Nursing risk
Project description
1. What are the different types of risk that must be managed in healthcare settings? Refer to the “Failure to Obtain Consent” and “Hospital Nightmare” simulations in your answer.
2. Review the “Customer Service” simulation. Is there any correlation to a perception of or actual poor customer service in a healthcare organization and risk management?
Required text: Youngberg, B.J. (2011).Principles of Risk Management and Patient Safety. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
“You must use a citation and reference in your initial post and in at least one of your response posts, using proper APA 6th edition format.”
SAMPLE ANSWER
What are the different types of risk that must be managed in healthcare settings? Refer to the “Failure to Obtain Consent” and “Hospital Nightmare” PDF’s in your answer.
Different types of risk require proper management in healthcare setting. These risks include informed consent, customer care services, and hospital nightmare issues that may include incidences of negligence on the parts of the nurses. One of the risks that nurses face relates to hospital nightmare as evidenced in this movie. Mrs. Smith complains of receiving a deadly infection because of negligence on the part of the health facility (Health Care Law, 2012). Even though she recovered, she complains that she contracted autoimmune disease after the incidence as a result of the complication caused by the infection. This, therefore, means that nurses must execute their mandate with keenness and professionalisms to avoid such incidence. The incidence is unfortunate but requires further interrogation to ascertain if the nurse caused the negligence.
Informed consent is as well important in nurse care and is a legal doctrine that endeavors to protect the right of patients. Patients have a right to give consent and to expect that the physicians’ honor their wishes (Health Care Law, 2012). The case of Mr. Davis filing a suit against Bright Road in the movies qualified as a breach of informed consent. During a cardiac catheterization, the act of the cardiologist extending the procedure without the consent of Mr. Davis is a breach that attracts charges, and should be avoided.
Review the “Customer Service” PDF. Is there any correlation to a perception of or actual poor customer service in a healthcare organization and risk management?
Customer care is essential in improving the quality of service provided. There is a correlation to perception of or actual poor customer services in a healthcare organization (Youngberg, 2011). Concerns of Bright Road CEO about the poor customer care are important (Health Care Law, 2012). Through Total Quality Management, customer care can be improved in streamlining administration, reducing length of stays of patients, and boosting clinical outcome and patients’ satisfaction. Without better customer services, the level of confidence of patients diminishes.
References
Health Care Law. (2012). Landscape. Ones & Bartlett Learning.
Assignment :Health Organization Case Study
Research a health care organization or a network that spans several states within the U.S. (Example: United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Healthcare, etc.).
Harvard Business Review Online and Hoover’s Company Records, found in the GCU Library, are useful sources. You may also find pertinent information on your organization’s webpage.
Review “Singapore Airlines Case Study.”
Prepare a 1,000-1,250-word paper that focuses on the organization or network you have selected.
Your essay should assess the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade, and include a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
THE DEADLINE IS ON SUNDAY, WE TOOK 7 DAYS
SAMPLE ANSWER
United Healthcare Organization
The United Healthcare Organization is a nonprofit making organization, which traces its roots in the early 1977, when Dr. Paul Ellwood, a health professional, and Richard Burke founded the company. It all started in the 1960s when it used to be called the Health Maintenance Organization until 1977, when the two decided to change its name to United HealthCare Corporation. Its core agenda by that time was to help people live healthier lives and create innovative thinking in provision of better healthcare services. The business was based on the use of the recommended medical practices in healthcare and the use of management skills in better service provision to patients while strengthening the health care system. By the early 1990s, the organization had grown and registered numerous members (Strang 1997, p. 166)
Growth
Together, the United Healthcare and its partner Optum serve more than 85 million people worldwide with more than 160,000 workers in all the 50 states of the United States and more than 125 other countries (UnitedHealth group, 2014, p.3). Since the organization started, it has grown so big and has diversified the provision of its services. It now runs a series of healthcare groups such as the Optum, United Healthcare Children Foundation, and United Health Foundation. In order to increase the number of health service providers, the organization has opened up a series of nursing schools to provide nursing training to students so that it can increase the number of healthcare service providers. One such school is the Park Lane Elementary School in Philadelphia. The services that they are providing have been greatly advanced form simple medical service delivery to the more complex surgery delivery services.
The use of online forums in managing its growth has been very effective. The use of online management has also led to delivery of quality services to the patients at their own comfort. The patients can get advisory services at the online platforms
Management
The organization is managed in such a way that it has branches all over the country with distinct administrators. It has its headquarters at Minnesota and the president of the United Health Group organizations heads it. All the other administrators at the various branches around the country report to the headquarters (Strang, 1997).
As said earlier, the organization is a not-for-profit, which basically runs on member contributions and donor funding. The money is also collected through the membership subscription fee through the use of the healthcare insurance scheme where the members are taxed. It is collected from the various branches and then its use is managed at the headquarters. Here, any money that is required for spending is sent to the specific branch after approval by the necessary budgetary authorities (United Health group, 2014, p. 6-7).
Nurse staffing
The organization entirely runs on donor funding and contributions from the local societies in America. The employment of staff workers ranges from nurses to physicians, and doctors. The health care centers are located in every part of the United States. The employees sacrifice their time in order to ensure proper and quality service delivery to the patients.
According to Spetz et al. (2013), they observed that United Health Groups Center for Nursing Advancement has been in the forefront encouraging the nurse practitioners to engage in higher licensed programs so that they can practice with full authority. A report carried out by the center identified that nurse practitioners practicing in retail clinics have a very high potential to deliver quality services to patients. The study recommended that scope of practice by the qualified and trained nurses should go beyond what it is at now. The Health Group has carried out several researches in the healthcare system for America, which help equip the nurses with the right knowledge that they need in dealing with their patients. The organization has also organized several nurse-training conferences in which the nurses are given training on the current trends in the healthcare service provision. Through such forums, the nurses are able to acquire knowledge that helps them improve their skills in the healthcare system.
Advancements in Service Provision and Patient Satisfaction
The world of today is moving towards the era where people shall be accessing services at the comfort of their home without much manual work. In the year 2011, the United Health Center for Health Reform & Modernization in collaboration with YMCA launched the JOIN for ME Initiative. This was designed to engage young overweight kids between the age of 6 and 17 in an evidence-based program to achieve a healthier weight through a reduction of calories and TV and computer time screens. The initiative was also to encourage enough sleep and physical activity as one of the strategies of reducing weight. In the same year, the organization also invented hi-tech, lower cost hearing devices for the 36 million Americans with hearing loss. The initiative also included new testing in order to identify those who had developed the hearing problem (United Health group, 2014)
In the year 2012, the organization launched My Healthcare Cost Estimator, an online resource that provides a comprehensive analysis of costs of over 116 diseases and gives the comparison from various service providers. This helps the citizens in making informed decisions on their medication cost based on the different healthcare providers.
In 2013, the organization launched the Easy Book, an online healthcare shopping in which customers can book appointments online and pay upfront for quality care, often at discounted rates. In the same year, the Optum in collaboration with the United Healthcare group, launched a Diabetes Prevention Programme (DPP). The programme was run all over America encouraging change of lifestyle as a way of dealing with the diabetes problem among the millions of Americans in a convenient way. In addition, they launched the Optum 360, a new strategy to simplify patient billing and enhance transparency in the cost of medication of the patients by the various health service providers. The system also incorporates a technique, which enhances progressive delivery revenue management, and medical record documentation services to large hospitals and health systems.
This year, the organization has launched the Optum One, which is an analytics platform that helps the professional healthcare providers engage the patients, coordinate the patient care services, and improve health outcomes. The care providers can analyze and take direct action on conclusions deducted from data Optum One extracts from personal medical records and provides an avenue of claims.
Conclusion
The United Healthcare Organization is one of the very vibrant healthcare organizations in the whole of America whose service provision is aimed at satisfying its customers. Provided the organization advances technologically, new inventions will see it through its continuous growth and survival in the next decade.
Strang, D. 1997. Health maintenance organizations. pp 165-179. New York, free press.http://www.soc.cornell.edu/faculty/strang/articles/Health%20Maintenance%20Orga nizations.pdf
1. By doing the optimisation using Excel Solver, you are required to construct a mean variance efficient portfolio frontier for any 10 randomly selected ordinary shares listed on a stock market. For all your calculations, you should use the 60 monthly returns, sample means, standard deviations, and covariance and correlation matrices. Plot the portfolio frontier and comment on the weights of the portfolios along the portfolio frontier including in your discussion the correlations among the 10 shares.
2. Identify a risk-less asset and provide the rationale for your choice of the risk less asset.
3. By combining the risk-less asset with the 10 shares, plot the straight line efficient portfolio frontier and select the tangent portfolio on the portfolio frontier.
4. Assume that the short selling is not allowed, how your efficient frontiers would differ from those with short selling allowed in questions 1 and 3 above.
5. Identify the appropriate benchmark index and justify your choice of the benchmark index.
6. Evaluate the performance of the tangent portfolio selected above using:
a) Sharpe’s Measure
b) Treynor’s Measure
c) M2 Measure
d) Jensen’s Performance Measure
e) The Appraisal Ratio.
8. Critically evaluate the gains in the performance of the identified portfolio along with the associated risks from investing in other asset classes, for instance, investment in gilts (including index linked), corporate bonds, convertible bonds, commodities, real estate, hedge funds and exchange traded funds.
NB
This is a portfolio optimization assignment.
It has to be done with excel after the report writing on word.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Investing in the stock markets is highly dependent on the performance of the portfolio in which a certain investor has put his/her money. This principle of portfolio optimization was popularized by Markowitz who developed an appropriate method through which an investor could devise the most important stock portfolio for investment by avoiding risky stocks and prioritizing on investing in the stocks with the highest potential for maximum returns. Therefore, Markowitz portfolio indicates that it is necessary to increase assets and/or stocks in an investment portfolio the where the total risk of that portfolio is considered to be low or as measured by the standard deviation (or variance) of total return declines continuously, whereas the envisaged portfolio return is a weighted average of the expected returns of the individual assets. This implies that investing portfolios instead of individual assets and/or stocks, investors have a chance of significantly lowering the total risk of investing without necessarily sacrificing returns on their investments.
