For this essay (entry) it is required to maintain a weekly journal, documenting important aspects of leadership they encounter over the duration of the module. Entries into the journal may include examples of leadership personally witnessed or insights gained through readings or class discussions.
1)I want 2 entries each one is around 100 words, and each entry is in separate word document.
2)Entries should be placed in a journal.
3)Entries should be based on your learning experience after reading the attached files.
4)You are free to follow your own format as long as it is logically structured.
5)Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Entry 2
Leaders in any institution should provide a sense of direction. They have a duty to ensure that the goals and aims set are achieved. Leaders require training and learning while other have in born leadership traits. In the current world, it is important for leaders to undergo training as well as learn while transacting their duties. Experimental learning is one of the ways that leaders gain experience and skills to expedite their duties. A number of theories as well do exist that leader’s exhibit while executing their leadership responsibilities (Allio, 2012). Leaders should embrace moral principles when executing their duties. Some of the approaches I have come across among my leaders are servant leadership, transformational and charismatic leaders.
Reference list
Allio, R. 2012, “Leaders and leadership – many theories, but what advice is reliable?”, Strategy
& Leadership, Vol. 41 no. 1, pp. 4-14 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878571311290016
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For this essay (entry) it is required to maintain a weekly journal, documenting important aspects of leadership they encounter over the duration of the module. Entries into the journal may include examples of leadership personally witnessed or insights gained through readings or class discussions.
1)I want 2 entries each one is around 100 words, and each entry is in separate word document.
2)Entries should be placed in a journal.
3)Entries should be based on your learning experience after reading the attached files.
4)You are free to follow your own format as long as it is logically structured.
5)Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Entry 1
New leadership theories have emerged that change the primacy of individual leaders. One of such theories is the co production approach that posits leadership as a collective process. Leaders need to share with others in their leadership duties by involving everyone in their leadership role. Some adapt to authentic leadership, as they remain dear to their personal values and characteristics, others exhibit servant leadership as they prioritize the needs of the followers before their own. Therefore, distributed leadership model and shared models ensures that leaders work together. Culture is also important when providing leadership as this promotes shared meaning making (Allio, 2005). A leader must be receptive of the various cultures when providing leadership. For instance, my leader adopts a humane orientation as he encourages and provides reward to his followers.
The purpose of the Final Project is to apply the concepts and techniques of the module to the analysis of real-world situations or problems. Students are expected to use diverse sources of information and to carry out an original analysis rather than summarise or rehash existing work. Students are encouraged to use situations and data from their own experience where possible.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Please follow the following instructions exactly one by one as each point is very important. And please don’t deviate from these points.
1) You are required to complete a course project that provides an investigation of outstanding examples of leadership, providing an analysis of the leaders’ styles and effectiveness.
2)In Week 5, you needed to choose two leaders (living or deceased) that you will research with regards to their leadership traits, styles, ability to inspire change, etc.( the file for week 5 is attached)
3)The analysis and evaluation of these leadership examples must be based on the concepts you have acquired throughout the module.
4)You should then provide an analysis and evaluation of the information and insights from your journal entries against the research you conducted on the two exemplary leaders.
5)The goal is to connect what you have learned through research to your everyday and professional life. The Final Project is due this week and should follow the given outline:
1.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #1
2.Analysis and evaluation of Leader #2
3.Comparison of the leaders
4.Summary of significant findings and perspectives from journal entries
5.Analysis and evaluation of journal entries to chosen leaders
6.Conclusion
6)Your Final Project should also include a section on how and where you obtained the information sources.
7)This project should follow a structured approach and should be prepared and presented as a professional business report.
8)Completion of the Final Project will require a thorough understanding and application of business leadership concepts.
9)The experience of these two people must relates to your own insights.( I work as an airline pilot)
10)In the brief to summaries your journal entries in relation to both leaders which you have not done. Please take care to do this in the final project.
11)You need to justify comparison between both leaders in relation to your own situation. (I work as an airline pilot)
12)Leadership issues are presented in somewhat general terms and again there would need to be closer alignment with your own situation. (I work as an airline pilot)
13)Again, please bear your word limit in mind and please be careful not to reproduce material from (project outline) file that is attached below.
14)To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
15)The following sources MUST be used in the annotated outline PLUS to use extra sources:
The following are the data sources that I intend to use in this study.
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional to Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY: Free Press.
Pasmore, W. (2014) Developing a Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient for Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre for Creative Leadership
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership and Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-19.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I. (2012). Leadership is Going Global.
Malcolm, G. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay Books.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Over time, there have been several leadership models with some proving to be valid and instructive in meeting the demands of the people. With the world changing so first and globalization taking drastic turns in shaping the behaviors of people, leadership is becoming a requirement in every organization. People cannot be lead the same way they were over the past centuries if an organization wants to obtain optimal performance. Leadership has to be contextualized to fit into the current situations. In this contemporary world, organizations are in the search for workers who are highly qualified to make the best out of their capabilities in environments that afford them the liberty to demonstrate their sense of responsibility and initiative.
Each and every person’s leadership approach has an important component on how efficiently an organization has to reach its objectives. This is true when people have significant roles and responsibilities in playing decision-making roles. This paper seeks to analyze the different styles and approaches to leadership with respect to the effectiveness of the styles they formulated.
