Digital Dashboard
Without the usability features inherent in effective design, informatics systems may overwhelm a user with data. This portion of your Scholar-Practitioner Project requires that you put to use the informatics display techniques that are covered in this week’s Learning Resources.
This week you create a mock-up screen of a “digital dashboard” for your disease surveillance system. Include a framework for the display of data based on the algorithm you designed , using appropriate graphics, symbols, and words. You may use PowerPoint, Word, Prezi, or a program of your choosing to create the screen. Additionally, you may choose to annotate the mock-up as appropriate.
Please save the mock-up in one of the following formats:
PowerPoint file: Use “.ppt” extension
Word file: Use “.doc” extension
Prezi file: Use “.pez” extension
PDF file: Use “.pdf” extension
Image file: Use “.jpg” or “.gif” extension
Rich text file: Use “.rtf” extension
Defensive practice strategies the NP could employ to prevent a lawsuit
Defensive practice strategies the NP could employ to prevent a lawsuit
Order Instructions:
• Write a 5 page paper in which you present a case involving malpractice. This case may either be fictional or true. Identify defensive practice strategies the NP could employ to prevent a lawsuit relative to the case you present.
• Next, research malpractice insurance and clarify whether the NP would be covered and to what extent in the case you presented
Resources
Please review the following web resources:
Kleinpell, R. 2009. NPs Role in Improving Quality and Safety: Focusing on Outcomes
ACNP – Nurse Practitioners and Malpractice/Liability
Frazee & Grozel (2009). -Advance for NPs and PAs – Defensive Medicine: Right or Wrong?
Edmunds & Scudder (2009). Malpractice Litigation Continues to Be of Concern to Nurse Practitioners
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) – Patient Safety Network
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI)
Joint Commission – National Patient Safety Goals
SAMPLE ANSWER
There are many examples of medical negligence in Nursing Practice that is embodying the health departments a lot of money inform of malpractice claims. The malpractice in the medical arena is a crisis that is currently rapidly spreading across the Nursing Practice profession and bears a lot of relevance to the losses the Nursing Practice has incurred; as a result. One major aspect of the malpractice crisis is that explicitly includes the litigation against Nursing Practice centers as a target from the medical seekers (Graham et al. 2006). When a patient suffers damage harm in the care of medical professionals, either as a result of error, negligence, or a related malpractice, the hospital where that person received care may be held responsible for the losses that are suffered or pain that the patient endures in the medical practice center as a lawsuit for negligence. Hospitals are tasked with serving their patient needs and maintain their safety; but, sometimes, there is a compromise in patient safety due to the failure of the hospital to take the necessary processes in the prevention of negligence and medical error (Graham et al 2006). The instance in am considering in this paper is a nursing mistake as a result of negligence whereby the nurse fails to communicate the complaints, symptoms or concerns of the patient to the doctor or other professionals in the medical fraternity.
In the case scenario described above, it is a malpractice instance where the hospital negligence issue impacts both the nurse and the hospital, although mostly the nurse can be held liable. This is a scenario where the nurse was fully responsible to handle the situation since the nurse is the one who had the most frequent patient contact. The nurse was actually tasked to come in and conduct check-ins routinely, administer medications, feed the patient as well as administer small medications, or take some tasks like conducting x-rays, and much more services for the patients as required by the Nursing practice. In the case mentioned, the nurse failed to act in the way he was required and therefore he committed a medical error by failing to act in the manner that would have prevented harm to the patient, actually, in this scenario both him and the patient are liable and can face a law suit by the patient (Clark & Hankins 2013).
See, Nursing Practice physicians must comprehend and effectively communicate to their patients who are experiencing certain symptoms, conditions or have complaints to the doctor, since this is very crucial in managing their sickness since these nurses are usually involved in the first team that diagnoses the patients and then proceeds with the process of treatment, and are tasked with monitoring symptoms more especially. Therefore, having established that the actions of the nurse constituted medical malpractice associated with the Nursing Practice, it is crucial to identify the various defensive strategies the Nursing Practice could employ to prevent any possible lawsuit relative to the negligence case covered (Clark & Hankins 2013).
