The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability

The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Order Instructions: The guided word limit is 4000 words (but you are not limited in your research)

The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Sample Answer

Table of Contents

Unit 6: Research Project 3

1.0 Introduction. 3

1.1 Research Question. 4

1.2 Research Objectives. 4

1.3 Hypothesis. 4

2.0 What is challenging behavior?. 5

2.1 Impact of challenging behavior 6

2.1.1 Aggression and assault 6

2.1.2 Stress. 7

2.1.3 Burnout and well-being. 8

2.2 Challenging Behaviors. 10

2.2.1 Learning disabilities. 10

2.2.2 Dementia. 11

2.2.3 Autism and Autism spectrum disorder 12

2.2.4 Opposition Defiant Disorder ODD.. 13

2.2.5 Conduct disorder (CD) 14

3.0 Research methodology. 14

3.1 Sampling. 15

3.2 Reliability and validity. 16

3.3 Grant chart 16

4.0 Results. 18

4.1 Challenging behaviors at Public Health England. 18

Table 1. Common challenging behaviors Public Health England. 18

Table 2: Influence of Challenging Behaviors on the Efficacy of Social Workers. 19

Table 3: Showing whether challenging behaviors affect or motivate performance. 20

5.0 Interpretation of the Results. 21

5.1 Present outcomes. 22

6.0 Conclusion. 22

7.0 References. 23

8.0 Appendix 25

8.1 Appendix 1. Questionnaires. 25

Unit 6: Research Project

1.0 Introduction

About 1 percent of the entire population has intellectual disability, which is a considerable disorder in adaptive as well as intellectual function in the early stages of development (Aveyard 2014). Individuals with the intellectual disabilities rate of developing mental illness are greater in comparison to the whole population, however, challenges in communication, access to services, literacy means that mental issues in persons with intellectual disability are inadequately recorded. Moreover, the majority of persons with intellectual disability exhibit challenging behaviors, meaning characters of intensity, duration, and frequency that endangers their physical safety or those around them or even restricts accessing community services.

For a long period, there have been concerns that psychotropic medicine especially, antipsychotics are overused as such prescribed for problem behavior instead of diagnosing mental sickness, regardless of insufficient proof on their effectiveness. Nonetheless, getting an accurate amount of psychotropic in persons with learning disabilities is intricate, while the present literature is limited due to varying descriptions. In spite of inadequate proof from policy context, there is no detailed assessment of psychotropic in adults with learning disability in United Kingdom primary care conducted, while results from other nations cannot be generalized due to variations in health care provisions as well as practices (Guerzoni & Zuleeg 2011). Proof demonstrates that psychotropic use in the entire population has been increasing tremendously for the past years, however, few studies have investigated that the patterns used to prescribe psychotropic among persons with intellectual disability. Regarding deinstitutionalization, creating warrens of psychotropic use, adverse effects and efforts to minimize its use to individuals with learning disability through the implementation of prescription standards are not clear. Furthermore, with the large as well as representative sample size, it is apparent that there are increased rates of mental illness, challenging behavior and psychotropic medicine among people with intellectual disability.

1.1 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Research Question

Do challenging behaviors among persons with learning disabilities result from mental impairments?

Are social workers faced with challenges caring for persons with learning disabilities?

1.2 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Research Objectives

To establish whether or not challenging behaviors among persons with learning disabilities result from mental impairments

To understand some of the challenges that come with caring for persons with learning disabilities

1.3 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Hypothesis

H₀: Challenging behaviors among persons with learning disabilities do not result from mental impairments

H₁: Challenging behaviors among persons with learning disabilities do not result from mental impairments
H₀: Social workers caring for persons with learning disabilities do not undergo challenges that wear them down
H₁: Social workers caring for persons with learning disabilities undergo challenges that wear them down

2.0 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and What is challenging behavior?

An individual’s conduct may be regarded as challenging if it threatens their safety or those around, particularly care or even contributes poor life quality. In addition, such behaviors can influence their capacity to participate in routine activities. Challenging behaviors consist of self-harm, destructiveness, and aggression among others. Communication determines the way in which people express their needs. In the event that communication is problematic, it may extremely discourage individuals leading to challenging behavior. If such behavior contributes to desire results, it may be repeated over and over. Challenging behaviors are common in persons with problems that impact communication and the brain including learning disability, and dementia (Economist Intelligence Unit 2011).

Challenging behavior or behaviors that challenge are culturally anomalous behaviors of frequency or duration that endangers their safety or others. In most cases, an individual must display trends that are a threat to services for a significant timeframe. Seriously challenging behaviors are not transient occurrences. According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), challenging behavior is a concept that is associated with aggression, stereotype, and agitation or self-harm, withdrawal, and sexual misconduct (NICE 2016). Additionally, challenging behavior involves persons whose conduct present considerable challenges to services. This comprises of behaviors that are associated with mental health issues. Challenging behaviors are widely used among persons with learning or intellectual disability, in addition to those with autism. Nonetheless, there are other groups that can be regarded to have challenging behaviors such as those with dementia and serious mental issues.

2.1 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and the Impact of challenging behavior

Challenging behavior is described as ‘socially unacceptable behavior’, ‘bad behavior’ (Craver 2015). The term also reflects a challenge to those concerned. It indicates that something is not working well, and it needs to be rectified and stopped. Behavior is challenging if it causes harm to another individual, or prevents them from fulfilling certain things in their lives. Challenging behaviors are detrimental to the lives of the affected persons and those around them. Hence, dealing with challenging behaviors requires careful handling in a way that supports the safety and well-being of people and others

2.1.1 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and Aggression and assault

In a study conducted by 76 social care workers in institutions that provide intellectual disability services, three-quarter of respondents had faced aggression, self-harm, and disruptive behavior. Recent studies of employees working with persons with dementia discovered that roughly three-quarter of workers faced fearful events during their work (Springer et al. 2013). The most common reported cause was physical assault. Among the respondents sampled, a fifth said they had been injured, a quarter experienced fears during an interaction, and half of the interviewees stated that they adopted a more personal centered style while others learned to be more vigilant.

This study gives indications of nature and level challenging behavior experienced by staff in care homes for people with dementia. Recent studies of perception of severe behavior and fear of assault showed that the degree of fear was greater when staff was exposed to challenging behavior. Researchers, however, found unclear evidence for the relationship between the quantity of challenging behavior and the level of fear of assault.

In a survey of staff in regular care units with a high prevalence of hostility and a study of officials in two community settings with a minimum occurrence of cruelty for people with intellectual disabilities, staff reported significantly lower fear for aggression and a high self-efficacy compared to a city team (Emerson, 2011). Self-efficacy was defined as the ability of an individual to handle aggressive conduct (Craver, 2015). Persons susceptible to fear to prefer working with the less difficult group.

In another study done to determine the extent of risky behavior, 48% of the respondents and 93% of the care group had cared for clients who had a history of contact with criminal justice service (Neale, 2008). They also found remarkable differences between private care providers and charitable care providers. Private sector homes had a high prevalence of clients who had been arrested by the police and of customers who had been sanctioned under mental health, yet they had less security provision than voluntary sector homes (Springer et al. 2013).

The authors further found out that care providers lacked background knowledge of the offenders under their care. This indicated the importance of information exchange while safeguarding against risks and susceptibility for criminals and prospective victims. It also highlighted the need and the importance of doing a background check on an individual before admitting them for care.

2.1.2 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and Stress

Pressure is defined as the result of interactions between the environment and individual (Riekert et al. 2013). It is the body’s way of reacting to any demand or threat. When one feels at risk, the nervous system releases stress hormones which prepare the body for emergency action. This is further explained regarding demands placed on the person and their ability to cope. Staff stress and burnouts are major areas that affect staff well-being and their interactions with clients. In a study done to determine the relationship between challenging behavior and stress with employees working with persons with intellectual disabilities, it was found that there was an association between challenging behavior and staff stress (Emerson, McGill & Mansell, 2013). Attributes such as emotions, coping, self-efficacy influenced the relationship between organizational issues and personality.

The study further found out that challenging behavior is stressful for staff. Elevated stress levels and modest exhaustion were reported. This, however, did not relate to thoughts and feelings regarding challenging behaviors. The authors concluded that there was a slight indication to suggest that stress is the primary determinant of the social worker’s responses regarding acknowledgment (Emerson et al. 2013).

2.1.3 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and Burnout and well-being

Burnout is the feeling of emotional exhaustion. It refers to the tendency of distancing oneself emotionally and mentally from others and reduced feelings of individual accomplishments (Hayes & Watson, 2013). Through various studies, there was evidence of an association between challenging behavior and staff burnout. In a survey of 77 workers, it was found that the higher the level of difficult behavior, the higher the level of fear for an attack. Increased burnout was significantly related to greater exposure to physical violence and reduced staffs support (Craver 2015).

In another study, self-efficacy was found to have a significant relationship between levels of aggression and burnout. Another study found the evidence of a relationship between staff burnout, intellectual disabilities, and challenging behavior (Hayes & Watson 2013). A survey of 103 staff in community residential homes for individuals with intelligent incapacities and perplexing behavior indicated that the more the team found their clients to be actively challenged, the more they experienced the emotional problem and exhausted and felt less accomplished (Hayes & Watson 2013). The study further found no relationship between psychological well-being and challenging behavior.

The positive correlation between negative emotional reactions and challenging behavior regarding nervous depression and exhaustion was also found to exist. A study done by care staff in five-day centers across one city found a noteworthy relation between self-reported well-being and staff rating of challenging behavior in both of those who cared for people with down syndromes and dementia and those who cared for non-specified learning disabilities.

Well-being declined as challenging behaviors increased: however, there were no relations between anxiety scores. Other studies have shown that stress and burnout are associated with the intention to leave an organization, absenteeism, and staff turnover (Parahoo, 2006). In a review done on 15 studies, there is no support for the opinion that the presence of challenging behavior in persons with learning disabilities is predictive of burnout. However great the exhaustion level

The report does not sufficiently bring out the conclusion of the relationship between these variables. Following the study, organizational variables were found to be reliable predictors of burnout among social care workers. Their study indicated that burnout is linked to issues of service delivery and employee support, rather than the presence of challenging behavior in people with learning disabilities.