Outstanding Leadership Styles and Effectiveness
There are a great number of leadership styles that are based on different theories. The techniques that are based on individual’s beliefs, preferences, and values as well as other organizational cultures and norms that embrace some particular styles and disseminate others. The styles of leadership are therefore discussed herein as;
Servant Leadership
This style of leadership is a very moral style that puts the well being of others before the goals of an organization. Servant leaders consider others as an equal to them and not above. They see those they lead as subjects to teach and learn from in any organization. Servant’s leaders are able to lead others and reach a particular laid down goal and do not believe that as leaders they are better than others (Bass, BM 2009). Servant leaders are therefore considered consummate team builders who draw all the strengths from those they lead towards achieving goals and success. These leaders are incapacitated to lead through dictatorship but instead allow people to do what they can well.
Servant leaders are known for their ability to use power honestly without misuse. They exercise their powers legitimately for the benefit of those they serve and see leadership as an approach to garner good and no the opposite. In understanding servant leaders, we need to consider icons like Mandela and Mother Teresa, who served with integrity and honesty. Servant leaders have one objective of serving and not being served (Bass, BM 2009). Being a servant leader is about the one-on-one deliberations and taking care of a day’s details.
Servant leaders also listen and care for those they serve. They are willing to take time to listen to the views of others on matters. They also seek the opinions and ideas of others in making success out of an objective. This attribute of listening makes a servant leader be in position to create an environment where mutual respect is exercised. They help people acquire what they need in any setup. When faced with situations, servant leaders look for better approaches to convince others to see things there way since in their listening, they are open to improvements. They are also able to stretch their constituents and inspire them to service.
Charismatic Leadership
This leadership style according to my view is recognizable but may be mistaken as that with less tangibility compared to other leadership approaches. This Approach of leadership puts an individual into a form of influence where he possesses exceptional qualities as his followers perceive. Any charismatic leader incorporates the art of communication as his/hers leadership style. Emotional appeals are also vital in the making o a charismatic leader, and this combines the use of emotional and dramatic appeals that adds credibility in communication (Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 64, 2015). As with the art of effective communication, a charismatic leader also establishes visions that are vital to achieving success. Such leaders have visions that are solution driven.
Charismatic leaders are also known for their ability to establish trust with those they lead. Integrity has to play a vital role in such leaders and is cultivated when honesty and consistency are practiced in a line of duty. It is essential that such leaders embrace the ethics of truth irrespective of their popularity and should, in other words, enumerate the values that they espouse on others (Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 64, 2015).This requires that such a leader understands the values and needs of his subjects.
Participative Leadership
This style of leaderships one that makes an achievement through people. Participative leaders get success in their initiatives through teamwork and by collectively involving other people in achieving a goal. Such leaders are known for their ability to show ownership on those they lead in a manner that makes them feel responsible for the commitments taken in achieving a particular goal.
They make people valued as a vital part of a team by making a group become focused on the journey of cooperative teamwork (Brain, C 2002). In an airport, for example, leaders need to cooperatively involve every personnel in the processes in order for the whole team to make conclusions collaboratively through dialog and reason. Such leaders have the option of drawing from other approaches in order to achieve their goals.
Situational Leadership
This style of leadership entails the fact that there is no one size that fits all in its approach to leadership. In order to achieve goals, such leaders have to first of all identify their most significant priorities and consider the readiness of those they lead by analyzing their ability and willingness to follow in the steps of the leader. Leaders in this approach should have the capacity to apply the essential styles of leadership that fit a given situation (Lang, R, & Rybnikova, 2012). This style of leadership incorporates four elements that are essential to achieving success. These elements are directing, coaching, supporting and delegating.
Transactional Leadership
This form of leadership involves the motivation and direction of a leader’s subjects through appealing to their self-interests. The power of such leaders is vested in their formal responsibility and authority in an organization. It is upon the subjects of those leaders to obey instructions and follow in the foot of such leaders (Malcolm, G 2002). Such leaders motivate through an approach that reward and punish, for instance, when a worker does what is a requisite of them, he is rewarded.
However, when he fails to achieve that which is required of him, a punishment follows. This style of leadership is known for its nature to overemphasize detailed short termed goals and rules that are standardized (Malcolm, G 2002). This approach is known to work well where an organization’s problems are well-defined since transactional leaders are quite efficient in guiding decisions aimed at cutting costs and improving the productivity levels of an organization.
Transformational Leadership
This kind of leadership is one that incorporates change with such leaders considered people of change and action. Transformational leaders are always considered effective since the changes they bring are always positive. It is important to point out that transformational leaders have the ability to master their emotions and are also required to understand how they respond to motivational and persuasive situations (Marx, T 2013). These leaders are believed not to assume the rationales and logic of responding to change and are considered emotionally intelligent.
Quiet Leadership
Quite leaders are known for their abilities to work behind scenes carefully and patiently instead of making forceful and direct actions. Their aims are to address serious problems while still leaving by their values without hampering the running of an organization (Marx, T 2013). Quite leaders always employ forceful and direct actions that aim at handling situations.
Ryan air Leadership in the era of costly Air Travel
The CEO of Ryan air in the wake of the global economic recession restructured a form of leadership that managed the organization into a competitive state. The Irish millionaire Thomas Antony Ryan cofounded Ryan air with another partner in 1985. Before opening this airline, Ryan was an employee of Aer Lingus a leading air carrier in Ireland. Most of Ryan’s wealth came from this airline since he made this airline company the largest in Europe (Pasmore, W 2014).