There are several instances when the Nursing Practitioners have been found guilty of nursing malpractice when such cases hit the courts and hence the hospital in this case scenario has to employ certain strategies that would avoid litigation as a result of unprofessional conduct of failing to communicate the symptoms, complaints and concerns of the patient the medical practitioner. After establishing that the nurse was in fact liable for the malpractice committed, the hospital can first avoid the costly and lengthy battles in court through settling the case because obviously the nurse, and the hospital, are clearly on the wrong here. Otherwise, the hospital or the nursing practitioner would have to consult their insurance company for malpractice to represent them in case the patient chooses to settle the case in court. All in all, the best approach that is suggested is to try as much as possible to settle the issue out of the court of law, and they should only be positive about the court route if they envision that they will have a substantial case before the court of law (Budetti 2005). If the client proceeds with the case, a presents it before the court of law it may impact the nursing practice in more than one fold. First, the reputation of the nursing practice will have been destroyed in the event the hospital losses, and actually by the look of the facts that are present, the hospital will most probably be on the losing end. The hospital might even suggest offering free medical treatment to the patient until the patient recovers fully from their condition, besides assigning a new nurse to handle the complaints, concerns, and symptoms to the doctor or healthcare professional (Budetti 2005).
The major function of the Nursing Practice Malpractice liability cover is to defend the nursing practitioner from being litigated as a result of legal lawsuits that come by as a result of acts of neglect, either perceived or real, in the roles they play as healthcare providers (Edmunds & Scudder 2009). Most of the Nurses and healthcare practitioners depend mainly on their employers, that are the hospitals, to cover them in times of legal trouble, and this often exposes them in ways in which the various personal malpractice policies would cover them. It is important that nursing practitioners only entrust their professional integrity to themselves, not to anyone else. Therefore all the cases that are liable for litigation are covered under the insurance liability of the Nursing Practice (Edmunds & Scudder 2009).
The case analyzed in the case scenario falls under the category of the cases that can be handled under the malpractice insurance that is defined under the Nursing Practice. This is because it satisfies the criteria of the issues of neglect that are outlined in the insurance act (Frazee & Grozel 2009). This is was a case of neglect whereby the nurse did not communicate the symptoms, complains and concerns to the doctor or a medical practitioner. It doesn’t matter whether the nursing practitioner did this intentionally, or they were implicated to have done it, what matters is that it was a case of neglect that was practiced by the nurse. The nurse and the hospital will, therefore, be covered in the insurance for malpractice in the Nursing Practice (Frazee & Grozel 2009).
It is clear that all the four elements that are mentioned to prove that the case qualifies to be classified as a case on nursing negligence. The first element is that the case must have involved the issuing the wrong type of dose or the wrong dose to the patient (Kleinpell, 2009). This element has to prove that the physician in the healthcare profession or providers had a duty to provide health care to a specified patient or patients. The second element that is clear from the case scenario is that the nurse or healthcare professional or the healthcare facilities failed to provide the standard of the designated medical care to the patient. The third element that is still applicable to this case to be successively classified as insurable under the insurance for malpractice in the Nursing Practice is that the failure of the nurse to communicate the complains, symptoms and concerns of the patient might have resulted to harm to the patient the nurse was attending to. The fourth and last element that the case described above satisfies so that it falls under the nursing practice insurance is that the patient can possible prove that there were damages which might have impacted his health negatively such as his ability to work, and implications on his finance. The case described above therefore is fully covered under the insurance for nursing malpractice insurance, and hence the appropriate insurance they are insured to shall guide them on how to proceed with the patient case in their hands (Kleinpell, 2009).
