the context of the study. Events are not studied in natural setting, it also requires large sample of population as higher population leads to accurate results.
These two designs can be used in combination as mixed design. This therefore, means that aspects of qualitative and quantitative are incorporated in the data. This makes the study findings more objective.
In my business of youth ministry, the best method is qualitative research design. This method will provide descriptive information that will enable me to understand the business situation. This design is also important because it is done in real environment hence its predictions are highly reliable
References
Meredith, M. (2012). Strategic communication and social media: An MBA course from a business communication perspective. Business Communication Quarterly, i75(1): 89-95.
North, D. (1963). Quantitative Research in American Economic History. American Economic Review, 53(1):128
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1)Armstrong’s (2003) chapters on the employment relationship and ‘psychological contract’
2)The article by Gratton (2011) on the future workplace
3)The articles by Boudreau and Ziskin (2012), Sahoo et al. (2011) and Sheehan and Sparrow (2012)
Then answer the following questions:
1)Reflect on what you have read about changes in today’s work environments and the extent to which you have observed these changes in your own experience.
2)Think of one or two organisations you can use as examples in an analysis of the changing nature of work and work environments.
3)What changes in work and work environments have you observed in your personal or professional life?
4)What evidence, if any, do you see of the changes discussed in your Learning Resources for this week?
5)What implications do these changes have for organisations and their staffs? For HR leaders in organisations?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
The changes in today’s work environment are hinged on efficiency and effectiveness of job performance and productivity. More emphasis is on quality training and production standards. Employers are demanding higher levels of productivity per employee and most organizations have gone through a lot of hard moments trying to restructure their organizations in order to capitalize on a lean and effective workforce where production and quality standards are very high (Boudreau and Ziskin, 2011).
In my work place I have to go through rigorous assessment every month to determine and optimize my performance in various competencies and production requirements. Downsizing and application of modern technology in various departments have led to massive layoffs and even the closures of full departments that are deemed to be irrelevant and non-strategic.
Apple Inc is one of the multinational corporations that decided to embrace changes in an effort to incorporate the modern working trends in its organizational procedures (Boudreau and Ziskin, 2011). Apple Inc incorporated most of its employee’s personal innovations to the workplace by allowing them to work on their personal projects for a few hours every day and also a share of profits from the sales of their innovations. It’s during this period when Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple Inc introduced these changes that saw the organization emerge as the leading multinational company in digital technology.
The major changes I have witnessed in my workplace are the introduction of modern technology in improving efficiency and production levels. Most operations are managed by a handful of trained staff that manage and operates advance machines that have replaced hundreds of workers. The compensation rates have also gone high and other forms of incentives have also been introduced to encourage more production and efficiency. The production and efficiency expectation from the management is very high such that most employees continue working under pressure to perform and achieve the stated targets (Gratton, 2011).
According to Gratton (2011) most of the traditional ways of working from offices between 9 and 5pm, spending weekends with family members plus other benefits are quickly disappearing and new forms of working styles like online working from homes or flexible work schedules are taking precedence over the strict 9 to 5pm work schedules.
Different forms of organization structures like hierarchal organizations are also giving way to modern forms of dynamic and multilevel hero management styles that involve roundtable discussions and other effective management styles that may also involve modern technology like social networking (Boudreau and Ziskin, 2011).
Organizations have to adapt to the new changes that are sweeping across the globe and the employees also have to change with the contemporary world. The HR department has to adopt dynamic management styles like that capitalizes on modern trends of technology like cloud connectivity and the outsourcing of company operations to the most efficient and cost effective companies globally. Diversity at the workplace and employment of innovative staff are the major challenges that face the HR department (Gratton, 2011).
Finally to conclude, most organizations have to retrain their staffs on modern trends of technology and new methods of management styles. Globalization has brought its own challenges on diversity and innovations that have made the world to be closely connected and more competitive.
Reference
Boudreau, J.W. and Ziskin, I., 2011, The Future of HR and Effective Organizations, Elsevier, ScienceDirectand Organizational Dynamics, 40, 255- 266, Viewed 28 November 2014 from http://www.sciencedirect.com
Gratton, L., 2011, Workplace 2025 – What it will look like? Elsevier, ScienceDirectand Organizational Dynamics, 40, 246- 254, Viewed 6 December 2014 from http://www.sciencedirect.com
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