Ryan employed the use of the situational style of leadership which expounds that there is no perfect way to lead an organization since situations determine the ways and approaches of making decisions. Ryan was able to venture into the airline industry with his friends and customers viewing him as a difficult man to handle in work related issues.
He never gave room for criticisms and always strived to be different and better in anything. Ryan also had a strong sense of responsibility and was so crucial to the completion of tasks (Pasmore, W 2014). This was depicted when he launched the airline company with the aim of driving growth that was geared towards minimizing and engineering low-cost maintenance in the airline sector.
Tony Fernandez Leadership Style
Born in Kuala Lumpur, Tony Fernandez was originally from Chennai. He was educated and graduated in London as an economist. Fernandez worked briefly with Virgin Atlantic as a financial controller and was considered one of the youngest CEOs in the organization. He then decided to venture into the airline industry and in one of his meetings with the Prime Minister of that time Mohamed; he managed to convince to become a new operator in the Malaysian aviation industry (Siegmund, F 1990). At this time of the meeting, Fernandez had already registered a company called Tune Air. Mahathir agreed to the demands of Fernandez and deemed it suitable and worth giving a try.
Fernandez vision turned Air Asia to become one of the leading airline brands in the world. Many attribute the success of this airline firm to the strong leadership style of Tony. He in his capacity created a good organizational culture that embraced the importance of working as a unit in achieving goals. As a leader he was readily and easily approachable to hi employees and laid a central role in establishing a culture that inspired the conduct and behaviors, values and rules that are vital to the achievement of the missions and strategies of the organization (Siegmund, F 1990). Employees were allowed to access his office with important things that needed to be addressed.
In the contemporary world where business has become more competitive, exercising such approaches to leadership may be considered expensive to an organization. Tony Fernandez approach to leadership made a big impact on the airline industry since it inspired growth. Many of the employees were so happy to be part of the team that inspired the achievement of goals in the company. They were always treated as a family unit, and any of their contributions and ideas were welcomed in deriving better approaches to achieving success. Tony’s leadership style emphasized on the value of building interactions among the staff members in maintaining the state of an organization (Siegmund, F 1990).
The two leaders greatly differed in their styles of leadership. Ryan embraced the use of situational leadership that emphasized that In order to achieve goals, leaders have to first of all identify their most significant priorities and consider the readiness of those they lead by analyzing their ability and willingness to follow in the steps of the leader.
This style of leadership finds solutions to problems when such issues arise. On the other hand, Tony Fernandez applied the participatory form and style of leadership (Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006). This style of leaderships one that makes an achievement through people. Participative leaders get success in their initiatives through teamwork and by collectively involving other people in achieving a goal. This was Ryan’s style of leadership that spurred the growth of the airline industry.
Conclusion
In my journal, I also noted some other leaders who also had a different style of leadership. In essence, leadership is all about influence. Leaders should, therefore, have better approaches of rallying people behind their visions and dreams. It is important that leaders portray the leadership styles they have in the lives they leave too since people watch and follow in their footsteps.
References
Bass, BM 2009, From Transactional To Transformational Leadership. Albany, NY, Free Press.
Beycioglu, K., & Pashiardis, P 2015. Multidimensional Perspectives on Principal Leadership Effectiveness. Available from:
Brain, C 2002. Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues And Perspectives. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.
Lang, R, & Rybnikova, I 2012 Leadership is Going Global, in The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (eds W. J. Rothwell and G. M. (Bud). Benscoter), Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint, San Francisco, CA.
Malcolm, G 2002. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make A Big Difference. Boston, Back Bay Books.
Marx, T 2013, ‘Teaching Leadership And Strategy’, Business Education Innovation Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp. 12-19.
Pasmore, W 2014. Developing A Leadership Strategy: A Critical Ingredient For Organizational Success. White Paper, Centre For Creative Leadership
Siegmund, F 1990, ‘Competition and Performance in the Airline Industry’, Policy Studies Review, 9, 4, pp. 649-663, Academic Search Premier.
Thomas, J. C., & Segal, DL 2006. Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Volume 1. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons.
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a literature and Internet search for information about curriculum development and change in your content area of interest(math). Create a timeline that includes at least eight events that shaped curriculum development from a historical perspective in your selected content area. Write 100- to 200-words describing the importance of each event. Include an APA-formatted reference page
SAMPLE ANSWER
The curriculum development was shaped by the use of convectional approach that emphasized on the notion that entailed usage of mathematical ideas, and techniques that could aid in solving problems in an easier way. Despite all this, there was the need of tutor to give guidance where required. This method was an advancement from the pedagogical consideration that was earlier used.
Classical education was known to shape the future of curriculum in mathematics field due to the fact that it encouraged use of deductive reasoning mainly the paradigm teaching in days before. Rote learning was a new advancement in the curriculum where one could repeat what has been taught or even memorize it at his own free time (Scholarstic, 2014). Rote learning was initially known to be the multiple tables and formulas used in the math’s field. The new rote learning was now supported by mathematical reasoning to find solutions to problems.
Exercisers was a new method enforced for learners to understand learning skills better. Problem solving was an event that shaped the curriculum where math’s ingenuity was solved through setting students to be open-ended in tackling them. The student’s prior understanding is more build through the use of math’s problem solving technique.
