Not giving bribes to corrupt governmental officials is a very laudable approach but does it yield results in terms of enhanced profitability etc? Might financial measures improve as a result of refusal to bribe? I can see costs being saved but in a wider context how might this relate to CSR? Mordi et al (2012) suggest that CSR in any country is open to various interpretations. How might you deal with this issue in your organisation?
Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L. and Parboteeah, K. P. (2007) Deciding to bribe: a cross-level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50 Issue 6, p1401-1422
Mordi, C., Opeyemi, I.S., Tonbara, M., and Ojo, S., (2012), Corporate Social Responsibility and the Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges. Vol. 64 Issue 1, p1-8.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Corruption is one of the unethical practices in society. Many o government projects stall because of improper utilization of the available resources. Initiatives and strategies, as well as laws, exist to help deter corrupt practices.
Fighting corruption is laudable in every society as it helps to avoid misappropriation of resources. If the corruption is eliminated, the government retains enough money and resources enabling it to render better services to the members of the public. Government spent its revenues in providing resources and, therefore, absent of corruption means more developments (Martin et al., 2007). Profitability is also geared to improve as resources can be invested with an aim of increasing investments. Therefore, it is clear that corrupt affects profitability and the ability of the government to provide services.
If people refuse to take bribes, is an indication of improvements in the financial measures. Bribes affect the economy and, therefore, it is important that, financial measures undergo improvement to ensure that the rate of bribes reduces. Furthermore, this saves costs. Costs saving relate to corporate social responsibility issues. The business has a moral obligation for a company to work closely with the families, workers, and community. If the company has put in place appropriate measures that deter bribes, it reduces costs and the money channeled into their CSR initiatives uplifting economic level of the community members.
CSR in various countries is open to different interpretations. Therefore, it is important to understand how an organization deals with this (Mordi et al., 2012). In my case, I would treat CSR as the obligation of the organization to work closely with the community it operates in. Therefore, the organization will have a duty to ensure that it protects and uplifts the lives of the people through various ways.
References
Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L, & Parboteeah, K. P. (2007). Deciding to bribe a cross- level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity, Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1401-1422.
Mordi, C., Opeyemi, I.S., Tonbara, M., & Ojo, S., (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and the Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 64(1), 1-8.
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Type of document: Annotated outline of the Final Project
IMPORTANT NOTE: Please follow the following instructions exactly one by one as each point is very important. And please don’t deviate from these points.
1)Prepare an annotated outline of your Final Project, briefly indicating :
2)The content you plan to include in each section of the report.
3)The concepts and techniques you plan to apply for analyzing any data and developing your argument.
4)The outline should not include detailed sections of the Final Project. Instead, it should be a specific and crisp overview of the contents that will comprise the final report, which will provide a detailed account of the six tasks listed below. In the other words, Ideally you should base your outline on the basis of the six tasks listed below:
1.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #1
2.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #2
3.Comparison of the leaders
4.Summary of significant findings and perspectives from journal entries
5.Analysis and evaluation of journal entries to chosen leaders
6.Conclusion
5)The annotated outline should address each of the tasks outlined above. You need to briefly describe what information you will include in each section of the report that will work to satisfying these requirements.
6)The report that will work to satisfying these requirements. The work that will be carried out in the outline should represent a higher-level view than the contents of the Final Project. As such, you must remain at this level to avoid reusing the same wording in the final document.
7)Your outline should be no longer than 1,000 words and in essence you should briefly give details of content you plan to include in the final submission.
8)Please remember to annotate your outline by making a detailed and structured list of elements you plan to include.
9)The following points is talking about the (attached proposal file) that need to be reviewed in the annotated outline as well:
10)There would need to be a little more detail in terms of how you may apply the theories you have selected which are not listed in your list of references. I presume they are cited in the references you have stated.
11)Your own situation would need to be defined more specifically in relation to both leaders and you would need to focus on this aspect in your upcoming journal entries.
12)Structure is good but in your outline please try to ensure you indicate how insights gained from theory and study of both leaders relate to your own experience.
13)The following sources MUST be used in the annotated outline and if you want to use extra sources you are most welcome:
The following are the data sources that I intend to use in this study.
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional to Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY: Free Press.
Pasmore, W. (2014) Developing a Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre for Creative Leadership
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership and Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-19.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I. (2012). Leadership is Going Global.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sir Richard Branson, CEO of the Virgin Group and Sir Akbar Al Baker who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways has outstanding personalities that have propelled them to higher grounds throughout their entire careers. Their personalities can be explained based on various theories, which include Allport’s Trait Theory, Eysenck’s Personality Theory and Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality (Bass, 2009, p. 5). This annotated outline of my final project, therefore, tries to analyze and evaluate the personality of these two outstanding international leaders using these theories.
The personality of Sir Richard Branson can be assessed based on Freud’s Tripartite theory of personality into three main components namely the id, the ego and thirdly the superego. This is because these traits develop at different rates, and an individual’s overall personality can be defined as one of these depending on the most visible aspect of the person (Brain, 2002, p. 203).
Sir Richard Branson has a Healthy Psyche. Despite the fact that he faced so many challenges in life, he never gave up on his struggle for success. Throughout his career life, he is well known for having taken so many risks like setting a record using the balloon and the boat, he encountered so many challenges did not stop him from pursuing his goal in life. In fact, he took his challenges as stepping stones in his career. As a result, his failures led to his success. In some instances, the Virgin shop ran out of cash. He used tricks to evade paying taxes that eventually resulted in his arrest and faced criminal charges. While at school, he was arrested for violating laws after launching a student magazine. Luckily, he managed to get a good lawyer who secured his release. Despite his criminal record, Branson decided to reform and came up with a very successful airline.
In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. This theory adopts two dimensions namely extroverted and introverted as a means of categorizing the various possible personalities that an individual may present. Despite his dirty background, he came up with a new business new business strategy that he called branded venture capitalism. This enabled him to have control over so many businesses without having to risk his money. As a result, the Virgin Group is a well-established and fast growing company with so many shareholders (Beycioglu & Pashiardis, 2015, p. 300).
Furthermore, Allport’s Trait Theory analyzes individuals subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. Sir Richard Branson exhibited patience and creativity in order to ensure success. This is mainly associated with his family that cultivated in him the character of hard work and independence. This is specifically what he adopted in his business management hence success (Thomas & Segal, 2006, p. 120).
Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways personality, is well explained based on Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality the man is so detailed about everything that he does. He ensures that all the activities that take place in the company are inspected including every plane that leaves the airport. In spite of being the boss and could delegate such duty, he does the job. In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. He does not believe in holding himself accountable to anything. However, he is very strict and keeps every person to the highest standards of accountability. He is a very straight man and always comments on everything the way he sees it. This has actually helped in growing the business to these heights (Malcolm, 2002, p. 9).
According to Allport’s Trait Theory, Sir Akbar Al Baker subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. This is simply because he is proud and enthusiastic beyond words. This is shown with the passion with which he loves Qatar Airways. Some people relate this airline to his life. The man is zealousness about the airline. This passion has therefore translated to his success in the company (Lang, & Rybnikova, 2012, p. 11).
There are significant similarities between the two leaders. The leaders exhibit authoritative style of leadership. This is seen especially in how they bring together their people towards achieving the set down goals. The authoritative style of leadership yields good results especially when the institution is after having a new vision especially when things have changed completely. Both leaders inspire business-working condition in the workers leading to vibrant enthusiasm for a particular goal (Marx, 2013, p. 4).