Therefore, the Markowitz’s mean-variance theory is usually implemented through the Excel Solver spreadsheet calculations meaning that it always optimize allocation of assets by finding the stock distribution through which there is minimization of the standard deviation or variance of the portfolio while at the same time sustaining the desired return on the stocks and/or assets. The origin of modern portfolio theory was in the 1950s with Harry Markowitz’s pioneering work in mean-variance portfolio optimization. However, prior to Markowitz’s innovation, heuristics were the ones who significantly influenced finance more than mathematical modeling. Mean-variance optimization is currently considered the core technique used by pension funds and hedge funds for portfolio diversification.
Most investors trade risk off against the envisaged return on their investments. Mean-variance optimization plays a crucial role in the identification of the investment portfolio responsible for the minimization of risk (i.e. standard deviation) for a given return. In most cases the line which is formed when the envisaged returns are plotted against the minimized standard deviation becomes the most efficient frontier for determining the most appropriate investment portfolio.
Background of Stock Portfolio Optimization
There is a certain return for every stock in the market and it is assumed that a normal distribution is portrayed by this return. This implies that the distribution for these returns for the stock can be completely described using the mean which represents the expected return as well as variance of the returns. Moreover, between any pair of stocks covariance of the returns can be computed whereby the stocks that show positive covariances, it means that they move together while the stocks that show negative covariances move in the opposite directions. Therefore, if the envisaged returns for a certain stock return or a group of stock’s returns are known, a portfolio of these stocks can be put together because of their desired variance (risk) in the stock market as a result of their envisaged return. Thus, solver, excel is mainly used for the purpose of picking the portfolio in possession of the least variance for an envisaged return meaning that the investor is likely to gain profits from his/her investment.
However, the expected return as well as the portfolio’s variance can be calculated using the method that was developed by Harry Markowitz which is crucial in the computation of portfolio return in terms of the sum of individual stock covariances and variances between stocks’ pairs in a certain portfolio. This is definitely the right thing to do from a mathematical standpoint, even though all covariances between any portfolios pair of stocks is considered meaning there would be so many calculations that would be required to accomplish this task. Alternatively, another method was devised by William Sharpe for the determination of the envisaged return and variance for a certain portfolio. This is a simpler method compared to the previous one because it assumes that any stock’s return has two parts such as the beta part which depends on the entire market performance, and the second one which is independent of the market. These two methods have been extensively used to determine the performance of specific groups of stock portfolios in the stock markets across the world for a considerable period of time.
Discussion
In our considered example, the optimal portfolio in stock market provides a risk-return trade off for superior to investing in all the shares within the UK stock exchange market. For instance, through the computations of the Excel Solver it has been determined. For instance, the portfolio optimization analysis began with the analysis of descriptive aspects of the considered 10 stock returns over a period of 60 months including means, standard deviations, and median. Moreover, the correlation and covariance matrix as well as correlation coefficient all seem to indicate that there is significant relationship between the 10 stocks considered over the 60 months.
Moreover, there are also other performance ratios such as the Treynor’s measure, Sharpe ratio, Jensen’s Performance Measure, and the appraisal ratio. For instance, Treynor’s measure of 0.4 which is relatively low considering that it is below the half mark, this implies that selected portfolio is not that better since the higher the Treynor’s measure. The Sharpe ratio is almost identical to the Treynor measure, with exception of the fact that the risk measure is the standard deviation of the portfolio rather than only considering the systematic risk, as represented by beta. Therefore, the Sharpe ratio of 1.6 is indicative of a portfolio that is not performing better. This may be attributable to the selected stock with lowly performing returns, except a few which show considerable performance.
Jensen’s Performance Measure analyses the performance of an investment by not only looking at the overall return of a portfolio, but also at the risk of that portfolio. For instance, when two mutual stocks, rationally an investor would go the one that is less risky meaning that the obtained value of 0.2 is and indicative of considerable performance of the stocks.
Finally, the Appraisal Ratio of 0.5 shows that it is necessary to attempt to beat the returns of a relevant benchmark or of the overall market. The appraisal ratio measures the portfolio performance by comparing the return of their stock picks to the specific risk of those selections, hence the higher the ratio, the better the performance of the portfolio in question.
This implies that two step must always be taken prior to determining where to invest in the stock market, where the first one regards the determination of the allocation of stocks/assets between the riskless portfolio and the risky assets and/or stocks. The second step is the determination of the allocation of resources between the risky and riskless portfolios.
However, considering that all the portfolios of riskless and risky assets have a similar Sharpe ratio, all investors do not have one optimal portfolio, but their allocation is often determined by specific factors that are individual like the objectives of the investor or risk aversion of the investor, taking into account factors like the investor’s horizon, wealth, etc. Furthermore, the extent to which the volatility of the portfolio can be decreased is highly dependent on the correlation whereby, the lower the average correlation of the stocks within a certain portfolio, then it implies that that is the lower an investor can decrease the volatility of the portfolio. This is a clear indication that this has provided the author of this assignment with succinct knowledge of determining the optimal allocations in stock markets.
Conclusion
Through this assignment it has been shown that, it is possible to use specialized spreadsheets for the calculation of important risk and return related portfolio statistics in the stock markets as well as minimizing the overall risk or maximizing the expected return of a multi-stock portfolio. However, it is essential to know that irrespective of these calculations being useful when creating investment portfolios, they rest on the assumption that historical relationships between asset classes and individual assets will hold in the future. This means that it is always crucial for investors to choose a period that they feel is representative of a “typical” market cycle, in order to avoid a capturing a repetitive cycle that is not relevant.
Moreover, the mean-variance portfolio optimization has its limitations, despite the fact that it is very helpful in choosing appropriate portfolios. For example, using standard deviation (or variance) as a proxy for risk can only be considered valid for normally distributed returns, and not any other returns which is not always the case in the stock markets. In addition, the premise of the Markowitz theory means that investors are not likely to make any alterations to their asset allocation after it has been optimized. Finally, fund managers or investors may not necessarily be interested in the minimization of risk (i.e. standard deviation or variance), but instead they may be interested in reducing the correlation of a fund to a benchmark. These are the limitations of the used method, even it is very crucial in determining portfolio optimization.
Reference List
Arnold, G. (2008), Corporate Financial Management, Third Edition, New York, NY: Pearson Education Limited.
Craig, W. H. (2008), Excel Modelling and Estimation in Investments, Third Edition, Indiana University, Prentice Hall, Inc.
FTSE Website http://www.ftse.com/products/indices/uk
Goldfarb, D. and Iyengar, G. (2003), “Robust Portfolio Selection Problems”. Mathematics of Operations Research, Vol.28 Issue 1, pp. 1-38.
Jackson, M. and Staunton, M. (2001), Advanced Modelling in Finance using Excel and VBA. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Markowitz, H.M. (1959), Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Markowitz, H.M. (1952). “Portfolio selection” The Journal of Finance, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp. 77-91.
Sharpe, W.F., (1964), “Capital asset prices: A theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk”. Journal of Finance, Vol. 19 Issue 3, pp. 425-442.
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The data analysis section of your research manuscript is due by Day 7. In this section, you will include the results of any statistical procedures used with your data to detail the outcomes of your research. Outline the statistical analyses used, the results, and provide a discussion of the results. Refer back to what you learned in biostatistics about analyzing data and reporting the results. Examine how articles used in your literature review reported the outcomes of their data analysis. These resources can assist you as you work through this section. If you have any questions, contact your Instructor. This section of the manuscript should support your research question—the purpose of your research study.
Submit your data analysis by Day 7 via the Submission link for grading and to receive feedback from the Instructor. Include appropriate tables, graphs, or charts and a write-up of the data analysis procedures and findings.
For this assignment, please describe your data analysis in approximately 3 pages:
•Briefly address the data analysis process.
•Identify and justify the univariate, bivariate and/or multivariate statistical techniques that were used to describe and analyze your quantitative data.
The subject should be childhood obesity. I have to submit it via turnitin and it has to be less than 4% score. (No plagiarism)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Research Manuscript: Data Analysis
The alarming rise in the cases of childhood obesity in many nations in the world has lead to the increased studies associated with this problem. A survey of 5200 grade 5 students was conducted to determine the causes of childhood obesity. In the study, weight and height of the children were measured. Information about their dietary intake and physical and sedentary activities were also collected. The statistical procedures used in the study included the analysis of nutrition programs using multi-level regression levels, which also accounted for other demographic characteristics such as socioeconomic status, gender characteristics, and their residential neighborhoods (Veugelers & Fitzgerald, 2005).
The results of the study showed that the students in schools that participated in a coordinated program that incorporated school-based healthy eating programs exhibited lower rates of obesity and overweight children. The results also showed that students who had healthier diets and practiced more physical activities also exhibited a lower degree of being overweight and obese as compared to students who had no physical activities or nutrition programs.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of school education programs in the reduction and prevention of excess body weight that leads to obesity. The effectiveness of the reduction and prevention of obesity is mainly based on improving the quality of diets and the overall daily physical activity. The survey methods used to select the participants involved the use of purposive sampling that included elementary students who attended public school. The study dubbed the Children’s Lifestyle, and School Performance Study of 2003 included the school principals, parents, and elementary school fifth graders. In the study, more than two hundred and ninety schools were selected that had a fifth grade class. Out of these, only two hundred and eighty accepted to conduct the study, which consisted of filling a survey questionnaire and filling a consent form to parents of these fifth graders.