The new math changed the curriculum following that it encouraged the use of set theories in solving problems, a method known to have been introduced by Tom Lehrer’s. In older days, learners were up to getting the right answer until when new math technique was introduced as it aimed at ensuring that a person’s knows what he is doing rather than getting the right answer. There was the use of conventional approach used in math’s solving problems. Relational approach was used in the curriculum and it advocated for usage of class topics in problem solving. Unlike before, this method enlightens students to apply math to real live happenings outside classroom work as events take place on a daily basis. The standards-based approach was more concerned on helping students to understand ideas and procedures whereby, it was most applied to college students. Unlike before where this method was not formalized, it was now made formal by the national council of all math’s teachers in the whole of United Kingdom (Scholarstic, 2014). This is to show that curriculum in mathematics has well been shaped to date.
The example used in class was a company merger between a large corporate building in Chicago and a large corporate building in San Diego. By describing the path from one user in Chicago, how does a packet make it to San Diego using IPSec?
The Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) provides Layer three security (RFC 2401). It is a collection of algorithms, services, and protocols that are utilized in securing IP data at the network layer. It provides a complete security solution for an IP network. The services and protocols of the IPSec combine to offer different kinds of protection. Given that the IPSec works at the IP layer, it is able to offer these protections for higher-layer TCP/IP applications or protocols with no need for extra security methods (Somesh, 2011). The protection services that the IPSec offers are as follows: it authenticates the integrity of a message so that the message is not altered en route; it encrypts user data to ensure privacy; and it protects against some kinds of security attacks for instance replay attacks. Other kinds of protection services are: the capability of devices to negotiate the security keys and algorithms that are needed to satisfy their security needs; and 2 security modes – transport and tunnel – to satisfy the various network needs (Somesh, 2011). IPSec combines various constituents: internet key exchange (IKE), authentication headers (AH), security associations (SA), and encapsulating security payload (ESP).
2.0 IPSec Standards
Given that IPSec is in fact a set of protocols and techniques, it is not described in just one internet standard. The services, architecture, as well specific protocols that are utilized in IPSec are defined by a set of Request for Comments (RFCs). There are a number of Internet Protocol Security Standards as illustrated in the table below:
RFC Number
Name
Description
1
RFC 2402
IP Authentication Header (AH)
This defines the IPSec AH protocol utilized for ensuring origin verification and integrity of data
2
RFC 2401
Security Architecture for IP
This is the key Internet Protocol Security document. It describes the architecture as well as the operation of the technology. It also illustrates how various parts fit together (Kozierok, 2012).
3
RFC 2403
The use of HMAC-MD5-96 in AH and ESP
Defines a certain encryption algorithm for use by the ESP and AH protocols known as Message Digest 5 or MD5, HMAC variant.
4
RFC 2406
IP ESP
Defines the IPSec Encapsulating Security Payload protocol that provides encryption of data for confidentiality (Somesh, 2011)
5
RFC 2404
The use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 in AH and ESP
Defines a certain encryption algorithm for use by ESP and AH known as Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant
6
RFC 2409
The IKE
Defines the Internet Key Exchange protocol which is utilized in negotiating security associations and exchanging keys between different devices for secure communications.
7
RFC 2408
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
Describes the techniques used to exchange keys and negotiate security associations
8
RFC 2412
The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol
Defines a generic protocol for key exchange (Kozierok, 2012)
The IPSec technology is mostly used to implement virtual private networks (VPNs)
3.0 IPSec Architecture
3.1 IPSec Authentication Header (AH)
This offers authentication services for Internet Protocol Security. AH enables the recipient of a message to confirm that the hypothetical originator of the message was in fact the one who sent that message. Moreover, the AH enables the recipient of a message to confirm that intermediate devices have not altered any of the data within the datagram. In addition, it offers protection against reply attacks, a situation in which an authorized user captures a message and then resends it (Somesh, 2011).
3.2 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
ESP encrypts the payload of the Internet Protocol datagram. It encrypts the data and secures it against eavesdropping during transit (Knight, 2010). IKE is a protocol negotiation as well as key exchange protocol, which enables the communicating parties to negotiate the techniques of secure communication. The IPSec offers security in 3 situations: gateway-to-gateway; host-to-gateway; and host-to-host. The IPSec operates in 2 modes: tunnel mode for virtual private network (VPN), and transport mode for end-to-end (Knight, 2010).
4.0 IPSec authentication using IPv4 versus IPv6
4.1 IPv6
In IPv6, the Authentication Header protects nearly all of the IPv6 base header, the authentication header itself, the IP payload, as well as the non-mutable extension headers after the authentication header (Dominik & Yvette, 2011). Protection for the IPv6 header does not include the mutable fields.
4.2 IPv4
In an IPv4 datagram, Knight (2010) stated that the Protocol field shows the identity of the UDP or TCP that is carried in the datagram. This field therefore points to the next header at the front of the IP payload. In IPv4 the Authentication Header protects the IP payload as well as every header field of an IP datagram with the exception of mutable field – those which may be in transit –, and the IP options like the IP Security Option RFC 1108 (Knight, 2010).
5.0 IPSec tunneling
5.1 IPSec Tunnel Mode
IPSec could be configured to operate in either the Transport mode or the Tunnel mode; Tunnel mode is the default mode. When the IPSec is configured to operate in the Tunnel mode, the whole IP packet will be protected by IPSec; the IPSec will wrap the original packet, encrypt that packet, add a new IP header, and then send it to the other side of the Virtual Private Network tunnel (Dominik & Yvette, 2011). It is notable that Tunnel Mode is mainly utilized between gateways – ASA firewalls or Cisco routers. It is also commonly utilized at an end-station to a gateway; the gateway will act as a proxy for the hosts behind it. Tunnel mode is used in encrypting traffic between secure IPSec Gateways, for instance 2 Cisco routers that are connected over the internet through IPSec Virtual Private Network (Dominik & Yvette, 2011).