In conclusion, when a patient suffers damage harm in the care of medical professionals, either as a result of error, negligence, or a related malpractice, the hospital where that person received care may be held responsible for the losses that are suffered or pain that the patient endures in the medical practice center as a lawsuit for negligence. The case analyzed is a nursing mistake as a result of negligence whereby the nurse fails to communicate the complaints, symptoms or concerns of the patient to the doctor or other professionals in the medical fraternity. It can be avoided by settling it out of court, but, still it is covered under the insurance on nursing malpractice.
References
Budetti PP. (2005) Tort Reform and the Patient Safety Movement. JAMA.; Jun 1: 293(21):2660-2662
Edmunds & Scudder (2009). Malpractice Litigation Continues to Be of Concern to Nurse Practitioners
Frazee & Grozel (2009). -Advance for NPs and PAs – Defensive Medicine: Right or Wrong?
Graham EM, Petersen SM, Christo DK, Fox HE (2006). Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and the prevention of perinatal brain injury. Obstet Gynecol. Sep; 108(3 Pt 1):656-66.
Kleinpell, R. (2009). NPs Role in Improving Quality and Safety: Focusing on Outcomes
ACNP – Nurse Practitioners and Malpractice/Liability
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Traditional and Syndromic Surveillance
“While traditional disease surveillance often relies on time-consuming laboratory diagnosis and the reporting of notifiable diseases is often slow and incomplete, a new breed of public health surveillance systems has the potential to significantly speed up detection of disease outbreaks. These new, computer-based surveillance systems offer valuable and timely information to hospitals as well as to state, local, and federal health officials. These systems are capable of real-time or near real-time detection of serious illnesses and potential bioterrorism agent exposures, allowing for a rapid public health response. This public health surveillance approach is generally called syndromic surveillance, which is defined as an ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of ‘syndrome’-specific data for early detection of public health aberrations.”
—Yan, Chen, and Zeng (2008)
Information drives a public health official’s ability to predict disease outbreaks and trends. Increasingly, emerging natural and man-made threats are making the need for timely, accurate, and reliable information more urgent. As discussed previously, valuable information comes from a variety of data sources. A critical task for public health professionals is determining what might be considered “actionable intelligence”—how to gather it, how to validate it, and how to make sense of it.
To complete this Application Assignment, write a 2-page paper analyzing the practical ramifications of identifying, collecting, validating, and analyzing data for syndromic surveillance. Compare your analysis to traditional disease surveillance.
Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association to ensure your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
SAMPLE ANSWER
All countries require sensitive disease surveillance systems capable of detecting diseases early and monitor outbreaks. One such system is syndromic surveillance that has been developed recently. It is a complex technology tool developed for recording data from several sources with an aim of identifying the probability of a disease outbreak. It goes ahead to focus on non clinical information that indicates an outbreak. The information from various relevant sources is collected and analyzed to detect bioterrorism and alert the public on the same. Syndromic surveillance is influenced by the emerging threats of bioterrorism and the advancements in technology that allows the public health officials to analyze data from various sources for detecting cases of disease outbreak on time (Chen, Zeng & Yan, 2010).
Syndromic surveillance includes collection of information from various sources for analysis. One of these sources is monitoring of employees reporting absence from their work. Employee absence from their work is a useful tool of early outbreak identification or disease clusters such as influenza. The main advantage of this source of data for syndromic surveillance is its timeliness. For instance, in Netherlands, the start of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus was detected much earlier than laboratory confirmation. However, this method may capture seasonal aspects of employees’ absence that are not related to any infectious disease. This means that it may have low specificity (National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) et al, 2011).