Of all the consent forms that were distributed, only five thousand five hundred were positive responses, with an average response rate of close to fifty percent. Many reasons resulted in the reduction of this response rate since some students lost their consent forms while some parents were extremely adamant in allowing their children to participate in a mass survey. The questionnaire presented was similar to that of the Harvard youth adolescent food frequency questionnaire, which had additional questions regarding the use of their free time in performing physical and sedentary activities. The data collection activity also involved the measurement of their heights, weights, and collection of their demographic characteristics such as their gender, age, social status, and residential neighborhood information.
Statistical methods used in the study involved multilevel regression methods to examine the effects of school programs in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption, obesity, dietary quality, fat intake, overweight outcomes, and physical and sedentary activities. The school program was considered a second level covariate and a contextual factor. The condition of being overweight, obese, and physical and sedentary activities were treated as first level binary outcomes in the multilevel logistic regression analysis. The data was used to calculate odd ratios with more than ninety-five percent confidence levels.
The results of the survey led to the conclusion that school-based nutritional and physical activity programs provide a basis for the provision of future well-being and health of the children, by enhancing learning and instilling good nutritional and exercise habits in them. This was found to be effective in enhancing their quality of health during growth and reducing chronic illnesses at adulthood
Organizational stress seems to be an inevitable consequence of doing business in today’s fast-paced global society. But what are the causes of organizational stress?
What is the impact of these stressors on an organization? How can these sources of stress be effectively mitigated and managed? Critically reviewing the body of research on these questions may yield valuable insight that will allow you to enable organizations of which you are a part to better manage stress.
To prepare:
•Select three peer-reviewed scholarly articles, with each article addressing a different source of organizational stress. In your evaluation of each article, consider the following:
Reliability (evaluation of research methods used, theories used, and data on which it is based)
Appropriateness for the intended audience
Background and authority of the author
Limitations of the research (which can depend on the scope, reliability, age of the document, and bias)
Significance of the research
For more information and an example of an annotated bibliography, refer to the Walden University Online Writing Center’s annotated bibliography resource in this Module’s Learning Resources.
By Day 7 of Week 5, submit an annotated bibliography for the three resources. For each article, be sure to include the following:
•A full APA-style bibliographic reference including the author, title, publisher, and place of publication
•A summary of the document including the main points, its purpose, the theoretical perspective on which it is based, and the scope
•Evaluation of the source following the guidelines outlined under “To prepare”
SAMPLE ANSWER
Organizational Stressors: Annotated Bibliography
Marija Rok. (2011). Stress and stress management in a higher education tourism institution, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 279-290.
The article aimed at finding out the nature of stress found in institutions of higher learning, and how they affect the employees as well as methods used to handle them. The author conducted a case study in one tertiary institution and targeted employees of one faculty, i.e. the tourism department. The study followed a phenomenon approach focused on participants’ subjective experiences. Employees were subjected to a semi-structured interview with open-ended questions. Data was analyzed using a general analytical strategy where the author compared the findings of the study to other similar studies done both in that country and worldwide. The results indicated that employees in higher education institutions face stress similar to those in an enterprise.
The author did not base his study on any specific theory but instead, compared his data to other studies done previously. This was intentional as he wanted to get an unbiased result, which could be used or applied in any other higher education setting.
Typical answers given by participants on what they found stressful include dissertation work, diverse curricula, research obligations, lack of job safety, ambiguous roles, non-transparent leading, lack of opportunity for empowerment, organization climate, family obligations, and lack of time. Surprisingly, these issues were similar to those of employees found in corporates as well as previous studies done in tertiary institutions elsewhere.
Effects of these stress factors included tiredness, frustrations, irritability, aggression, and loss of interest among others. The participants understood how to relieve stress and engaged in activities like regular exercise, proper nutrition, regular sleep, engaged in hobbies, social gatherings, positive thinking, laughter, and relaxation. The organization, on the other hand, did nothing except hold meetings.
The case study method used was appropriate as it gave an opportunity for thorough investigation and a small sample size; hence, comprehensive results were gotten. The analysis the author draws from this study is that most of the stressors found in this institution were extrinsic i.e. based on bad tourism industry performance. His conclusion that stress is an unavoidable factor is true but it is rather a shallow recommendation, and he should have offered solid solutions instead of living the research hanging.
Lineta Ramonienė and Olena Gorbatenko. (2013). Managing Occupational Stress In Human Service Nonprofit Organizations In Mykolaiv, Ukraine. Organizations & Markets In Emerging Economies, VOL. 4, No. 2(8)
These authors sort to identify stressors in nonprofit organizations in a town in Ukraine using the transactional theory model that views stress as caused by relationship of a person and work. The study was conducted on the entire population of the non-profits of the town i.e. eleven institutions and six hypotheses were formulated using fourteen stressors. Using the regression model for analysis, the findings revealed that three stress factors were dominant i.e. demands exceeding abilities, demands falling short of abilities, and clients’ needs for emotional support.
The study shows that too many stress factors were chosen and out of original fourteen chosen, only eleven were applicable. Out of those, only six had positive results. Out of the six, only two revealed strong indicators to stress. Two stress factors had mild relation to stress and the other three had a weak link to stress. The three stress factors that failed to be used were career development opportunities, job insecurity, and dysfunctional relationships with supervisor. These are normally the main factors that contribute to stress among employees. However, it could be that this does not apply in the NGO sector as staffs here aim to “serve” and not “benefit” from the work. In addition, the lack of use of qualitative methods like interview that would have explained certain responses was an oversight. Lastly, even though the goal was accomplished i.e. to find out the stress factors that are found in NGO’s, the study left more questions than answers.
Caitlin Finney, Erene Stergiopoulos, Jennifer Hensel, Sarah Bonato and Carolyn S Dewa. (2013). Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13:82
The authors reviewed the relationship between organizational stressors and employee stress and burnout in adult correctional facilities. The authors conducted a literature review and used Cooper & Marshall’s model of job stress to choose which stressors to use. The findings indicated that organizational structure and climate was the main cause of stress and burnout for employees.
The aim of the study was to identify areas that organizational interventions could target to reduce employee stress and burnout. The study was done using eight articles chosen from credible databases and journals, and five stressors including role in the organization, rewards at work, supervisory relationships at work, and the organizational structure and climate were applied. Negative consequences of burnout included high turnover rates, high absenteeism, and low productivity. Limitations of the study were many, especially that the articles selected used varying measures for organizational stressors. Moreover, the fact that this study used a cross sectional design as opposed to longtitudal design, which is more appropriate for behavior related researches is another weakness. In addition, the articles chosen were mostly from one country and involved public correctional institutions.
The authors in their conclusion recommended increase in communication between management and employees, while mild and more radical solutions might be necessary, especially when giving staff more decision-making power and reviewing job descriptions.
References
Caitlin Finney, Erene Stergiopoulos, Jennifer Hensel, Sarah Bonato and Carolyn S Dewa. (2013). Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13:82
Marija Rok. (2011). Stress and stress management in a higher education tourism institution, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 279-290.
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In ‘Godefa One Man’s Story’ you are introduced to many of the issues facing people who have been forced to leave their country because they are at risk of, or have experienced, persecution. Godefa believes that nurses have a critical role in supporting refugees who are resettled in Australia.
Critically discuss the key components of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in relation to the mental health of refugees and what impact you as a nurse can have on improving the mental health and well-being of refugees and their families.
Unit Learning Outcomes assessed:
ULO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a range of contemporary mental health issues -in particular by exploring mental health issues related to refugees
ULO2: Evaluate social, political, environmental, and economic factors in relation to mental health – by considering the factors that contribute to poor mental health in this population group
ULO3: Relate primary health care philosophy, principles, and strategies to promote mental health – by considering refugee health in the context of the Ottawa Charter
Graduate Learning Outcomes assessed:
GLO1: Discipline Specific Knowledge and Capabilities – by apply mental health theory to nursing practice and considering the role of nurses in supporting and improving the mental health of refugees
GLO2: Communication – by demonstrating the ability to communicate ideas and knowledge through writing
GLO4: Critical Thinking – through evaluation of information and critique of key ideas from the literature and mental health promotion theory as it applies to refugees
GLO6: Self-management – by demonstrating the capacity to work independently to research, prepare and submit this assignment by the due date
GLO8: Global citizenship – by engaging with ideas about refugee populations, a global health issue, and role of nurses in improving the mental health of refugees.
SUMMARY:
Key aspect of the topics:
*Refugee mental health – and the impact of social and political context
*Ottawa Charter – As a framework for promoting mental health of refugee
*Impact nurses can have on improving mental health of refugees.
PS: Settings of mental health promotion in Australia
It needs Harvard referencing and Australian context.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Mental Health Promotion in Australia
In ‘Godefa One Man’s Story’, there is an introduction to a majority of the issues faced by people who are forced to desert their country since they are vulnerable to or have undergone through persecution. Godefa supports the idea that nurses possess a critical obligation in supporting refugees that have resettled in Australia. The pre-arrival experiences that refugees in Australia experience have key implications on their long-term mental and physical health. The refugees flee from persecution in their mother countries. They may have been subjected to torture and suffered trauma due to conflict and war. Usually, the time the refugees have been in flight as well as in the countries of 1st asylum often equate to prolonged insecurity and displacement, which frequently requires the refugees to spend many years moving in refugee camps or between places with no or limited access to healthcare and proper nutrition. As a result, there are unresolved health challenges that only aggravate the mental well-being. After arrival in Australia, the process for resettlement is often extremely stressfully with crucial negative compounding impacts. This has a great consequence on the refugees’ mental wellbeing and health status.
Mental health issues related to refugees
A majority of the newly arrived refugees Australia in have no friendship and family networks. Moreover, they experience isolation in the new communities. This brings about negative mental health impacts and exacerbates the pre-existing mental health concerns (Fazel, 2012; p266). The damaging effect of prolonged separation from their families on the mental health is a great issue of concern. Often, the mental health issues that are associated with refugees never manifest immediately. On the contrary, they become apparent later after the initial settlement. This implies that former refugees may require mental health services in addition to trauma and torture counseling well after the eligibility for such services (Schweitzer et al, 2011; p299-300). The difficulties and limitations the refugee entrants face when accessing mental health assistance is the same as those experienced in the general health services.
