The format for the research paper includes a title page, outline, text (introduction, body, and conclusion), and a reference page. The paper must be typed, Times New Romans 12 font, double-spaced, 1-inch margins on all sides, and 5 to 8 pages in length. The title page and the reference page are not counted as part of the 5 to 8 pages. You are required to use a minimum of eight different sources which must be appropriately cited within the text of your paper and on the reference page.
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Restoration of Justice and Positive Behavior Supports The assignment consist of any demonstration of your experience and understanding of the course objectives that relate to the possibility of implementation.
Restoration of Justice and Positive Behavior Supports
You could:
Write a paper comparing or informing another educational issues/approach with RJE i.e. Positive Behavior Supports, Social Emotional Learning; Trauma Informed Practice; Responsive Teaching and Learning; Literacy; Numeracy; etc.
Write a literature review/paper exploring the impact of RJE on an educational issue such as early school leaving, chronic absenteeism, academic quality, students/families perceptions of belonging, etc.
Do a literature review of a variety of academic papers written in the last 2 years on RJE—[in the style
Evans & Lester, RJE: What we know so far …
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Sexual Abuse Victims and the CJ System Essay Topic: It has been said that sexual abuse victims are often victimized again by the Criminal Justice System. What does this mean? Explain how the reconceptualization of sexual abuse has been reflected in significant changes in the treatment of victims.
Include in the essay:
Sexual Abuse Victims and the CJ System
-Understands and discusses how the criminal justice system can re-victimize sexual abuse victims
-Discusses and provides at least 2 examples of laws and policies implemented to protect victims of sexual abuse
-Explains current methods used by law enforcement departments to better train officers in sexual abuse cases
Sexual Abuse Victims and the CJ System Focusing on Sexual
ABUSE
Chapter 8
Defining Sexual Abuse
Per Belknap, the terms “rape,” “sexual assault,” etc., are too restrictive and do not account for sexual abuses that are not physically violent (example: although child sexual abuse is a heinous act, most times it is NOT a violent assault).
Therefore, Belknap prefers the term “sexual abuse” as this refers to ALL types of sex crimes.
According to our text, then, the definition of sexual abuse is “any forced, coerced, or exploitative sexual act or activity,”
(Belknap, p.324).
Sexual Abuse Victims and the CJ System Consent
Consent is the key to establishing whether a sexual act is an
abuse (this is most disputed in “date rape” cases).
Consent is knowing, understanding, AND voluntarily agreeing to engage in a sexual act.
Consent and non-consent can be made both verbally or nonverbally:
?Saying yes (verbal consent)
?Saying no (verbal non-consent)
?Removing one’s own articles of clothing and embracing
sexually abuse a person (threats or the promise of
a reward)
Historical Developments
Historically, rape was ingrained in many cultures:
?“Rape for a rape” – this is similar to “an eye for an eye” – the father of a raped daughter was allowed to rape the rapist’s wife!
?Bride capture – a man claimed a woman by raping her
From 1770 to 1845, England (and other countries including the U.S.) defined rape
only as penetration of a vagina by the penis with ejaculation.
In the 1970’s, rape was then defined as a man forcing a woman (who was not his wife) with penile-vaginal intercourse.
But the truth is – rape and other types of sexual abuse can be committed by anyone regardless of gender, age, etc., and does not need to encompass ONLY
penile-vaginal intercourse. Also, anyone can be a victim of sexual abuse, as well.
Historical Developments cont…
With the 2nd wave of feminism in the 1970’s, 4 major legal
changes/recognitions took place:
Most sexual abuse victims are not strangers (they know each other)
Rape definition is not as narrow (it does not have to be defined as penile-vaginal intercourse)
Although most sexual abuse victims are female (making it a gender related abuse), both genders can be both victims and offenders
Sexual abuse can be forceful or coercive
Statistics on Sexual Victimization Of all the violent crimes, sexual assaults are the least likely to be reported.
Until 1973, UCR provided statistics about sexual violence.
?Bias: ONLY included crimes reported to law enforcement
Early crime surveys (National Crime Survey NCS) in 1973 did not ask
specifically about sexual victimization. The redesign in 1992 did and the
name was changed to NCVS.
?There was a bias here, too – 86% of victims did not report their
assault to the interviewer if their husband was in the room; 36%
did not report it if the interview was over the phone.
