Write an essay explaining this state of affairs, focusing on why it is usually so difficult to accomplish anything in American government. Discuss how the branches must usually work with each other in order to make effective public policy, and then explain why this is so often difficult — with the result being frequent gridlock. Finally, explain how parliamentary democracy in most other established democracies is quite different from American democracy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the American system as compared to well-established parliamentary systems, such as those in the UK, Canada, and Australia.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Political Science
Many countries across the world have their own styles of running their government. The constitution of these countries does vary and provides the guidelines on how the government should operate. Therefore, because of these, some government experience different challenges in providing governance and leadership. This paper therefore deliberates on various aspects that manifest in governments.
Accomplishing anything in American government has been cited to be so difficult. Various reasons explain this situation. One of these problems originates from the political structures in the US. Political class has contributed to these challenges. In most of the time, there are political divisions entrenched in the society and this has contributed to change of focus on the most salient aspects of the society. Abraham Lincoln is one of the most remembered presidents and his argument that a house that is divided against itself is not able to stand hold on truth (Janda 24). These divisions affect the unity and cooperation that would have helped the people to achieve their dreams. Partisan politics is therefore one of the causes to blame for this stalemates. The other reason that has made it hard to achieve anything in the government is the increased focus on democracy. The people have a right to do whatever they want and go back to the defense of democracy. The level of unemployment has increased as people sit and wait for the government to carry out everything for them. This has therefore made it difficult for the government to expedite all the issues and therefore leaving gaps.
For the government to work effectively and achieve its goals, all the branches of the government are expected to work closely to be in a position to make effective public policy. The branches include the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. There is separation of powers and it is important that each branch respect the functions and the mandate of each other. The executive should respect the court summons and ruling as well as the decisions reached by the legislation (Janda 45). This will help to avoid stalemates in governance and when formulating policies. During a crisis or a problem, the right branches should take the matter and provide tangible solutions. In case the matter need consultation, all the branches should be consulted to provide the way forward. Such operations and arrangements will go extra miles to ensure good working relations in the government. For example, if a policy is proposed it should be taken to the parliament as a bill and discussed. The members of the house should make amendments and to the bill and if they deem it appropriate should pass and take it to the president for assent. However, in case the bill is not worthy and attracts public outcry, any party that feels offended or is against the bill should take the matter to the courts for a ruling.
Even though people expect these branches to work together, it is not always the case as these results to gridlock. The problem is because of frequent conflicts between the various arms of the government and conflicts between the government and the opposition. Impasse between branches of government such as between the president and the senate or between the courts and the parliament causes conflicts that jeopardize the operations of the government (Janda 50). Self-interest is also another problem that has contributed to increased level of disagreement and conflicts between these branches. People in power forget about their obligation in representing the masses and instead fight and agitate for their own rights. These actions brew conflicts and this affects governance.
Parliamentary democracy in most established democracies appears quite different from that of America. This situation is explained by various reasons. One of the reasons that explains these differences is that American form of government is presidential and therefore as opposed to other democracies that are lead by prime ministers. Prime ministers form governments while US president does not form government but an executive branch as he appoints the ambassadors, cabinet officials and military leaders and head of regulatory agencies. Parliaments in other democracies usually have the majority of the members and therefore are able to make decisions that the government is spearheading. Furthermore, the president comes from the same parties of the majority party members in the parliament. On the other hand, the US parliamentary democracy, the president has no powers of appointing congressional leader and the president parties may not automatically control either the house of congress or parliament. This therefore, makes it hard for the president to provide leadership, as the majority members of the party may not support him.
American systems has a number of advantages as wells as disadvantages when compared to a well established parliamentary systems in countries such as Australia, Canada and UK. America runs on a presidential system as opposed to these other countries such as Australia and UK that have a prime minister as the head of state. Some of the advantages of US system is that, the president is that there is high level of democracy. Before approving of any policy, various branches scrutinize it and this ensures that decisions reached are essential for the people. Another advantage of US system is that it is easier for the branches of government to check on the behaviors or malpractices of other branches such as congress and this ensures accountability and transparency in the government.
The disadvantages of this system are numerous. One of the drawbacks is lack of responsiveness and efficiency. In a presidential system, there is no close unity between the legislative and thee executive and this is likely to cause challenges in leadership (Hankla 200). The people have no direct influence on the person that becomes president in these parliamentary systems in countries such as Australia. The people vote the president in US system but the election collegiate has the final mandate of determining who becomes president through their voting. Therefore, this makes it difficult for a president to govern because, the number of the congress or members of the house of parliament may not be enough to provide support. This therefore, makes such a system more prone to military takeovers that occur in most cases when the civilian governments have reached impasses (Jensen and McGrath 66). For instance, in US, it is easy for a crisis to merge, if the people fail to embrace their ideological values and spirit of democracy compared to other countries such as UK where the prime minister has the full mandate to provide leadership. Ousting a prime minister is therefore difficult compared to a president in US.
In US system the president and the congress has separate powers but equal claims to legitimacy and power. Therefore, if the president of one party is divided with a congress of another party, this can lead to a conflict. There is no democratic principle currently on which such an impasse can be resolved and this therefore may affect the governance and leadership of the country.
Janda, Kennethe. The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics, The Essentials (with Aplia Printed Access Card) / Edition 9 , US: Cengage learning, (2013). Print.
Gibson comes to you, his lawyer, asking you to explain the legal positions of all the parties. how would you respond?
SAMPLE ANSWER
From the above case, it is evident from the beginning that there was a clear manifestation by both parties to enter into a contract. Despite the offer being brought into the table, the law allows for the revocation of the offer at any time before the offer is accepted and such revocation must be communicated. In this case, Campbell revoked the offer made to Gibson after getting a good deal from another client. However, the revocation never reached his client in good time due to postal delays. According to Tepper (2011), revocation of the offer only becomes effective when the notice is received, to imply that Gibson was right to accept the offer since he was yet to receive the revocation letter. An offer is irrevocable after the acceptance and an offer is also irrevocable if the offeree has commenced to perform acts that constitutes acceptance. In this case, Campbell had already revoked the offer to Gibson since he found a better deal elsewhere. Therefore, Campbell is not justified to force Gibson into buying his property since his letter of revocation was finally received by Gibson. In this regard, there is no offer and acceptance between these two parties since Campbell rejected Gibson’s offer and Gibson also changed his mind after realizing that he is not financially prepared. Therefore, Campbell has no legal reasons to sue Gibson for breach of contract since he contributed to the contract to being successful. On the other hand, Gibson is free from this contractual agreement since he received the revocation letter from Campbell that erased their contract. Despite Campbell commencing performance regarding the offer, he has no legal claim for this since he does this after rejecting the offer between him and Gibson. Therefore, Campbell has no legal reasons to due Gibson and Gibson has no liability for the breach of contract.