Addressing challenging behaviors requires consistency, calm response, offering alternative choices to the affected, changing the setting, avoiding things that can surprise the affected individual, having fun and loving the affected person (Parahoo, 2006). According to them, good care and appreciation are important to encourage and give them hope. Care providers should be careful when dealing with challenging behaviors; they should conduct thorough background checks so that they are well prepared to handle the individual well.

2.2 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and Challenging Behaviors

2.2.1 Learning disabilities

Many of the articles have reviewed previous research on the predominance of thought-provoking behavior among persons with learning disabilities. According to NICE (2015), prevalence rates of challenging behavior among people with intellectual disabilities is between 10-15%. It is clear that there are wide variations in the estimates of the prevalence of challenging behavior which probably reflects differences in definition and perceptions. Emerson (2011) outlines that between 5 to 15% of individuals with learning disabilities exhibit behaviors, which pose a big challenge for their guardians. Some of the challenging behaviors, among persons with learning disability show, are aggression, self-injury or property destruction, and undesirable sexual behaviors. In addition, Emerson (2015) argues that people with severe learning disabilities exhibit some additional syndromes such as communication disorders as well as sensory impairments.

Research studies demonstrate that the majority of this group of people demonstrates challenging behaviors. Additional findings indicate that learning disabilities are caused by the brain development process. However, according to the national center for learning disability (2012), other factors that affect fetus developing, such as the use of alcohol or drugs can also lead to the development learning disability. In addition, environmental factors during infancy stage such as exposure to toxins, paints, and poor nutrition can also cause learning disabilities. Furthermore, children lack the necessary support y to promote the development of intellectual capacity in their early ages may have difficulties at school.

2.2.2 Dementia

According to NICE (2016), dementia is yet another symptom exhibited by people with challenging behaviors. Dementia is a general medical term that refers to a variety of symptoms which results from memory decline, or other sensory impairments, which might be severe enough to affect a person’s ability to carry out daily duties. NHS (2016), outlines that people with dementia may become apathetic and develop disinterest in their daily activities such as socializing. They have challenges with controlling emotions and change in personality aspects. This group of people has challenges with,

Their memory
Language and communication abilities
Focusing on and paying attention
Ability to make rational decision and judgment
Visual perceptions

According to the study by the Alzheimer Society (2016), approximately 800,000 individuals in the UK live with dementia. Moreover, the same society highlights that a third of people with the age of 65 and above develop dementia, with two-thirds of them being women. It is argued that the rate of people with dementia has increased because of the increase in people’s life-span. Future predictions indicate that the number of people suffering from dementia in the UK is expected to reach one million by 2021. A study was carried out by NHS (2011) to examine the impacts of dementia on the mental abilities of people living in their homes or away from homes. The criteria of Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were adopted involving 18 trials.The analysis of the outcomes established that dementia has a big impact on the mental abilities of the affected people. 16 out 18 people had difficulties in planning and organizing their routine activities. People with dementia living away from their homes had difficulties in maintaining their independence. Therefore, a person suffering from dementia usually need to be assisted by friends and family members to make his/her decision.

2.2.3 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and Autism and Autism spectrum disorder

According to the Autism Response Team (ART) (2016), autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) both refer to a set of disorders of brain development. These disorders result in challenging behaviors such as disinterest in social interactions, difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communications and tendency to repeat some behaviors. In May 2013, these disorders of brain development were merged into one diagnosis umbrella; ASD. Autism Response Team (ART) (2016) outlines that ASD can lead to intellectual disability, motor coordination challenges, attention difficulties and physical health problem including, sleep and gastrointestinal imbalances. However, some people with ASD exhibit exemplary skills in vision, music, mathematics, and arts. Common symptoms of autism emerge at 2 to 3 years for age. Statistics from the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that one out of 68 children in America has autism conditions. However, research reveals that these statistics result from awareness and improved diagnosis. In addition, studies suggest that the autism ratio is 4-5 times prevalent in boys than girls. Approximately, one in every 42 boys has autism as compared to 1 out of 189 girls in the U.S (Autism Response Team (ART) 2016). Collectively, over three million persons are affected by autism in the US alone, while more than several tens of millions affected globally. Furthermore, statistics show that autism rate has increased from 10% to 17% in recent years. Autism is a group of disorders; which is similarly caused by a variety of factors. Scientific study reveals that there exist a number of unique gene mutations that lead to autism. Nevertheless, autism is caused by a combination of these genes and some environmental factors affecting the development of the brain such as stress. In addition, other factors include parental age at the conception time, illness during pregnancy, and some birth giving challenges (Autism Response Team (ART) 2016).

2.2.4 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability and Opposition Defiant Disorder ODD

According to the Mental Health Center (2016), another cause of challenging behavior is the Opposition Defiant Disorder (ODD). Statistics show that approximately one out of 10 children below the age of 12 are believed to exhibit ODD, with the number of boys twice as much as the number of girls. However, at a grown stage the number of boys with OD is equal to the number of girls with ODD. Easily anger estimates show that the ODD prevalence among children is 2%-16%. Some challenging behaviors include

Short temperateness
Frequent arguments with adults such as parents
Defiance to rules
Stubbornness and deliberately annoying others
Low self-esteem
Constantly blaming others for his/her misfortunes

2.2.5 Conduct disorder (CD)

Children suffering from this kind of condition are often referred to as ill-mannered or ‘bad kids’. Approximately 10% of children at the age of 10 exhibit CD with boys being more affected by four times their female counterparts. In addition, a third of children affected by CD also develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to the Mental Health Center (2016), approximately 2%-16% of children in the United States have CD.

Challenging behaviors of these children include

Defiance to parents’ orders and other authorities
Repetitive truancy
Regularly running away from home
Criminal characters such as stealing and vandalism
Use of weapons in a physical fight
A tendency of using drugs like cigarettes and alcohol
Aggressive behaviors, such bullying to human and animals

3.0 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Research methodology

The objective of this section is to investigate challenging behaviors in mental health. In this study, exploratory research techniques were used together with secondary and primary techniques to collect information on challenging behaviors in mental health. In this case, secondary information was collected from previous studies relevant to the topic being investigated such as journals, books, and websites among others. These sources were suitable for collecting secondary information because they provided background information on challenging behaviors in mental health while addressing the research aims and developing a hypothesis (Neale 2008). On the other hand, primary data was gathered using qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The quantitative technique involves the collection of numerical information. This method is appropriate for the current study because it is not only simple but also fast. In addition, it collects descriptive data, meaning that participants are measured once, or experimental whereby participants are measured prior to the study or after. A qualitative approach was performed using questionnaires in order to collect detailed information on challenging behaviors in mental health. Basically, qualitative and quantitative techniques were used in this study to enhance analysis while ensuring that particular information is balanced using the advantages of the other method. This is particularly, necessary in terms of enhancing understanding through the integration of various concepts (Creswell 2014). Health and social workers at Public Health England were the participants in this study. To collect their views and informed consent was used so as to ensure their privacy as well as confidentiality. The questionnaires were distributed in advance to give social workers prepare for the interview.

3.1 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Sampling

Sampling process plays a significant role in ensuring that only useful data is used, thus, vital in saving time (Parahoo 2006). The study involved 27 social workers, non-probability sampling technique was suitable. Again, non-probability sampling is effective for this study since it allows random selection of subjects until the needed sample is attained. Moreover, this sampling technique was fit for research as it enables the collection of information based on respondents’ availability. A sample of 27 subjects was applicable in the present research as it is convenient and cost-effective.

3.2 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Reliability and validity

Reliability is the extent of guaranteeing that information employed contributes to valid findings and subject opinions are reliable. Hence, this study used secondary data relevant to challenging behaviors in mental health and ensured that it was consistent. Conversely, validity involves the connection between results and the actual scenario. As such, the research questions were demonstrated in the literature review and creation of the questionnaire. Sampling errors are common when a wrong sampling method is chosen. For that reason, the study embraced the non-probability sampling method, which is vital in increasing validity and reliability.

3.3 Grant chart

2016 Weekly Activity	2Weeks	2Weeks	2Weeks	2Weeks	2Weeks	2Weeks
Research Writing
Writing Corrections
Research paper Defense
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Research Writing
Submission of Research
Finalization of Research

4.0 Results

The study aimed at investigating challenging behaviors in mental health social workers at Public Health England face. The study involved a sample of 27 social workers only 23 (85.1%) responded to the question. In addition, roughly 60.8% had been working for the institution for the past 2 years, 13.5% and 25.9% had worked for Public Health England for 1 year and more than 2 years respectively.

4.1 Challenging behaviors at Public Health England

At Public Health England, the common challenging behaviors include; self-harm, verbal/ nonverbal behaviors, physical aggression, sexual misconduct, destruction of property, stealing, smearing/urinating in inappropriate places.

Table 1. Common challenging behaviors Public Health England

Challenging behavior	Activities
self-harm	Self-biting
verbal/ nonverbal behaviors	Screaming and verbal aggression
physical aggression	Pulling hair, kicking
Destruction of property	Breaking furniture and clothes
stealing	Taking items from others and food
smearing/urinating	urinating in inappropriate areas
Sexual misconduct	Masturbating
Non-compliant characters	Refusing to take part in regular activities

The survey information was appropriate for writing the research paper. Questions were developed in a way that they presented useful information about common challenging behaviors at Public Health England. Based on the results, it is evident that the common challenging behavior was a non-compliant character, as largely reported by 63.4% of the participant while verbal and non-verbal behavior was reported by 81.8%.

Table 2: Influence of Challenging Behaviors on the Efficacy of Social Workers

	No of respondents
Influence of challenging behaviors on the efficacy of social workers
strongly agree	3
agree	8
disagree	8
strongly disagree	8

Findings demonstrated that 65% of participants believed that challenging behaviors affected their effectiveness. In addition, approximately, 60.84% indicated that such behaviors motivated the way they handled these group as demonstrated below.