A majority of the refugees in Australia are on the bridging visas while waiting for the protection applications to be processed. Only a few have been under detention. This group also suffers vital social stressors including unemployment, poverty, isolation from the family, social dislocation, and the anxieties of a new life in strange communities where there are considerable cultural and language differences (Watkins, 2012; p126-128). This is compounded by the fact that the refuges have had a history of witnessing or experiencing severe trauma, persecution, and torture. This makes refugees very vulnerable to suffering from mental health challenges.
The protracted refugee determination procedure is usually very distressing and difficult for the refugees. Evidence indicated that this procedure greatly contributes to post-traumatic stress disorder directly. This is particularly for people who had their claims rejected repeatedly. Usually, refugees present with major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. There are also features of irritability, fluctuating mood, poor attention and concentration, overwhelming powerlessness and hopelessness feelings, and recurrent intensive thoughts regarding the determination process (Kirmayer et al, 2011; p959). Some refugees develop psychotic and dissociative symptoms. Some refugees may become too obsessed with refugee application process and not be able to focus on anything else outside this process.
Social, political, economic, and environmental factors that contribute to poor mental health among refugees
An individual’s capacity to flourish and develop is influenced deeply by the immediate social surroundings. This also includes the opportunity to positively engage with colleagues, friends, and family members, as well as earn a life for the families and themselves. The socio-economic circumstances the refugees find themselves in have a great role. Lost or restricted opportunities to acquire income or education are particularly pertinent socio-economic factors. A majority of the refugees undergo through a discrepancy between the social status before and after migration. This mostly leads to poverty. Many of them have also lost a lot of assets when forced to fled from the host country. Many also lose significant documents certifying their credentials, training, and education. This is a huge barrier for employment. Racism and discrimination from the prospective employers is a very common barrier to employment.
Foreign-trained professionals often have challenges having their skills accredited. They have to undergo through costly recertification and time-consuming processes. The challenges involved in learning the new language create barriers to employment. There may also be limited quality and accessibility to ESL programs (English as a second language. As a result of this, sustained unemployment and underemployment periods are common among the refugees. There is usually a tendency for the refugees to blame themselves when they cannot acquire a job that matches what they had in their country of origin. Often this leads to feelings of humiliation, helplessness, inferiority, despair, anger, and nostalgia that negatively impacts on their mental health.
The political system in Australia does not have solid strategies for preventing refugees’ isolation and offering social support. Many of the refugees separate from their family and friends during the migration process. They also experience the absence of similar ethno-cultural communities as was in the host country. Considering that there are inadequate language skills, forming friendships becomes difficult. Racism and unfriendly reception from Australians can create barriers that hinder support networks. The seniors and women have a heightened isolation risk since they are most likely unemployed and have to spend more time at home compared to men (work) and children (school). These factors are great contributors to the refugees’ mental health problems.
The wider geopolitical and socio-cultural environment in which the refugees find themselves in Australia affects the community’s, household’s, and individual’s mental health status. This also includes the level of access to the basic services and commodities (rule of law, essential health services, and water); practices and attitudes; and exposure to the predominating cultural beliefs. There is also a challenge of economic and social policies that are created at the national level. For instance, the global financial crisis has crucial mental health impacts such as increasing harmful alcohol use and suicide rates. Gender or social conflict or inequity and discrimination are some of the adverse structural mental well-being determinants.
It is worth noting that these factors interact with each other in dynamic ways. Therefore, they can either be against or for the refugees’ mental health state. Addressing the issues that refugees face in Australia should, therefore, involve identifying and addressing the multifaceted factors.
Primary healthcare strategies, principles, and philosophy of the Ottawa Charter for Health promotion in relation to refugees’ mental health
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion encompasses of five principal health promotion strategies; creating supportive environments; building healthy public policy; strengthening community action; developing personal skills; and reorienting services towards prevention, promotion, and early intervention (Potvin and Jones, 2011 244-245). Promoting mental health encompasses of enhancing the capacity of the communities and individuals so that they can have control in their lives as well as better their mental health. When promoting mental health, there is use of strategies that promote supportive environments as well as individual resilience. This is usually accomplished while demonstrating respect for equity, culture, interconnections, social justice, and personal dignity.
Mental health promotion and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion share common elements. There is a keen focus on enhancing the refugees’ well-being as opposed to illness. Second, the population is addressed as a whole, with an inclusion of people that are experiencing risk conditions in their everyday life context (Correa-Velez et al, 2010; p1403). Another commonality is that both are oriented towards acting on the health determinants including housing and income. There is also a focus on broadening the focus so that there is inclusion of protective factors as opposed to simply focusing on the risk conditions and factors. The two approaches also encompass of a wide array of strategies including education, communication, organizational change, policy development, local activities, and community development. The population’s competencies are also reinforced and acknowledged. Finally, the social and health fields in addition to medical services are encompassed. This is usually founded on the fact that the social arena has a great contribution to the health status of refugees in Australia (Vasey and Manderson, 2012; p50). In this regard, promoting the health status of the refugees should encompass addressing the social factors that influence the health.
The Ottawa Charter on Health Promotion advocates for strengthening community action. This process has at its heart communities’ empowerment, their control and ownership of their personal destinies and endeavors. Community development focuses on the existing material and human resources in a community with the intention of enhancing social and self-help support, as well as developing flexible systems that can promote health matters’ direction and public participation. If mental health has to be promoted among the refugees in Australia, it is important to have this responsibility shared among community groups, individuals, governments, health service institutions, and health professionals. All relevant stakeholders have to work together towards a healthcare system that addresses all the needs of refugees. The reorientation of health services should also be accompanied by a stronger attention to research and changes in professional training and education. This should lead to attitude change as well as a transformation in health services’ organization, that concentrates on the complete needs of refugees as whole persons.
The charter emphasizes that the principal resources and conditions for health are equity, social justice, sustainable resources, a stable ecosystem, income, food, education, shelter, and peace. Therefore, improving the mental health of refugees should have a secure foundation in the mentioned basic prerequisites. Three major components for health promotion are advocate, enable, and mediate. More significantly, health promotion should go past health care. Policy-makers from all sectors as well as all levels should be included. They should be aware of the impacts their decisions have and acknowledge the huge role they have in promoting health.
Role of nurses in improving and supporting refugees’ mental health
When nurses engage in interventions aimed at improving and supporting the mental health for refugees, their ultimate goal should be reducing inequities, decreasing risk factors, and increasing protective and resilience factors. Nurses should have a keen interest on strengthening the ability of the mentally-handicapped refugees, families, and communities to cope with the everyday life occurrences (Savic et al, 2013; p 390). This should encompass of increasing community or individual resilience; increasing the coping skills; improving the feelings of satisfaction and quality of life; enhancing self-esteem; enhancing a sense of belonging and well-being; strengthening the sense of identity and social supports; and strengthening the balance between psychological, spiritual, emotional, social, and physical health.
Nurses should involve mental health promotion strategies that minimize the factors that place the refugees at risk of diminished mental health. According to Happel et al (2011; p 707) this can be achieved through eliminating or reducing distress and stress; depression; anxiety; sense of helplessness; social exclusion, violence, and abuse; problematic substance abuse; and suicidal attempts’ history or suicidal ideation.
Nurses also have the role of reducing inequities as well as the subsequent impacts on mental health. These inequities are often based on poverty, age, gender, mental or physical disability, employment status, race, geographic location, sexual orientation, and cultural or ethnic background. Nurses can reduce inequities through implementing equity and diversity policies. Nurses can also offer regular equity and diversity training as well as evaluation of the results. Transitional programs can also be created for identified refugee groups. This involves tailoring programs so that they are made more responsive and inclusive to marginalized populations. Nurses also have a great responsibility in promoting anti-stigma campaigns or initiatives that can greatly address the system barriers that the refugees face, including discrimination and racism (Stone, 2012; p8).
References
Correa-Velez, I., Gifford, S. M., & Barnett, A. G. 2010. Longing to belong: social inclusion and wellbeing among youth with refugee backgrounds in the first three years in Melbourne, Australia. Social science & medicine, 71(8), 1399-1408.
Fazel, M., Reed, R. V., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A.2012. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379(9812), 266-282.
Happell, B., PLATANIA‐PHUNG, C., Gray, R., Hardy, S., Lambert, T., McAllister, M., & Davies, C. 2011. A role for mental health nursing in the physical health care of consumers with severe mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18(8), 706-711.
Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., … & Pottie, K. 2011. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959-E967.
Potvin, L., & Jones, C. M. 2011. Twenty-five years after the Ottawa charter: The critical role of health promotion for public health. Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante’e Publique, 244-248.
Schweitzer, R. D., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Asic-Kobe, M. 2011. Mental health of newly arrived Burmese refugees in Australia: contributions of pre-migration and post-migration experience. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 299-307.
Stone, T. 2012. Mental Health and Illness in Australia: Some Contemporary Facts and Figures. Journal of Nursing Science 29(4), 7-9.
Vasey, K., & Manderson, L. 2012. Regionalizing immigration, health and inequality: Iraqi refugees in Australia. Administrative Sciences, 2(1), 47-62.
Watkins, P. G., Razee, H., & Richters, J. 2012. ‘I’m Telling You… The Language Barrier is the Most, the Biggest Challenge’: Barriers to Education among Karen Refugee Women in Australia. Australian Journal of Education, 56(2), 126-141.
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The assignment is for a short business report. Sources/references aren’t needed, nor is a title page. However it requires creating and embedding charts within the report. I will attach detailed instructions. Thank you!
SAMPLE ANSWER
To: Ms. Suarez, CEO
From:
July 28th 2014.
Subject: Workforce Transportation habits.