Reference
Tepper, P. (2011). The Law of Contracts and the Uniform Commercial Code. Cengage Learning; 2 edition
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
For this essay (entry) it is required to maintain a weekly journal, documenting important aspects of leadership they encounter over the duration of the module. Entries into the journal may include examples of leadership personally witnessed or insights gained through readings or class discussions.
1)I want 2 entries each one is around 100 words, and each entry is in separate word document.
2)Entries should be placed in a journal.
3)Entries should be based on your learning experience after reading the attached files.
4)You are free to follow your own format as long as it is logically structured.
5)Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Entry 2
Leaders in any institution should provide a sense of direction. They have a duty to ensure that the goals and aims set are achieved. Leaders require training and learning while other have in born leadership traits. In the current world, it is important for leaders to undergo training as well as learn while transacting their duties. Experimental learning is one of the ways that leaders gain experience and skills to expedite their duties. A number of theories as well do exist that leader’s exhibit while executing their leadership responsibilities (Allio, 2012). Leaders should embrace moral principles when executing their duties. Some of the approaches I have come across among my leaders are servant leadership, transformational and charismatic leaders.
Reference list
Allio, R. 2012, “Leaders and leadership – many theories, but what advice is reliable?”, Strategy
& Leadership, Vol. 41 no. 1, pp. 4-14 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878571311290016
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
The purpose of the Final Project is to apply the concepts and techniques of the module to the analysis of real-world situations or problems. Students are expected to use diverse sources of information and to carry out an original analysis rather than summarise or rehash existing work. Students are encouraged to use situations and data from their own experience where possible.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Please follow the following instructions exactly one by one as each point is very important. And please don’t deviate from these points.
1) You are required to complete a course project that provides an investigation of outstanding examples of leadership, providing an analysis of the leaders’ styles and effectiveness.
2)In Week 5, you needed to choose two leaders (living or deceased) that you will research with regards to their leadership traits, styles, ability to inspire change, etc.( the file for week 5 is attached)
3)The analysis and evaluation of these leadership examples must be based on the concepts you have acquired throughout the module.
4)You should then provide an analysis and evaluation of the information and insights from your journal entries against the research you conducted on the two exemplary leaders.
5)The goal is to connect what you have learned through research to your everyday and professional life. The Final Project is due this week and should follow the given outline:
1.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #1
2.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #2
3.Comparison of the leaders
4.Summary of significant findings and perspectives from journal entries
5.Analysis and evaluation of journal entries to chosen leaders
6.Conclusion
6)Your Final Project should also include a section on how and where you obtained the information sources.
7)This project should follow a structured approach and should be prepared and presented as a professional business report.
8)Completion of the Final Project will require a thorough understanding and application of business leadership concepts.
9)The experience of these two people must relates to your own insights.( I work as an airline pilot)
10)In the brief to summaries your journal entries in relation to both leaders which you have not done. Please take care to do this in the final project.
11)You need to justify comparison between both leaders in relation to your own situation. (I work as an airline pilot)
12)Leadership issues are presented in somewhat general terms and again there would need to be closer alignment with your own situation. (I work as an airline pilot)
13)Again, please bear your word limit in mind and please be careful not to reproduce material from (project outline) file that is attached below.
14)To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
15)The following sources MUST be used in the annotated outline PLUS to use extra sources:
The following are the data sources that I intend to use in this study.
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional to Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY: Free Press.
Pasmore, W. (2014) Developing a Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre for Creative Leadership
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership and Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-19.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I. (2012). Leadership is Going Global.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Over time, there have been several leadership models with some proving to be valid and instructive in meeting the demands of the people. With the world changing so first and globalization taking drastic turns in shaping the behaviors of people, leadership is becoming a requirement in every organization. People cannot be lead the same way they were over the past centuries if an organization wants to obtain optimal performance. Leadership has to be contextualized to fit into the current situations. In this contemporary world, organizations are in the search for workers who are highly qualified to make the best out of their capabilities in environments that afford them the liberty to demonstrate their sense of responsibility and initiative.
Each and every person’s leadership approach has an important component on how efficiently an organization has to reach its objectives. This is true when people have significant roles and responsibilities in playing decision-making roles. This paper seeks to analyze the different styles and approaches to leadership with respect to the effectiveness of the styles they formulated.
Outstanding Leadership Styles and Effectiveness
There are a great number of leadership styles that are based on different theories. The techniques that are based on individual’s beliefs, preferences, and values as well as other organizational cultures and norms that embrace some particular styles and disseminate others. The styles of leadership are therefore discussed herein as;
Servant Leadership
This style of leadership is a very moral style that puts the well being of others before the goals of an organization. Servant leaders consider others as an equal to them and not above. They see those they lead as subjects to teach and learn from in any organization. Servant’s leaders are able to lead others and reach a particular laid down goal and do not believe that as leaders they are better than others (Bass, BM 2009). Servant leaders are therefore considered consummate team builders who draw all the strengths from those they lead towards achieving goals and success. These leaders are incapacitated to lead through dictatorship but instead allow people to do what they can well.
Servant leaders are known for their ability to use power honestly without misuse. They exercise their powers legitimately for the benefit of those they serve and see leadership as an approach to garner good and no the opposite. In understanding servant leaders, we need to consider icons like Mandela and Mother Teresa, who served with integrity and honesty. Servant leaders have one objective of serving and not being served (Bass, BM 2009). Being a servant leader is about the one-on-one deliberations and taking care of a day’s details.
Servant leaders also listen and care for those they serve. They are willing to take time to listen to the views of others on matters. They also seek the opinions and ideas of others in making success out of an objective. This attribute of listening makes a servant leader be in position to create an environment where mutual respect is exercised. They help people acquire what they need in any setup. When faced with situations, servant leaders look for better approaches to convince others to see things there way since in their listening, they are open to improvements. They are also able to stretch their constituents and inspire them to service.