In addition, the leaders are affiliative since they work with the intention of uniting all the workers in the institution. Thus, the leaders value their subjects first before anything else. This form of leadership enhances healing and bonding especially when under stress. However, the leaders vary in their leadership style to some extent with Sir Richard Branson having the will to coach his subjects. This style of leadership empowers the subjects by ensuring that they are confident in everything that they do. This is unlike Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways who is a pacesetter. He mostly concentrates on ensuring that people work very hard to achieve self-direction. This form of leadership is therefore very essential when the team being led is well experienced with the necessary skills and motivated (Pasmore, 2014, p. 6). In conclusion, a good leader ought to possess more than one trait in terms of leadership competencies. This is because there is more that leadership demands than just understanding the technicalities of sound leadership on how to manage people. Sound leadership therefore entails someone who is determined to deliver, a person who is very innovative by coming up with new ideas, focused on everything that they do and confident about it besides being trustworthy to both the workers and the clients. Furthermore, good leaders should be able to communicate well both orally and in written form.
Reference
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional To Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY, Free Press.
Brain, C 2002. Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues And Perspectives. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I 2012 Leadership is Going Global, in The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (eds W. J. Rothwell and G. M. (Bud). Benscoter), Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint, San Francisco, CA.
Malcolm, G 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference. Boston, Back Bay Books.
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership And Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp. 12-19.
Pasmore, W 2014. Developing A Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient For Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre For Creative Leadership
Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006. Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Volume 1. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons.
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• Based on concepts and theories learned and discussed in class, create a classroom management plan, incorporating effective behavior models and differentiated instructional strategies for learners with special needs and diverse learning styles.
• Identify strategies that address and respect the diverse cultures, linguistic backgrounds and/or exceptionalities of students in a P12 setting, and develop a plan accordingly. This plan should identify the major issues concerning diversity in the classroom, as discussed in this course and observed in the field experience classroom.
• Identify the techniques and strategies that you will use to address the needs of linguistically, culturally, and academically diverse learners, including the accommodations made to the learning environment
• Address how you will evaluate the effectiveness of your management strategies.
Open format follow APA guidelines : Brochure, PPT, Prezi, Paper.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The developing world has brought about the challenge of diversity in learning institutions. Diversity is the aspect that differentiates individuals from different backgrounds, belief system and educational environments. In a diverse learning environment, there are different groups of students and environments that teachers can be exposed to like the high achievers, mentally impaired and slow learners among others (Niles, 2005). As a teacher, it should be realized that there are different learners who should be handled differently to be successful in their learning environments. This paper looks into the diverse learning environments, cultures and backgrounds in terms of the strategies, behaviour models and techniques meant to accommodate diversity students.
THE GROUPS
BEHAVIORAL MODELS
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
The mentally impaired
Class-wide peer assisted self-management program that brings in the sense of mentoring between different students in the class.
Role reversal tutoring could also be utilized to avoid immaturity that easily comes by.
Differentiation where students are given varied learning content, products and modes of reading.
Co-operative learning can also be utilized as such students lack sociable skills.
The attention deficit disordered students
Peer initiation training that improves the level of eye contact and other aspects meant to gain most out of such a group.
Differentiation strategies could be utilized where emphasis is on the key ideas, orderly mode of presentation and assessment to ensure maximum attention.
Here, cooperative learning should also be used to reduce classroom movement
The jigsaw method can also be utilized to ensure students are better in different modes.
The academically Gifted students
Here, peer initiation training can be used to improve the social skills of the students, increase accountability and develop interpersonal skills(Niles, 2005).
Cooperative learning that is meant to develop the student could be utilized in this case.
The emotionally disordered students
Role reversal tutoring is the model best suited for such students.
The jigsaw method could be incorporated in such a case to ensure that the groups can interact and learn in a conducive environment.
The other group of students include the learning disabled, hearing and sight disabled students who all require different modes of management and handling. The methods incorporated could be analysed through skilled individuals that read directions, specialized equipment provisions, tests presented and answered differently according to the special needs of the students (Niles, 2005)
References
Niles W.J. (2005).Building a Classroom Management Plan for Inclusive Environments: From Fear to F.E.A.R.TEACHING Exceptional Children Plus.Volume 2, Issue 1 https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ966530.pdf
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The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s correlation) is a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval or ratio scale (Ghauri, 2005). From the data set, several variables will be tested to determine if any relationship occurs among the variables under study. The tests will be conducted at a significance level to determine if the possible relationships occur due to chance or a possible relationship.
Assumptions of Pearson’s correlation
1: The two variables should be measured at the interval or ratio level (i.e., they are continuous)
2: There needs to be a linear relationship between the two variables. Whilst there are a number of ways to check whether a linear relationship exists between the two variables, create a scatter plot using SPSS, where one can plot the dependent variable against the independent variable, and then visually inspect the scatter plot to check for linearity. If the relationship displayed in the scatter plot is not linear, either run a non-parametric equivalent to Pearson’s correlation or transform your data, which can be done using SPSS.
3: There should be no significant outliers. Outliers are simply single data points within your data that do not follow the usual pattern (Ghauri, 2005).
Hypothesis Testing
In this study, the relationship between the number of hours worked and the injury rate will be investigated. The following hypothesis was formulated to study the relationship;
H0: The rate of injury is independent from the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations.
H1: The rate of injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations
To test the above hypothesis, Pearson’s correlation test was conducted to establish if there existed any significant relationship between injury rate and the number of hours worked at a 95% confidence interval using SPSS.
Procedure
Load data into SPSS from the excel spreadsheet. From the data editor menu bar, select analyze and from the drop down menu which pops up, choose correlate and then proceed to bivariate correlation. A bivariate correlations window appears where you choose the variable to test from the left hand side box and move them to the right. Highlight on number of hours worked and move it to the right and repeat the same procedure for the injury rate. From the same window, proceed to the correlation coefficients section and select Pearson by checking in the box preceding it. Proceed to the test of significance section and check the two tailed radio button then select ok to conduct the test (Kumar, 2009).
A linear relationship exists between the variables under study is an important assumption in conducting a Pearson’s correlation. To investigate the presence of this relationship, a scatter plot is drawn using SPSS. The procedure involves; from the SPSS data editor menu bar, select graphs then from the drop down menu that appears, choose legacy dialogs then select scatter/dot plot. A dialog box pops up where you select simple scatter and click define. A simple scatter window appears with the variables on the left hand side from where you highlight on hours worked and move it to the x axis box and then choose injury rate and move it to the y axis box. Click ok to produce the scatter plot using SPSS.
The output obtained from the tests conducted is explained below.
Correlations
Hours Worked
InjuryRate
Hours Worked
Pearson Correlation
1
-.636**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
51
51
InjuryRate
Pearson Correlation
-.636**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
51
51
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 1
Decision Rule
Reject H0 if (Creswell, 2003). From table 1 above, p value = 0.000 which is less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion
We can conclude that the injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations at a 95% level of precision. The Pearson Correlation coefficient posted a result of -0.636 which indicates a strong negative relationship between the injury rate and the number of hours worked. The p value reading of 0.000 confirms that no single outcome occurs due to chance and the test significant. The scatter plot confirms the negative relationship of the 2 variables as indicated by the coefficient (Gay et al, 2009). The scatter plot does not post a perfect relationship of -1 due to the presence of outliers but the strong relationship was confirmed by the scatter dots as shown in figure 1 in the appendix section.
Regression Analysis
Linear regression is the next step up after correlation. It is used when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of another variable. The variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or sometimes, the outcome variable). The variable we are using to predict the other variable’s value is called the independent variable or sometimes, the predictor variable (Ghauri, 2005).
Assumptions of Regression Analysis
1: The two variables to be studied should be measured at the continuous level (i.e., they are either interval or ratio variables)
2: There needs to be a linear relationship between the two variables. Whilst there are a number of ways to check whether a linear relationship exists between the two variables, one can create a scatter plot using SPSS Statistics where one can plot the dependent variable against the independent variable and then visually inspect the scatter plot to check for linearity.
3: There should be no significant outliers. An outlier is an observed data point that has a dependent variable value that is very different to the value predicted by the regression equation. As such, an outlier will be a point on a scatter plot that is (vertically) far away from the regression line indicating that it has a large residual.
4: There should be independence of observations, which can easily be checked using the Durbin-Watson statistic, which is a simple test to run using SPSS Statistics..