The impact of the company’s workforce on the local traffic can be analyzed from different perspectives. The most appropriate way of assessing the workforce effect is through the analysis of employee behavioural habits and their preferences. Many factors affect the behaviour of employees when transportation becomes a source of employee problems. The following is an analysis of several behavioural habits that have been observed.
Out of a total of 43,500 employees, only 23% opt for carpooling ventures every day of the week while 11% opt for carpooling on certain days of the week. Only 2% randomly decide to use the carpooling option while 64% are not documented which may mean they are undecided or uninterested.
A total of 23556 employees or 54% of all the employees use the public transport system every day of the week while only 5% or 2029 employees use the public transport on certain days of the week. A total of 12,053 employees have never used the public transport system and only 5862 or 13% of the employees use the public transport randomly.
Improvement That May Encourage Use of Public Transportation
The greatest improvement that may encourage the use of public transportation is the implementation of reduced commuter time.
About 7285 or 17% of the total number of employees prefers reduced commuter time than any other activity or precaution that may attract the use of the public transport while 5634 or 13% of employees would use the public transport if the fares were reduced or subsidized. Increased safety perception would attract 4932 or 11% of the employees to use the public transport system while only 3278 or 7% of the employees would be attracted by the conveniences of fewer transfers. More stops for the public transport system would encourage 1155 or 3% of the employees while only 852 or 2% of the employees would be encouraged by cleanliness. A total of 12070 or 28% employees are undecided on what may encourage them to use the public transport system while 8294 or 19% would not be encouraged by anything to use the public transport
The numbers of employees who use the public transport totalling to 17915 or 41% of the employees are illegible for alternative telecommuting options. Employees who have agreed to telecommute several days a week are 1433 or 8% of the employees who use the public transport while those who would telecommute several days a week are 3583 or 20% of the employees who use the public transport system.
The largest number of employees who use the public transport and would agree to telecommute are 5375 or 30% of the total employees who use the public transport while 7524 or 42% of the employees who use the public transport contend that telecommuting options is not applicable in their work options as illustrated in figure 4.
Recommendations
The first recommendation would be to lobby the city or county representatives to reduce the fares charged by the public transporters to encourage the use of the public transport system or to persuade the management to subsidized the fares of public transport to encourage more employees to use the Public transport. Fares discourage the use of the public transport by about 13%. Only 23% of the workforce is engaged on full time carpooling options every day of the week and majority of the employees are undecided or are interested on the carpooling option. About 54% of the employees use the public transport every day of the week and a further 13% would be encouraged to use the public transport if the fares are reduced. Cleanliness discourages only 2% of the workforce while safety measures discourage about 28% of the employees. The 28% of the employees who are undecided on what may encourage them to use the public service would also be encouraged by the reduction of fares of the subsidies being extended from the management.
The other option is to allow the employees whose work options can allow them to telecommute as more time will be saved as shown by the high number of employees who preferred reduced commuter time to even safety. Most Employees are conscious about the time spent commuting and they detest the use of the public transport because of the commuter time taken to reach their destinations. About 17 % of the employees are discouraged from using the public transport because of commuter time. While 42% of the employees who use the public transport are categorical that the telecommuting is not applicable to their work conditions it’s worth noting that about 30% of the employees who use the public transport telecommute randomly and a further 20% telecommute several days a week. It would be very convenient if a section of the employees would be allowed to commute every day of the week as its convenient, safe and time saving.
Finally i would be obliged to discuss the recommendations of the report with you in your own time on any day that you may be available.
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Information Systems and Decision Making
Decision making, relating to information systems or any strategic considerations, is a critical managerial and leadership competency. Often, decisions require accurate and timely information about the organization, its resources, and its environment. For an organization that has grown too large for any one individual to be involved in its many initiatives, information can be difficult to access and analyze without the use of information technology. In these cases, decision support technologies can play a crucial role in the organization’s success. You will take a look at various types of decision support technologies, or systems, and examine how they can impact strategic decision making as well as day-to-day decisions. You will consider whether and how the available decision support models can be used to enhance strategic decision making.
To be completed:
• Identify various types of decision support systems and how they are used in the organization
• Assess the role of decision support systems in creating superior business strategy
Resources;
Course Text
Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Chapter 4, “Decision Support and Artificial Intelligence: Brainpower for Your Business”
This chapter discusses expert systems, neural networks and fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and the four types of agent-based technologies.
Articles
• Fazlollahi, B., & Vahidov, R. (2001). A method for generation of alternatives by decision support systems. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(2). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article discusses decision support systems and a method for generating alternatives by these systems.
• Wiederhold, G. (2000). Information systems that really support decision-making. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 14(2&150;3). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article takes a look at which information systems can support real-world decision making.
• Edwards, J. S., Duan, Y., & Robins, P. C. (2000). An analysis of expert systems for business decision making at different levels and in different roles. European Journal of Information Systems, 9(1). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article examines the use of expert systems at various decision-making levels in an organization.
• Atkin, J. A. D., Burke, E. K., Greenwood, J. S., Reeson, D. (2008). On-line decision support for take-off runway scheduling with uncertain taxi times at London Heathrow airport. Journal of Scheduling, 11(5). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database.
This article examines the use and applicabililty of decision support systems at Heathrow airport.
Web Site
•Power, D. J. (March 10, 2007). A Brief History of Decision Support Systems. Retrieved from http://DSSResources.COM/history/dsshistory.html
SAMPLE ANSWER
Information Systems and Decision Making
Introduction
Decision support systems (DSS) are usually computer-based interactive software whose main function is to help decision makers through the use of data, knowledge and communication technologies to complete the decision-making process. Decisions support systems can be broadly grouped into the four categories below:
Data-driven DSS
Decision support systems that are data-driven are systems that are usually used to query a database for specific information that is required for a decision to be made. Such systems are used by managers, staff, and suppliers for purposes such as determining the levels of available stock so that supply orders can be made and similar decisions (Fazlollahi & Vahidov, 2001). Examples of such systems are computer-based databases that manage data on customers and suppliers and the fulfillment of customer orders.
Communication-driven DSS
Communication-driven decision support systems are basically computer-based communication systems that are mostly used within the organization to facilitate easy communication between teams (Wiederhold, 2000). An example of the application of such systems is in the case of multinational corporations that need to coordinate work between employees in various countries and continents where they implement a system of teleconferencing or even a webinar type of application to facilitate communication. Other examples of such systems include instant messaging systems, chats, Skype calls and net-meeting systems.
Knowledge-driven DSS
A knowledge-driven DSS is a special type of decision support system that provides specialized expertise, which is usually stored as facts, procedures, or rule to solve problems (Edwards, Duan & Robins, 2000). An example of such a system is the clinical decision support system.
Document-driven DSS
Decision support systems that are document-driven are basically used to manipulate information that is widely unstructured in various digital formats.
Model-driven DSS
Model-driven decision support systems are usually used to assist decision makers analyze a particular situation through the manipulation of statistical, simulation or financial models. Such systems usually rely on data provided by the users and the parameters set for the modeling to occur (Power, 2007). Such systems include the financial models used by investment experts to predict the future of stocks.
The role of decision support systems in creating superior business strategy
Decision support systems are being used extensively by businesses to create unique strategies that are superior to their competitors and set them apart from the rest. An example of such a corporation is the Canadian National Railway system that implemented a decision support system that assists the railway in managing the railway tracks. The DSS keeps track of the state of the railways tracks and identifies any tracks that are worn out or in bad repair after which the railway company performs maintenance on the tracks and they are restored. Using the DSS, the CNR was able to reduce the number of train derailments on their tracks, while across the region other railway companies were actually experiencing a significant increase in the number of derailments witnessed annually. Another effective application of DSS is within the medical industry where the Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is extremely effective in performing medical diagnosis, and has drastically increased the amount of time taken and resources used in medical diagnosis in the hospitals that use the CDSS. Most businesses use DSS to represent all the relevant information about the business in summary form using charts such that managers have an easy time making strategic decisions using the charts that contain all the necessary information in summarized form.
Conclusion
Decision Support Systems are crucial for businesses as they speed up the speed of the decision making process while at the same time increasing the personal efficiency of the decision makers. DSS also facilitates communication between internal teams, staff, and managers and provides new evidence that was not available without the DSS and the evidence provides enough reason for the decision makers to make certain strategic decisions
References
Fazlollahi, B., & Vahidov, R. (2001). A method for generation of alternatives by decision support systems. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(2).
Wiederhold, G. (2000). Information systems that really support decision-making. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 14(2&150;3).
Edwards, J. S., Duan, Y., & Robins, P. C. (2000). An analysis of expert systems for business decision making at different levels and in different roles. European Journal of Information Systems, 9(1).
In At least 1 paragraph, comments on each of this post with at least one citation, offering your thoughts about the post, or expanding on some points that you felt needed some more thoughts and explanation. Avoid cutting and pasting use proper paraphrasing in this paper, and complete each section by writing the reference list in APA before going to the next section. Importantly you have to support each respond with a credible source and reference it at the end of that section.
Refrain from repeating the writers own words or written, it is important that you read and properly analyze the writers thoughts offering some very constructive thoughts about the post. For section A part one and two you have to read the article associated with the writers post. Using the reference associated to article mention in the post.
SECTION A
Part 1(Sheryl)
What are your thoughts and comments about this post?