Charismatic Leadership
This leadership style according to my view is recognizable but may be mistaken as that with less tangibility compared to other leadership approaches. This Approach of leadership puts an individual into a form of influence where he possesses exceptional qualities as his followers perceive. Any charismatic leader incorporates the art of communication as his/hers leadership style. Emotional appeals are also vital in the making o a charismatic leader, and this combines the use of emotional and dramatic appeals that adds credibility in communication (Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 64, 2015). As with the art of effective communication, a charismatic leader also establishes visions that are vital to achieving success. Such leaders have visions that are solution driven.
Charismatic leaders are also known for their ability to establish trust with those they lead. Integrity has to play a vital role in such leaders and is cultivated when honesty and consistency are practiced in a line of duty. It is essential that such leaders embrace the ethics of truth irrespective of their popularity and should, in other words, enumerate the values that they espouse on others (Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 64, 2015).This requires that such a leader understands the values and needs of his subjects.
Participative Leadership
This style of leaderships one that makes an achievement through people. Participative leaders get success in their initiatives through teamwork and by collectively involving other people in achieving a goal. Such leaders are known for their ability to show ownership on those they lead in a manner that makes them feel responsible for the commitments taken in achieving a particular goal.
They make people valued as a vital part of a team by making a group become focused on the journey of cooperative teamwork (Brain, C 2002). In an airport, for example, leaders need to cooperatively involve every personnel in the processes in order for the whole team to make conclusions collaboratively through dialog and reason. Such leaders have the option of drawing from other approaches in order to achieve their goals.
Situational Leadership
This style of leadership entails the fact that there is no one size that fits all in its approach to leadership. In order to achieve goals, such leaders have to first of all identify their most significant priorities and consider the readiness of those they lead by analyzing their ability and willingness to follow in the steps of the leader. Leaders in this approach should have the capacity to apply the essential styles of leadership that fit a given situation (Lang, R, & Rybnikova, 2012). This style of leadership incorporates four elements that are essential to achieving success. These elements are directing, coaching, supporting and delegating.
Transactional Leadership
This form of leadership involves the motivation and direction of a leader’s subjects through appealing to their self-interests. The power of such leaders is vested in their formal responsibility and authority in an organization. It is upon the subjects of those leaders to obey instructions and follow in the foot of such leaders (Malcolm, G 2002). Such leaders motivate through an approach that reward and punish, for instance, when a worker does what is a requisite of them, he is rewarded.
However, when he fails to achieve that which is required of him, a punishment follows. This style of leadership is known for its nature to overemphasize detailed short termed goals and rules that are standardized (Malcolm, G 2002). This approach is known to work well where an organization’s problems are well-defined since transactional leaders are quite efficient in guiding decisions aimed at cutting costs and improving the productivity levels of an organization.
Transformational Leadership
This kind of leadership is one that incorporates change with such leaders considered people of change and action. Transformational leaders are always considered effective since the changes they bring are always positive. It is important to point out that transformational leaders have the ability to master their emotions and are also required to understand how they respond to motivational and persuasive situations (Marx, T 2013). These leaders are believed not to assume the rationales and logic of responding to change and are considered emotionally intelligent.
Quiet Leadership
Quite leaders are known for their abilities to work behind scenes carefully and patiently instead of making forceful and direct actions. Their aims are to address serious problems while still leaving by their values without hampering the running of an organization (Marx, T 2013). Quite leaders always employ forceful and direct actions that aim at handling situations.
Ryan air Leadership in the era of costly Air Travel
The CEO of Ryan air in the wake of the global economic recession restructured a form of leadership that managed the organization into a competitive state. The Irish millionaire Thomas Antony Ryan cofounded Ryan air with another partner in 1985. Before opening this airline, Ryan was an employee of Aer Lingus a leading air carrier in Ireland. Most of Ryan’s wealth came from this airline since he made this airline company the largest in Europe (Pasmore, W 2014).
Ryan employed the use of the situational style of leadership which expounds that there is no perfect way to lead an organization since situations determine the ways and approaches of making decisions. Ryan was able to venture into the airline industry with his friends and customers viewing him as a difficult man to handle in work related issues.
He never gave room for criticisms and always strived to be different and better in anything. Ryan also had a strong sense of responsibility and was so crucial to the completion of tasks (Pasmore, W 2014). This was depicted when he launched the airline company with the aim of driving growth that was geared towards minimizing and engineering low-cost maintenance in the airline sector.
Tony Fernandez Leadership Style
Born in Kuala Lumpur, Tony Fernandez was originally from Chennai. He was educated and graduated in London as an economist. Fernandez worked briefly with Virgin Atlantic as a financial controller and was considered one of the youngest CEOs in the organization. He then decided to venture into the airline industry and in one of his meetings with the Prime Minister of that time Mohamed; he managed to convince to become a new operator in the Malaysian aviation industry (Siegmund, F 1990). At this time of the meeting, Fernandez had already registered a company called Tune Air. Mahathir agreed to the demands of Fernandez and deemed it suitable and worth giving a try.
Fernandez vision turned Air Asia to become one of the leading airline brands in the world. Many attribute the success of this airline firm to the strong leadership style of Tony. He in his capacity created a good organizational culture that embraced the importance of working as a unit in achieving goals. As a leader he was readily and easily approachable to hi employees and laid a central role in establishing a culture that inspired the conduct and behaviors, values and rules that are vital to the achievement of the missions and strategies of the organization (Siegmund, F 1990). Employees were allowed to access his office with important things that needed to be addressed.
In the contemporary world where business has become more competitive, exercising such approaches to leadership may be considered expensive to an organization. Tony Fernandez approach to leadership made a big impact on the airline industry since it inspired growth. Many of the employees were so happy to be part of the team that inspired the achievement of goals in the company. They were always treated as a family unit, and any of their contributions and ideas were welcomed in deriving better approaches to achieving success. Tony’s leadership style emphasized on the value of building interactions among the staff members in maintaining the state of an organization (Siegmund, F 1990).
The two leaders greatly differed in their styles of leadership. Ryan embraced the use of situational leadership that emphasized that In order to achieve goals, leaders have to first of all identify their most significant priorities and consider the readiness of those they lead by analyzing their ability and willingness to follow in the steps of the leader.