Stats cont…
Prevalence Rates – refer to victimization at some point in someone’s life (lifetime risk)
Incidence Rates – are measured within some time period (usually the last year) prior to the interview. The NCS/NCVS
and UCR are incidence rates.
Both statistics suggest widespread sexual victimization
?According to the National Violence Against Women Survey, 18% of
women experienced sexual violence in their lifetimes, compared to 3%
of men; translates into 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men (this is a
PREVALENCE rate)
?According to Russell (1984), 3% of women reported being raped in the
prior year. This statistic was 13 times higher than UCR stats and 7 times
higher than NCS stats (this is an incidence rate)
Variation in Sexual Violence
Stats
Why does this variation exist?
?The offense – do the stats include oral and anal assaults?
?Sampling Plan – were the stats based off of phone
interviews, in-person interviews, or written surveys?
?Question wording – how did the interviewer word their
phrases or questions? Was it clear enough?
All of these variations can cause differences in the
statistics of sexual violence!
Sex Abuse Victims & Survivors
Although anyone can be sexually abused and/or be
abusers, there are gender, race, and age patterns.
?Women/girls are at a much higher risk of sexual victimization
(especially those between the ages of 16-24)
?American Indian and Alaskan Native women are at a far
greater risk than any other racial/ethnic group
?African American women are more at risk than White women
(this is especially true of stranger rape – this could be due to
neighborhood effects). White women are more at risk of
acquaintance rape.
Sex Abuse Offenders
95% of the sexual abuses were perpetrated by men/boys (according to a recent NCVS analysis)
Most abusers are NOT lacking sex – most have a good sex life with lovers, spouses, girlfriends, etc.
One way to classify sex abusers is by using the 5 antisocial schemas identified by Beech:
Dangerous World – men with anger towards others (encompasses 79% of rapists used
in the study)
Women as Sexual Objects – women exist to satisfy men’s sexual desires (51%)
Male Entitlement – men are better and should be able to do what they want (44%)
Men have uncontrollable sex drives – men can’t control their urges and should
therefore not be held accountable for rape (15%)
Women are dangerous – hostility directed at women (9%)
Remember, many rapes/sexual assaults are not reported to police so a small amount of offenders
are convicted.
Rapists tend to lack empathy for victims and often feel no guilt over their offense.
Victim-Offender Relationship (VOR)
Official (and some survey) data elicit more reports of stranger rapes
?However, most survey data suggests most rape victims know their
offenders.
?So why the discrepancy? It is likely that such rapes result in victim
shame, guilt, & fear of retaliation by the offender. Also, the victim may
not see what occurred as rape!
Question wording from the interviewer (or survey) makes a difference:
?When NCVS asks everyone if they have been raped (instead of just
following up if a respondent reported an attack), more non-stranger and more of the less violent rapes were reported to interviewers.
?Also using this scheme, stranger rape as a percentage of total rapes
decreased from 47% in NCS to 15% in NCVS. Intimate partner and
acquaintance rape doubled with the new form of questioning.
Child Sexual Abuse (CSA)
According to Olafson, CSA is defined as “any use of a child for sexual gratification by
another person. It can be perpetrated by an adult, an older or more developmentally
advanced child, or even a child of the same age if coercion is present. This broad
definition encompasses a very wide range of experiences, from noncontact abuse
(voyeurism, exhibitionism) to contact abuse that ranges from genital fondling to
violent rape.”
Up until the 1980’s (when it was finally labeled as social problem), CSA was thought to be rare:
?A 1987 study estimated that 40 million Americans (or 1 in 6) had been sexually
victimized as children.
Although it is highly gendered, boys are also victims:
?70%-85% of victims are female. Girls are 2.5-3 times more likely to be victims
Offenders are mostly male:
?95% of perpetrators against girls are male; 80% of perpetrators against boys are male
CSA Statistics
More than half of rapes committed are against minors
?Per the National Women’s Study – 29% of all forcible rapes
occurred when the victims were less then 11; another 32%
occurred when the victims were between 11 and 17
?Per the National Violence Against Women Survey – 22% of women
reported that their first rape occurred when they were under 12;
32% reported it occurred between 12 to 17; 29% reported it
occurred between 18 to 24; and 17% reported they were 25+
when their first rape occurred.