An IPSec tunnel between an IPSec Gateway and a Cisco VPN Client is an example of tunnel mode. The client will connect to the IPSec Gateway. Traffic from client is encrypted, encapsulated within a new IP packet and is then transmitted to the other end. Once a firewall appliance decrypts it, the original IP packet of the client is sent to the local network. An IPSec header – ESP header or AH header – in the tunnel mode is inserted between the upper layer protocol and the IP header. Between ESP and AH, ESP is most widely utilized in IPSec virtual private network configuration (Somesh, 2011).The figure below shows IPSec Tunnel mode with an ESP header:
The figure below shows IPSec Tunnel mode with an AH header:
When IPSec is in the tunnel mode, the AH could be applied together with the ESP or it could be applied alone. The function of the AH is to protect the whole packet (Hoffman, 2011). It is notable that the AH does not protect each field in the New IP Header since some change while in transit, and the sender is not able to envisage the way they may change. In essence, the AH will protect everything that does not change while in transit (Hoffman, 2011).
5.2 IPSec Network topology: Packet from Chicago to San Diego
Path of the packet from Chicago to San Diego
The IPSec network topology above illustrates how a packet moves from Site A in Chicago to Site B in San Diego. VPN is a secure and inexpensive technique for site-to-site connectivity such as the one illustrated above (Hoffman, 2011). Each site runs VPN servers. With IPSec Virtual Private Networks, offices in the two different locations can be connected together over the internet with the strong encryption as well as security that the IPSec protocol offers. In this topology, IPSec offers secure communication in the path through which the packet moves through from the sender in Chicago to the destination in San Diego.
5.3 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) over IPSec
L2TP is basically an industry-standard internet tunneling protocol which offers encapsulation for the sending of Point-to-Point (PPP) frames through packet-oriented media. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol enables IP traffic to be encrypted before being sent via any medium which supports PPP datagram delivery, for instance IP (Hoffman, 2011). The Microsoft implementation of the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol makes use of IPSec encryption in protecting data stream from the Virtual Private Network client to the VPN server.
Tunneling, as Knight (2010) pointed out, is the whole process of encapsulation, routing, as well as decapsulation. The tunneling process encapsulates or wraps the original packet within a new packet, which may have new routing and addressing information that allows it to move through a network. When data confidentiality is combined with tunneling, then the original packet data in addition to the original source and destination, is not made known to those who listen to traffic on the network (Hoffman, 2011). The encapsulation is removed the moment the encapsulated packet gets to its destination, and the original packet header is utilized in routing the packet to its last destination, which in this case is San Diego. It is notable that the tunnel is the logical data path wherein the packets that have been encapsulated travel through. To the original source as well as destination peer, this particular tunnel is transparent and it appears similar to another PPP connection within the network path. The peers are not aware of any routers, proxy servers, switches, or other security gateways between the starting point and the endpoint of the tunnel (Hoffman, 2011). Tunneling can be utilized in providing a Virtual Private Network when it is combined with confidentiality.
In the figure shown above, the packets that have been encapsulated travel through the network within the IPSec encrypted tunnel. The internet is the network. The gateway is an edge gateway which stands between the private network and the outside network. Carmouche (2009) pointed out that the edge gateways could normally be a proxy server, a firewall, a router, or any other security gateway. Moreover, two gateways could be utilized within the private network for the purpose of protecting traffic across untrusted sections of the network. Whenever the IPSec is utilized in tunnel mode, Carmouche (2009) stated that the IPSec itself offers encapsulation only for the IP traffic. IPSec tunnel mode is utilized mainly for interoperability with other gateways, routers, or end systems which do not support Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol over IPSec (Carmouche, 2009).
6.0 References
Carmouche, J. H. (2009). Basic IPSec VPN Topologies and Configurations. Columbus, OH: CRC Press.
Dominik, S., & Yvette E., G. (2011). Securing IP Multimedia Subsystem with the appropriate Security Gateway and IPSec Tunneling. 보안공학연구논문지, (3), 385.
Hoffman, P. (2011). Cryptographic Suites for IPSec. Crescent City, CA: Penguin Publishers.
Knight, P. (2010). Dynamic Routing Inside IPSec VPNs. Nortel Networks.
For this assignment, the writer will complete the chart using the information provided from the list 1- 20. it is critical that the writer pay attention to details. I will upload the details of the assignment in the upload section.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Differentiating Components of Health Assessment
Subjective Data
Objective Data
Assessment (medical diagnosis)
Plan (orders)
“My throat is sore and hoarse”
Pneumonia
Bilateral Breath sounds clear to auscultation
Refer to Pulmonology
Chest pain associated with activity
Chronic Bronchitis
Productive cough x 10 days of green yellow sputum
Relieve of chest pain with Tylenol
My head hurts”
Hemoglobin 25
Lateral curvature of thoracic spine
Fine Needle Aspiration of thyroid gland
Sister with breast cancer
Potassium 3.8
Left mastitis
Refer to Oncology
Back pain score 8/10 with radiation to legs
COPD
Skin warm and dry
Consumes 75% of meals
Short summary
Objective, subjective, health assessment and plan of action are all components of a SOAP note. SOAP note is a medical form which facilitates easy documentation process of the patient. Subjective data includes all information provided by the client regarding the health complication. It includes chief complaints and family, social and current medical histories (Reznich, Wagner, & Noel, 2010). The subjective data explains the patient’s condition using narrative form. It includes the onset of the condition, its chronology, quality of the pain, factors which modify the pain and associated symptoms. Objective data includes all traceable facts. It includes data from clinical laboratory reports and from other vital findings. This data will include physical assessment data such as age, weight etc. This data is straight forward and includes disease vital signs such as Blood Pressure, respiration, temperature etc. (Mitsuishi, Et al., 2014).