This style of leadership finds solutions to problems when such issues arise. On the other hand, Tony Fernandez applied the participatory form and style of leadership (Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006). This style of leaderships one that makes an achievement through people. Participative leaders get success in their initiatives through teamwork and by collectively involving other people in achieving a goal. This was Ryan’s style of leadership that spurred the growth of the airline industry.
Conclusion
In my journal, I also noted some other leaders who also had a different style of leadership. In essence, leadership is all about influence. Leaders should, therefore, have better approaches of rallying people behind their visions and dreams. It is important that leaders portray the leadership styles they have in the lives they leave too since people watch and follow in their footsteps.
References
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional To Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY, Free Press.
Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 2015. Multidimensional Perspectives on Principal Leadership Effectiveness. Available from:
Brain, C 2002. Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues And Perspectives. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I 2012 Leadership is Going Global, in The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (eds W. J. Rothwell and G. M. (Bud). Benscoter), Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint, San Francisco, CA.
Malcolm, G 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference. Boston, Back Bay Books.
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership And Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp. 12-19.
Pasmore, W 2014. Developing A Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient For Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre For Creative Leadership
Siegmund, F 1990, ‘Competition and Performance in the Airline Industry’, Policy Studies Review, 9, 4, pp. 649-663, Academic Search Premier.
Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006. Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Volume 1. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
The advancement of leadership and the development of leaders seem to concentrate more on training through investigation of theory or literature.
According to the attached article, why is this ineffective?
Evaluate the appropriateness of such a training focus.
Based on your other readings, what other elements may be included to increase the self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership?
Each of the following conditions must meet the essay:
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)The answer must include examples from aviation experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real aviation companies. I prefer example from Qatar Airways, Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia Airline.
3)Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System.
4)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
5)I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Effective leadership
Introduction
There has been a tendency of advancement of leadership and the development of leaders concentrating more on training through investigation of theory or literature. This approach is associated with certain drawbacks which altogether fail to produce effective leaders. The following discussion will engage in reviewing some of the limitations on this form of training. In addition, the paper will examine how self-knowledge and effective leadership can be pronounced in a company.
Discussion
The advancement of leadership and the improvement of leaders seem to concentrate more on training through investigation of theory or literature. This is ineffective due to a number of reasons. One of the explanations is that assortment of aspirants to join training is mostly uncertain. This is because most firm targets the familiar aspirations of those employees who chase to rise to leadership situation. Therefore, getting a suitable sample of candidates to train to be converted into leaders is ineffective as every employee wants to become a leader as that status has power, reputation, and increased income (Taylor 2012). At Etihad Airline, for instance, CEOs find it hard to pick up prospective aspirants to be future leaders at the company when they step down. The training has also some elements of ineffectiveness as it mainly covers on reinforcing self esteem of candidates. However, in doing so, it does not give long-term adjustments in their consciousness or conduct. This is witnessed by the actions of the graduates retreating back to their old ways of doing things as rudimentary behavioral transformation lack due to the training unable to provide the graduates an environment and time required to reshape behavior.
Another noted reason why this form of training is ineffective is because it is mainly grounded in teaching the candidates about leadership, providing them cognitive experience, and infusing new leadership models to them. This is quite similar to a teaching guide (O’ Connell 2011, p.339). Therefore, it calls for experimentation and learning, followed by simultaneous recurrence of a dedicated practice. The training also lacks a metric for evaluating leadership appropriateness. This form of training fails to give consensus on who a leader is or what are responsibilities of a leader (Bérard 2013). There is loss of connection between empirical correlation and leadership performance with leadership outcomes and qualities. It is being found that the case histories only try to buttress current mythologies. At Qatar Airways, for instance, line managers find it difficult to deal with the leadership wrangles at the Gulf area in dealing with high competition due to the action of clinging to traditional methodologies of dealing with HR emerging problems. .
It is also noted that despite many ineffectiveness of training though investigation of theory or literature, there is a number of appropriateness derived from that form of training. Notably, candidates in the training program do buff up specific skills, particularly in communication networks (Adle, Kwon & Heckscher 2008, p. 361). Effectiveness resulting from such program is that that training may challenge the candidates or reinforces their self esteem. For instance, Emirates Airline working with its subsidiaries provides a platform where various leaders of the subsidiaries meet to share experiences (Connell 2011). This is mainly by intensifying candidates’ awareness of the behavioral inclinations in their ways and psyche. Consequently, candidates are given cognitive experience by these training programs, that is, the hopeful leaders are taught about leadership, latest leadership paradigms, offered with historical consideration on leadership theory, and being offered with a record of leadership desirable qualities.
There are some factors that may be included to enhance self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership. Empathy is one of the critical fundamentals that should be embraced to enlarge self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership. Empathy emphasizes the leadership with the ability to improve juniors, challenge those who act unfairly in a firm, and provision of constructive feedback. Social skills also come under components to electrify self-knowledge. An effective leader should be oriented to mechanisms to which he or she can learn how to not sit back and make their juniors do the work Grimme 2011, p.482). This factor can be continual actions of a leader to congratulate employees to inspire the loyalty of the team. Leaders at Emirates Airways engage in giving their subordinates gift and bonuses to boost their urge in fulfilling the objectives of this respective airline. Learning conflict resolution skills is also important under the elements of social skills as the leader will be able to be trained to arbitrate wide-ranging conflicts occurring in the line of duty. To develop self-knowledge and effective leadership it can be done through learning challenges. Trial and error makes leaders better in their roles through learning from their failures and successes.
Selecting the right candidate for the leadership position is one of the crucial factors for an effective leadership. Through strong motivation, a leader develops his or her self knowledge by being motivated by a strong embebbled urge for the sake of achievement. The type of leaders oriented to this element is able to explore new approaches to their duties. It is interesting to find out that these types of leaders keep score by tracking such complicated measures as market share, for instance, money manager at Qatar Airways gauge the performance of his stock fund aligned with Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia
Airline (O’ Connell 2011, p.340). Even when the score is against them, highly motivated leaders will continue to remain optimistic. In such process another element of self-regulation comes in to merge with achievement motivation to enable frustrations and agony that can be felt from such failures. It is being observed that at Etihad Airways, portfolio managers are not fired when a failure occurs at their line of duty. Rather, the company elevates them to senior position where they will be given an opportunity to prove that they can lead a turnaround (O’ Connell 2011). Self-regulation makes effective leaders abandon the habit of attacking others verbally, stereotyping others, and to compromise their values. This form of self-knowledge is brought in by the tendency of the leader to know his or her values and hold him/herself accountable incase of mistakes. Leader’s own reflection falls under some of the elements to be included to increase leadership effectiveness and self-knowledge. Most of the managers at Etihad Airline meet severally in a year to discus what each of them encountered during that financial period, and the mechanism as well as strategies to handle the situation (Grimme 2011, p.487). Through this reflection, a leader is supposed to learn from the mistakes of other leaders. Learning from experience of peers who face analogous leadership problems can be an important factor to effective leadership and self-knowledge development.