CSA Reporting
Large percentage of CSA is not reported
?One study found that 1/3 of these cases are not reported to anyone!
?This is likely an underestimate
Why would a child keep such a horrific secret?
Shame
No protection
They are afraid they made it up
To forget
They were blamed for it (or there is fear of getting blamed)
Repressed it – don’t even remember it happened! (Generally, this occurs to
adults repressing traumatic childhood abuse)
It is hard to estimate the actual extent of non-reporting
Characteristics of CSA
Some of the tendencies of CSA include:
Offenders are usually male
Offenders are typically well known to victims
The risk of CSA increases with age
a) Girls are 2.5 – 3 times more at risk than boys
Physical disabilities of children increase risk
The absence of one more biological parents increases risk (girls
are at high risk of CSA by stepfathers)
CSA is often a series of acts (not just a one time occurrence)
CSA RARELY involves force
CSA Offenders
Most CSA offenders seek out children because they represent a vulnerable and
easily manipulated population.
Most CSA offenders are young
?70% under the age of 35
Many offenders have narcissistic personalities
?Believe that rules do not apply to them
Generally, offenders are:
?Male
?Well known to the victim
?The abuse is not a one time thing
?They do not use force
Date Rape
Date Rape is defined as forced sexual intimacy by someone with whom one has had
an romantic relationship. This does NOT include sexual abuse by a spouse.
Date rape is not a recent thing, but it wasn’t labeled as a social problem until the
1980’s.
There is some evidence that a woman is at greater risk of date rape the longer they
are in a relationship.
?However, date rape can occur AT ANY TIME during the courtship.
One study found that 12% of college women reported being the victim of attempted
sexual assault and 15% were the victims of completed sexual assault (while at
college).
Prevalence levels – estimated that 62% of college women reported a sexual
victimization since leaving high school.
Marital Rape
Historically, this was not recognized as a crime
?In 1978, only 5 states had laws against marital rape (by the 1990’s,
all states did).
Estimated that 12% of married women have experienced
marital rape
What are the possible reasons?
Husband feels entitled to have sex with his wife under any
circumstances
Husband uses rape to punish wife for something she (or
someone else) did
Husband rapes to assert power over wife
Rape Myths
Victim is not a real victim
a) Victim blaming results in reduced offender culpability (excuses
offender behavior and can actually perpetrate and sustain sexual
violence).
Alcohol and drugs cause sexual violence
a) Half of all rape cases involve an intoxicated offender and/or
victim (drinking co-occurs).
b) REMEMBER! CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION!!!
c) The abuser must still be held accountable.
Rape Myths cont…
All rapists are sick (sexually starved or crazy).
a) No empirical evidence to show that rapists are more
likely to suffer from mental illness.
Rape is simply the result of miscommunication.
a) This may occur in a small number of cases, but not the
vast majority (e.g. – many date rapists proceed to rape
despite significant communication from their victims
that they are not consenting).
Rape Myths & Violence
Studies of college students – sexually aggressive males are
more likely to endorse rape myths (particularly, blaming their
victims for their victimization).
Findings indicate that endorsement of such myths might
results in sexually aggressive behavior among men.
?Results in “rape culture/climate”
?If the girl didn’t want it, she shouldn’t have engaged in ANY sexual
behavior, but she did so she got what she deserved – Male
Entitlement
Rape Myths & Media
A 1996 study of the 50 top-grossing films in the U.S. found that
17% of sex scenes involved rape.
?ALL of these involve female victims – they also enhance
negative self-images and unrealistic expectations of
women’s and girl’s bodies.
Per Belknap, music videos and video games
also sexualize females.
?Example: Grand Theft Auto
Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is thought to only happen in the workplace, but it can occur
anywhere.
It occurs on a continuum:
?Gender Harassment – sexist comments; putting down women, but not
necessarily sexual in nature
?Seductive Behavior – sexual advances or requests to discuss victims
personal/sex life
?Sexual Bribery – request for sex in exchange for a reward
?Sexual Coercion – threatening punishment for not complying with sex
demands
?Sexual Assault – physical sexual assault; this is the most severe level of sexual
harassment
Sexual Abuse & the Legal System
It has been said that rape victims are often victimized again by
the CJS.