5: Your data needs to show homoscedasticity, which is where the variances along the line of best fit remain similar as you move along the line.
6: Finally, check that the residuals (errors) of the regression line are approximately normally distributed. Two common methods to check this assumption include using either a histogram (with a superimposed normal curve) or a Normal P-P Plot (Ghauri, 2005).
Hypothesis Testing
In this study, the relationship between the number of hours worked and the injury rate will be investigated. The following hypothesis was formulated to study the relationship;
H0: The rate of injury is independent from the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations.
H1: The rate of injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations
To test the above hypothesis, a linear regression or goodness of fit test was conducted to investigate the presence of linear relationship between the 2 variables as stated at 95% level of precision.
Procedure
After loading the data into SPSS, select analyze from the SPSS data editor menu bar. From the drop down menu which appears, choose regression then linear. A dialog box with the variables on the left hand side where injury rate is selected and moved to the dependant variable box while the number of hours worked is moved to the independent variable box. On the right hand side of the same dialog box select plots then move the predictor variable to the x axis and the residuals to the y axis and choose histogram and normal probability plot then click ok to conduct the test (Kumar, 2009). The output obtained is explained below;
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
.636a
.405
.393
1.361737129585175E1
a. Predictors: (Constant), Hours Worked
Table 2
ANOVAb
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
6182.010
1
6182.010
33.338
.000a
Residual
9086.207
49
185.433
Total
15268.217
50
a. Predictors: (Constant), Hours Worked
b. Dependent Variable: Injury Rate
Table 3
Coefficientsa
Model
Un-standardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
50.809
6.459
7.866
.000
Hours Worked
.000
.000
-.636
-5.774
.000
a. Dependent Variable: Injury Rate
Table 4
Decision Rule
Reject H0 if (Creswell, 2003). From table 1 above, p value = 0.000 which is less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion
We can conclude that the injury changes (increases or decreases) with the number of hours worked in the manufacturing locations at a 95% level of precision. The linear regression model posted an R value of 0.636 which indicates a strong relationship between the injury rate and the number of hours worked as shown in table 2. The R squared reading of .405 indicated that 40% of the variation in the injury rate can be explained by the number of hours worked. Table 3 gives F statistic (F 50= 33.338) which is a measure of the absolute fit of the model to the data. Here, the F-test outcome is highly significant (less than .001, as you can see in the last column), so the model does fit the data. A straight line, depicting a linear relationship, described the relationship between these two variables. Table 4 gives the coefficients of the model as follows; Injury Rate = 50.809+ 0 hours worked (Kumar, 2009). The histogram with a superimposed normal curve and the normal p- p plot confirm the assumption that the residuals (errors) of the regression line are approximately normally distributed shown in figure 2 & 3 in the appendix section
Discriminant analysis which highly related to regression analysis was not the best test to conduct since it is very robust to violations of assumptions and in turn, it can yield less powerful statistics when assumptions are violated (Gay et al, 2009).
References
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gay, L,R., Mills, E. G., & Airasian, P.,(2009). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (10th ed.)
Ghauri, P. (2005). Research Methods in Business Studies: a Practical Guide.
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications.
Appendix
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Effect of Male and Female Supervisors on Employees
Effect of Male and Female Supervisors on Employees
Effect of Male and Female Supervisors on Employees Rate of Risk Occurrence
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Effect of Male and Female Supervisors on Employees Rate of Risk Occurrence
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of occurrence of risk for employees under male and female supervisors in three manufacturing locations. Using a t-test for independent samples, it was found that the rate of injury and risk for employees under male and female employees in three manufacturing locations was the same at t (49) = -.609, p > .05. However, the test also indicates that safety climate for employees under male and female employees in three manufacturing locations was different at t (49) = -2.052, p < .05.
It was concluded that the rate of occurrence of risk for employees under male and female supervisors in three manufacturing locations was the same at a 95% level of precision.
INTRODUCTION
The primary safety and health hazards for the construction worker are: falls, being struck by/against (falling object, machinery), caught in/between (trench cave-ins, between vehicle and object), electrocution, musculoskeletal disorders (lifting, awkward postures, repetitive motion, hand-tool vibration, flying/falling objects), and exposure to a variety of chronic health hazards (noise, silica, asbestos, man-made fibers, lead and other metals, solvents, hazardous wastes, heat, and extreme cold).
One of the major concerns in the manufacturing sector is employee safety. Male supervision has been dominant in the manufacturing sector for decades. Globally, gender based work place supervision has been changing with women acquiring supervision roles at a steady rate at just over 50% for the past 25 years. In the USA, women comprise 27% of the manufacturing workforce2 and almost half (47%) of the labor force with the annual growth of women in the labor force projected at approximately 0.7% during the next decade (Quinlan, et. al, 2001).
Research is constantly providing new methods of increasing safety at the work place. One of the major areas under study is the inclusion of the female gender in the supervisory roles. To make it possible for the realization of these methods, this paper strives to study the occurrence of risk to employees under male and female in different manufacturing locations empirically.
Statement of the problem
The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of occurrence of risk for employees under male and female supervisors in three manufacturing locations.
Statement of Hypothesis
Work place safety was studied in 3 manufacturing locations and the research question of the study was used to formulate the study hypothesis. The null hypothesis stated that the rate of occurrence of risks is the same for the employees under female and male supervisors in the three manufacturing locations while the alternative hypothesis stated that the rate of risks occurrence is different for the employees under female and male supervisors in the three manufacturing locations. The hypothesis was tested at a 95% confidence interval.
METHOD
Participants for the study were selected through a stratified sampling technique in three manufacturing locations in the Unites States i.e. Boston, Phoenix and Results. A random sample of both male and female supervisors was picked in the 3 locations then the employees assigned to each of the selected supervisors were picked for the study using random numbers.
A measuring instrument was used to allocate indexes to each of the variables under study. The test was designed to measure the employees injury rate, safety climate and per safe beh to scale through an index. Employees risk was also measured as different variable using ordinal scale. Content validity was maintained in obtaining base values and calculation of the indices assigned to the variables in the study.
The design used in this study was an experimental design. The selection of this design was influenced by its capability to provide control for sources of invalidity and also its capability of achieving randomization in sampling. Pre testing was conducted to assess the viability of conducting the study.
The procedure used in this study involved selecting male and female supervisors randomly and assigning employees to each of the supervisors. Interviews were conducted in the field and data was recorded in questionnaires. Components of the questionnaire captured different attributes of the following variables; site, supervisor gender, hours worked per safe beh, injury rate, safety climate and the operation conducted. Additional secondary data regarding a supervisor’s total number of employees and their total number of hours worked was also recorded. The manufacturing locations were allocated equal number of supervisors with the aim of ensuring equality of variance for the different locations and also achieving normality of the observations.
Data was entered into Ms excel and then transferred to SPSS for analysis.
RESULTS
Data was loaded into the analysis software for and the output explained below was obtained. An independent samples t-test was carried out for 3 of the variables i.e. injury rate, safety climate and risk. Supervisor gender was used as the grouping variable in conducting the study where the effects of the manufacturing location were ignored. A t test for independent samples was used since the male and female supervised groups were randomly picked and the data collected was interval. Examination of means was also conducted to study variations as shown from the tables in the appendix.
For the injury rate, it is concluded that the injury rate is the same for the employees under female and male supervisors in the three manufacturing locations at 95% level of precision. The results indicate that the injury rate for employees under male supervisors (M = 1.353, SD =12.98) was not different from injury rate for employees under female supervisors (M = 1.663, SD = 20.816), t (49) = -.609, p> .05 i.e. 0.532. The injury rate is the same for employees under male and female supervisors in the 3 locations at 95% level of precision where 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the male and female cases was -13.0148 to 6.8087189 as shown in tables 1 and 2 in the appendix.