School absenteeism is another source of syndromic surveillance data. It requires use of school records in order to identify absence of students. This method of data collection has been reported to help in early outbreak identification. It helps in understanding epidemiology of influenza in various communities by monitoring trends of school absenteeism. It has shown to be an effective method of timely detection of influenza prior one week to other systems. It has also shown a correlation between other traditional methods of surveillance such as validity of respiratory pathogens. This method has the ability to combine clinical data on students’ illnesses to make informed decisions on disease control measures, school closures, suspension of classes, and communication with parents. When this method is automated, collection of data on absenteeism requires minimal surveillance and allows public health officials to make use of limited resources effectively. Automated self reporting of diseases in university students provides an opportunity to avail information on self care and timing for return to schools. Although this method of data collection may be effective in some cases, it may be inconsistent in some schools and participation may vary from time to time. Likewise, the criteria for determining the absence of school absenteeism may greatly vary. This method may prove to be ineffective in schools that do not present the reasons for students’ absence. Therefore, reacting to every indication based on students’ absence would cause unacceptable cases of false alarms and hence inefficient use of public health resources (M’ikanatha, 2007).
The other source of information for syndromic surveillance is emergency department chief complaints. ED chief complaints refer to the records of patients’ reported symptoms and signs of disease at presentation. It typically consists of a brief statement entered into the electronic system in short phrases. It has been used in early identification of outbreaks of diseases at the start and the end of seasons of pathogens like influenza. This method is also used in mass gatherings and in monitoring and identification of novel threats. In some cases it is used to supplement data from other sources such as laboratory testing and sentinel physician consults. It has shown to be better than most methods of surveillances as it gives the real picture of the situation, and it detects clusters of diseases much earlier. For instance, in the case of H1N1 pandemic, alerts from ED data was detected about 7 days prior laboratory confirmation. However, this method may not be effective since not all patients use ED when receiving treatment. Additionally, data entry for ED chief is unformatted thereby reducing opportunities of automation for efficiency and effectiveness. This method relies on the specificity and sensitivity of the system and a variety of cases involved. Emergency and non emergence health records, pharmacy sales, and online resources are other source of data for syndromic surveillance that help in early detection of cluster of diseases or outbreaks (Zeng, 2011).
M’ikanatha (2007) confirms that syndromic surveillance is an overhaul of traditional surveillance system, which entails compulsory reporting of certain diseases to central health authority. This shows that traditional surveillance system relies solely on laboratory results to ascertain the probability of a disease outbreak. In case of a communicable disease such as influenza, the public health officials monitor the disease to detect any case of an outbreak. The traditional method is simple, but very slow. Although it can help in detecting a disease outbreak, it is not as effective as syndromic surveillance that detects outbreaks much earlier. Therefore, despite that syndromic disease surveillance is quite expensive and uses a complex of technology, it has proved to be more effectual than the traditional method. It can be used to detect outbreaks of certain infectious diseases on time and allow public health care to react. Early detection of outbreaks helps in saving many lives and managing outbreaks of communicable diseases.
References
Chen, H., Zeng, D., & Yan, P. (2010). Infectious disease informatics: Syndromic surveillance for public health and biodefense. New York: Springer..
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)., Institute of Medicine (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Academies Press (U.S.). (2011). BioWatch and public health surveillance: Evaluating systems for the early detection of biological threats. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press.
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This week, you select a disease or condition of interest (one that has multiple data sources) and elaborate on many of the data considerations you must take into account in monitoring the disease.
The disease or condition you select will be the subject of a disease surveillance system you create throughout the duration of this Project. As such, the portion you submit this week should serve as a preliminary plan for your surveillance system.
To complete this portion of your Scholar-Practitioner Project, write a 2- to 4-page paper that addresses the following:
Identify a disease or condition that will be the subject of your Scholar-Practitioner Project surveillance system.
Identify the population most at risk for the disease or condition you selected.
Describe the data that you will need to perform the surveillance on your selected disease/condition, including the primary and secondary data sources you will need.
Explain how you will collect information from these data sources.
Identify who is responsible for collecting and providing data.
Describe the aggregate record of data that you will use.