There are efforts to change that:
?Better training of law enforcement officers
?“Rape Shield” Statutes – limits the defendant’s ability to
introduce victim’s past sexual behavior
Still, it is very difficult to prosecute rape cases.
?Less than 35% of arrests for rapes end in convictions – the
rest are dismissed or acquitted.
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Click on the link below to choose Kentucky AND one other state (unfortunately, some links do not work – keep clicking). Find at least two similarities and two differences in criminal law (or the explanation of rights/obligations/procedures) between KY and the state you choose.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
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Comparative Criminal Justice Assignment In light of some countries’ abuses in the use of incarceration and violations of prisoners’ rights, what can be done to influence a country to change its policies?
Comparative Criminal Justice Assignment
What might be the limit to the enforcement of such policies? This assignment must be at least TWO pages long (no more than three).
The NALSAR University of Law in Hyderabad has released the application notice for their integrated LLM, PhD program for the 2019/20 school year. Students interested in entering the program this year will need to keep in mind the following eligibility factors. Eligible students will need to hold a B.A., LL.B. / LL.B. / B.L. degree or an equivalent degree from a recognized University. Students who hold an LLM are also eligible for this program.
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Sociology of Crime and Organizations ASA format. The remainder of the paper is where you develop your argument drawing from your chosen academic sources, course concepts (from readings and lectures), the case as well as any additional sources you may want to use.
Sociology of Crime and Organizations
Think of these elements as tools that you are using to craft your answer to your research question.
Also, when writing, think about the impact your topic has had on society and how your topic has changed the way we think about crime and organizations more generally. In your conclusion, highlight how your argument and paper could inform or add to the understanding of your case.
Research Paper SOC 208 H5S
Formatting Instructions
– Length: 6-8 pages, excluding title page and references.
– Format: Typed, double spaced, 12pt Times New Roman with 1” margins on all sides.
– Referencing Style: ASA (see style guide on Quercus).
– DO NOT get creative with the font, margins, or spacing. Failure to follow formatting instructions may result in a 5% penalty.
Sociology of Crime and Organizations Submission Instructions
– Before class, upload a copy of your assignment to Quercus. The system will automatically submit your work to Turnitin. Handing in a hardcopy is not necessary.
– Upload your work in a .doc, .docx or .pdf format. Quercus cannot access .pages files.
– Late Penalty: 10% for the first day and 5% for each additional day.
– Papers more than 7 days late (without documentation) will receive a grade of zero.
– See the syllabus for more details.
Paper Instructions
Your essay should start with the introduction of your topic, research question, a discussion of your case and an outline of your argument. For more information on these components, see the
Outline Assignment Instructions.
The remainder of the paper is where you develop your argument drawing from your chosen academic sources, course concepts (from readings and lectures), the case as well as any additional sources you may want to use. Think of these elements as tools that you are using to craft your answer to your research question.
Also, when writing, think about the impact your topic has had on society and how your topic has changed the way we think about crime and organizations more generally. In your conclusion, highlight how your argument and paper could inform or add to the understanding of your case.
Sociology of Crime and Organizations Academic Source Selection
For your research paper, you will require a minimum of FIVE academic sources. These sources should be articles from scholarly journals, book chapters or research reports from government websites. Three of your academic sources will likely come from your Annotated Bibliography, so you will need two more academic sources (although you may replace sources from the previous assignment if you’ve found better ones).
Beyond these five academic sources and your case, you are welcome to use additional sources should you wish. These may consist of any acceptable publication (journals, chapters, government or organization websites, media articles, videos, documentaries, etc.). Again, wiki-type sources are not acceptable for this assignment. Be sure to cite all sources appropriately.
Sociology of Crime and Organizations Introduction
– This is where you introduce your topic, research question and outline the argument of your paper.
– Also, briefly outline your case and explain its relevance.
Argument
– This is where you answer your research question drawing from your annotated bibliography sources, course concepts (from readings and lectures) and any additional sources (explained below).
– Think of this section as the typical 3-plus paragraph essay-style type argument. You are, of course, welcome to structure this section however best facilitates your answering your research question.
Discussion
– This is where you discuss your paper topic’s impact on society and how it adds to our understanding of crime and organizations. 1 – 2 pages
Sociology of Crime and Organizations Conclusion
– This is where you wrap up your paper, reflecting upon its contents and what understanding it lends to your case. .5 page
Paper Structure FAQ
– You are free to structure the paper in any way that helps you to convey your argument more effectively.