For the safety climate, it was concluded that the safety climate is the different for the employees under female and male supervisors in the three manufacturing locations at 95% level of precision. The results indicated that the safety climate for employees under male supervisors (M = 4.391, SD =0.8626) was different from safety climate for employees under female supervisors (M = 4.968, SD = 1.112), t (49) = -2.052, p< .05 i.e. 0.045. The safety climate is the different for employees under male and female supervisors in the 3 locations at 95% level of precision where 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the male and female cases was -1.14324 to – 0.012037 as shown in tables 3 and 4 in the appendix section.
For the rate of risk, it was concluded that risk is the same for the employees under female and male supervisors in the three manufacturing locations at 95% level of precision. The results indicated that the risk for employees under male supervisors (M = 4.79, SD =2.0) was not different from risk for employees under female supervisors (M = 4.41, SD = 2.043), t (49) = .677, p> .05 i.e. 0.501. The risk is the same for employees under male and female supervisors in the 3 locations at 95% level of precision where 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the male and female cases was -.756 to 1.525 as shown in tables 5 and 6 from the appendix section.
DISCUSSION
The results of this study support the original hypothesis that the rate of occurrence of risk was the same for employees under male and female supervisors in the 3 manufacturing locations. However, the results cannot be generalized for all the variables under study since risk portrayed different results.
REFERENCES
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business Research Methods (11th ed.). New York:
Ghauri, et al. (2005). Research Methods in Business Studies: a Practical Guide.
Kumar, R. (2009). Research Methodology: A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. Greater Kalash: Sage Publications.
Quinlan M, Mayhew C, Bohle P. The global expansion of precarious employment, work disorganization, and consequences for occupational health: a review of recent research. Int J Health Serv. 2001; 31 (2):335-414.
APPENDICES
Group Statistics
SupervisorGender
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
InjuryRate
1
24
1.353291E1
12.9881295
2.6511908
2
27
1.663595E1
20.8160156
4.0060441
Table 1
Injury rate
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
F
Sig
t
df
Sig.(2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Equal var. assumed
Equal var. not assumed
1.662
.203
-.609
-.646
49
44.182
.532
.522
-3.10304
-3.10304
4.93226
4.80387
Lower
Upper
-13.0148
-12.7834
6.8087189
6.5774012
Table 2
Group Statistics
SupervisorGender
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
SafetyClimate
1
24
4.391250E0
.8626466
.1760870
2
27
4.968889E0
1.1129183
.2141812
Table 3
Safety climate
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
F
Sig
t
df
Sig.(2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Equal var. assumed
Equal var. not assumed
1.489
.228
-2.052
-2.083
49
48.15
.045
.043
-.577638
-.577638
.281453
.277272
Lower
Upper
-1.14324
-1.13508
-.012037
-.020191
Table 4
Group Statistics
SupervisorGender
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Risk
1
24
4.79
2.000
.408
2
27
4.41
2.043
.393
Table 5
Risk
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
F
Sig
t
df
Sig.(2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Equal var. assumed
Equal var. not assumed
.052
.820
.677
.678
49
48.52
.501
.501
.384
.384
.567
.567
Lower
Upper
-.756
-.755
1.525
1.523
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Business Operations in Your Organization: A Systems View
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For this paper the writer has to pay attention to details and use the template that is provided. The paper contains three sections and the writer must clearly respond to all the three sections. The writer will have to chose a company to use for this paper. APA 6th edition will be require for this paper and the writer must properly format the paper. Another very important aspect is that the writer must read carefully the entire requirement before attempting the responds so as to properly understand the requirements of the assignment. Use subheadings as indicated in the template and also harmoniously link all sections together. As mentioned earlier, the writer must use the provided template to complete this assignment.
Business Operations in Your Organization: A Systems View
For this paper, you will develop a systems perspective of business operations in your organization, or the organization you have chosen to use as an appropriate subject for analysis, as a whole.
Your task is to show how the business operations in your organization, or the organization you have chosen as an exemplar, can be brought into harmony, generating the smooth flow of information and materials throughout the value network for the benefit of customers and the competitive success of the organization. A key element of the Praxis Paper is the identification and framing of an organizational problem that relates to the course topics such as
– Inventory, Transportation, and Warehousing.
– Trends in Supply Management
– Developing Market Specific Supply Chain Strategies
– Outsourcing and the Extended Organization
– Innovation and Change.
Your research should lead you to identify possible solutions to the problem(s) you identify. You will apply knowledge gained in the course in order to present advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to the problem(s) with the goal of generating the smooth flow of information and materials throughout the value network in order to increase the organization’s competitive success.
SECTION A of the paper
Focus on discussing the importance of effective logistics management in smoothing the flow of materials, reducing inventory costs and enabling responsiveness throughout the supply chain.
SECTION B
You will complete an analysis of the outsourcing of capabilities to achieve optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the whole value chain and consider the need for new kinds of relationships with suppliers.
SECTION C
You will conclude the paper by developing and presenting a strategy for implementing change in the organization with the objective of bringing about a transformation that will secure competitive advantage through improved performance, coordination, and innovation.
This systems perspective will allow you to formulate a strategy for the management of operational issues relevant to your chosen organization such as demand, supply, production, inventory, and logistics with a view to assessing how processes can be managed to bring about integration, coordination, and harmonization throughout the supply chain.
The Praxis Paper, will comprise 8 pages in APA format. One to three diagrams and presentation slides may be included, but they will be additional to the required length of the paper. You are required to include research from at least two first-person interviews and at least two peer-reviewed practitioner or scholarly journals ( not more than 5 years old ) in addition to your resources. Please remember to include the doi is all cited materials.
Resources
Articles
• Wallin, C., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Rabinovich, E. (2006). What is the “right” inventory management approach for a purchased item? International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article explores four basic approaches to the problem of inventory management and shows their application to different circumstances.
• Pokharel, S. (2005). Perception on information and communication technology perspectives in logistics: A study of transportation and warehouses sectors in Singapore. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This survey analyzes perceptions of logistics companies in Singapore concerning the benefits of ICT applications for their industry.
• Varila, M., Seppänen, M., & Suomala, P. (2007). Detailed cost modelling: A case study in warehouse logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37(3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This study considers the various drivers for assigning activity costs to products in warehouse logistics and concludes that the accuracy of accounting can be significantly increased by measuring the actual duration of transactions.
• Timme, S. G. (2003). The real cost of holding inventory. Supply Chain Management Review: Top 50 PLs, 7(4), 30-37. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article examines the total costs involved with holding inventory. The author also presents a solution to valuing inventory and how it can lead to better management decisions.
• Phillips, W., Lamming, R., Bessant, J., & Noke, H. (2006). Discontinuous innovation and supply relationships: Strategic dalliances. R&D Management, 36(4). Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article explores the need for supply relationships to generate, support, and respond to discontinuous innovation.
• Simpson, D. F., & Power, D. J. (2005). Use the supply relationship to develop lean and green suppliers. Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This doctoral research paper presents a conceptual framework for investigating the relationship between a supplier firm’s level of environmental management and the structure of the customer-supplier manufacturing relationship.
Christopher, M., & Towill, D. R. (2002). Developing market specific supply chain strategies. International Journal of Logistics Management, 13(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
• Trent, R. & Monczka, R. (1998). Purchasing and supply management: Trends and changes throughout the 1990s. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 34(4), 2-12. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Database.
This article details the real and projected changes and trends that have affected and will continue to affect purchasing and sourcing professionals.
Harland, C. M., Lamming, R. C., & Cousins, P. D. (1999). Developing the concept of supply strategy. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 19(7), 650-674. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article provides experienced lean practitioners with information to expand their scope in order to better address multiple-tiered value streams.
• Phillips, W., Noke, H., Bessant, J., & Lamming, R. (2006). Beyond the steady state: Managing discontinuous product and process innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 10(2). Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article argues that in a world of rapid change and technological revolution companies must deal proactively with the challenge of discontinuity.