Explain how you will ensure the quality of the data collected
SAMPLE ANSWER
Surveillance Subject and Data Sources: Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a condition that is transmitted form one person to another. Commonly known as TB, it is an infectious disease that affects body organs and spreads out through the lymph nodes (Flynn, 2004). However, for most people that experience the condition, they do not shoe the symptoms but rather the disease causing organism stays inactive in the body for a very long time. However, the people that the symptoms show, they are severe and occur at the same time. Among the symptoms of the condition include high temperature, tiredness and fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, los of appetite and persistent headache (Flynn, 2004).
There are many groups of people that are at risk of contacting tuberculosis. Among the populations include people that are old and senior in the society. These people have their immune system weakened and they are more susceptible. Another group that is susceptible is babies because of the fact that their immune system has not developed well (Flynn, 2004). Additionally, people suffering diabetes and HIV are also weak in their immune system and as a result, they are at a higher risk of contracting the condition (Flynn, 2004). Other conditions that lead to the development of the condition include patients suffering from cancer, people that are suffering from autoimmune diseases and those that live in areas where they are surrounded by cancer patients (Flynn, 2004).
In conducting my surveillance, I will need vast data as a way of coming up with better results and effective findings. To start with, I will need information on the population that is more prone to developing the condition. In accordance, I will come up with the population that I will interview and collect data from. On the other hand, I will also need data on the causes of tuberculosis, how fast or slow it spreads and how much the persons suffering from the condition are able to respond to treatment and management of the condition.
In collecting data and information to use in my study, I will explore a number of factors before coming up with the final conclusion. For example, it is evident that the study I will conduct is a qualitative type of research. As a result, I will need to use qualitative methods of data collection and to some extent, merge them with quantitative formulas for effective results. In the surveillance and data collection, I will use interviews to collect data and ensure that it is effective in the surveillance. Through interview, I will have an assurance that the information I receive is from first hand source. As a result, the information will become more trusted and applicable in the study. Another method that I will used in collection of data and information is the use of libraries and other information centers like healthcare organizations and agencies. These two sources contain information that is vast and effective. In addition, the information contained in these two sources has been proofed and tested.
However, in my surveillance study, I will need assistance so that information is collected in the right frame and at the right time. As a result, I will engage my colleagues who have a similar interest as mine. However, I will divide them into groups that are manageable for use to come up with a plan that will cover all aspects of the surveillance. For example, some of us will get to the field to collect information from first-hand sources. Others will have to go and dig into the libraries and conduct other information searches that come up. As a result, my colleagues will proof very vital in my surveillance information collection process.
The data that we will collect will be placed in groups so that we can sample it easily. In the aggregate record of data, we will need information concerning all aspects of the data collection procedure. For example, the data that is for risk factors will be placed in a group while the data that is for the people that are at a high risk of contacting the condition will also be placed separately. For the data that will carry the symptoms, we will need to interview 100 participants for it to become enough. On the other hand, information from libraries and other information searches will be placed in a single group to aggregate the data to two types of groups.
In ensuring the quality of the data collected, we will place the information the two groups identified and sample it. In sampling the information, we will come up with a response on how the information is similar or different. As a result, the higher rate of similarity will show that the information is of quality and that it is effective for the surveillance process. However, if we realize that the information varies a lot, we will be forced to cancel the process and repeat it to see the likely outcomes. In conclusion, we will have a timed period to conduct the study and ensure that it is of quality. However, if the search for the information outdoes our data search, we will be forced to extend the period of the study so that we can complete it as needed
The historical record of any movement is composed of significant turning points or events. The same can be found in the historical development of disease surveillance. This week, you analyze the influence of key events in guiding the evolution of disease surveillance and predict the future trajectory of disease surveillance and its impact.