Conclusion
In summary, effective leadership is derived if leaders are oriented to harsh crucible organizational experience. Training through investigation of theory or literature is pragmatically teaching of which it should be learned. Upon making better leaders, they should be given an environment where they will acquire self-knowledge to enable them run the operations of a company efficiently.
Reference list
ADLER, P.S., KWON, S-W. AND HECKSCHER, C. (2008). Professional work: the emergence of collaborative community. Organization Science, March–April, 19(2): 359–76
ANDERSON, R., & BRAUD, W. (2011). Transforming self and others through research:transpersonal research methods and skills for the human sciences and humanities. Albany, State University of New York Press.
BÉRARD, J. (2013). Accelerating leadership development: practical solutions for building your organization’s potential. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10740165.
GRIMME, W. (2011). The Growth of ailine global alliances: an empirical assessment of the perceptions of business travelers. Transportation Research part A, 37,479-497.
O’ CONNELL, J. (2011). The rise of the Arabian Gulf carriers: An insight into the business model of Emirates Airline. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17, 339-346.
ODONI, A. (2009). The international institutional and Regulatory Environment 9Chaoter @). In P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart, The Global Airline Industry. John Wilesy & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74077-4.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Please follow the following instructions exactly one by one as each point is very important. And please don’t deviate from these points.
1)Prepare an annotated outline of your Final Project, briefly indicating :
2)The content you plan to include in each section of the report.
3)The concepts and techniques you plan to apply for analyzing any data and developing your argument.
4)The outline should not include detailed sections of the Final Project. Instead, it should be a specific and crisp overview of the contents that will comprise the final report, which will provide a detailed account of the six tasks listed below. In the other words, Ideally you should base your outline on the basis of the six tasks listed below:
1.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #1
2.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #2
3.Comparison of the leaders
4.Summary of significant findings and perspectives from journal entries
5.Analysis and evaluation of journal entries to chosen leaders
6.Conclusion
5)The annotated outline should address each of the tasks outlined above. You need to briefly describe what information you will include in each section of the report that will work to satisfying these requirements.
6)The report that will work to satisfying these requirements. The work that will be carried out in the outline should represent a higher-level view than the contents of the Final Project. As such, you must remain at this level to avoid reusing the same wording in the final document.
7)Your outline should be no longer than 1,000 words and in essence you should briefly give details of content you plan to include in the final submission.
8)Please remember to annotate your outline by making a detailed and structured list of elements you plan to include.
9)The following points is talking about the (attached proposal file) that need to be reviewed in the annotated outline as well:
10)There would need to be a little more detail in terms of how you may apply the theories you have selected which are not listed in your list of references. I presume they are cited in the references you have stated.
11)Your own situation would need to be defined more specifically in relation to both leaders and you would need to focus on this aspect in your upcoming journal entries.
12)Structure is good but in your outline please try to ensure you indicate how insights gained from theory and study of both leaders relate to your own experience.
13)The following sources MUST be used in the annotated outline and if you want to use extra sources you are most welcome:
The following are the data sources that I intend to use in this study.
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional to Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY: Free Press.
Pasmore, W. (2014) Developing a Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre for Creative Leadership
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership and Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-19.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I. (2012). Leadership is Going Global.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sir Richard Branson, CEO of the Virgin Group and Sir Akbar Al Baker who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways has outstanding personalities that have propelled them to higher grounds throughout their entire careers. Their personalities can be explained based on various theories, which include Allport’s Trait Theory, Eysenck’s Personality Theory and Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality (Bass, 2009, p. 5). This annotated outline of my final project, therefore, tries to analyze and evaluate the personality of these two outstanding international leaders using these theories.
The personality of Sir Richard Branson can be assessed based on Freud’s Tripartite theory of personality into three main components namely the id, the ego and thirdly the superego. This is because these traits develop at different rates, and an individual’s overall personality can be defined as one of these depending on the most visible aspect of the person (Brain, 2002, p. 203).
Sir Richard Branson has a Healthy Psyche. Despite the fact that he faced so many challenges in life, he never gave up on his struggle for success. Throughout his career life, he is well known for having taken so many risks like setting a record using the balloon and the boat, he encountered so many challenges did not stop him from pursuing his goal in life. In fact, he took his challenges as stepping stones in his career. As a result, his failures led to his success. In some instances, the Virgin shop ran out of cash. He used tricks to evade paying taxes that eventually resulted in his arrest and faced criminal charges. While at school, he was arrested for violating laws after launching a student magazine. Luckily, he managed to get a good lawyer who secured his release. Despite his criminal record, Branson decided to reform and came up with a very successful airline.
In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. This theory adopts two dimensions namely extroverted and introverted as a means of categorizing the various possible personalities that an individual may present. Despite his dirty background, he came up with a new business new business strategy that he called branded venture capitalism. This enabled him to have control over so many businesses without having to risk his money. As a result, the Virgin Group is a well-established and fast growing company with so many shareholders (Beycioglu & Pashiardis, 2015, p. 300).
Furthermore, Allport’s Trait Theory analyzes individuals subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. Sir Richard Branson exhibited patience and creativity in order to ensure success. This is mainly associated with his family that cultivated in him the character of hard work and independence. This is specifically what he adopted in his business management hence success (Thomas & Segal, 2006, p. 120).
Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways personality, is well explained based on Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality the man is so detailed about everything that he does. He ensures that all the activities that take place in the company are inspected including every plane that leaves the airport. In spite of being the boss and could delegate such duty, he does the job. In addition, his personality is explained by Eysenck’s personality theory. He does not believe in holding himself accountable to anything. However, he is very strict and keeps every person to the highest standards of accountability. He is a very straight man and always comments on everything the way he sees it. This has actually helped in growing the business to these heights (Malcolm, 2002, p. 9).