• Kontoghiorghes, C., Awbre, S. M., & Feurig, P. L. (2005). Examining the relationship between learning organization characteristics and change adaptation, innovation, and organizational performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article suggests that the structural, cultural, and information systems of a learning organization determines its success with adaptation to change, quick product or service introduction, and bottom-line organizational performance.
Organizational change that produces results: The linkage approach. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3) by Goodman, P. S., & Rousseau, D. M. Copyright 2004 by ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT (NY). Reprinted by permission of THE ACADEMY via the Copyright Clearance Center.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Business Operations in Your Organization: A Systems View
Nowadays, the fiscal environment is typified by rising costs of raw materials, high inflation risk, and even strong volatility. These factors have an impact on the strategies of firms that operate in the very competitive manufacturing and transport logistics sectors. This paper is focused on Avon Corporation; the scope of logistics spans the entire company. This paper has 3 sections. Section A provides a discussion of the significance of effective logistics management in smoothing the flow of materials, lowering the costs of inventory, and facilitating responsiveness in the supply chain. Section B covers an analysis of the outsourcing of capabilities to realize optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes as well as inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain. In Section C, a strategy is developed and presented for executing change within Avon Corporation in order to bring a transformation that would secure competitive advantage through improved performance, coordination, as well as innovation.
Avon Corporation
Avon Corporation is the selected organization. Avon is a major global beauty corporation and one of the biggest direct sellers worldwide and makes almost $10 billion in yearly revenue (Avon, 2015). Avon’s product line consists of home products, fashion products, as well as beauty products. The company has several famous brand names including Advance Techniques, ANEW, mark, Skin-So-Soft, Avon Color, and Avon Naturals (Avon, 2015). Avon is an international corporation which is entrenched in tradition with a vision of being a corporation which best knows and meets the service, product, as well as self-fulfillment requirements of ladies all over the world (Avon, 2015).
Section A: Importance of effective logistics management
Logistics management basically entails controlling and supervising the movement of goods. Logistics management is understood as that component of supply chain management which is involved with planning, implementing, and controlling the effective, efficient reverse and forward flow and storage of services and goods between the points of origin and consumption so as to satisfy the wants and requirements of customers (Christopher, 2008). The subject of logistics management involves many dissimilar factors. Effective logistics management is vital in smoothing the flow of materials, reducing costs of inventory, and enabling responsiveness throughout the supply chain.
The scope of logistics spans the whole company. Through logistics management, customers are satisfied through the coordination of material as well as information flow (Aitken, 2008). Some of the factors that have to be taken into account in logistics management include materials handling, transportation management, order fulfillment, as well as inventory and freight management (Christopher, 2008). Effective logistics management operations have to yield four main results: improve customer service; decrease the overall costs of transportation; improve the operating cost structure; and raise revenue. Effective management of business logistics is of great importance in meeting customer expectations and keeping costs low. According to Wallin, Rungtusanatham and Rabinovich (2006), effective logistics management offers a vital opportunity for companies to achieve cost savings since a lot of organizations mention transportation and logistics as key generators of production-related costs.
The present fiscal environment is typified by mounting costs of raw materials, high inflation risk, and strong volatility. These factors have a direct impact on the corporate strategies of business organizations that operate in this very competitive sector. This implies that efficient logistics becomes a key element of ensuring the competitiveness of these companies through: (i) reducing the levels of stock to achieve more efficiency. (ii) Effective coordination all through the supply chain: in essence, communication between the sales department and procurement department is vital to pass on all the increases in production and purchase costs. (iii) Guarantee of tailor-made, quick, and quality services in order to attain competitive advantage over the competitors (Varila, Seppänen & Suomala, 2007).
Effective logistics management entails managing the flow of materials including the movement of raw materials from various suppliers of the company, in-process within the company, as well as movement of finished products to consumers. One way in which costs of inventory are reduced is through quickening the flow of the various raw-materials used, work-in-progress, as well as finished goods (Christopher, 2008). Improving the effectiveness of logistics management encompasses 5 key pillars. These are information; logistical network; materials handling, warehousing, and packaging; transport; and inventory. Logistical network: this comprises various facilities including retail stores, warehouse, manufacturing, and dealers. The bigger the geographical stretch, the more intricate an organization’s logistical network will be (Varila, Seppänen & Suomala, 2007). For Avon Corporation, superior logistical network that is based upon methodical analysis and determination of the number of facilities, their exact work allocations, and geographical position could be an important competitive tool.
Transport: dependability, speed, and cost are vital determinants of the effectiveness. Given that time is crucial, the quality of transport performance is a critical factor. In addition, since cost and speed are interconnected, it is important to carefully select the transport since this is vital for optimal cost. For instance, quicker transport is costly but reduces inventories and improves customer service (Christopher, 2008). Information: correct prediction and proper order management are vital for the systematic inventory management Just-In-Time and Contingency Replenishment as well as quick response to the client (Simpson & Power, 2005). As such, timely information is essential to logistical performance. At Avon, deficiencies in information are removed by using email, faxes, phones, and Enterprise Resource Planning Software. Inventory management: a proper inventory management system has to be deployed in order to attain the desired level of customer service with least inventory investment. Products should be delivered timely and fast (Aitken, 2008). Avon should be committed to consistent and rapid delivery to gain customer service advantage. Materials handling, warehousing, and packaging: warehouses should be located in a site where the company can be nearer to its main clientele. Materials handling in the warehouse must be planned to ensure quick and safe receiving, movement, storage, as well as packaging of client’s requirements (Christopher, 2008).
Section B: Analysis of the outsourcing of capabilities
For Avon Corporation, the outsourcing of capabilities can help to attain optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain. By outsourcing logistics for instance, the transportation logistics company can act as Avon’s logistics department and handle the following functions: procurement – the transportation logistics firm can engage in carrier rate negotiations as well as selection (Christopher, 2008). Execution: the logistics firm will handle Avon’s daily movement of cargo, including consignment tender, performance management, exception resolution, and service monitoring; planning: the transport logistics firm will handle Avon’s strategic network evaluation and optimization; and administration – the transport logistics company will also handle claims management, contract administration, invoicing, reporting, as well as freight bill audit and payment. A third party logistics company can provide a wide range of modes for the manufacturer – Avon Corporation – ranging from ocean and air to rail and over-the-road intermodal (Landstar, 2015). Through this kind of outsourcing, Avon Corporation can easily attain optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain.
According to Aitken (2008), outsourcing of capabilities could enable workforce reduction, operational flexibility, cost reduction, reduced cycle times, freedom from restraining labor environments, expanded geographical coverage, improved responsiveness, as well as logistics management and technology issues. Outsourcing of capabilities is basically an important measure for cutting costs. Nonetheless, by outsourcing capabilities, Avon can gain capabilities it currently lacks in-house or it can strengthen the capabilities it currently has, for everything from introducing new women’s products into the marketplace faster to developing top-notch talent and enabling business model innovation (Varila, Seppänen & Suomala, 2007).
Outsourcing of capabilities helps in improving the competitive position of an organization since it ensures that functions and processes are obtained at the right cost and from the right source. Business organizations can leverage outsourcing for more processes and attain various objectives such as improved quality, costs, or capabilities (Landstar, 2015). Through the strategic use of outsourcing of capabilities, Avon can attain a long-term competitive advantage that may not only improve quality and lower costs and, but also drive innovation, improve productivity, open-up new markets for its women products, provide new revenue sources, and deliver a sustainable cost advantage. Equally important, outsourcing of capabilities will help Avon Corporation in optimizing the performance of its several manufacturing facilities. For a manufacturer such as Avon Corporation, the following outsourcing solutions can considerably help it to attain optimal coordination of inter-functional operational processes and inter-organizational collaboration across the entire value chain: supply chain planning and execution, after sales and support, marketing and order management, new product development, and operations (Aitken, 2008).