Table 3: Showing whether challenging behaviors affect or motivate performance

	Challenging behaviors affect performance	Challenging behaviors motivate performance.
Strongly agree	3	3
Agree	13	9
Disagree	6	8
Strongly disagree	3	6

A number of participants believe that challenging behavior among people with learning disabilities was severe. This was attributed to the use of psychotropic medicines. Nevertheless, it is challenging to get accurate information about psychotropic drug usage in people with intellectual disabilities. In addition, some respondents reported that to effectively manage challenging behavior among individuals with learning disabilities, it was vital to ensure effective communication. This is due to the fact that communication plays an important role in determining the manner in which individuals express the needs, including what they like as well as dislike. Therefore, communication barriers can greatly affect people contributing to challenging behavior. Moreover, the respondents reported that in their daily activities they experience some level of fear from aggression persons, stress, and burnout.

5.0 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Interpretation of the Results

Based on this study it is clear that the common challenging behavior was non-compliant characters, verbal and non-verbal behaviors. In addition, a majority of respondents believed that such behaviors considerably affected their performance at the institution. For instance, 65% of participants indicated that challenging behaviors affected their efficacy. The remaining demonstrated that such behaviors motivated them to perform their duties. Whereas the challenging behavior among people with learning disabilities was severe, it was associated with the use of psychotropic drugs. However, getting accurate information on psychotropic drug use in persons with a learning disability is difficult.

Severe behavior and fear of aggression were reported as the factors that affected social workers in performing their duties. In fact, the level of fear was significant among social workers exposed to people with challenging behaviors. Stress was also demonstrated as another issue among staff working persons with learning disability. Much as challenging behavior was stressful to social workers, it contributed to moderate burnout.

5.1 Present outcomes

The success of Public Health England depends on the way to address challenging behaviors of people with learning disabilities. This is important in ensuring the efficacy of social workers. According to the literature review and results of the study, there are certain factors paramount to challenging behaviors in mental health. For instance, communication that determines the manner in which individuals expresses the needs. Therefore, communication barriers can greatly affect people contributing to challenging behavior. Additionally, there is some level of fear of aggression, stress, and burnout, which considerably affect the performance and efficacy of social workers. Again, it was indicated that common challenging behaviors were non-compliant characters, verbal and non-verbal behaviors.

6.0 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability Conclusion

This research has been conducted to investigate challenging behaviors in Public Health England. The study used primary and secondary research techniques to collect the views of social workers about some of the challenging behaviors they face in working with people with learning disabilities. From the findings, it was clear that communication was an important element for people when it comes to expressing their needs. As such, all communication barriers should be addressed to prevent such behaviors among persons with intellectual disability.

7.0 The Behavior Challenges and Intellectual Disability References

Alzheimer’s Society 2016, Disease Facts and Figures. Available from < http://www.alz.org/facts/>, [25^th May 2016].

Autism Response Team (ART) (2016). What is autism? Available from< https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism>, [25^th May 2016].

Aveyard, H., 2014. Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Craver, J. R. 2015. Improving Skills When Working with Challenging Behaviors: Get “Sneaky Smart”.

Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach (4th ed., p. 304). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011, Future-proofing European Healthcare. Available from; <http://www.eucomed.org/uploads/Modules/Publications/111005_eiueucomedfutureproo fing_healthcarefinalv2web_51011.pdf> , [25^th May 2016].

Emerson, E., McGill, P., & Mansell, J. 2013. Severe learning disabilities and challenging behaviors: Designing high-quality services.

Emerson, E. 2011, Challenging behaviors. Available from > http://www.amazon.co.uk/Challenging-Behaviour-Eric-Emerson/dp/0521728932/280-10 66416-6180644? ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=0521728932&l inkCode=as2&redirect=true&ref_=as_li_ss_tl&tag=mentalhealt08>,’ [25^th May 2016].

Guerzoni B. and Zuleeg F. 2011, Working away at the cost of aging. Brussels: European Policy Centre. Available

from:<http://www.epc.eu/documents/uploads/pub_1265_working_away_at_the_cost_of_ageing. pdf >,[25th May 2016].

Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. 2013. The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(3), 629- 642.

Mental health center 2016, Oppositional defiant disorder. Available from < http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/oppositional-defiant-disorder?page=222> [25^th May 2016].

National Center for Learning Disabilities. 2012, What are learning disabilities? Available from:<http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/what-is-ld/what-are-learning- disabilities>’ [25^th May 2016].

Neale, J. 2008. Research Methods for Health and Social Care. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

Parahoo, K.2006. Nursing Research, Principles, Process and Issues Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

Riekert, K. A., Ockene, J. K., & Robert, L. (Eds.). 2013. The handbook of health behavior change. Springer Publishing Company.

Inter Office Memos and Related Ethics

Inter Office Memos and Related Ethics Order Instructions: Please read below for information concerning assignment.

Support responses with examples and use APA formatting in the paper. You may access the school’s website by logging into:

Please note that when you log into the website you must click launch class, and on the next screen click syllabus to view this week’s readings (week 2) and Academic Resources to access the school’s library.

To support your work, use your course and text readings and also use outside sources. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.
Start reviewing and responding to the postings of your classmates as early in the week as possible. Respond to at least two of your classmates. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Complete your participation for this assignment by Wednesday, May 25, 2016.

Interoffice Memos and the Related Ethics

You have just been appointed to head up the committee to plan the upcoming holiday party for your company, which employs around three hundred people. Susan, Mark, John, and Kathy have also been appointed to this committee. You have worked with Susan before and know that she will be a great worker. You have met Mark and Kathy, but do not know much about them. Unfortunately, you have heard that John can be difficult to work with. At any rate, you are really excited about planning this party and know that leading this committee will be a great opportunity to show your leadership skills.

Based on this scenario and your understanding of how to write internal e-mails, respond to the following:

• Create an e-mail draft you want to send to your committee members about an initial meeting to discuss the party. In the e-mail, include any information you think is appropriate to get everyone excited and on board to make this the best holiday party ever.

• As you developed this e-mail, what did you consider including in the message? Why did you feel that was important to include?

• Were there any topics that you decided would be best not to include in this message? What were they and why did you choose not to include them?

• Were you concerned about how formal or informal this e-mail needed to be? Why?

• Is It Ethical to include blind carbon copies (Bcc) in business e-mails? Give reasons for your agreement or disagreement.

• The information you have heard about John being difficult to work with has you concerned. Do you plan to communicate with him before the initial meeting? If yes, what method will you use to communicate with him? If no, why not?

Inter Office Memos and Related Ethics Sample Answer

Inter-office memos and related ethics

This paper is a discussion on inter-office memos and related ethics; discussing various issues on office communication. The discussion is centered on a company holiday party, in which I am the head of the planning committee.

Draft Email

To: Susan, Mark, John, Kathy

Subject: Company Holiday Party First Meeting

Dear colleagues,

It is my sincere hope that you are all excited about the upcoming holiday party. As head of the committee, I am delighted to be part of a wonderful team, which will ensure that this will be the best holiday party in the company’s history.

This year’s holiday party will not only give employees an opportunity to travel to a new location but it will also offer a fun-filled experience with numerous fun activities, entertainment, exotic food and giveaways like never experienced before. Whether this becomes the best party ever is entirely our discretion. In this regard, it is important that we start the planning process as soon as possible.

To kick off the planning process, I would like to invite the team for the first meeting on May 30, 2016, from 10.00 AM at the main office boardroom. The aim of the meeting is to discuss how we will plan for the party including the theme, possible destinations, and activities to include. I hope to see you all then and look forward to the fruitful collaboration. Please get back to me in case of any concerns.

Best Wishes,

Tiffany Shakespeare

Head of Committee – Company Holiday Party

Email and ethics discussion

In writing the email, it was important to include an email subject that would automatically tell the reader what the email was about. This way, it creates interest and ensures that the message is communicated. Given that the communication was about the party’s first meeting, providing a date, time and venue for the meeting were important. An introduction on what to expect about the upcoming party was also important as this gave the reader some idea on the nature of the party (Gupta, 2012).

There are topics that were intentionally excluded from the email, such as the personal and working relationship with the different team members. The email avoided indicating that I had not interacted well with some members and instead addressed them equally. This ensured that none of the team members felt inferior or unwelcome; which would otherwise affect their performance (Guffey and Loewy, 2015). By choosing not to include them, I intended to start conversations that would help me build better relationships at an individual level as opposed to using a collective email.

I was concerned on the formality and informality of the email; mostly because it was an official duty, yet the nature of the assignment could essentially be considered informal. Planning a party requires an informal attitude as it is aimed to give the employees a fun experience. I, therefore, had to write the email in a way that conveyed the importance of the planning process as well as portraying the excitement that should accompany the task (Gupta, 2012).

It is unethical to include Bcc when doing business emails. This is because, in business settings, it prevents recipients from knowing who else is involved in the communication or email subject. Using Bcc means that the recipients are not aware of who else read the message and this may influence the nature of their response or willingness to participate in the conversation (Dvorak, 2012). This raises issues where the client may not be comfortable with third parties accessing the email, mostly for private and confidential information.

Having heard that John is difficult to deal with, I would plan to engage him before the initial meeting. The best approach as provided by Guffey and Loewy (2015), would be to have a face-to-face meeting where I would get to know him better. If he is far, I would call him in advance and schedule for an informal meeting such as during lunch break.

In conclusion, writing inter-office memos require consideration of various factors that must be considered to ensure that messages are well communicated and that unethical issues are avoided.

Inter Office Memos and Related Ethics References

Dvorak, J. C. (2012). E-mail Etiquette Part II: CCing and BCCing. PC Magazine, 1. Retrieved

from eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=1a4dd06a-3610-40da-8fee-11d3094ae8b0%40sessionmgr104&hid=113&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=82061523&db=bth

Guffey, M. E., & Loewy, D. (2015). Business Communication: Process and Product, 8^th Ed.