Health Assessment refers to a quick summary of objective and subjective information. It includes lists of potential diagnoses. In some cases, assessment will include diagnostic tests information such as X-rays, blood analysis among others. The problem list is numerically listed as supported by objective and subjective findings. This is the part which aids in developing of differential diagnosis. Plan (Orders) include all actions that will be conducted as guided by the assessment. They include specific laboratory duties; intention for hospitalization; study of specific diagnoses; differential diagnoses; medication therapy and follow up actions (Erickson, McKnight, & Utzman, 2008).
References
Erickson, M., McKnight, R., & Utzman, R. (2008). Physical therapy documentation. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK.
Choose an argument that you found online (you may utilize an argument from a video posted online, a blog, a news source, a political website, or any other resource that will allow you to satisfactorily meet the requirements of the assignment). You may also select from this week’s relevant recommended resources.
Once you have selected your source, you will then evaluate the argument being presented in the source in an essay of 400 words. In your evaluation:
Identify the issue, the premises, and conclusions of the argument.
Determine whether the argument is sound or unsound (deductive), valid or invalid (deductive), or strong or weak (inductive).
Explain why you have chosen to label it as sound or unsound, valid or invalid, and/or strong or weak.
Use the “Steps for evaluating an argument” template for assistance with structuring your evaluation; however, you should construct and submit your evaluation in an essay format. Do not merely turn in a bulleted outline.
The essay must be 400 words in length, excluding title and reference pages, and formatted according to APA style. For information regarding APA formatting, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar in your online course. The only required resource for this assignment is the media object or written work you analyze. This should be the piece that you primarily use to complete this assignment. Secondary sources are welcome but not necessary, and they should not be used in place of the argument piece you analyze.
SAMPLE ANSWER
The Bill Cosby Rape scandal gained national notoriety because of his name recognition. All along Bill Cosby in additions to being a comedian, had been casted in roles where he represented a stable family and an honest hardworking dad and man who the American man could look up to. Thus when the allegations first broke, it was a shock to most people. The issue thus is ‘did Bill Cosby rape the women who alleged he did?’ From the evidence available, it is up to the consumer of the information to decide which side presents a strong argument.
In this argument are two sides of the story. On one side are the women who claim to have been raped by Bill Cosby on diverse dates. On the other hand there is Bill Cosby who claims that all this allegations are nothing but a witch hunt and have no truth in basis. What Giles and Jones (2014) have done is to chronologically capture all the happenings that have surrounded the scandal. They have developed a timeline that traces the scandal back from the day it broke to present – all arguments for and counter arguments against are all captured.
It has been argued by supporters of Bill Cosby and by the man himself that these allegations are nothing better than a witch hunt.
However, the women who have leveled these allegations cannot just be dismissed as noises of disgruntled women. From the time the allegations first appeared in Jan 2005, the women keep emerging and the similarities of their stories and the details that they have demands that their allegations be investigated deeper. Similarly, the details that they reveal are such that they cannot have been fabricated.
On his part, Bill Cosby and his supporters argue that should these allegations hold some truth, they should have emerged earlier – preferably when they happened. Similarly, they argue that should the allegations hold value, then Bill needs to be charged in a court of law and given his day to present his side of the story.
Both sides present a compelling and valid argument. What Giles and Jones (2014) have done is offer a platform where both sided of the story may be tracked. They have collected all arguments as presented by both sides of the argument when they were argued and presented them in a chronological order allowing a first time reader follow the story from when it broke to present. They have made sure not to come out as being biased towards one side and have presented both arguments as they have been put forth by each side.
Both sides of the argument present strong cases that are not based on hearsay or generalization but on claims of facts that each side claims are verifiable. The women bringing the allegations offer compelling arguments which do not have logical fallacies. The case is the same for Bill Cosby side. This thus offers the reader compelling arguments that they can thus use to come up with their own conclusion based on information available. Giles and Jones (2014) thus make for a good read. By offering both sides of the argument, they allow the reader to come to an informed conclusion.
Larson, A. A., Britt, M. A & Kurby, C. A (2009) Improving Students Evaluation of Informal Arguments, Journal of Experiential Education, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 339-345
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A letter asking for financial details and practice information about the ads
A letter asking for financial details and practice information about the ads
Order Instructions:
Mary Utanpitak asks you to write a letter for her signature to CEO Richard Rebh at floor graphics, inc (1725 E 3rd avenue, Vancouver, bc, vv5m 5r6) asking for financial details and practice information about the ads, for examples, how will you clean your clean your floors? who installs and removes the ads? can you terminate the lease if you don’t like the ads?
SAMPLE ANSWER
A letter asking for financial details and practice information about the ads
54, Greyhound Road
Lockwood
St. Louis
C76 8FK.
Richard Rebh
The Chief Executive Officer
Floor Graphics INC.
1725 E 3rd avenue
Vancouver
BC VV5M 5R6.