Business organizations generally profit when they are focused on their core business and the area of their best proficiency, for instance manufacturing of goods, importing, and/or sale of their merchandise. A small number of business organizations are actually proficient in distribution and warehousing as Third Party Logistics companies or 3PL are (Simpson & Power, 2005). Manufacturers like Avon Corporation who create a strong relationship with reliable Third Party Logistics companies are able to lower their transportation costs, simplify their supply chain management, and improve their capability of delivering products to their clients when required.
As companies seek increased competitiveness as well as success in the current international marketplace, many of them are in fact pursuing the tendency of increased outsourcing of capabilities and have seen the necessity for new types of relationships with suppliers (Landstar, 2015). Establishing new relationships with cheaper and better suppliers and suppliers who provide high quality materials will allow Avon to save costs of materials and develop products that are actually of higher quality. Companies establish their outsourcing relationship needs and their needs for new suppliers, and then find and select the right suppliers and vendors. Outsourcing of capabilities is essentially a management tool which alters a company’s organizational structure and a business transformation process which could provide an important opportunity for improved performance (Christopher, 2008).
Section C: Strategy for implementing change in the organization – Implement lean logistics
The strategy for implementing change in Avon Corporation to bring about a transformation that would secure competitive advantage by means of improved performance, coordination, as well as innovation entails adopting the lean approach in logistics and supply chain. Lean logistics helps in identifying and eliminating the wasteful activities in the supply chain so as to increase speed and flow of materials. Lean logistics, as Simpson and Power (2005) reported, is a method of driving the costs down considerably while allowing the company to increase its output as well as sales.
The rationale of adopting a lean supply chain is basically to meet the 4Rs: inventory which is in fact: the right merchandise, at the right place, in the right condition, and lastly in the right quantity. The activities which support the aforementioned 4Rs add value and this is applicable both to the movement of information and product. On the other hand, activities which add no value are considered as waste. Lean is the way that an appropriately designed and operated supply chain has to function (Simpson & Power, 2005). A lean supply chain is simplified to decrease and eradicate waste or the non-value added activities to the entire supply chain flow and also to the products that move in the supply chain. This in turn smoothes the flow of materials, reduces inventory costs, and facilitates responsiveness throughout the supply the chain. Wastes could be measured in inventory, time, and needless costs. Generally, value added activities contribute to efficiently bringing the finished product to the client. The supply chain and the inventory therein must flow; any activities that stop the flow must create value (Simpson & Power, 2005).
Landstar (2015) pointed out that business organizations are in a continuous cycle which drives them to improve their business to maintain their competitive advantage. The bottom line is that every company wants to reduce its costs, reduce time consumption, and reduce inventory. Although there are several techniques of achieving this, lean logistics is one method which has demonstrated over the years to significantly improve a company’s efficiency (Landstar, 2015). For business organizations such as Avon Corporation that work to decrease costs whilst improving their performance, the lean approach is suitable to them. By applying the lean approach, Avon can achieve efficient and smooth flow of materials throughout the supply chain.
Lean logistics will provides Avon Corporation with the capacity to decrease inventory carrying costs, free up cash, and get rid of substantial indirect costs that are associated with supplies, materials, as well as assets logistics. Lean logistics is of major importance in reducing inventory costs (Aitken, 2008). It is notable that inventory service costs, storage costs, capital costs, as well as risk costs all serve to reduce Avon’s profitability. Through lean logistics, the company can reduce all these costs. In essence, lean logistics results in greater efficiencies given that transportation efficiencies allow an increase in cargos managed and cargo density. There is also reduced inventory, improved lead-time dependability, and increased turns (Aitken, 2008).
In lean logistics approach, the main factors include the following: defining the focus areas and core competencies in logistics; absolute integration of the supply chain levels; and optimizing the logistics process interfaces and integration of logistics processes. Other factors are system approach; continuous application of the lean system to the back-to-back logistics chain; as well as continuous standardization and restructuring of the IT structures basing upon the lean/system approach (Aitken, 2008). For Avon Corporation, the benefits will include reduced costs of supply chain and making supply chain more flexible; increased process stability and transparency; as well as increased flexibility and responsiveness of the company’s supply chain. By being efficient, Avon Corporation will respond to the market requirements adequately (O’Reilly, 2010).
Conclusion
In conclusion, effective logistics management operations improve customer service, decrease the overall costs of transportation, improve the operating cost structure, and improve the company’s revenue. Effective management of business logistics is of great importance in reducing the levels of stock to achieve more efficiency and improve the flow of materials. Outsourcing of capabilities could aid in labor force reduction, operational flexibility, cost reduction, reduced cycle times, expanded geographical coverage, and improved responsiveness. Avon Corporation can adopt lean logistics to gain competitive advantage.
References
Aitken, J., (2008). Supply Chain Integration within the Context of a Supplier Association”, Cranfield University PHD Thesis. Cited in Christopher, M., (1998), “Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Strategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service”, Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London.
Christopher, M., (2008), “Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Strategies for Reducing Cost and Improving Service”, Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London
O’Reilly, J. (2010). Managing Inventory: From Fat to Lean. Madison, WI: Aberdeen Group.
Simpson, D. F., & Power, D. J. (2005). Use the supply relationship to develop lean and green suppliers. Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Varila, M., Seppänen, M., & Suomala, P. (2007). Detailed cost modelling: A case study in warehouse logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37(3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Wallin, C., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Rabinovich, E. (2006). What is the “right” inventory management approach for a purchased item? International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(1/2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
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Discuss some implications that ethics may have for organisations beyond just the ‘business’ side. How does a ‘sense of responsibility to others’ affect the decisions that are made by an organisation as a whole as well as the individual leaders within?
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)The answer must include examples from aviation experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real aviation companies. I prefer example from Qatar Airways, Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia Airline.
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Implication of Ethics in Organizations
Introduction
Ethics have become one of the most important pillars of organizations in today’s world. In this current century, ethics have neither been considered as an option nor a luxury. The consideration of ethics does not only occur on the business sides but also beyond it (Guliani, 2014). Therefore organization has a role to play to ensure ethical codes and values are being considered for an effective organizational performance. Ethics have been seen to contribute a lot in organization positively but they have also led to negative or poor handling of organizational roles (Guliani, 2014). Many organizations have seized the opportunities to shape the future through influencing culture and the practice of organizational ethics and values. Through creation of value based ethics in organization, their will exist an improved society by influencing the perpetuated conditions outside the organization (Guliani, 2014).
Implications
Organization has gone ahead in providing guiding and counselling to youth and the society at large (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012). Guiding and counselling sessions are important elements in the growth of an individual hence societies should be educated (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012). Organizations has taken these process seriously besides their daily activities as one of the practices to gain reputation and be accepted by the society though their activity they participate in the society. It’s a cultural practice for a society to offer moral guidance to its members, but in the existence of organizational businesses they should step in to build their reputation as they join hands with the youth to educate and more so to offer guidance and counselling on essential issues that are affecting the society (Guliani, 2014). For example the emirate airline company have set out members as part of their employees to offer counselling in colleges in the field of aviation to enlighten the youth what they are being expected of in the future (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012).
Infrastructural development is another option businesses have engaged in to assist the society in developing it. Organizations have joined in the society to develop some key projects in the societies as a way of giving back (Phillips, 2006). It is one part of the business practice in establishing a bond between the organization and the society through appreciation. Several developments that organizations go for in the society besides their normal business activities includes building and maintain roads, provision of clean water and also building of houses are some of the developments Emirates airline has engaged in towards contribution to the society (Phillips, 2006). By practising all this, the organization will have a clear consent that the organizations understand their daily issues that are affecting them. Ethics have taught them to give back to the society as appreciation hence they are offering infrastructural development to the community (Phillips, 2006).
The implication that comes with honesty in organization is that good people will always be good hence they will tend to do good things to others (Venkatadurai, Dhyani & Sharma, 2014). Though the virtue of honesty is not an attribute to a clear cut, there are available situations that the practice of honest in organizations may hurt other persons outside. For instance organizations have a role to play in the society to ensure that the society accepts them and approves of their activities (Venkatadurai, Dhyani & Sharma, 2014). They are to come together and join hands in undertaking the duties toward development of the society. Therefore the virtue of being honesty is required at any level as a measure of ethical concerns (Venkatadurai, Dhyani & Sharma, 2014).