According to Allport’s Trait Theory, Sir Akbar Al Baker subjectively based on their in-born traits combined with the environmental dynamics that they have been exposed to as they were developing. This is simply because he is proud and enthusiastic beyond words. This is shown with the passion with which he loves Qatar Airways. Some people relate this airline to his life. The man is zealousness about the airline. This passion has therefore translated to his success in the company (Lang, & Rybnikova, 2012, p. 11).
There are significant similarities between the two leaders. The leaders exhibit authoritative style of leadership. This is seen especially in how they bring together their people towards achieving the set down goals. The authoritative style of leadership yields good results especially when the institution is after having a new vision especially when things have changed completely. Both leaders inspire business-working condition in the workers leading to vibrant enthusiasm for a particular goal (Marx, 2013, p. 4).
In addition, the leaders are affiliative since they work with the intention of uniting all the workers in the institution. Thus, the leaders value their subjects first before anything else. This form of leadership enhances healing and bonding especially when under stress. However, the leaders vary in their leadership style to some extent with Sir Richard Branson having the will to coach his subjects. This style of leadership empowers the subjects by ensuring that they are confident in everything that they do. This is unlike Sir Akbar Al Baker, who is the current CEO of Qatar Airways who is a pacesetter. He mostly concentrates on ensuring that people work very hard to achieve self-direction. This form of leadership is therefore very essential when the team being led is well experienced with the necessary skills and motivated (Pasmore, 2014, p. 6). In conclusion, a good leader ought to possess more than one trait in terms of leadership competencies. This is because there is more that leadership demands than just understanding the technicalities of sound leadership on how to manage people. Sound leadership therefore entails someone who is determined to deliver, a person who is very innovative by coming up with new ideas, focused on everything that they do and confident about it besides being trustworthy to both the workers and the clients. Furthermore, good leaders should be able to communicate well both orally and in written form.
Reference
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional To Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY, Free Press.
Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 2015. Multidimensional Perspectives On Principal Leadership Effectiveness. Available from: <http://Search.Ebscohost.Com/Login.Aspx?Direct=True&Scope=Site&Db=Nlebk&Db=Nlabk&AN=937773> [16 February 2015]
Brain, C 2002. Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues And Perspectives. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I 2012 Leadership is Going Global, in The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (eds W. J. Rothwell and G. M. (Bud). Benscoter), Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint, San Francisco, CA.
Malcolm, G 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference. Boston, Back Bay Books.
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership And Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp. 12-19.
Pasmore, W 2014. Developing A Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient For Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre For Creative Leadership
Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006. Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Volume 1. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
This assignment is 6 page double spaced essay and 1 page single spaced extended outline. The instruction will be uploaded.
This assignment should include only sources which are on the class website. No other sources should not be in the assignment. The sources are in the
"READING" category on the class website. And the sources are under “IV. THE MODEL REASSESSED: Economic Crises of the Last Two Decades”
The writer can choose which source he/she will use.
The class website is https://eee.uci.edu/14w/67300/
ID: IPEofEA
PW: uciuciuci
As an example, mid-term papers will be uploaded.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
– Appropriate academic resources
– Evidence of critical thinking
– Responses to all parts of the title
– Minimum of 3 sources are required
– Minimum of 5 references are required
Use at least three (3) quality references Note: Wikipedia and other related websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Summary of Marx’s political philosophy. How Marx’s position related to Liberalism
Order Instructions:
2000 word essay
2 PAGE DISCOUNT
Summary of Marx’s political philosophy. How Marx’s position related to Liberalism
Please ONLY USE resources below as provided in uploads. Please reference these resources accordingly.
“Marx, Marxism and Liberalism” by R. Farrell
“The Communist Manifesto” by K. Marx and F. Engels
Marx, Economics and Morality (from SEP)
Defence of Marx by Ellen Wood
Vigor on Marx and Modern Capitalism.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How Marx’s position related to Liberalism
Karl Marx, one of the most influential philosophers in the history of human existence Karl Marx, one of the highly influential philosophers in the history of human existence, came up with a philosophical system. His works stand out from the work of other philosophers who contributed on the subject of human philosophy. The basic human history stuff according to Karl Marx consisted of the principles of exploitation and class. In the context of modern capitalism, there exists three classes in the sense of Marx’s world: those who employ labor; the employed ones; and those in the third class of a single person business (Vigor 2004). These groupings according to Marx were the most significant in the study of human existence, whereby the classes are viewed as united within itself due to the common economic pitting sense. Marx went on to breakdown his philosophic theory based on modern capitalism. Marxists theory can be reconstructed upon the basis of some significant tenets of liberalism. In the discussion of how the position of Marx relates liberalism, inherent tensions based on the premises of liberalism can be differently interpreted. This paper summarizes Marx’s political philosophy and analyses how Marx’s position relates to Liberalism.
Exploitation and inequality are mentioned to be the main tenets of Marx’s theory on modern capitalism. In argument, the full corpus of the philosophical by Marx can be correlated to three significant postulates according to Immanuel Kant, namely: freedom, equality and rational autonomy. Rational autonomy of people is the state where individuals use reason in making decisions regarding the way of life that a person deems fit, without reliance on cultural, social, intellectual or religious tradition- whereby liberal individualism is one of the core tenets of liberal individualism (Vigor 2004). The following is the discussion of both exploitation and inequality as the core tenets of Marx’s theory.
Inequality
The ideals of freedom, equality and rational autonomy standout as the core tenets of the ideals of Marx regarding ethics and justice. It is in relation to such a vision that Marx conducts evaluation of the human society. He discusses the empirical facts that constitute the human society through an examination of contemporary and past social-political systems whereby he discovered that the history of the society is a struggle between classes. The entire spectrum of the human history has been characterized by oppression; the human existence facts and the livelihood of most humans are not anything near the ideal. It is plagued by oppression, injustice, inequality and lack of autonomy as the characteristics of the existence of humans (Vigor 2004). In Marx’s view, regardless of the fact that the conditions of life for most humans had been improved through the improvement of conditions of life for most humans, there was still a ubiquitous existence of inequalities in the human life. In his analysis of the 19th-century societies, he mentioned that there was a system of two classes that was developing in Europe. One of them was Bourgeois, which was composed of a few people who owned the land and controlled mines, trade, factories. The other class was Proletariat, which was an ever-rising salary-earning working class who were under employment of the Bourgeois. A small number of the people, Bourgeois, had attained a status of rational autonomy since they could pursue their lives comfortably the way they deemed fit; but a large population, proletariat, did not enjoy rational autonomy privileges (Vigor 2004).