Everly, M. C. (2012). Facilitators and barriers of independent decisions by midwives during labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00088.x
The process of qualitative data analysis is very involved, hence, time-consuming. Analysis of qualitative data includes the identification, examination, and interpretation of patterns and themes in data (Jones, 2007). After data is collected the researchers use the raw data to find qualities in the data and then examine them. One method of data analysis is coding. Open (unrestricted) coding logically arranges the data and then there is axial coding where the groups are investigated and labelled (Schmidt & Brown, 2012) to find “relationships between categories and sub categories” (Boswell and Cannon, 2014) and finally selective coding where the researcher combine the concepts gathered around the core category while he or she continues to work on other categories that require some refining (Boswell and Cannon, 2014). The aim of coding is to find shared commonalities in the study which is how themes and patterns emerge. Themes and patterns emerge from the commonalities in the data. Themes are established by almost cross-examining the categories through comparison between and within cases (Health et al., 2012). There are different approaches to develop themes in research; a top-down analysis or deductive which is most time used in quantitative research and bottom-up or inductive approach which is mainly used in qualitative study (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). In the deductive approach, themes and codes are pre-selected based on previous literature, previous theories or the specifics of the research question and in the inductive approach, themes are generated from the data though open coding, followed by refinement of themes (Gale et al., 2013) which is how it was done in this study identified above.
In this study by Everly (2012), one-on-one tape recorded interviews of midwives who had experience in managing labor and birth in both types of settings. The data from the interviews was “transcribed and uploaded into QSR Nvivo 7 (QSR International, Cambridge, MA), a computer-assisted, qualitative data analysis program” (Everly, 2012). The first eight interviews were analyzed line by line for as many codes as possible. The last two did not reveal any new codes. This implied that the themes were identified in the first eight analyses, and the data collected seemed credible. The results were then reviewed with and confirmed by seven of the participants for credibility and trustworthiness (Everly, 2012). The themes identified were trust, the woman, the environment, and the care team. These were very important themes because the expectant mother wants to know that she has a care team that she entrust her life and the life of her unborn to provide care in a trusting and nurturing environment. Patients and their families expect nurses to be caring, honest and supportive. The labor and birth environment can be very stressful for patients and their families and we as nurses should work to reduce that stress. It should be that place where there is “visible regard for human dignity and in which the relationships between the caregivers and those they served are built on mutual respect and a shared commitment to healing” (Mathes, 2011).
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence-based practice. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Everly, M. C. (2012). Facilitators and barriers of independent decisions by midwives during labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00088.x
Gale, N., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., & Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13117. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
Heath, G., Cameron, E., Cummins, C., Greenfield, S.,
Pattison. H., Kelly, D., Redwood, S. (2012). Paediatric ‘care closer to home’: stake-holder views and barriers to implementation. Health Place. 18(5):1068–1073.
Mathes, S. (2011). Implementing a caring model. Creative Nursing, 17(1).
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SECTION A Part 2 (Elizabeth)
Aliasgharpour, M., & Nayeri, D. N. (2012). The care process of diabetic foot ulcer patients: a qualitative
study in Iran. Journal of Diabetic & Metabolic Disorders, 11(27): Retrieved from: http://jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/27.
According to Boswell & Cannon (2014), qualitative research is based on something that is impossible to specifically measure; it is subjective and uses inductive reasoning to create data. The first step in data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the data into units to make it more manageable and then the data is interpreted (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). Qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) is a computer program utilized to ease the workload of the researcher not to replace the researcher from actively performing the data analysis (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). To assist in searching for changes in the data the data is put into graphs and charts, this visual picture is very effective in looking at a large amount of data and finding any changes or discrepancies (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005). Once this process is complete the researcher has the challenge of transmitting the results in a way that will be beneficial to the reader (Jacelon & O’Dell, 2005).
In the study by Aliasgharpour and Nayeri (2012), grounded theory method was used in clarifying the care process for Iranian diabetic patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Data saturation was carried out and demographic questionnaires and interviews were used (Aliasgharpour & Nayeri, 2012). After the recorded interviews were transcribed and look over numerous times the key themes were designed with the work of team members (Aliasgharpour & Nayeri, 2012).
Thematic analysis focuses on human experience subjectively, it emphasizes on the participants’ perceptions, feelings and experiences as the paramount object of study (Braun & Clarke, 2006). This is framework of a qualitative study and one of the ways that makes it different from quantitative studies.
References
Aliasgharpour, M., & Nayeri, D. N. (2012). The care process of diabetic foot ulcer patients: a qualitative
study in Iran. Journal of Diabetic & Metabolic Disorders, 11(27): Retrieved from: http://jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/27.
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence-based
practice. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3(2), 77-100.
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SECTION B part 1(Lynn)
Qualitative research requires the factor of time to conduct the research and repeatedly analyze the data in various formats to prevent errors in analysis. It is most beneficial for the actual interviewer to review transcribed data for accuracy (Rothwell, 2010). Phenomenology as a research method incorporates personal interviews to depict experiences as stated by the research subjects (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). Audio recordings of the interviews can be played and replayed to ensure accurate transcription. Analytical software has been used in qualitative research since the 1980’s (Woods, Macklin, & Lewis, 2013). As technology improves, so do the capabilities of sophisticated software programs to analyze descriptive data represented in audio recordings and text files. The accessibility to portable mobile devices only enhances these products and complicates the selection process in an already competitive market. In a study to interview subjects who have experienced the phenomenon of recall following general anesthetic for surgery, I would use audio/video recordings to capture expression and tone in responses to interview questions. A review of multiple software products on the market for quality data analysis yielded a preference for the MAXQDA program. Comparatively, the MAXQDA software seems more user friendly with easy to navigate interfaces for input and coding interpretation. I am a visual learner by nature and feel that this software and the overview presented on their website and tutorial offered more than other companies for the type of data I would be interested in analyzing.
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014).Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods. In C.B. Boswell & S.C. Cannon (Eds.). Introduction to nursing research: incorporating evidence-based practice (6th Ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Rothwell, E. (2010). Analyzing focus group data: content and interaction. Journal For Specialists In Pediatric Nursing, 15(2), 176–180.
Woods, M., Macklin, R., & Lewis, G. (2013). How has Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software affected qualitative research? Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/TQR2013/woods_etal.pdf
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SECTION B Part 2(Mary)
Case studies are a design that investigates one person at a time or a group of people. This type of design is used when more information is needed about a particular situation (Boswell, C. & Cannon, S. 2014). The information may be small as in one case but the variables are large as in many cases concerning that case study. Data collection is either clinically done, observationally done or in the field. These data collections are done through a process so that the particular study can be followed and analyzed (Cronin, C. 2014).
The qualrus qualitative analysis program is what I would use to examine the data collected from the case study. Qualrus qualitative analysis program is designed to be easy to use, exceptionally good for ciphering through large amounts of information, and different types of wording. I would use this program because it makes since of information that’s not structured, the format is also unstructured and the information is conveyed from different researchers and studies and also has been collected over a long period of time. This is what is involved when doing a case study about a particular situation of interest. It also makes case study research convenient, because I could work at home as well as the office with this software (Qualrus, 2014).
References
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice. (3rd ed.). Burlington, WA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
Cronin, C. (2014). Using case study research as rigorous form of inquiry, Nurse Researcher, 21(5), 19-27
Respond to this post hear in one paragraph with at least one citation to supports your comments
SAMPLE ANSWER
Identifying Patterns
I agree with Sherly that the qualitative data analysis process is extremely involving as well as time consuming. This is based on the fact that results are only identified after themes and patterns are analyzed from the gathered literature and data. Noteworthy, the writer also acknowledges the significance of coding when identifying themes and patterns from data. There may be the use of selective, open, and axial coding. I support Sherly’s view that coding aims at finding the shared commonalities of data, and this leads to the identification of patterns and themes. The writer is also keen to mention that themes can be identified after the deductive and inductive approaches. The study actually used the inductive approach. In the study, themes and patterns were identified through a thorough analysis using the tape recorded interviews, transcription, and QSR Nnivo 7. The interviews had every line analyzed and within the first 6, there was saturation. The participants were involved in analyzing the results so as to promote trustworthiness and credibility. The analysis identified the themes as the care team, environment, women, and trust (Everly, 2012).
Reference
Everly, M. C. (2012). Facilitators and barriers of independent decisions by midwives during labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 57(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00088.x
Elizabeth also notes that qualitative data is subjective and there is usually the use of inductive reasoning when creating data. However, the writer should also have noted the role of deductive reasoning. It is impressive for the writer to specify that there should be first systematic searching as well as arranging the data. These data units make it manageable and the interpretation becomes very easy (Aliasgharpour & Nayeri, 2012). Elizabeth recognizes the use of the qualitative data analysis software that makes identifying patterns and themes easy. Another method that can be used is reading and re-reading through the data until there is saturation and themes and patterns are identified. In the study, there was transcription and thorough assessment for identification of themes.
Reference
Aliasgharpour, M., & Nayeri, D. N. (2012). The care process of diabetic foot ulcer patients: a qualitative
study in Iran. Journal of Diabetic & Metabolic Disorders, 11(27): Retrieved from: http://jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/27.
Lynn notes that qualitative research is time consuming since immense time is required for conducting the research and analyzing the data repeatedly using different formats so as to prevent analytical errors. I support Lynn in that the actual interviewer has to review the transcribed data so as to promote accuracy. My take is that audio recording should be supplemented by notes, which promote accurate transcription and analysis to identify themes and patterns. The writer notes that with the improved technology, there are also improved and sophisticated software programs for analyzing descriptive data. I recommend the use of video and audio recordings as well as the MAXQDA software (MAXQDA, The Art of Data Analysis, 2014). This software is user friendly and it promotes data analysis in qualitative studies.
I agree with Mary that case studies involve studying a person or group intensive for a certain period of time. This is more so when a lot of information is needed from the specific group. The data can be collected from the field, observationally, or clinically (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). I consent with Mary that the qualrus qualitative analysis program is very strategic for use in case studies since it is easy to use, permits a comprehensive sieving through huge amounts of data, and various forms of wording emerge. Using the software is portable for the researcher and different studies and researchers can be involved at the same time.