– You may combine the Argument and Discussion sections, if you wish.
– You may use headings and sub-headings, if you wish.
– Use footnotes sparingly. They are not an appropriate means to circumvent the page guidelines.
Assignment Overlap
You are allowed an up-to one-page overlap with your previous assignment. This is because aspects of your case description and introduction may be similar. This will vary significantly by class. Never assume that overlap is allowed across assignments and always check with the instructor. For this assignment, however, it is permitted, provided you cite yourself.
Cite yourself like this:
Last name, Year. Title of Paper. Unpublished paper submitted to SOC 208, University of Toronto.
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Forensic Science and Criminal Justice Remember, this class is a culmination of all of your classes at AIU—more specifically, your Criminal Justice classes. The topic you select for your thesis should be carefully considered and one that can be covered in your limited amount of time while remaining interesting to you and your audience. Although you have received classroom instruction concerning public-sector careers, do not forget about the private-sector careers.
Forensic Science and Criminal Justice
Did you know that one department store chain has two forensics labs in the United States? One is in the western states and the other is located in the Northeast, and both locations process fingerprints and other forensic evidence. Did you know that one of the fast-food restaurant chains has a huge security department that is responsible for global security and an intelligence unit that tracks terrorism worldwide? Also, did you know that every professional sports team, most Fortune 500 companies, and amusement parks have security, quick response teams, and investigation teams?
In the selection of your topic for your final project, examine all possible areas of interest, both in the public and private sectors. Research topics of interest in which you would love to have a career.
Based on the feedback from your instructor and peers regarding your topic, finalize the thesis that you will pursue your research. Now, you will develop a research plan that will include the following:
Thesis statement: This statement presents the problem or issue you intend to research, and it should be clear and concise.
Hypothesis: This is a statement of prediction regarding the results of the problem or issue. Briefly identify your working solution to the problem. How might your working solution solve the problem? Be sure to note that your working solution will evolve through continued research and analysis.
Measurement and analysis approach: Define the key points that you will research, and explain how you will gather and analyze the data you find. Intend to incorporate information related to technology and crime statistics that apply to your issue.
Applicable resources: Identify 5 sources that you have found that are the most relevant and best support your purpose statement. List the sources, and then record the main idea as notes to use as part of your research later. Identify case studies, library, Web, and other scholarly resources.
Ethical standards: What are ethical and legal responsibilities to ensure that your final report will be of the highest ethical standards?
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Appeal and For the Trial of Mazoltuv Borukhova Borukhova appeal whether or not you agree or disagree on a mistrial and why for the trial of Mazoltuv Borukhova a common theme across all readings
Appeal and For the Trial of Mazoltuv Borukhova
These entries should be critical and probing. While some background context might be necessary, your job is not to summarize or describe what the readings say. Rather,
I am looking for deeper engagement for you to synthesize, critique, and analyze what the authors are saying. The “human tendency” to be seduced by coherent narratives and charismatic narrators, including ourselves, is the screw that turns in almost all of Janet Malcolm‘s work, from her early writing on psychoanalysis to 2007’s Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice.
What do you believe are some of the most important issues to consider when sentencing a convicted criminal?
Do you think victims should play ‘more’ or ‘less’ of a role in the sentencing process? Please explain.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
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5 page of essay and a separate page for the sources
INSTRUCTIONS
Write your name (as it appears in the class list) and student number on the line above.
Read the instructions completely, including the Academic Integrity Statement, before starting to answer.
Type your answers in this file, below the questions, adding pages as needed. Start each answer indicating the respective question. The file is set to double-spacing with standard margins. Do not change the page layout, line spacing, and font. Do not delete any part of this file.Use APA style to format your paper.
Write in clear and correct English. Use a dictionary and proof-read your work.
If there is anything in this assignment that you do not understand, ask me for clarification.
The activity is composed of three parts and each part has two questions. Each answer is worth 2 marks, for a total of 12. The grading weight of this activity is 12% of your final grade for the course.
Follow the submitting instructions in the Moodle activity, ACTIVITY 2 to upload and submit your file. Be sure to click on Submit assignment when you are ready to submit.
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