28th Feb 2015
Dear Mr. Richard,
I am writing to ask for the financial details and practice information about the advertisements made in your establishment.
How are your floors cleaned up and who does the cleaning? Also who installs and removes the advertisements since the contract isn’t clear on those specifics. If the advertisements do not please you, can you terminate the lease agreement or is it fixed based on the months or years signed for?
I’m hoping to hear from you soon, with any pertinent information pertaining the lease agreement and the contract to be signed. Thank you for your time.
Yours Sincerely,
Mary Utanpitak.
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Open letter Regarding the College of Business undergraduate curriculum
Open letter Regarding the College of Business undergraduate curriculum
Order Instructions:
Your opinions can make a difference! Are you satisfied with the way your college is run? Complaining about a situation is easy to do. But developing & implementing solutions require much greater effort. Take time to scrutinize possible campus issues. Then choose the issue to address in your letter. The following ideas may spark your imagination and help with your selection: Is the campus ignoring cultural diversity or other lifestyle issues? Does the parking lot need repairs, & security? Are you satisfied with the quality of professors or the curriculum needs in your college? Does the bookstore charge exorbitant prices? • Writing Hints: Address your letter to the appropriate person. Use exact title, accurate address, & correct names Carefully consider the audience for your letter and be mindful of your tone. Avoid being angry. Remember that more than your addressee may read your letter Use the AIDA approach in your letter for your message to be persuasive to your reader.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Open letter Regarding the College of Business undergraduate curriculum
Open Letter
Student Number
Date
Student Name,
Student Address,
Date
Michael Fields
Office of the Dean College of Business
320 N. Main Street
Houston, TX 77002
Dear Sir,
TITLE: Open Letter Regarding the College of Business undergraduate curriculum
I am writing this letter to bring to your attention a grave complaint that I have with respect to the undergraduate curriculum that is being used to for the College of business students. I came to this university and reported to the college with great academic and professional aspirations following my admission into this institution. After two semesters in the university I began to question my optimism and this was all to do with the nature of the curriculum that we are currently following. There are several problems that I have noted in its design and I believe these need to be attended to as a matter of urgency given the gravity of the situation. The first problem is that of overlapping of units as well as an inherent lack of balance in the distribution of subjects. The effects of this problem are bound to catch up with students later on upon their completion of their studies.
As stated above, one of the problems is that of units overlapping each other. The management modules that have been included in the curriculum for instance tend to mirror one another too closely and this begs the question about the need for two separate units that basically teach the same thing. The only difference is the naming but everything else is virtually identical. We are not certain whether the problem lies in the design of the curriculum or with the tutors who are assigned to teach us. We have tried raising the issue with them but they stated that it was out of their mandate and theirs is just to teach the units they are assigned.
The second problem of distribution of units has to do with the heavy bias towards accounts and economics in this cirriculum leaving other units that would ideally be core as topics within other units. Human resource management, statistical methods and Marketing are core components of any business course but in our case they are touched on briefly in different distinct units rather than having their own subject blocs. While we do get the knowledge, there are some concepts that we are likely to miss out on due to a lack of continuity in the delivery of these vital skills.
The problems that we are bound to experience due to these issues in the curriculum are mainly in seeking post-graduate places as well as looking for employment. A look at any business related masters degree will show under the instructions that one needs to have in his or her transcript a given threshold of units touching on different aspects of business such as marketing, human sciences, economics and statistical methods. This means that we are likely to have a very narrow scope of opportunities if we decide to pursue further studies. When it comes to seeking employment, skills in the field of marketing and human resource management are considered to be very important and as such we should have them taught exclusively. Not having them as exclusive units means that potential employers are bound to overlook our applications for the different available positions.
I kindly request that you look into the above issues and respond.
Yours Sincerely
Student Name
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The advancement of leadership and the development of leaders seem to concentrate more on training through investigation of theory or literature.
According to the attached article, why is this ineffective?
Evaluate the appropriateness of such a training focus.
Based on your other readings, what other elements may be included to increase the self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership?
Each of the following conditions must meet the essay:
1)The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
2)The answer must include examples from aviation experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real aviation companies. I prefer example from Qatar Airways, Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia Airline.
3)Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System.
4)Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
5)I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Note: To prepare for this essay please read the required articles that is attached
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Effective leadership
Introduction
There has been a tendency of advancement of leadership and the development of leaders concentrating more on training through investigation of theory or literature. This approach is associated with certain drawbacks which altogether fail to produce effective leaders. The following discussion will engage in reviewing some of the limitations on this form of training. In addition, the paper will examine how self-knowledge and effective leadership can be pronounced in a company.
Discussion
The advancement of leadership and the improvement of leaders seem to concentrate more on training through investigation of theory or literature. This is ineffective due to a number of reasons. One of the explanations is that assortment of aspirants to join training is mostly uncertain. This is because most firm targets the familiar aspirations of those employees who chase to rise to leadership situation. Therefore, getting a suitable sample of candidates to train to be converted into leaders is ineffective as every employee wants to become a leader as that status has power, reputation, and increased income (Taylor 2012). At Etihad Airline, for instance, CEOs find it hard to pick up prospective aspirants to be future leaders at the company when they step down. The training has also some elements of ineffectiveness as it mainly covers on reinforcing self esteem of candidates. However, in doing so, it does not give long-term adjustments in their consciousness or conduct. This is witnessed by the actions of the graduates retreating back to their old ways of doing things as rudimentary behavioral transformation lack due to the training unable to provide the graduates an environment and time required to reshape behavior.