Hampshire: Cengage Learning

Gupta, N. (2012). E-mail Etiquettes: Dos and Don’ts. IUP Journal Of Soft Skills, 6(1), 29-37.

Retrieved from eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1a4dd06a-3610-40da-8fee-11d3094ae8b0%40sessionmgr104&vid=8&hid=113

Potential Ethical and Legal Issues Case Study

Potential Ethical and Legal Issues Case Study Order Instructions: Please read below for information concerning assignment. Support responses with examples and use APA formatting in the paper.

You may access the school’s website by logging into https://mycampus.southuniversity.edu/portal/server.pt

This assignment is worth 250 points!! Please follow all instructions listed within an assignment. The course readings for weeks 1~5 within the course must be used. See above for log-in information.

Assignment 2: Legal Issues Case Study Part II

Read the scenario and the questions that follow. Identify the legal issue(s) and apply legal concepts and possible arguments for each question. Prepare a solution for each question using laws, cases, examples and/or other relevant materials. At the end of the paper, identify potential ethical issues and propose a solution for each issue. Support your answers with information from the textbook and at least two outside scholarly sources. By Tuesday, May 10, 2016, prepare a 7 to 9-page paper that identifies the legal issues and potential solutions and answers all questions presented, supported by relevant legal authority. Properly cite all sources using APA format.

This assignment requires an application of the concepts learned in Weeks 1 – 5 and is worth significantly more than previous assignments.

Marcus is a second-year law student working as an intern for the largest law firm in Chicago, Illinois. The senior attorney introduced Marcus to a new client, Kay Roc, the founder of the famous fast food chain, McWilliams. As the owner of this large organization, Roc is looking to your firm to handle all of her legal needs.

Marcus learns the following information from his meeting with Roc and her staff.

• McWilliams recently hired a former high-ranking official from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help improve the image of McWilliam’s products and ensure compliance with state and federal government regulations. Roc is concerned about a recently proposed rule that will require McWilliams to obtain additional permits and result in more frequent inspections by the FDA. The agency published the rule in the Federal Register last week. These new permits will create more work and expense for Roc. The former FDA employee indicated that he knows people at the FDA who might be able to make the proposed rule disappear in exchange for contributions to the new food safety training facility in Atlanta, Georgia.

• McWilliams is being sued by two customers.

o Hal Coker is suing McWilliams for negligence and deceptive trade practices claiming the fast food chain does not adequately inform the public of the dangers to their health and eating the food can lead to health problems.

o Keith and Kathy Allison were having dinner with their two daughters at a McWilliams in Detroit when the couple started to argue. The argument escalated and Keith shouted that he was going to kill his wife. When Keith stormed outside, Kathy dialed 911 and asked the manager to help them. The manager said he could not get involved in domestic disputes. Kathy and her daughters hid in the restroom; however, Mr. Allison returned with a gun, which he used to shoot Kathy and his two daughters before Detroit police shot killed him. Kathy died at the scene, and the two daughters were seriously injured. A wrongful death lawsuit filed against McWilliams on behalf of the girls.

• McWilliams is famous for its golden MW logo and mascot, McBurger. Roc wants to ensure the McWilliams logo and mascot are protected from use by others without permission. Roc reminds you that this protection should extend use in the United States and in other countries. She also asks you if it would be possible to sue a competitor, McDonald’s, for their use of one golden arch logo, similar to McWilliams.

• Eric Roc, Kay Roc’s son, had no interest in working for McWilliams after graduating from college and passing the CPA exam. Eric applied for a position as an accountant with Bean & Counter, LLC. an accounting firm specializing in assisting small businesses in Atlanta, Georgia. On November 28, the firm offered Eric a 12-month employment contract with the yearly salary of $75,000 starting on January 1. The contract contained the following provisions.

o Eric could not be terminated during the the12-month term of employment unless he committed an illegal act.

o Any disputes would be resolved using a mediator selected by the accounting firm.

o Eric would not be permitted to work for any accounting firm within a 100-mile radius of Atlanta for two years after leaving the firm.

• Eric accepted the job and signed the contract the same day, November 28. Eric decided to keep the news secret until he returned from his two-week vacation in Hawaii. On November 30, Roc offered to give Bean & Counter her company’s entire accounting business if the firm hired Eric. The firm accepted. When Eric told his mother the news about getting the job on November 28, Roc refused to transfer any accounting work to Bean & Counter. The accounting firm filed a suit against Roc, citing the parties had a contract. When Eric showed up for work on January 1, the firm informed him that they no longer needed his services. One week later, Eric found another job with Cooke & Books, a firm specializing in providing auditing services for restaurants and businesses in the food industry. The office was located in downtown Atlanta, just two blocks from Bean & Counter.

• Drew Scott, the director in the real estate division of McWilliams, met with Jed Turner about purchasing a large tract of land owned by Turner in Oak Brook, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Scott knew the company planned to bulldoze the acreage to create Burger University, a state of the art training facility. Scott judged Turner to be 85 or 90 years old. During the meeting, Scott noticed several brochures about Alzheimer’s and assisted living facilities, as well as several prescription bottles sitting on the table. After discussing the good old days for several hours, Scott and Turner agreed on the sale of the land for $400,000. Since Scott brought a blank copy of a contract with him, he helped Turner complete the paperwork and both parties signed. Unbeknownst to either party, the purchase price was written as $40,000. On the day before the closing, Scott called Turner to remind him of the location of their meeting to sign the remaining documents. Confused, Turner said he didn’t know anything about selling that land and he had no intention of selling his land to some dimwitted young whippersnapper who tried to cheat him.

Based on the scenario, create a 7 to 9-page Microsoft Word document. In addition, the document should address the following and any others issues you may discover:

• Describe the steps in the administrative process from the agency’s and the citizen’s perspective when a government agency proposes a rule or regulation. What would you recommend Roc do in response to the FDA’s proposed rule?

• Should Roc make a contribution to the food safety training facility? Why or why not? Please provide a legal basis for your decision.

• Discuss the legal issues of the lawsuit between Hal Coker and McWilliams. Determine which party will win and provide support for your decision.

• Discuss the legal issues of the lawsuit between the Allison children and McWilliams. Determine which party will win and provide legal support for your decision.

• Are the MW logo and mascot, McBurger, considered intellectual property? If yes, what type? If not, why not? Are there any issues with protecting the logo or mascot in the U.S. and in foreign countries? Does McWilliams have a case against McDonald’s over the use of the golden arches?

• What is the status of the employment contract between Eric and Bean & Counter?

• Will the non-compete provision be enforceable? Why or why not?

• What is the status of the agreement between Roc and Bean & Counter?

• Does Scott, on behalf of McWilliams, have a valid contract with Turner? What are the basic requirements for contract formation? What defects in the contract formation process may have occurred?
Submission Details
Based on the different situations described in the scenario, create a 7 to 9-page Microsoft Word document.

Support your answers with appropriate research, reasoning, cases, laws, and other relevant examples.

Submit the paper in APA format and properly cite sources on a separate page using APA.

Potential Ethical and Legal Issues Case Study Sample Answer

Legal Issues Case Study Part II

Steps to be followed in the Administrative Processes

There are laws that may not be directly found in the constitution but have the same effect as any other law of the land. Most of these are rules and regulations produced by federal agencies ensure that all laws formulated are in tandem with the constitution. Several important steps take effect when any government administrative agency proposes new rules. The first step involves enacting of given legislation. During this process, specific issues being addressed are incorporated. The second step involves the provision of a notice of proposed rulemaking. This stage will involve input from public members and another stakeholder who will be directly or indirectly affected by the new changes. Any new data or review acquired through the new process is released to the public. The third step involves publishing the new rule and regulation in the federal registry (McKendrick, 2014). The language used should be easier for all parties to comprehend.

A justification and analysis on why the law is being implemented are also taken into consideration and printed together with the law. The response of members of the public is also included in the whole process. Once the proposed rule or regulation has been published, a public comment period begins for approximately 30 to 180 days (McKendrick, 2014). All views provided by the members of the public are given a listening ear. In normal circumstances, the proposed rule becomes the final rule with very slight modifications. The agency may publish a second draft containing the proposed changes or modifications that have been added by different members of the public. The rules and regulations are then codified in the agencies law. A judicial review process follows especially when there are parties who feel that all obligations required in the rule have not been fulfilled. The rule does not immediately become effective. A grace period is allowed to ensure that the public complies with the new regulations.

Some rules may even take years before they fully become functional (McKendrick, 2014). In the above case, the law is already functional and thus Roc should ensure they adhere to the government new policy. Food safety training is an important component of any organization or business under this sector. Ethically, it would be wrong for the new officers who previously worked with FDA to use back door means that may imply that the company has met all requirements since this would not effectively mean that its employees received training on issues related to food training. Therefore, it is important for Roc to make important strides related to training its employees on issues relating to food training.

Lawsuit Legal issues between McWilliams and Hal Coker

McWilliams is more likely to win the case. All people who enter the restaurant enter through their own volition. The restaurant does not in any way have any obligation under law to describe whether the foods being provided are healthy or unhealthy. For any restaurant to be operating under the current law, it must have been granted permission relating to the type of service being offered. In other words, McWilliams was provided with a license after the regulatory board that checks foods being produced in different food stores found it to be under the accepted principles. Hal Coker could have won the case if either the food that was being consumed was found to cause food poisoning or if McWilliams was forcefully forcing people to eat their food. Since both factors do not exist, McWilliams has legitimate reasons to continue operating (McKendrick, 2014). Ethically, it may be wrong for McWilliams to be operating while providing people with foods that are not necessarily healthy for a certain amount of money. It would be wrong to be providing a certain amount of money for a service that is not to the required standards.