The justification according to Marx for this huge disparity was unjustifiable. In other words, the interests of the classes outlined according to Marx’s reasoning irreconcilable, and as such that was the reason why they were inevitable for every human society, like in capitalism where it exists as a struggle between classes that takes the shape of a continuous civil war, characterized by the misery, attendant waste, and frustration which the class struggle causes (Karl & Friedrich, 2005). The frustration and misery of the conditions of class-struggle are increased among the employees by the fact that they are subjected to inherent exploitation. There was a revolt tendency in the lower class that was intensified by this fact, coupled with the boom-slump cycle, as a sure characteristic of a capitalist society (Karl & Friedrich, 2005). Marx reasoned that there was a defect in capitalist functioning, otherwise referred to as the ‘over-population crises. Further, the struggle was intensified by the fact that the oppressed population could not sufficiently purchase what was produced.
Exploitation
After an argument that there was no justification for the discrepancies between bourgeois and proletariat led Marx to address the issue of whether such a discrepancy was evil or ethical. He based his argument on the dynamic origin of the division between the two classes (Karl & Friedrich, 2005).
Marx argued that the bourgeoisie and its exploitation of the world-market has resulted into a cosmopolitan character in regard to consumption and production everywhere in the world. Marx detailed how the bourgeoisie through the dramatic improvements of the various production instruments had extended their exploitation to the lower class. They had subjected the economy to the town ruling, creating bug cities resulting to increased population. He also mentioned that the bourgeoisie find their way around crises that they have created through dominance and insufficient purchase of what is produced through the conquest on fresh markets, and more through the exploitation of the old markets that have been enforced by a mass destruction pf the production forces for high quantities. He notes that no sooner is the exploitation of the worker by the manufacturer, so deep at an end, that the worker receives the cash salary, than he/she is beset by the various bourgeoisie proportions like the shopkeeper, landlord, or the pawn broker, among others (Karl & Friedrich, 2005). His philosophy was, therefore, centralized on this philosophy on the basis of the exploitation of the many by the few. His initial argument is, therefore, that capitalism is unfair because it is based on Marx’s observation that all the profit from the capitalist is a product of worker exploitation. It an absurd secret devoid of harmony and mutual benefit, but based in a system where the extraction of profit is systematically done unjustly. However, at a certain point, the description of capitalism by Marx is not conclusive as he incorporates such words as robbery, embezzlement and exploitation – he believes that capitalism is unjust but he doesn’t belief that he believes it is unjust (Wolff, 2003).
Relation of Marx’s position to Liberalism
Karl Marx is still regarded to be the strongest of the critics of liberalism in the history of western political thought. In his analysis, he argues that liberalism is made up of manifold different political movements and outlooks, and goes on to argue that is underlined by the principled commitment to equality and the freedom of individuals (Wolff, 2003). His critique of Liberalism can be viewed through his dismissal of rights as illustrations of the egoistic and estranged individual of the society ruled by bourgeois in his sentiments regarding “On the Jewish Question”. In his arguments, it can be deciphered that he views human rights only as barriers rather than bridges to the freedom of the human. In his ancient assessment of human rights which is considered as the most mature assessment of rights, he is inherently negative (Robert, 2011).
The consensus surrounding the negative depiction of rights and rights by Marx, as well as their irrelevance historically in regard to communalism, are not confined to Marxists as it is confined for the case of Pushakanis. He even mislead the numerous scholars who adopted his arguments regarding rights and rights, whereby they echoed his arguments that the end of domination by one-class will also imply the end the rights and rights concept. It is clear that Marx had little patience for the considerations of bourgeois in the liberated society. There is good reason to confirm that the approach Marx took regarding this issue criticized the conventional liberal interpretation on the abolition of rights and rights in a community that is based on communism (Wolff, 2003).
The earliest appraisal of “on the Jewish Question” in regard to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is a starting point that appropriately points out the earliest proof that Marx had a disdain for liberalism, and rights and rights. “On the Jewish Question” which was written in 1843, it was a time when Marx wasn’t conversant with the decisive role that was played by political economy historically (Ellen, 2011). In his recount, Marx mentions that when he was requested by the Jews to support a parliamentary petition so as to grant equal political and civil rights to the Jewish Community in Prussia, which is an initiative he endorsed positively. “On the Jewish Question” Marx does not agree with Bruno Bauer, who was formerly his mentor on the issue that Jews have to be granted political and civil rights until the renunciation of religion for Judaism. In his revelation of flaws that Bauer commits, it is clear that he is strangling liberalism. It is noteworthy here that political emancipation is a reference to the liberal state of the constitution that is not bound to private or religion property at the political level. The fact that he refutes these claims proves that he does not support liberal state of the constitution (Ellen, 2011).
In the outline of his theory, Marx proceeds to show that the unchallengeable rights of security, property, liberty and equality cannot exceed the bourgeois civil society contradictions. His arguments are that the right to liberty equals to not more than the protection of the competitive and atomistic individual from the dangers of the individuals they are in competition with. This is not to imply that Marx could not figure out any positive way to put rights into use. Actually, he embraces political emancipation by mentioning that it was a step in the required direction towards the human emancipation struggle, by stating that it is the last representation of huge progress towards human emancipation – it is a final human emancipation form in the framework of the social order that is prevailing (Ellen, 2011).
Fat forward, in Capital Marx manages to demonstrate that the equality and freedom of individuals in the exchange arena in challenged by capitalist approach to production, whereby capital domination over the level of labor triumphs under the realms of equality of rights. He argues that equality of rights and freedoms results to freedom and inequality in the capitalistic approach to the production sphere. Later on in Capital he argues that an equality of rights to all persons is actually a mere ‘deceptive semblance’ in the context of capitalistic approach to production (Robert, 2011). Therefore, in regard to liberalism, the assessment of rights by Marx assume two different dimensions. The first one is whereby he outlines the right of individuals as an advance historically, while on the other one he identifies that these individual rights also portray exploitive production relations in a community that claims to operate in an equal and free society. The point he eminently dwells on in Capital is that the abstract individual is viewed as a owner of commodities, whereby he proceeds to address independent producers of commodities, who socially relate in an environment meditated by community exchange at the marketplace (Robert, 2011).