Another noted reason why this form of training is ineffective is because it is mainly grounded in teaching the candidates about leadership, providing them cognitive experience, and infusing new leadership models to them. This is quite similar to a teaching guide (O’ Connell 2011, p.339). Therefore, it calls for experimentation and learning, followed by simultaneous recurrence of a dedicated practice. The training also lacks a metric for evaluating leadership appropriateness. This form of training fails to give consensus on who a leader is or what are responsibilities of a leader (Bérard 2013). There is loss of connection between empirical correlation and leadership performance with leadership outcomes and qualities. It is being found that the case histories only try to buttress current mythologies. At Qatar Airways, for instance, line managers find it difficult to deal with the leadership wrangles at the Gulf area in dealing with high competition due to the action of clinging to traditional methodologies of dealing with HR emerging problems. .
It is also noted that despite many ineffectiveness of training though investigation of theory or literature, there is a number of appropriateness derived from that form of training. Notably, candidates in the training program do buff up specific skills, particularly in communication networks (Adle, Kwon & Heckscher 2008, p. 361). Effectiveness resulting from such program is that that training may challenge the candidates or reinforces their self esteem. For instance, Emirates Airline working with its subsidiaries provides a platform where various leaders of the subsidiaries meet to share experiences (Connell 2011). This is mainly by intensifying candidates’ awareness of the behavioral inclinations in their ways and psyche. Consequently, candidates are given cognitive experience by these training programs, that is, the hopeful leaders are taught about leadership, latest leadership paradigms, offered with historical consideration on leadership theory, and being offered with a record of leadership desirable qualities.
There are some factors that may be included to enhance self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership. Empathy is one of the critical fundamentals that should be embraced to enlarge self-knowledge and effectiveness of leadership. Empathy emphasizes the leadership with the ability to improve juniors, challenge those who act unfairly in a firm, and provision of constructive feedback. Social skills also come under components to electrify self-knowledge. An effective leader should be oriented to mechanisms to which he or she can learn how to not sit back and make their juniors do the work Grimme 2011, p.482). This factor can be continual actions of a leader to congratulate employees to inspire the loyalty of the team. Leaders at Emirates Airways engage in giving their subordinates gift and bonuses to boost their urge in fulfilling the objectives of this respective airline. Learning conflict resolution skills is also important under the elements of social skills as the leader will be able to be trained to arbitrate wide-ranging conflicts occurring in the line of duty. To develop self-knowledge and effective leadership it can be done through learning challenges. Trial and error makes leaders better in their roles through learning from their failures and successes.
Selecting the right candidate for the leadership position is one of the crucial factors for an effective leadership. Through strong motivation, a leader develops his or her self knowledge by being motivated by a strong embebbled urge for the sake of achievement. The type of leaders oriented to this element is able to explore new approaches to their duties. It is interesting to find out that these types of leaders keep score by tracking such complicated measures as market share, for instance, money manager at Qatar Airways gauge the performance of his stock fund aligned with Etihad airline, Emirates airline, Al Arabia
Airline (O’ Connell 2011, p.340). Even when the score is against them, highly motivated leaders will continue to remain optimistic. In such process another element of self-regulation comes in to merge with achievement motivation to enable frustrations and agony that can be felt from such failures. It is being observed that at Etihad Airways, portfolio managers are not fired when a failure occurs at their line of duty. Rather, the company elevates them to senior position where they will be given an opportunity to prove that they can lead a turnaround (O’ Connell 2011). Self-regulation makes effective leaders abandon the habit of attacking others verbally, stereotyping others, and to compromise their values. This form of self-knowledge is brought in by the tendency of the leader to know his or her values and hold him/herself accountable incase of mistakes. Leader’s own reflection falls under some of the elements to be included to increase leadership effectiveness and self-knowledge. Most of the managers at Etihad Airline meet severally in a year to discus what each of them encountered during that financial period, and the mechanism as well as strategies to handle the situation (Grimme 2011, p.487). Through this reflection, a leader is supposed to learn from the mistakes of other leaders. Learning from experience of peers who face analogous leadership problems can be an important factor to effective leadership and self-knowledge development.
Conclusion
In summary, effective leadership is derived if leaders are oriented to harsh crucible organizational experience. Training through investigation of theory or literature is pragmatically teaching of which it should be learned. Upon making better leaders, they should be given an environment where they will acquire self-knowledge to enable them run the operations of a company efficiently.
Reference list
ADLER, P.S., KWON, S-W. AND HECKSCHER, C. (2008). Professional work: the emergence of collaborative community. Organization Science, March–April, 19(2): 359–76
ANDERSON, R., & BRAUD, W. (2011). Transforming self and others through research:transpersonal research methods and skills for the human sciences and humanities. Albany, State University of New York Press.
BÉRARD, J. (2013). Accelerating leadership development: practical solutions for building your organization’s potential. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10740165.
GRIMME, W. (2011). The Growth of ailine global alliances: an empirical assessment of the perceptions of business travelers. Transportation Research part A, 37,479-497.
O’ CONNELL, J. (2011). The rise of the Arabian Gulf carriers: An insight into the business model of Emirates Airline. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17, 339-346.
ODONI, A. (2009). The international institutional and Regulatory Environment 9Chaoter @). In P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart, The Global Airline Industry. John Wilesy & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74077-4.