Lawsuit legal issues between McWilliams and Allison children

An act of commission and omission occurred in McWilliams. The act itself resulted in the loss of life or murder. The main question that will be addressed in the above case will be whether there could be something that could have been done to avert the disaster that led to injuries to Mrs. Allison and her two daughters. McWilliams are more likely to lose the case in two counts. First, they never provided assistance to Mrs. Allison despite numerous requests concerning the behavior of Mr. Allison. Specifically, the manager was asked to provide assistance and stop Mr. Allison. The Manager claimed that their internal laws did not allow them to intervene in family issues. By dissociating themselves from a criminal act that happened in their setting, they would be charged with an act of omission. This is because they had been provided with relevant information concerning the actions of Mr. Allison. Secondly, the crime took place in their settings. McWilliams is responsible for all actions that occur in the setting. If they had taken necessary measures or if the crime was accidental the case would have been quite different. The third aspect involves rules and regulations being followed by the company. The constitution supersedes any other laws present and will always come first in all cases (McKendrick, 2014). In the above case, the company failed to adhere to the rules set by the Constitution and more specific laws that related to the right to live. By observing their laws instead of those that govern the land, they were gravely violating it. Ethically, the actions of the manager were not ethical since life was lost at the expense of companies rules and instructions.

Logos and Mascots

The McWilliams Logo and Mascot are considered to be part of intellectual property. All items classified under intellectual property are copyrighted or patented. This would effectively mean that no other company is supposed in any way to copy the product used by another company. Therefore, it would be true to state that logos act in a similar way to a patent. A patent can only identify with one party. Some mascots may be considered to represent the face of a company. Similarly, it represents one organization or company. In the United States, Logos and other forms of mascots are protected by laws governing intellectual property (Bently & Sherman, 2014). Outside the United States, different laws may be applied depending on their constitutions. There are different laws that regulate intellectual properties at the international level. McWilliams has a case against McDonald’s since it has utilized its logos in their business. In the business world, logos define different business. McDonald’s logo indicates that in one way or another they are affiliated with McWilliams. Therefore, it is more likely for loyal customers who go to McWilliams to end up in McDonald’s. Thus, the logos can act to profit McDonald’s at the expense of Mc Williams. The same logo is being used by McDonald’s to advertise without permission from the required parties and would, therefore, be in violation of the intellectual property acts because no permission was granted by McWilliams.

What is the status of the employment contract between Eric and Bean & Counter?

The contract that existed between the two parties had three key components. The first agreement was that Eric could not be terminated for the first twelve months in the company unless it was proved that there were illegal actions from Eric parts. The second part of the contract addressed methods that were used to solve any form of conflict between the parties. The agreed method was the use of mediating with the mediator coming from the company. The last part restricted Eric from working for any individuals across a hundred yards. Eric observed all of the above factors. However, the company violated all terms of the agreement after a row with Eric father that led to the termination of the contract with Eric. As a result, Eric was fired before the first twelve months that they had agreed on. Additionally, mediation was never used to address all issues relating to the company (Friedman, 2011). Therefore, all the terms of the contract became null and void even before Eric began working for the company. Ethically, it is wrong to use another company’s image to earn more money or income without seeking any form of permission from them. It becomes worse if the company using the logo is a rival in the same market since it creates a different image for people who go to the above companies.

Enforcing Non-compete Provision

The non- compete provisions are not enforceable in the above case. Eric was fired from the company even before any formal work had begun. Therefore, Eric never in any way obtained information on how the company is run or other important methods that the company has used since time immemorial to gain competitive advantage. Eric would not be in violation of any of requirement that required that the next job be more than a hundred yards away. If Eric were fired from the company in a more legal manner, it would have been legal to obtain another job near a competitor (McKendrick, 2014). However, since the company violated the terms of the agreement, then there was no contract between the two parties. Ethically, it would be wrong for the non-compete principle to be implemented knowing quite well that that company was the one at fault in dismissing Eric from the company without any legitimate claim.

Agreement between Bean & Counter and Roc?

There is no agreement between Roc and Bean & Counter due to some principal issues that Eric was going to be employed by the company. When signing any form of agreement, the parties present are supposed to act in good faith and inform different parties of all the clauses. The main part that Bean and Coulter never informed Roc was that Eric already had an agreement with the other party. It, therefore, meant that there was no need to discuss terms that related to Eric. Instead, they could have opted to discuss other issues that would have brought the two businesses together (McKendrick, 2014). The main agreement was that Eric was to be hired by the company before any contract took effect. Since the company violated their agreement and never informed parties of all the required conditions and steps taken about Eric’s employment, it became impossible for the contract to remain valid.

Contracts Formation

Scott has a contract with McWilliams. Since Scot was negotiating a contract for the company, it is accurate to state that Scot was working on behalf of the company. If the contract had been based on personal issues, then the case would have been different, and the company would have never been liable. Any valid contract has three important elements. The first element is the offer that is made to two different groups (Friedman, 2011). An invitation to treat is first offered before an offer is made. In this case, the invitation to treat revolved around the likelihood that certain Turner would agree to sell the land that had been earmarked for demolition (McKendrick, 2014). Scout makes an irresistible offer to Turner. The offer involves the sale of a piece of land for a certain amount of money. The second element of any contract is accepted. Once the above parties agree in principle on the offer made they are deemed to have accepted the terms of the contract, and therefore the contract becomes valid. The last aspect is a consideration which involved a certain amount of money (Friedman, 2011). In this case, it had been equated as $400,000. If all the above elements are fulfilled, then a contract is deemed to have met all the required terms. Some defects are noted in the above agreement. The first is the considerable amount that is supposed to be signed by two parties (Friedman, 2011). The amount has been quoted wrongly. Though Scott notes the mistake, no attempt is made to correct the above mistake. The second element that misses is the way the invitation to treat is offered. Scout attempts to identify the illness that an individual is suffering before issuing the contract

Potential Ethical and Legal Issues Case Study References

Bently, L., & Sherman, B. (2014). Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA.

Friedman, L. M. (2011). Contract law in America: a social and economic case study. Quid Pro Books.

McKendrick, E. (2014). Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK)

Ethical Judgement and Theory of Knowledge

Ethical Judgement and Theory of Knowledge Must be between 1200-1600 words (but no more than 1600)
Title of the essay is:
Ethical judgments limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences.

Discuss.
Follow the file I will upload which consists of the references and information about what to put in the essay.
Use TOK language throughout the essay
I will upload a sample TOK essay so you can see what they are like
I need a 25 out of 40 on this essay minimum, I will hope you can achieve this. Finally, I will be uploading the criteria so you can work from that also.
Visit www.theoryofknowledge.net for extra information

Legal and Ethical Implications of RN Mandatory Reporting

Legal and Ethical Implications of RN Mandatory Reporting Order Instructions:

Module 4 Initial Discussion Post:

Most states have laws requiring mandatory reporting for suspicion of child abuse as a condition of professional licensure. Research the law in which you plan to be licensed as an RN and consider the information as you respond to this discussion.

Read the following resources:

Muller, L. & Fink-Samnick, E. (2015) Mandatory Reporting: Let’s Clear Up the Confusion. Professional Case Management, 20(4), 199-203. DOI: 10.1097/NCM.0000000000000102
Office of Children and Family Services (2014).Summary Guide for Mandated Reports in New York State. Rensselaer, NY: New York State Office of Children & Family Services. Retrieved from: http://ocfs.ny.gov/main/publications/pub1159text.asp

Using your readings and the resources above address the following in your initial response (minimum of 250 words):

Discuss the common ethical and legal implications of mandatory reporting for nurses regardless of the state in which a Registered Nurse practices.
Do the mandatory reporting laws ensure children will be protected? Explain your response.
How would the RN overcome the feeling of hesitation to report suspected child abuse?

Legal and Ethical Implications of RN Mandatory Reporting Sample Answer

Common legal and ethical implications of RN mandatory reporting

All registered nurses are mandated to report child abuse. They are expected to learn and know the standards of good faith reports and the confidentiality specifications. If the registered nurse will share medical information with other providers, they are expected to follow HIPAA law and employers procedures (Office of Children and Family Services (2014).

In some situation, the registered nurses may face an ethical dilemma. In this context, they are bound by their profession’s code of ethics. They have an ethical duty to act within the professional guidelines and must ensure that their decisions are not influenced by their beliefs or values of the accused. Failure to report child abuse must be sued in civil court and the registered nurse is forced to pay monetary damages for harms associated to failure to report the child abuse (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).

Do the mandatory reporting laws ensure children will be protected? Explain your response.

Yes and no. Yes because most of the registered nurses fear penalties issued for failing to report. No, because child abuse does not begin or end with mandatory reporting. Child protection laws are only effective if the registered nurses and citizens work in partnership to improve the safety of the children in the community (Nurse.com, 2014).

Overcoming the feeling of hesitation to report suspected cases of child abuse

In most cases, the RN will hesitate to report suspected child abuse if they are not sure if the information is correct or not. In this case, the RN should make the report in good faith. If the information reported turns out to be incorrect, there are no liabilities attached to the RN. However, it is important for one to check and understand their obligations as well as protections in his or her respective state (Muller and Ellen, 2015).

Legal and Ethical Implications of RN Mandatory Reporting References

Muller, L.S., and Ellen, F.S. (2015). Legal and regulatory issues. Professional care management 20 (4); 200-203.

Nurse.com. ( 2014 ). Careers in nursing. Retrieved from http://www.nurse.com/students/CareersInNursing/Specialties/CM.htm

Office of Children and Family Services (2014). Summary Guide for Mandated Reports in New York State. Rensselaer, NY: New York State Office of Children & Family Services. Retrieved from: http://ocfs.ny.gov/main/publications/pub1159text.asp

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011). About CAPTA a legislative history. Retrieved from Child Welfare Information Gateway: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/about.pdf

Nursing Ethics and Creating an Ethical Dilemma

Nursing Ethics and Creating an Ethical Dilemma Order Instructions: Details: After reading the Topic 1 materials, complete the questionnaire titled, “My Nursing Ethic.”