Ethics entails that all human beings are equal before the law, hence organization use this to socialize with the society beyond their business activities (Welker & Berardino, 2013). According to ethical law enforcement authorities, it is expected of everyone to ignore all personal biasness in their job performance. And at any other level citizens are expected to ethically follow their duties and obligations accordingly. Confusion will occur once there is contradicting or inconsistent decision making (Welker & Berardino, 2013). Therefore organization besides their focus on business activities they are faced up with another obligation to ensure they stay focus on law as part of ethical consideration (Welker & Berardino, 2013). The implication of law is that whoever goes against it must be convicted and be punished for their crimes they have committed (Joel, 2015). The law is also a measure of the right and wrong activities to be done.
Lastly, leadership takes place utmost all places in the world. It is one of the basic elements that needs clear control over it (Othman and Rahman, 2014). The implication of leadership is that leaders are being selected because they are ethical people and in their duties they are expected to act ethically both in personal and leadership roles (Othman and Rahman, 2014). Leaders normally have influence on their followers hence it will be good for them to have good morals to ensure there follower increase and stick with them (Stephen, 2007). Organizational leaders should join hands with the larger society they are in to provide solutions to conflicting issues that the society are facing (Stephen, 2007). Ethical implications have been viewed as any activity in which the result will essential be viewed as those ethical considerations in mind (Stephen, 2007).
Sense of responsibility
A relatively strong sense of responsibility normally affects how an employee’s works and the amount of work they do (Amelia, 2015). The sense of responsibility in employee’s can be depicted in the essence that when an employee feels they have successfully increased their job performance they tend to show up on work in time (Amelia, 2015). They always put their best efforts and complete given tasks with their best of abilities. Being responsible in any organisation is essential. In the Emirates airline each worker has been given an opportunity to exercise their obligation according to the duties they are given (Amelia, 2015). For example pilots are expected to work together while flying hence they share similar responsibilities in ensuring a safe travel of their clients in board of their flights. Working as an individual involves certain situations that are hard to achieve since there is high level of setbacks comparing to having a partner to work with (Sarina, 2013). As a matter of ethical obligation it will be appropriate to work with an organization compared to individualism in making decision (Sarina, 2013). An organization can contribute towards decision making while as an individual it will not be easy to come up with a decision whose ideas are conflicting.
Guliani, L.K. 2014, “ORGANISATIONAL ETHICS: PARADIGM FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY”, International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1116-1121.
Othman, Z. & Rahman, R.A. 2014, “ATTRIBUTES OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN LEADING GOOD GOVERNANCE”, International Journal of Business and Society, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 359-372,377.
Phillips, E.D. 2006, “CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AVIATION”, Journal of Air Transportation, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65-87.
Reilly, N. P., Sirgy, M. J., & Gorman, C. A. 2012, Work and quality of life: ethical practices in organizations. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
Venkatadurai, J., Dhyani, U. & Sharma, M. 2014, “Ethics and morality beyond normative theories”, Asian Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35-39.
Welker, J. & Berardino, L. 2013, “INTEGRATING ETHICAL DECISION MAKING IN MULTIPLE BUSINESS COURSES”, Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 77-93.
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For this paper, the are two main points to discuss and the writer must carefully read all the entire questions and respond accordingly. The writer must give the details of every aspect mentioned in the question and clearly provide a respond using in text citation APA 6th edition.
Communication Techniques and Barriers to Communication.
It is important to possess good communication skills to establish rapport with patients. Facilitation, silence, reflection, empathy, clarification, confrontation, interpretation, explanation, and summary each elicit a different response from the patient. The perspective shifts from the patient to the health care provider with the last four items above. Each listed item has a role in the interview process; however, practice is required to use each effectively and to move from one response to another smoothly.
Please select a specific age group (infant, child, adult, geriatric) and discuss the most effective communication techniques for this group; provide your rationale.
Discuss barriers to communication and include one relevant ethical and legal standard while conducting one of the following assessments:
1. Mental Status
2. Substance Use
3. Domestic Violence
4. Nutrition
Resources
Web Resources:
• National Human Genome Research Institute Family Medical History and Tools Resources Online. Retrieved from http://www.genome.gov/11510372
• Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. Retrieved from http://www.rid.org
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Helping Patients Who Drink Too Much: A Clinician’s Guide. Retrieved from http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/guide
Communication between nurse and their patients is crucial for achievement or desired therapeutic outcomes. Studies have shown that factors know to contribute to effective communication are embedded in the characteristics of nurses. These factors include genuineness, competency, and excellent communication skills. This paper will discuss techniques that can enhance effective communication between nurses and their patients (Kraszewski and McEwen, 2010).
Communicating with older adult patients can be a challenging encounter due to various factors such as the risk of effects of memory decline and age-related sensory impairment. In addition, a third party can become part of the interaction, since elderly patients tend to be in the company of a loved one who participates actively in the patient`s care and visits. Older patients present with sophisticated problems and various other chief complaints that may require time to unravel. Another factor to consider is that old aged patients have few inquiries and are also likely to defer the authority of the physician. Ageism is also another factor that must be considered to avoid poor communication (Cooper and Gosnell, 2015).
Establishing a good rapport is relevant in effective communication with older adult patients. This can be achieved by showing respect to the patient as well as a sign of concern for the patient. The patient can be addressed as “Mr.” or “Mrs” unless he or she has requested to be called by the name of choice. Names such as “honey,” “sweetie,” or “dear,” should be avoided. Eye contact should be maintained at all times by sitting a chair and facing the patient directly. These acts aid in demonstration of genuine interest as well as active listening. A gentle touch on the patient`s arm, or shoulder demonstrates the caregiver`s interest and concern (Hingle and Robinson, 2009).
Patients may present with different health complications, which may tend to hinder the communication process. The nurse should make sure that the patient is heard and understands as well. Good listening skills and talking unhurriedly are effective good communication basing on the assumption that not all patients resemble each other. Patient`s mental status, for instance, may impair effective communication significantly. For this reason, it is required to assess the receptive and expressive abilities of the patients allowing patients to talk about their concerns while involving relevant signs and probe to ensure the patients presents his or her case wholly. Interruptions such as environmental distractions, probing beyond the patient`s capacity, starting arguments, and using a different language should be avoided to assure the patient of comfort (Hingle and Robinson, 2009).
Studies tend to reveal that the older adult patients and physicians may disagree regarding the objectives of the medical encounter. Ineffective communication can hinder exchange of information, and hence the patient`s satisfaction. Caregivers must learn to speak slowly, clear, and in a loud voice without shouting. Short, simple, terms, and sentences should be avoided. Due to the fact that the older adult patients tend to have very few inquiries and also deter the authority of the physicians, it is vital to have summaries frequently, and give room for questions (Hart, 2010).
Reference
Cooper, K., & Gosnell, K. (2015). Foundations and adult health nursing. St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier Mosby
Hart, V. (2010). Patient-provider communications: Caring to listen. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett.
Hingle, S.T., & Robinson, S.B. (2009). Enhancing Communication with Older Patients in the Outpatient Setting. Semin Med Pract 12, 1-7.
Kraszewski, S., & McEwen, A. (2010). Communication Skills For Adult Nurses. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd.
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Drawing on the readings and lectures for this topic, present an argument in favour of one particular conception of the good life. Answer with reference to the good life at the level of the good person or the good society
SAMPLE ANSWER
Conception of the good life
Introduction
Good life in essence significantly describes the moral standards we employ in how we treat others, how we ought to live all by ourselves and ethical standards. Good life can be achieved when individuals live ethically and independently according to the moral principles set within a given society. It is imperative to identify whether our ethical desire to live a good life provides a moral cause for our concern with what we ought to do for others. Good life, for this reason, depends upon the moral principles we deploy in life.