Reference
Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2014). Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice. (3rd ed.). Burlington, WA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
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Hear below are some additional information and resources to help for this assignment . It is critical that the writer properly respond to all questions in the template as clearly indicated YES and No responses are not all welcome and the writer must verify that all responses are accurate , and also she must attached the article use for the analysis together with the completed assignment . the article cannot be more than 5 years old and must be from the U.S or Canada . The Pdf file should be attached together with the completed paper. Use the resources below to help understand what is suppose to be done , the is no room for mistakes for this paper , and it is Due MONDAY JULY 28, 2014.
ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH DATA
Analyzing Qualitative Data
In qualitative studies, data are analyzed by reviewing the textual data and coding it based on patterns and themes. This is a time-consuming process and explains why the sample size of qualitative studies is considerably less than in quantitative studies. Every word must be read multiple times to determine patterns. These patterns are pulled out and listed as FINDINGS.
Activities
REQUIRED ACTIVITIES
From your textbooks, read:
Introduction to Nursing Research Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Please retrieve and read the following journal articles
Rothwell, E. (2010). Analyzing focus group data: content and interaction. Journal For Specialists In Pediatric Nursing, 15(2), 176–180.
Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 2: qualitative research. British Journal Of Nursing (BJN), 16(12), 738–744.
Smith, J., & Firth, J. (2011). Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach. Nurse Researcher, 18(2), 52–62.
Please review the following websites.
Analyzing Qualitative Data
Please use the below Qualitative Critique Completion Form to complete your critique of quantitative research. Type in your responses under EACH section. If your opinion is that the research article does not address or infer an answer to a particular section, then you must so state and JUSTIFY your statement.
IMPORTANT:
Do notleave any section blank!
Do notprovide a “yes” or “no” answer without an You must justify all your responses.
ALL responses must be written in YOUR OWN WORDS. Do NOT use quotes.
You must submit the full article in PDF form. Critiques submitted without the PDF will not be accepted.
STUDENT NAME
Full and Complete Reference for the Article
Note: You must submit the full article in PDF form. Critiques submitted without the PDFwill not be accepted.
Problem
What is the problem the study was conducted to address?
The study aimed as assessing the reasons why registered nurses left the nursing field immediately after starting their nursing practice.
Why is the problem an important one for nursing to study?
The challenge is vital since the nursing study required amendments that should be implemented with perfection and exact accuracy. This study will assist in addressing any issues that negatively influence the nursing industry.
Study Purpose
What is the purpose of the study?
The study aimed at identifying the factors that influence the registered nurses’ decision to quit the clinical nursing profession immediately after joining.
Research Questions
What are the research question(s)?
What is the meaning of bedside nursing?
How is the role of the clinical or bedside nurse defined?
What is the relationship that exists between the RN and her patient?
What are the reasons or situations that contribute to the RNs’ decision to quit bedside nursing?
What situations exemplify the relationship between co-workers when offering direct patient care?
Do RNs find career fulfillment after changing from the nursing practice?
What conditions do RNs state if they were to return to the clinical nursing practice?
What reasons made the participate RNs to participate in the study?
Are the questions stated broadly enough for a qualitative study? Explain WHY.
The questions are inadequate and are not 100% fit for the qualitative study. There is a need for more clarification so as to ensure that the respondents are exact. For instance, no questions address the issue of leaving the nursing field (Holloway & Wheeler, 2013).
Study Design
What specific qualitative method is used?
The phenomenological research design was used to offer an in-depth comprehension of the decisions to quit the clinical practice. The interpretive hermeneutic method would give meaning to experience.
Provide a clear description of the qualitative method utilized (utilize your text or another source to do this – provide citation)
When using this method, the data is obtained through the use of in-depth, personal, unstructured, or semi-structured interviews. The interview sessions are long and the researcher may need to have several sessions with a participant (Watzlawik & Born, 2007). Since there is a heavy reliance on interviews as the data collection method, the researcher should have good interviewing skills. For analysis purposes, the interviews are tape-recorded. The participants have real life experiences, are willing to participate, and can articulate conscious experiences. The participants range from 5- 25 and when using the phenomenological research approach, there is a focus on what is vital for the meaning of an interaction, episode, or event. The participants’ voice is sought. The problem can either be direct or indirect. A central, single question may guide the research. A number of sub questions orient researchers in gathering data as well as framing the results (Watzlawik & Born, 2007).
In what way is the method used an appropriate one for this study? Clearly justify your answer.
The method is proper since it is intensive and promotes double-checking of the gathered data’s accuracy. The method is the most explanatory and specific in research.
Philosophical/Theoretical Framework Basis for the Study (Determine from Literature – this does not refer to the methodology.)
Identify the philosophical/theoretical basis of the study.
This study’s basis is explaining why the practice of nursing experiences nurses shortage yet RNs are being recruited continuously in USA. There is a deficit of approximately half a million professionals and the turnover rate is still very high (Keele, 2010). The study aims at assessing the reasons for the high turnover. The study is founded on the belief that there is something amiss in the profession, and aims at identifying these challenges. This challenge is compounded by the fact that across th country, nursing schools are making immense efforts to expand capacity so as to meet the escalating demand for healthcare considering the national move towards healthcare reform. The AACN (American Association of Colleges of Nursing) is collaborating with the media, nursing organizations, policy makers, and schools to bring attention to the issue. AACN is leveraging its resources so as to shape legislation, form collaborations, and identify strategies for addressing the shortage. Apart from encouraging and recruiting more nurses into the profession, there is a need to address the challenges the current ones are facing.
Describe/discuss the references cited to support the philosophical or theoretical approach used.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Employment Projections 2010- 2020 February that was released in 2012, the RNs workforce rates the highest in regard to job expansion through 2020. It is anticipated that the employed nurses’ number will increase from 2.7 million (2010) to 3.45 million (2020). This represents a 26% or 712,000 increase. These projections further indicate the need for approximately 495, 500 replacements in the workforce. As a result, the total job opening number for nurses due to replacements and growth will grow to 1.2 million (2020). The US Registered Nurse Workforce Report Card and Shortage Forecast that was published in 2012 January’s issue of the American Journal of Medical Quality, a RNs shortage is anticipated to spread across the nation between 2009- 2030. The authors predict in the state by state analysis that the most critical shortage will be experienced in the West and South.
Is the philosophical or theoretical basis of the study clearly linked with the study assumptions, data collection procedures and analytical and interpretative approach. How? If not, describe what is missing.
A majority of the philosophical study agrees with the study’s assumptions. For example, there are assumptions that the high turnover could be as a result of stress as well as sub-optimal working conditions. These are confirmed in the study at the end. The economic benefits’ assumption never came out clearly.
How is the framework related to the body of knowledge in nursing?
The framework elaborates a real challenge that has been ignored for sometime. It relates to the nursing’s body of knowledge in relation to the reasons for the high turnover. A higher percentage of the knowledge is really the actual reasons. The link is actual based on the fact that there is a relationship to the real occurrences in nursing. The qualitative study uses an interpretive narrative strategy and a constructive paradigm. Often, case studies have narratives approaching the contradictions and complexities of real life, and this is useful for describing, exploring, and comprehending a phenomenon. Investigating cases intensively offers contextual knowledge of real phenomena which would not be achieved if the population-based approach is being used. The case-centered research adds knowledge regarding how nurses construct novel career identities and experience career transitions.
Review of the Related Literature
Are the articles relevant with previous studies and theories described? Justify your response.
The articles are relevant based on the fact that there is an actual and acknowledged nursing shortage. The articles propose so. This is also confirmed by the theories and there are explanations why. RNs are leaving the profession although there is still a shortage. Statistics support the article’s proposition and theories.
Are the references current? What are the number of sources within past 10 years? What are the number of sources within past five years?
There are current references that are within the previous 10 years (3) and 5 years (2).
Describe the current knowledge about the research problem.
The current knowledge on nursing shortage predicts that US is anticipated to experience a sharp shortage with the increasing healthcare need and aging of the Baby Boomers. This challenge is compounded by the fact that nursing school in the nation are making efforts to escalate the capacity of meeting the increasing care demand considering the move towards healthcare reform. There is increased collaborations and more resources are dedicated towards addressing the issue. The use of the qualitative approach made explaining the turnover easier as a multidimensional and ongoing process where several factors lead to a final decision to quit the profession. The narrative career interviews constitute a feasible data collection method relating to career transition processes. In-depth narrative stories offer special real-life contextual knowledge related to nurses’ experiences amidst such career transitions (Watzlawik & Born, 2007).
Specify the gap in the literature that justifies the need for the research.
The reasons why RNs are quitting the nursing profession are unknown. Therefore, the study aimed at identifying these reasons. At the same time, over half a million nurses are needed although the few that are available are quitting.
Subjects and Setting
Describe the subjects and the setting.
The subjects were recruited through the use of a snowball technique. Presently practicing RNs at different hospitals in southeastern US were contacted by a primary researchers. They were asked if they were aware of nurses who had quit the profession. The study was described in an email and these nurses were asked to assist in recruiting potent participant. Every potential participant was contacted through the telephone before the interview so as to ensure that they meet the study criteria. All recruitments are made using the telephone. Recruitment was not limited to one hospital but efforts were made to contact any known RN who was not practicing and was willing to be part of the study. After the proposed study was described briefly, the researcher determined a proper location and convenient time to conduct the interview. The setting was proper for the interviewer and subject; the setting had to be agreed about. Email and phone calls communication were used first when creating the contact.
In what way is the method of obtaining subjects appropriate? Justify your answer.
It promotes the surety that subjects will be met and the most appropriate ones will be obtained. Since there was no known sample of nurses who had left the practice they were sought through referrals and there was guarantee they would be obtained. The interviewer and subjects create a rapport and can meet again if need be. Moreover, earlier information can clarified.
In what way is the size of the sample used adequate? Justify your answer.
The sample size was sufficient. It was non-probability sampling and identified the primary participants. The sample was based on the purpose and judgment of the research. All the time used was accounted for well. By the time the last 2 interviews were being reviewed, there was data saturation and this indicated the sample size was adequate.
In what way was the setting in which data were collected an appropriate one for this study? Why? Justify your answer.