Using the reading and the questionnaire, write a paper of 750-1,000 words in which you describe your professional moral compass. As you write your paper, include the following:
1. What personal, cultural, and spiritual values contribute to your worldview and philosophy of nursing? How do these values shape or influence your nursing practice?
2. Define values, morals, and ethics in the context of your obligation to nursing practice. Explain how your personal values, philosophy, and worldview may conflict with your obligation to practice, creating an ethical dilemma.
3. Reflect and share your own personal thoughts regarding the morals and ethical dilemmas you may face in the health care field. How do your personal views affect your behavior and your decision making?
Do not be concerned with the use of ethical terminology for this paper.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
NRS437V.v10R.My Nursing Ethic_Student.docx

My Nursing Ethic

Complete the questions below.

PASSION: Why am I here?

MOTIVATION: What moves me to act?

INSPIRATION: What keeps me in motion?

LOYALTY: Whom do I serve?

Nursing Ethics and Creating an Ethical Dilemma Sample Answer

Introduction

Professional morals include the inner tool that acts as a conscious guide to how an individual behaves in nursing practice. This inner tool is shaped not only by nurse education, but also by the personal, spiritual and cultural values; which in turn are influenced by the worldview as well as the nursing philosophies. Awareness of an individual culture values as well as beliefs is important because it influences a person’s attitudes as well as their behaviours. If individual values and desires conflict with the nursing philosophies, an ethical dilemma occurs. To overcome the challenges posed by these ethical dilemmas are often driven by the person’s inspiration, loyalty, passion and motivation (Gaudine, LeFort, Lamb & Thorne, 2011).

a) Personal, cultural as well as spiritual value and how they influence my nursing practice

Since childhood, I have been instilled with great values of respecting and empathizing with the human kind. This values have brought me to this far, and they contribute to the worldview as well as the nursing practice philosophy. My main strengths include integrity and respect for the others, which has helped me deliver quality care. My main motivation arises from the struggles that I have experienced to be here, and the love that I have received from my family and God (Jimenez-Herrera & Axelsson, 2014).

This has enabled me to deliver family based care with utmost integrity and responsibility. This has enabled me to remain consistent with my methods, principles and actions. My cultural background has instilled disciplined, hard work and the ability to take responsibility in every nursing practice, which have enabled me to achieve my nursing practice. Showing respect to the patient has helped improved patients dignity and confidentiality, thus improving patient- nurse relationship (Wlodarczyk & Lazarewicz, 2011).

b) Values, morals as well as ethics as obliged by the nursing practice. How do personal morals or values conflict with nursing practice obligation?

According to the American Association of nursing outlines five essential values in nursing. These include altruism which entails doing good with concerns for others. The other values include autonomy which involves following the patient decisions thus enhancing the spirit of self-determination. The issue of human dignity is critical, and it involves respect of the person’s uniqueness, i.e. appreciating diversity within the population. Integrity value is upheld, which involves being honesty and practicing in accordance of the stipulated code of ethics and the nursing standard of practice. Social justice value is emphasized in nursing practice. This entails upholding equality and to ensure that every person is treated with equality and according to the USA law (Gaudine, LeFort, Lamb & Thorne, 2011).

The moral theories using in nursing frameworks includes the consequence-based theory, which involves practicing activities that judge if the action is moral or not. The utilitarianism which is sequence based, utility framework and the deontological framework which emphasizes on individuals rights, obligations and duties. The relationship based theories includes generosity, stress courage and commitment that natures and maintains proper nurse patient relationship. The nursing morals include autonomy, which is entails observing and respecting the patient decision. This helps in ensuring that the nurses do not disregard the patient’s statement regarding their subjective symptoms. The clients must always give an informed consent to prove that they voluntarily agreed into the chosen treatment approach (Wlodarczyk & Lazarewicz, 2011).

Nonmaleficence is the nurse duty to do no harm. The nurses are obliged to do good and to perform practices that are beneficial to the client. Other obligation includes fairness and justice, fidelity and veracity. The nurses must ensure that they tell the patient the truth and not lie. The nursing code of ethics as established by ANA includes accountability- being responsible for their actions and being ready to accept their consequences of their behaviour. The nurses are expected to be responsible and to perform their tasks as obliged. This implies that the ethical nurses are those who maintain the rationale behind their each action and have the capacity to recognize the standards that must be held (Jimenez-Herrera & Axelsson, 2014).

The nursing practice is a call for people with respect and humility. As a nurse, I am obliged to serve patients with humility and respect. Additionally, I am obliged to follow procedures and all nursing practice values and principles so as to serve the nursing ethical practice. Sometimes may face ethical dilemmas. For instance, in some cases, there are unintentional harms that could occur due to certain types of treatment such as adverse reaction to medication, or the bruising of the client by holding their arms tightly before they fall. This could put me into a big problem with the healthcare facility as they conflict with my principles and the nursing moral values of nonmaleficence. For example, doing good such as advising clients to do strenuous exercise, and then he develop health complication conflicts with the moral obligation of beneficence. The moral obligation of veracity could be an issue, for instance, consider telling the wife who suffers dementia of her daughters diagnosis of cancer. In such situations, the nurses are forced to be economical with the truth (Kim, Han & Kim, 2014).

c) Reflection on morals and ethical dilemmas faced in the health care

Some of the morals and ethical dilemmas include the social and the technological changes. For instance, the increased growth of consumerism, the large number of the uninsured persons, the increased reconstruction of the healthcare systems and the issue of the health care disparities places nurses at an ethical dilemma. Technology is also facing huge challenges and resistance from the society such as telemedicine to help with cardiovascular diseases. Other challenges include conflicting loyalties as well as obligations between the client, healthcare providers and the healthcare facility. For example, the nursing code of ethics stipulates that nurse loyalty must always lie within the client’s principles, but in this era, the hospitals expect the nurse loyalty to lie with their core values and missions. The issue of the sanctity of life and right for women to control their parity is also an ethical dilemma. The issue of end of life, assisted suicide and euthanasia and terminating life sustaining treatments health issues are controversial (Kim, Han & Kim, 2014).

PASSION: Why am I here?

I have been always been passionate about nursing because the career is rewarding physically and emotionally. There is nothing as fulfilling as stepping into a person low moments and making a difference during their vulnerabilities.
MOTIVATION: What moves me to act?

My motivation comes from the patients and clients to help them gain their health and improve their quality of life. Helping people regain their way of life and person’s life please the Almighty and motivates me to serve patients who are suffering.
INSPIRATION: What keeps me in motion?

My inspiration comes from the biographies of Florence Nightingale and Lady with Lamp story. I am inspired by my spirituality and personal values and believe.
LOYALTY: Whom do I serve?

We are made in God’s image, I serve human beings, and thus I serve God.

Nursing Ethics and Creating an Ethical Dilemma References

Gaudine, A., LeFort, S., Lamb, M., & Thorne, L. (2011). Clinical ethical conflicts of nurses and physicians. Nursing Ethics, 18(1), 9-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733010385532

Jimenez-Herrera, M., & Axelsson, C. (2014). Some ethical conflicts in emergency care. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 548-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014549880

Kim, K., Han, Y., & Kim, J. (2014). Korean nurses’ ethical dilemmas, professional values and professional quality of life. Nursing Ethics, 22(4), 467-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014538892

Wlodarczyk, D., & Lazarewicz, M. (2011). Frequency and burden with ethical conflicts and burnout in nurses. Nursing Ethics, 18(6), 847-861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011408053

Nursing Ethical Considerations Guidelines

Nursing Ethical Considerations Guidelines Order Instructions: Select either the qualitative or quantitative study method for this assignment.

The study method should connect to the practical problem of interest identified in Topic 1. This could be one of the previously selected articles from your literature review or a new peer-reviewed article.

In an essay of 1000-1,250 words, summarize the study, explain the ways in which the findings might be used in nursing practice, and address any ethical considerations associated with the conduct of the study.

Refer to the resource “Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Guidelines” for suggested headings for your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.
NRS433V.v10R.ResearchSummaryandEthicalConsiderationsGuidelines_student.docx

Nursing Ethical Considerations Guidelines Sample Answer

Introduction

Primary research entails the collection of data to report healthcare news as well as events. During research, the researcher is required to remember the following specific points. First, it is important to seek permission from participants and relevant ethical authorities who protect human rights. This is to ensure that the study does not cause harms either emotionally or physically. The researcher must also maintain objectivity and subjectivity to ensure that all sources of biasness are eliminated completely. The data collected must be analysed and reported in accurate form (Quinn, Dunbar, & Higgins, 2010).

This paper prepares me in understanding research requirements and ethical considerations for the research study. This paper selects a quantitative peer reviewed article Sanford, J., Townsend-Rocchicciolli, J., Horigan, A., & Hall, P. (2011). A process of decision making by caregivers of family members with heart failure. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice, 25(1), 55–70. The paper will evaluate the background of the study to identify the issue being researched and its significance to healthcare and nursing. The purpose of the study, objectives, methodology and ethical considerations will be evaluated.

Background of the study:

The purpose of the study is to investigate ways care givers of patients diagnosed with heart failure reach the medical decision. This is because most of the studies conducted to date focus on chronic diseases such as cancer and dementia (Quinn, Dunbar, & Higgins, 2010). The researcher reports that there is limited understandings of the care givers, which influence the quality of care as well as support for the patient. The study has outlined two research questions including “How care givers of the Heart Failure patients make their decisions during delivery of care? How nurses describe the decision making for the care givers for patients with heart failure. These research questions are inferential and also factual. The research design is qualitative based on grounded theory concept (Sanford et al., 2011).

Methods of study:

As mentioned, the researcher describes the study design as a qualitative design based on grounded theory. This is evidenced by the fact that the research is designed in a way to capture the perspectives of the care givers when delivering care to Heart Failure patients. Additionally, the methods of data collection involved face to face interviews to obtain their cognitive processes. The study was a prospective because study applied primary data (Sanford et al., 2011).

The study recruited about 20 participants from patient hospitals and in adult care facilities. The study heterogeneity was enhanced by maintaining. Data was collected through open-ended interviews that lasted between 45 minutes- 2 hours. The study sample was selected randomly. This is important because reduces potential bias by ensuring that the participants are near representative of the population. The main weakness of this method is that it is expensive and consuming (Charmaz, 2006).