In conclusion, exploitation and inequality are mentioned to be the main tenets of Marx’s theory on modern capitalism. In argument, the full corpus of the philosophical by Marx can be correlated to three significant postulates according to Immanuel Kant, namely: freedom, equality and rational autonomy. The ideals of freedom, equality and rational autonomy standout as the core tenets of the ideals of Marx regarding ethics and justice (Robert, 2011). It is in relation to such a vision that Marx conducts evaluation of the human society. Marx argued that bourgeoisie and its exploitation of the world-market has resulted into a cosmopolitan character in regard to consumption and production everywhere in the world. Karl Marx is still regarded to be the strongest of the critics of liberalism in the history of western political thought. In his ancient assessment of human rights which is considered as the most mature assessment of rights, he is evaluated to be inherently negative (Robert, 2011).
III. Political game
This project is based on using a relevant game to analyse a real (and current) political unrest.
? Collect information by:
1. Reading news/media updates about an aspect of a political situation.
2. Observe the tactics/strategies employed by both “players”.
3. Observe the external environment of the situation.
Formulate the following based on your observation and data collection
1. Rules of the game (players, strategies, responses, payoffs, etc)
2. Choices, incentive and decisions of players in this game
My part is doing Hong Kong’s democratic movement which continues right now, i will upload my team member, just follow what he did in his report is fine. the players in the game should be different group of HK people
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Hong Kong is one of the largest cities of China today and it’s located strategically in the South of the China Sea. Hong Kong prides itself as a major global economical center that has a lot of influence in global finance and transportation. Before the year 1997, Hong Kong was still a British Protectorate. As the heart of the Cantonese China, Hong Kong was eventually transferred to the Chinese authorities in 1997 who promised to respect the rule of law and also to uphold its democracy. However, after its incorporation into the Chinese governmental authority, the Chinese government went back on its promises and at the end of August 2014, the Chinese government issued a directive that it would select the candidates who would run in the following executive election for high office in Hong Kong. By issuing the directive, the residents of Hong Kong felt that the Chinese government had interfered with the city’s election and mass protests ensued. (Carroll, 2007) The large, pro-democracy groups and other protesters blocked the roads hindering business, transportation, economics and industry operations in the general Chinese economy. The Chinese government battled for the entire control of the city’s economy and administrative functions while the residents and the anti-Chinese government protesters fought for the extension of its status quo as allowed by the British government. Hong Kong had greater autonomy and operated under its own by-laws through open democratic processes and the economy thrived because of the open democratic and capitalistic systems. (Zhang, Nathan, Link & Schell, 2002)
China detests Hong Kong’s robust democratic institutions like the judicial institution that has qualified international judges and the existence of the press freedom law. Hong Kong’s election process is also more democratic than the Chinese election that requires more than 150 council supporters to qualify one to run for political office.
The constant clashes between the law enforcement agencies and the pro-democracy supporters, has resulted in reduced economic activities and has also led to relocation of the city’s best brains and businesses. The western countries have also placed an embargo on all imports from
In the Financial world, Hong Kong is one of the major cities of China. It has exports close to $457 billion in 2013 most of which are exported to China. While at the same time, importing goods mostly from China worth $521 Billion for the same period. The major industries are textile, banking, electronics, shipping, watches, toys and plastics. The main income earning business is the service industry which accounts for almost 90% of its GDP. The GDP growth was 7.2% in the first quarter of the year 2011 while the GDP per Capita was US$50,936 PPP in 2012.
China wants to control the resources of these vast city but the citizens have put up a fight to maintain its conservative British style of government. If the standoff persists both the Chinese government and the residents would lose. The Chinese government would certainly lose its taxes and business prospects while the citizens would lose jobs, business profits and other earnings and most of the foreign countries in the western world would also lose their exports of arms sales that they were exporting to China.
The two agents are faced with a dilemma; Prisoners Dilemma as shown in the table below.
Players/Strategies
Chinese Authorities
Cooperate
Defect
Cooperate
2,2
– 3, -1
Western
World/Protesters/Traders
Defect
-1 , -3
-5 , -5
Prisoners Dilemma game
While Russia would lose one its economic major cities if it continues with its regular clashes with the protesters and the economic costs and also the consequences of such actions would be huge. The prisoners dilemma in these case explains the options available to China and the foreign nations including the EU that have already placed embargoes on arm sales to China because its handling of the protesters during the Tiananmen square demonstration and the interference of the Hong Kong democratic elections. (Youngs, 2002) The payoffs have been measured generally as a percentage of the Hong Kong’s GDP growth and the outcomes of the arms embargoes placed on Chinese government and the constant interruptions of the trading district. (Suettinger, 2004)
The table indicates the direct outcomes of the prisoner’s dilemma game. We make the assumptions that the players on both sides are rational and they are all aware of their outcomes and strategies applied.
The values shown on the payoff matrix are not real but have been used to demonstrate the economic results of the exercise. The inability of China to import arms from the US would also impact on the US economy just as much as it would affect the Chinese government when it has again to negotiate other arms deals with different countries.
To analyze the economic situation depending on the strategy adopted;
If both countries cooperate and the clashes are eliminated, the protesters would benefit just as much as the US would be able to export its arms to china and both countries would benefit economically hence positive economic growth.
One country can choose to cooperate and the other refuses. In respect to our last assumption the countries would be entitled to respective payoffs. One country defects and accommodates the other one hence the country would be less affected and benefit. As a result, the defected country would experience less economic growth than the one that accommodated the other one.
In another scenario but countries may decide defect/defect. Both countries may decide to impose trade restrictions to each other and they would be worse off while their economies would bear the weight of their unwise decisions.
The unlikely outcome in a game theory is what actually happened when both players decided to opt for the least option of defect/defect and which goes against any grain of economic principles. Its not possible to predict how the Chinese government is planning to deal with the Hong Kong issue as its recent economic trends is gradually reducing compared to the earlier years when it was still under the British rule. The Hong Kong residents are still determined to fight on till their demands are addressed. The ideologically and political history of the Chinese have a lot in common with the Russian Government and its predictable that they would not be relenting on their determination to secure and control the vibrant economy of the world most vibrant financial city notwithstanding the colossal economical costs that may be incurred because of their actions