The setting made noting the information to be gathered easy. Moreover, any mistakes made earlier could be rectified since there was an audiotaped record. The notes could be rectified and the audiotape could be re-listened for any clarifications.
Indicate the type of consent obtained and institutional review board approval.
The Institutional Review Board approval involved recruitment of study participants and it was from Georgia State University. The participants signed a written informed consent that guaranteed anonymity, voluntariliness, and interviews’ termination at any time.
In what way were the steps taken to protect the rights of subjects adequate?
The participants had a chance of meeting again with the researchers so as to clarify any vital information. As a result, the participants would not be quoted wrongly when writing the final draft. The participants’ consent to participate in the study was sought. They also received transcripts’ copies so that they would review them for accuracy (Hennink, Hutter & Bailey, 2010).
Data Collection Procedure and Appropriateness of Data Analysis Methods
Identify the data collection procedures used and provide a description of how the data was collected.
The data was gathered from a sample that was made up of ten participants. The participants had adequate time to react to the e-mails. In addition, there were phone calls for briefs before the face-to-face meeting was scheduled.
In what way were the data collection procedures used consistent with the purpose of the qualitative approach selected? Clearly justify your answer.
Consistency was maintained in that the pre-conditions that were for the participants were never changed. The participants were required to give proof that they were RNs. No procedures were changed and all the participants adhered to the same procedure. The number of participants was adequate and this gave adequate time for the entire process to take place (Watzlawik & Born, 2007).
Define data saturation.
Data saturation refers to the point at which the data collection process can stop. This is the point at which the researcher starts collecting repetitive information such that there are no new ideas being generated.
What evidence is there that data saturation was achieved? Describe fully.
The most common reason the participants gave for quitting the practice is unfriendly workplace. Many of the participants stated this reason. This was a saturated data since the last two interviews only repeated themes identified in the first six interviews.
Specific Data Analysis Procedures Used
Identify the qualitative data analysis procedures used to examine the data
The data analysis procedures utilized in examining are typology, taxonomy, constant comparison/ grounded theory, induction, logical/ matrix analysis, quasi-statistics/ quantitative, frame/ event analysis, and metaphorical analysis (Guest & McQueen, 2008).
Define the qualitative data analysis procedures used.
Typology refers to the creation of a classification system or list of categories that are mutually exclusive.
Taxonomy refers to a typology that has multiple concept levels.
Constant comparison/ grounded theory is coding of documents, axial/ core categories emerge, and categories saturate (Hennink, Hutter & Bailey, 2010).
Induction involves forming a hypothesis about an event and then comparing to similar events so as to verify/ modify/ falsify hypothesis. Eventually, the general or central hypothesis emerges.
Quasi-statistics or quantitative involves counting the number of events or mentionings. This mainly supports categories.
Frame/ event analysis identifies certain boundaries of events, and eventually, event phases.
Metaphorical analysis involves developing particular metaphors for an event. The participants are also asked for comparisons or spontaneous metaphors.
In what way(s) are the data analysis procedures appropriate for the data collected? Clearly justify your answer.
All these approaches are proper in giving a picture of reasoning regarding why the study is vital. For example, the typology process assists in determining the gender that was most affected. The quantitative procedure was useful in coming up with figures (numbers and percentages) of those who were affected by a certain issue of concern or reason. There were boundaries in the span of sample’s setting and size. This is a confirmation to the frame/ event analysis procedure. The data analysis procedures led to identification of themes and patterns until there was data saturation.
In what way(s) are the data analysis procedures consistent with the qualitative method used? Clearly justify your answer.
All the procedures are within the research question. The procedures target the reasons of the turnover, which brings in the aspect of RNs workplace quality and, therefore, the quantitative aspect. There is a focus on the why and how all that occurred, and to whom. With qualitative studies, analysis aims at identifying themes and patterns, which was clearly evident in the study.
Evidence of Auditability/Decision Trail/Member checks
Define decision trail.
This is a strategy allowing another researcher to use the same data and follow the original researcher’s logic. The decision trail results to an audit trail and this permits the replication of original findings after data reexamination.
Was a decision trail developed? Was it reported in sufficient detail? Clearly justify your answer.
In the first place, the researcher attributes three reasons to the turnover. Previous research identified economic benefits and the current research identifies two other reasons. The initial facts are from an initial research and this conforms to the decision trail. The trail is however not adequate since there is no mention of where the research was obtained from.
Specific Results Obtained
In YOUR OWN WORDS, what are the outcomes of the study? What did the study reveal? Provide a DETAILED response of at least ONE FULL PARAGRAPH as this is worth 8 points!
The study was extremely successful in discovering the reasons that led to the nurse turnover. The study identified three reasons that led to the exodus; emotional distress that was linked to patient care; exhaustion and fatigue; and emotional distress. The study also elaborates these reasons comprehensively. For example, the participants mention some of the reasons that led to the turnover as physical or verbal abuse from the co-workers, physicians, and managers; sexual harassment; and consistent support lack from other RNs. The nurses reported that emotional distress linked to patient care was identified when nurses reported the conflicts they felt in regard to patient care decisions, most particularly, ignoring the patients. Exhaustion and fatigue was characterized by the constant comments on overwhelming physical and emotional exhaustion (Hennink, Hutter & Bailey, 2010).
Strengths and Limitations
What are two major strengths of the scientific merit of this study? (This does NOT refer to outcomes of the study). Address credibility and confirmability.
The first strength is that the study is interpretive; all aspects that the researchers pose are interpreted in the study and there is a mention of their effect or benefit in the study field. facts are obtained and digested fully. Often, there are measures to oversee the collected fact’s effect. The study is also qualitative and exhaustive; the researcher does not stop at the data collection point but goes beyond to assess the participant again so as to ensure that they were sure of what they reported. In case of mistakes, the participant has a chance to rectify.
What are two major limitations of the scientific merit of this study?
The sample size is the first limitation; although the sample size may be exhausted fully, the sample’s magnitude does not represent all the RNs who have left the practice. The sample size of ten participants is not representative. The study consumes a lot of time; with every participant, arrangements to meet are made, followed by the meeting, and subsequent meetings for information verification. The exercise is expensive and long (Guest & McQueen, 2008).
To what extent are the study findings valid? Justify your answer.
The findings of the study are valid to the greater extent. The theories that were previously held are proved to a huge extent. The researchers’ and participants’ reasoning also prove the same thing. The ideas the researcher had are supported by the participants. This means that the challenge is real and if the flaws identified are rectified, then nursing shortage can be addressed.
Implications/Recommendations
How did the researcher generalize the findings? Where in nursing can the results be applied?
The researcher acknowledges the increasing medical technology requirements; increased patients’ acuity; and complicated nursing shortage phenomena, which call for the great need to retain the experienced bedside nursing staff. Medical surgical nurses can benefit greatly if they recognize that workplace perceptions greatly contribute to RNs quitting the practice (Guest & McQueen, 2008).
What did the researchers say the relevance of the data was? Describe the researchers’ interpretation of the findings.
The researcher recommends that exploring the study’s concepts in detail is very vital and can benefit each nurse, family, patient, and improve care’s quality. The data is relevant since it gave the actual reasons why nurses left the practice. The reasons that can nurses’ turnover mainly deal with the environment in which nurses practice. They can be addressed for better outcomes and the management should be keen on eliminating these flaws.
What suggestions for further study were identified?
Further suggestions are exploring the reasons why some RNs regard abuse to be acceptable in the clinical practice. The 2nd exploration is the power differentials among RNs, its connection to vertical indifference perceptions, and the ultimate effect in nursing intent or turnover.
Is the description of the study sufficiently clear for replication? Why or why not?
The description is adequate for replication since the participants were selected appropriately and offered valuable information.
REFLECTION
Reflect on your newly developed understanding of QUALITATIVE research. What has this experience meant to you? How will this make a difference in your practice of nursing? This is a personal reflection and should have some depth (at least two full paragraphs). Please respond in reference to understanding qualitative methodology and not the specific focus of the research study.
After reading and critiquing the qualitative research, I realized it was a clear and an effective way of acquiring information in the factual form. The sample should not necessarily be big so as to offer the clearest findings. The participants should be prepared for the research through the consent sought and the explanations done. The qualitative study offers broad conceptualizations regarding why things are the way they are. There is a great need to explore these concepts in detail since this will bring about immense benefits in the nursing practice. If the participants offer the wrong information, this can be addressed when clarifying the information they offered. This promotes accuracy and validity in qualitative research approaches.
The qualitative study experience gave an insight of the challenges that new nurses’ experience. In the nursing practice, there is a need to avoid the issues that the qualitative study revealed including conflicts, abuses, and negligence so as to promote the nursing practice and patient care. The qualitative approach is very useful when there is an intention to uncover real life situations. More research can be directed on the issues that are associated with nursing turnover using the qualitative approach so as to understand them better.
What has the experience of reading and critiquing a qualitative study meant to you? How will understanding and using qualitative research findings make a difference in your practice of nursing?
The experience was insightful and nice where reconfirming facts is vital even though theories may be favorable for the research.
How will understanding and using qualitative research findings make a difference in your practice of nursing?
The findings are quite encouraging since the issues revealed are real. However, they can be solved if the nursing practice is made more admirable and friendly. There is a need to explore these findings in detail so as to promote more positive impacts in the practice.
REFERENCES
Please list at least FIVE references (APA) used to inform your responses to the questions. Be sure you have properly cited the references with your answers.
Guest, G., & McQueen, K. (2008). Handbook for team-based qualitative research. New York: Cengage Learning.
Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2010). Qualitative Research Methods. New York: SAGE.
Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2013). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. Boston: John Wiley & Sons.
Keele, R. (2010). Nursing Research and Evidence based practice. London: Jones & Bratlett.
Watzlawik, M., & Born, A. (2007). Capturing Identity: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. Washington: University of America Press.
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