Additionally, the subjects in this study were not posed to any vulnerability. There are no particular risks that have been noted in the study, but there are risks that the participants would experience partial anxiety especially if the researchers questioned or critiqued their decisions. The other limitation is that the small number of the participants could have introduced bias due to residual confounding determinants of healthcare. Data analysis involved transcribing of the verbatim. The data accuracy was determined and entered into NVivo qualitative software program. Triangulation method was used to maintain validity in the work (Sanford et al., 2011).

Results of the study:

The study findings from the theoretical model that emerged from the analysis described the decision making processes for patients with heart failure. The study indicated that the caregivers make decisions in phases in a nonlinear fashion. The first phase is the actualization of the challenge or issue. Caregivers are faced with numerous challenges from the onset diagnosis to the transition of care from hospital to home care. This is the stage that they understand that they actually have a decision to make to help improve the patient health. The second phase identified by the study is seeking of information and support. This includes sharing of information on ways to manage the health complication (White, Howie-Esquivel, & Caldwell, 2010).

In this stage, the care givers assume more responsibilities in decision making. The third phase is reflecting, which is very important before making a decision. The reflection process is spontaneous and allows the care givers to assess the information provided and evaluate the ability of problem-solving. This enables the caregivers to put their thoughts in an organized manner to look at the long term and the short term effects. The fourth stage is the decision choice based on the previous three stages. The last stage is the evaluation of decision making to determine if the decision made is effective or not (Sanford et al., 2011).

The clinical implications of the study are that it helps in identifying the importance of integrating the caregivers in managing heart failure. Understanding the perspective of these of caregivers will facilitate effective interaction between the patient, caregivers and the healthcare providers. This will contribute to nursing knowledge and impact the education, and administration of the nursing practices (Sanford et al., 2011).

Ethical Considerations

The article is peer reviewed and has an editorial board. Additionally, prior to embarking on the research, the researchers sought approval from the institutional review board. Similarly, before the study was published in Research & Theory for Nursing Practice journal, the study findings were reviewed by the journal editorial board. This is to ensure that the information in the article is appropriate and accurate and that the copy rights agreements are met. There is no conflict of interest. The study was non-profit and its aim was to broaden the knowledge in care for heart failure patients. Additionally, the author’s credentials indicate that they are reputable. There are no HIPAA concerns identified as participants filled informed consents and the researchers obtained consent from relevant ethical structure to ensure that the patient privacy protected (Sanford et al., 2011).

Nursing Ethical Considerations Guidelines Conclusion

This research summary study has enabled me to synthesize the ethical considerations that should be utilized during the research. This has helped improve the clinical practice and broaden my understanding of family-centered care. The research findings are appropriate for my practice setting as a family nurse practitioner, which assures the safety and effectiveness of quality care.

Nursing Ethical Considerations Guidelines References

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE.

Quinn, C., Dunbar, S. B., & Higgins, M. (2010). Heart failure symptom assessment and management: Can caregivers serve as a proxy. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 25(2), 142–148.doi: 10.1097

Sanford, J., Townsend-Rocchicciolli, J., Horigan, A., & Hall, P. (2011). A process of decision making by caregivers of family members with heart failure. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice, 25(1), 55–70.

White, M. M., Howie-Esquivel, J., & Caldwell, M. A. (2010). Improving HF symptom recognition: A diary analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 25, 7–12. doi:10.3928/00989134-20100930-06

Sustainability Strategy in Starbucks Organization

Sustainability Strategy in Starbucks Organization Order Instructions: 1. Apply systems and sustainability principles to develop a sustainability strategy.

2. Identify three actions that the organization you chosen (Starbucks Organization) for SSP can take to 3.implement a more sustainable business strategy. Explain the potential systemic benefits of each action included in the sustainability strategy.
4. Explain the relationships between sustainability and other organizational goals, such as managing quality, building learning organizations, and improving adaptability.
5.Explain the benefits of the organization exploiting those relationships.
6. Explain the ethical implications of implementing a strategy for improving sustainability for that organization.
7.Extend the conversation by identifying implications for practice or research, as well as for your own research agenda, where appropriate.
8. Be sure to integrate one or two new related and engaging questions that will extend the discussion about your post in constructive ways. Try to think of a question(s

Reference 3-4 reference APA strictly Adhered and.at least one scholarly peer-reviewed resource in your recommendation.

Sustainability Strategy in Starbucks Organization Sample Answer

Our sustainability strategy

At Starbucks Organization, we believe that sustainability is not stagnant, but rather it is a dynamic process in the society. We believe that all the issues that concern our staff, the customers and the community at large shall keep evolving with time. The response to those issues that affect the groups mentioned above shall also keep evolving.

Actions for a more sustainable business strategy

The process of implementing a business strategy within an organization may be affected by certain factors. Every company presents a unique case, and this makes it necessary that each company carries out a review of the strategy. There is no critical path that has been put in place that makes it possible for companies to put in place the right business strategy (Baumgartner, & Korhonen, 2010). There are measures however that makes it possible for organizations to integrate sustainability into the business strategy.

There is the need for Starbucks to engage the stakeholders. Starbucks needs to associate with the most influential people in the organization. The stakeholders are kept close by use of dialogue and the use of close ties. The favorable engagement with the stakeholders makes it possible the benefits of the programs that are to be put in place. Starbucks shall also benefit from the criticism from the stakeholders making it possible to push the programs to a more beneficial scale.

Starbucks Organization is also supposed to track the progress level, communicate the actions and meet the expectations. The performance level towards the achievement of each goal is supposed to be assessed. The set goals are tracked through the process to make an assessment on if they shall be achieved or not. The process also makes it possible to take the necessary to take improvement measures within the strategies.

The management, employees and the stakeholders need to understand sustainability and what its importance is to the organization (Martin, 2008). The coffee industry is facing different changes that may impact on the performance of Starbucks on the market. Sustainability, therefore, becomes a key component is the structure and functioning of the company.

The ranges of actions that shape the sustainability strategy of Starbucks include the need to conserve the environment, global responsibility, and social responsibility. The actions have different benefits towards the sustainability strategy. The global responsibility shapes the association of Starbucks with the members of the community. Starbucks needs to be at the front of providing the best quality products to its available customers. It is equally important that the company puts in place the right environmental conservation measures. Environmental sustainability becomes essential where the company strives to eliminate the cases of pollution in carrying out its functions. Social responsibility governs the association that exists between the company and the customers. It concerns the efforts that are put in by the company to meet the needs of the range of customers available to the company. It makes it possible for the company to gain a competitive edge over the other players that are in the market (Nag, Hambrick, & Chen, 2007).

Relationship between sustainability and other organizational goals

Sustainability management within an organization is essential because of the effect it has on the other components within the organization. The relationship it has with other components that include management of quality, improving adaptability and building learning organizations is to be assessed. Sustainability is important in quality management as it makes it possible to find out the hidden costs to the organization. Both quality management and sustainability are the sole responsibilities of the management. The two concepts all notice the importance that is associated with the empowerment of the employees within the organization. Organizations are in a position to meet the quality of the product that the consumers as the employees shall be committed towards the production of the concerned product. High-quality products availed to the consumers makes it possible for organizations to create high customer relationships.

A learning organization is one that places priority on the creation, acquisition, and the transfer of knowledge that aims at influencing its behavior to show the new insights and the knowledge gained. One of the relationships between sustainability and building of a learning organization is in increasing the knowledge and skills that are possessed by the employees. New methods and technologies are to be introduced to the employees that make it possible to attain the different objectives of the organization. Organizations are placed at the edge of the different changes that occur within the environment. Sustainability is also related to adaptability as organizations aim at adapting to the changes that occur in the external environment. It makes it possible that effective strategies are put in place by organizations to align the sustainability strategy with the changes that occur in the environment (Sroufe, & Sarkis, 2007).

Benefits to the organization as it exploits the relationships

Identification of the hidden costs is one of the means that the company shall use to assess the profitability of the operations it is undertaking. The cost variables are to be controlled by the organization making the operations both efficient and effective. It also makes it possible for the empowerment of the employees. Employees shall be free to fill in the decision-making process of the organizations. Operations in the organization shall be structured, and duplication of function in the organization is eliminated. The quality of products to the consumers shall be improved, and this leads to high customer satisfaction levels. The learning that is encouraged in organizations makes it possible for employees to carry out business processes through the use of the most improved techniques. Efficiency is improved by the whole system, and this has an effect of increasing the profit margins of organizations.

Ethical implications

Sustainability efforts geared towards environmental conservation by Starbucks makes it possible to reduce the effects that are associated with processing factories to the environment. The clean environment is essential for healthy human living. The recycling programs make it possible for reduction of the waste that is to be released in the environment. Efforts that are to be put in energy and water conservation do not only reduce the wastage of the natural resources but is the means through which companies can use to ensure the sustainability of the available natural resources. The resources that are available need to be used bearing in mind the demands of the future generations. The increasing case of climate change also needs to be mitigated through the adoption of the right agricultural practices and the right processing operations by the manufacturing firms (Binder, 2007).

It becomes evident that sustainability issues are critical to the operation of firms. The evolving nature of the sector leaves Starbuck in a need to increase the efforts that shall make it possible to come up with the right sustainability issues. There is the need for the organization to build an impact with the farmers. The sector forms one of the facets that the company is supposed to put in the right sustainability strategies. There is also the need to pioneer green retail in the markets. The company is also supposed to create a pathway for the youth that has been showing an increased bubble.

Sustainability Strategy in Starbucks Organization References

Baumgartner, R. J., & Korhonen, J. (2010). Strategic thinking for sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 18(2), 71-75.

Binder, C. R. (2007). From material flow analysis to material flow management Part II: the role of structural agent analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(17), 1605-1617.

Martin, S. (2008). Sustainable Development, Systems Thinking and Professional Practice. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 2(1), 31-40.