Argument in favour of one particular conception of the good life
Life is a broad term that involves the religious conception of existence, social ties, happiness and consciousness. According to Plato, good life is defined by the fact that everything has a particular function that it is naturally suited for them. The beauty, justness, virtue and excellence of such things all depend on the realization of that function. Plato holds that human beings functions are dictated by nature, and therefore they cannot decide for themselves which functions fit them. He argues that the opposite use of function of man is to live happily and to achieve unity and harmony in life (Lutz, 2012). Man is therefore required to get knowledge, intelligence and reality in order to attain a good life. Good life, therefore, is a state where man exhibits ideal virtues making him closer the higher realm of existence.
According to Sandel, justice is also an integral part of a society if a man has to live a good life. In his article “Justice and what the right thing is to do, “he describes how man is overcome by greed. He views incidences where individuals have lost their morals to a state of getting what they do not deserve. Greed according to him is a vice since it makes others suffer and that this cannot lead man into a state of achieving goodness in life (Priel, & Sandel, 2010).In times of trouble, the society is obliged to come together and helps those in need rather than take advantage of people. This is not how a society can achieve a state of good life. Civic virtues according to him are an important element in creating a good society. We should treat other with contempt and show concern for achieving happiness.
A society should, therefore, seek to promote the virtue of its inhabitants. It is in this accord that justice should grant people what they deserve. Aristotle views this by implying that it is impossible to configure a just constitution without defining the way life should be. A good society, therefore, respects the people freedoms to choose their own concept about good life (Priel, & Sandel, 2010). The well-being of a people in a society is an integral part in defining the goodness of a society. Greed is a vice that the society should fight against since it only deprives man of his happiness.
Conclusion
Living a good life is the desire of every man. It is important that a man understands that life without happiness cannot be defined as good. Happiness is, therefore, an ingredient to a good life. The happier man is, the better life he has. Man can also attain a state of a good life without happiness. It is, therefore, important that a man develops proper virtues that guide how he relates to the society too.
Works Cited
Lutz, M. J. (2012). Metaphysics as rhetoric: Alfarabi’s summary of Plato’s laws / Plato’s statesman: The web of politics / the death of Socrates and the life of philosophy. The American Political Science Review, 90(3), 638. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214434881?accountid=45049
Priel, D., & Sandel, M. J. (2010). Justice: What’s the right thing to do? International Journal of Law in Context, 6(4), 418-422. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1744552310000376
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For this paper, the writer will address 2 critical questions , and it is important that the writer pays attention to all details and address the questions accordingly clearly indicating the two main questions. I will also upload the article mentioned in question 2 to facilitate the writer. the writer must properly cite the paper in APA 6th Edition.
Relationships with suppliers have become critical to the success of businesses competing in the global market. Lateral integration, the free flow of information, and the formation of collaborative partnerships with suppliers have become key steps for improving performance. For this paper, respond to the following questions:
• What competitive advantages can a lean supply strategy confer on the manufacturing industry? Explain in detail how these advantages are secured and maintained.
• How can the supplier relationship be used to secure broader objectives for the organization than purely the supply of materials? Base your answer on ideas in the journal article “Use the Supply Relationship to Develop Lean and Green Suppliers.”
Resources.
Articles
• Phillips, W., Lamming, R., Bessant, J., & Noke, H. (2006). Discontinuous innovation and supply relationships: Strategic dalliances. R&D Management, 36(4). Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article explores the need for supply relationships to generate, support, and respond to discontinuous innovation.
• Simpson, D. F., & Power, D. J. (2005). Use the supply relationship to develop lean and green suppliers. Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This doctoral research paper presents a conceptual framework for investigating the relationship between a supplier firm’s level of environmental management and the structure of the customer-supplier manufacturing relationship.
Christopher, M., & Towill, D. R. (2002). Developing market specific supply chain strategies. International Journal of Logistics Management, 13(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
The authors seek to demonstrate that global supply chain strategies can be developed to achieve higher levels of customer responsiveness at lower total cost.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Any organization that strives to become more sufficient and lean should incorporate the lean supply chain approach. This strategy intrigues a well-designed chain of supply that operates in delivering products in the shortest time possible to clients. Organizations that are within a lean supply chain can influence their lean journey more efficiently by delivering a better value for customers quickly and predictably to meet the needs of clients.
This structure, for this reason, facilitates the quick operation of the lean supply chain, founding a worthy cycle that benefits an organizations financial performance. Organizations motivated to incorporate this approach are susceptible to benefit from a systematic structural approach that enables them create effective foundations in managing their supply chain.
Competitive advantages of a lean supply strategy and how it confers on the manufacturing industry
The Lean strategy has significantly enabled many organizations globally to address the growing customer demands while maintaining high production volumes. The advantage of the lean supply chain is that it creates a closer connection between the client’s demands and the production rates (González, Lannelongue, & Alfaro-Tanco, 2013). The customers’ demands are believed to pull inventory through a chain; an approach that can be achieved when quantities produced are restricted to match the quantities ordered by clients. Creating such a link helps eliminate the wasteful inventory and overproduction leading to an increase in costs.
A lean supply chain, on the other hand, uses the kanban system in managing inventory levels. This kanban is referred to as a two-bin system. Two bins are maintained in stock, and when the first is emptied, the employee handling the stock takes another card that notes the item and quantity needed by a client. While the clients consume the materials in this bin, the company gets the opportunity to replenish the first bin. Quantities in both the bins are in capacity to provide and meet the needs of clients while the company initiates an addition of stock (Rimiene, & Bernatonyte, 2013). This approach keeps inventory low, and purchases are made only when the bin has been emptied.
This approach is also known for its elimination of waste. Waste in this method is described as that which a client is not willing to purchase. Lean supply strategy for this reason eliminates the wastes, functions and activities that a client is not in positions to consume. Employees are therefore engaged in rooting out waste and make improvements in production. It also prevents mistakes before they occur.
The supplier relationship usage as a means to secure broader objectives for the organization
A well-designed supply relationship between a customer and a company is an integral part that incorporates a joint approach to solving problems well in advance in order to reduce costs and improve the quality of production. Through this, the manufacturing functions of an organization are to produce a major proportion of the costs associated while facilitating environmental management activities that dwell on waste elimination, energy efficiency, and innovation (Leveroni, 2014). It is, therefore, imperative that a joint coalition between clients and the supplier be initiated with the objective of managing the environment.
Through the use of the lean manufacturing systems, companies can prevent pollution. Pollution prevention reduces the costs of production when materials used are reduced or when wastes are managed (Schoenherr, Modi, Benton, Carter, Larson, Wagner, 2012). This can be achieved when the supply chains are integrated, and the gains are shared from mutual investments and performance improvement between suppliers and their customers.
Conclusion
Lean production method is an integrated approach that companies should embrace. It involves a number of activities that are beneficial in reducing the production costs in a company.
Works Cited
González-Benito, J., Lannelongue, G., & Alfaro-Tanco, J. A. (2013). Study of supply-chain management in the automotive industry: a bibliometric analysis. International Journal Of Production Research, 51(13), 3849-3863. https://www.doi:10.1080/00207543.2012.752586
Rimiene, K., & Bernatonyte, D. (2013). Supply Chain Management Trends in the Context of Change. Economics & Management, 18(3), 596-606. https://www.doi:10.5755/j01.em.18.3.3799
Leveroni, T. (2014). Collateral management: Factors affecting the supply and demand for collateral and emerging trends and developments in the market. Journal Of Securities Operations & Custody, 6(4), 334-341.
Schoenherr, T., Modi, S. B., Benton, W., Carter, C. R., Choi, T. Y., Larson, P. D., & … Wagner, S. M. (2012). Research opportunities in purchasing and supply management. International Journal Of Production Research, 50(16), 4556-4579. https://www.doi:10.1080/00207543.2011.613870
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