Nag, R., Hambrick, D. C., & Chen, M. (2007). What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field. Strat. Mgmt. J, 28(9), 935-955.

Sroufe, R. P., & Sarkis, J. (2007). Strategic sustainability: The state of the art incorporate environmental management systems. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Pub.

Ethics and Genetic Testing Research Paper

Ethics and Genetic Testing

Order Instructions:

Using the assigned readings and information from the literature, compose a response to

the following:

Screening tests for birth defects can be performed in the first trimester, second trimester

or both trimesters. Carrier testing is also an option performed prior to or during

pregnancy. Carrier testing provides information as to whether one or both parents are

carriers for certain inherited disorders. The results of these tests are used to determine

an appropriate plan of care for the patient.

Genetic testing of the fetus and the parents offers both opportunities and ethical

challenges. As a Registered Nurse, you need to be aware of your own feelings in order

to provide non-biased professional support.

Initiate a discussion thread with your thoughts about implications of genetic testing and

the role of the registered nurse in providing support to a couple seeking guidance.

Provide one example of how genetic texting is used in the perinatal setting.

Consider if the registered nurse has the right to refuse to care for patients who choose

termination of pregnancy based on genetic testing when it conflicts with the ethics and

values of the nurse.

Discuss how medical, economic, or psychosocial issues might impact decision making

relative to genetic testing.

Include a reference from the literature to support the information provided.

202019

SAMPLE ANSWER

Ethics and Genetic Testing

A registered nurse should dutifully execute the role of providing health care to newborns and their mothers who are already undergoing or considering treatment or termination of embryos (Richmond-Rakerd, 2013). One example of how genetic testing is used in the prenatal setting is to determine if a child would be aborted or not. In this regard, conditions such as Down syndrome, genetic disorders, and sickle cell anaemia are identified using such techniques as ultrasound, serum marker testing, and genetic screening (Richmond-Rakerd, 2013). The diseases or complications are derived from genetic testing for carrier testing, prenatal diagnosis, and predictive testing.

The registered nurse has no right to refuse to care for patients who choose termination of the pregnancy based on genetic testing when it conflicts with the ethics and values of the nurse (Richmond-Rakerd, 2013). This is because an embryo can be diagnosed with very complicated complications such as neural tube defects, spina bifida, and thalassaemia. Therefore, when this type of child is born, his or her entire life will be in danger. In this regard, the practitioners have to violate the codes of ethics and terminate the embryo since the future of the unborn child is not promised (Richmond-Rakerd, 2013). Thus, the practitioner makes the decision based on feeling rather on specified ethics. One of the economic issues surrounding making decision regarding genetic testing is based on employment. It is found that health insurance providers and other employers deny individuals employment opportunities using knowledge of the risk of disease. Socially, an individual is exposed to stigmatization and discrimination in the society Reference (Richmond-Rakerd, 2013). Psychologically, an individual may feel ashamed of himself or herself due to the knowledge of the genetic risks.

Reference

Richmond-Rakerd, L. S. (2013). Modern Advances in Genetic Testing: Ethical Challenges and Training Implications for Current and Future Psychologists. Ethics & Behavior, 23(1), 31-43. doi:10.1080/10508422.2012.728477

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!

Ethics and Legal Viewpoint Essay Paper

Ethics and Legal Viewpoint

Order Instructions:

Write, from your future perspective of being an ethical and law-abiding counselor, a 1,000-1,250-word paper in which you incorporate your ethical and legal view on the following topics:

Volunteerism-What standards do you need to uphold if you are in a voluntary position or providing free/pro-bono work?
Self-disclosure-Would you disclose personal information to a client? If so, when and how is it appropriate?
Objectivity-Why is it important to remain objective for your client?
Self-care-How will you balance your life?
Spirituality-How will you maintain your spirituality in and out of practice?
Be sure to cite professional code of ethics and/or articles to support your statements.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

SAMPLE ANSWER

Ethics and Legal Viewpoint

Volunteerism

Those volunteering should be suited, qualified, and trained for the various roles that they will undertake. The act of volunteering should be based more on the altruistic benefit as opposed to income. In this case, the income should be a secondary aspect regardless of how beneficial it might be. Professionals are prohibited from engaging in services which conflict with their official duties. For instance, it is inappropriate for federal employees to represent parties before federal governments. Worth noting, every federal agency possesses a set of regulatory conduct standards that should be adhered to strictly by the employees. for instance, the Department of Justice attorneys should never offer services involving habeas corpus or criminal matters, despite of if local, state, or federal (5 C.F.R. 3801, 106) (Neighbors et al., 2014).

A professional can offer services to the political organizations if only in compliance to the Hatch Act’s restrictions (5 U.S.C., 7234), in addition to the agency’s policies in relation to political activities by political and high-level appointees. In relation to the US, it is inappropriate to represent someone against the US, based on 18 U.S.C. 205. People seeking government benefits can be assisted in limited ways such as providing non-representational assistance. However, the professional should refrain from contacting a federal agency to influence as stated in 18 U.S.C. 205.

Self-disclosure

In considering self-disclosure’s ethical aspects, the principles which are most relevant include beneficence, non-maleficence, and a fiduciary relationship between patients and clinicians where the patient’s welfare and interests always predominate. Abstinence from individual gratification, autonomy, altruism, neutrality, and compassion can also be invoked when resolving dilemmas related to self-disclosure. However, therapists are prohibited from violating the stated principles by engaging in self-disclosure which is seductive, excessive, narcissistic or exhibitionistic, and exploitative (Psychotherapy.net, 2014). Moreover, it is unethical to engage in self-disclosure if the therapist has the intention of merely unburdening her/ himself of some concerns, while the patient gets no foreseeable benefit.

Intentional self-disclosures might be therapeutic or clinically-based, alliance-building, and supportive, but they can also be care-seeking, exhibitionistic, or seductive. In case a patient appears ambivalent about having individual questions answered, then the therapist has a role of exploring and determining if the patient actually should hear the answers to avoid a therapeutic impasse. The healthcare professional has a fiduciary obligation of taking responsibility for maintaining as well as setting the boundaries, even if the patient is pressuring that they be transgressed. It is important for the professionals to think through personal views on self-disclosure ethics in advance. The professionals should be careful that nondisclosure and disclosure can both impair or foster the therapeutic alliance (Morris, Javier & Herron, 2014).

Objectivity

There is a great need for professionals to promote and protect the law’s rule. When considering the interests of clients, some of the issues that come up include making proper decisions regarding when evidence should be disclosed, alleging fraud, witnesses who might present perjured evidence, and debt instruments’ status. In these matters, there is a heavy dependence on the objectivity and ethicality of professionals. It is advisable that healthcare professionals are handling their patients; they should explore the issues being faced from different angles. This goes a long way in ensuring that the interests of their clients are served accordingly. As far as objectivity is concerned, professionals are advised to think of the ethical issues as both individual and systemic problems. This can enable the professionals to handle the issues effectively. Avoiding bias and prejudice is very necessary.

Self- care

A majority of the ethics codes have provisions on the importance of self-care. For instance, the 2002 APA ethics version, for instance, instructs the psychologists to remain aware about the potent impacts of their mental and physical health on the ability of assisting the colleagues. Therefore, the first fundamental step is awareness, but there are many other things which are vital. According to standard 2.06 of the Personal Problems and Conflicts assert that psychologists can refrain from initiating activities which they truly know pose a substantial likelihood of their individual problems hindering them from carrying out the work-related activities competently. When professionals become informed of the individual problems which are likely to interfere with the adequate performance of work-related duties, then taking appropriate measures is encouraged. These might include terminating, suspending, or limiting work-related duties, and obtaining professional assistance or consultation. According to the 2005 American Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics, counselors are advised to participate in self-care activities so as to promote and maintain their physical, emotional, spiritual, and mental well-being so as to adequately meet professional responsibilities. Therefore, a professional is right to refrain from providing professional services in case of impairments which are likely to cause clients and others harm. Self-care is a fundamental prerequisite for there to be competent care. Therefore, self-care is a moral imperative, ethical necessity, and legal need.

Spirituality

The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct 2010 clearly address the issues to do with religion and spirituality in the discussion about individual differences and diversity. This is in relation to Principle E (Respect of People’s Rights and Dignity). Here, it is clearly stated that psychologists know about and respect role, individual, and cultural differences, including those with religion as the basis, and should have a deep regard for these factors when collaborating with members from these groups (Lee & Nelson, 2014). Moreover, in Standard 3.01 of the Unfair Discrimination, it is clearly advised that when engaging in work-related activities, it is important for psychologists to refrain from unfair discrimination as far as religion is concerned, or any basis that the law proscribes. Therefore, psychologists should be well informed about these issues so as to avoid bias and prejudice. Moreover, they ought to be sensitive about their possible meaning and roles to patient’s lives. Hence, it is vital to be proactive about dealing with them (Bornstein & Wiener, 2014).

Although spiritual and religious issues might not be the principal focus of treatment, they are relevant to the life of every client and can guide the professional in defining their beliefs, values, decision making, and lifestyle choices. Therefore, according to the APA Ethics Code (Principle E), professionals ought to be sensitive to, respect, and aware of all personal differences, including spiritual and religious beliefs, practices, and values. Overlooking or intentionally avoiding or ignoring to address every client’s spiritual and religious practices and beliefs is doing them considerable disservice. The client should be given priority in all these issues.

References

Bornstein, B. H., & Wiener, R. L. (2014). Justice, conflict and wellbeing: Multidisciplinary perspectives. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Lee, R. E., & Nelson, T. S. (2014). The contemporary relational supervisor. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Morris, D. O., Javier, R. A., & Herron, W. G. (2014). Specialty competencies in professional psychology. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Neighbors, I. A., Chambers, A., Levin, E., Nordman, G., & Tutrone, C. (2014). Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work, 2000. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Psychotherapy.net. (2014). Legal & ethical issues for mental health professionals: Volume I. New York: Allen & Unwin.

We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!