To complete this Application Assignment, write a 2- to 3-page paper analyzing the influence that specific historical events have had in the evolution of disease surveillance systems. Then, forecast the next phase(s) in disease surveillance and explain how the changes that you predict will impact public health policy and practice.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Influence that Specific Historical Events have had in the Evolution of Disease Surveillance Systems
Public health actions are vital to the wellbeing of communities and the society in general. As a result, among the methods that are used to enhance the effectiveness of community wellbeing is disease surveillance systems. Disease surveillance systems are the strategies that are used to collect, analyze, manage, analyze and interpret that is used to stimulate public health actions (Tsui et al., 2003). However, the transition of the disease surveillance system has been impacted by a number of factors among them historical events. However, the surveillance systems have been specifically focusing on infectious diseases as compared to other kinds of diseases (Tsui et al., 2003). As a result, the main role of surveillance systems is to detect outbreaks, provide guidance for national allocation, coordinate outbreak responses, monitor control programs and describe the epidemiology of diseases.
Te first law that impacted disease surveillance systems came about in 1893 when the law got enacted. In the specifications of the law, it was required that all municipal authorities should present health information on a weekly basis (Tsui et al., 2003). In the same year, Michigan came out as the first state to use the reporting of infectious diseases (Tsui et al., 2003). The events acted as a hallmark for infectious disease surveillance and the resultant diseases surveillance systems. In 1916, poliomyelitis became severe all over the country, and the surveillance of the disease was not a question of contention (Tsui et al., 2003). As a result, all states in the United States began to present morbidity reports that acted in the part of disease surveillance systems. In addition, the influenza pandemic that hit the United States in 1919 also led to mandatory surveillance by 1925 (Tsui et al., 2003).
In 1935, America established its first ever national health survey system that took effect immediately and all over the United States (Tsui et al., 2003). The survey system worked well with all infectious diseases, and the United States began to have a more relaxed picture of infectious diseases and how to deal with them. However, disease surveillance systems became official in 1963 when the Center for Disease Control (CDC) chief epidemiologist gave a speech about disease surveillance systems (Tsui et al., 2003). In the speech, he identified disease surveillance systems will work well for populations as compared to individuals. Alexander Langmuir became the father of disease surveillance systems, and this key event played a great role in the evolution of the surveillance systems.
Before Langmuir’s speech in 1963, there was a key event in 1955 that changed the face of disease surveillance systems. A polio vaccination sprang into motion in 1955 (Tsui et al., 2003). However, soon after setting the program into motion, some of the polio cases were identified to originate from the program (Tsui et al., 2003). As a result, the program was shut up, and CDC set up a team to investigate the issue. Daily surveillance reports became a necessity from each state in the United States, and the information was sent to the polio vaccination program head (Tsui et al., 2003). With officers in the field, the problem was identified in certain manufacturer of the vaccines and corrected. Thereafter, other events followed that further cause the evolution of disease surveillance systems. Among the events included the 1986 CDC report that contained information and recommendations and the increased popularity of the systems in the 1990s (Tsui et al., 2003).
In my prediction, disease surveillance systems are about to evolve to the point that they will play a role in defining likely outbreaks before they occur. The aspect will become possible through the use of information to predict trends. As a result, the society will become more protected in terms of infections. In the process, public health policy and practice will enhance its significance in fighting with diseases.
Reference
Tsui, F. C., Espino, J. U., Dato, V. M., Gesteland, P. H., Hutman, J., & Wagner, M. M. (2003).
Assignment #2: Consultation
Interview a physical therapist who provides client-related consultative services. Submit a 2-3 page summary of the interview, including but not limited to: name and title of person interviewed, date and type of interview (in-person, phone, electronic), the type of consultative activity, how they got involved in the activity, expertise required to serve as a consultant for that activity, reimbursement for consultative services (if any), any legal or risk related factors. NOTE: Consultation is not regular clinical physical therapy. All PTs provide patient-related consultation. Client-related consultation is when a PT has expertise in a particular area and provides expert opinion regarding situations that do not directly involve patient care. Examples of client-related consultation include but are not limited to: Ergonomic workplace assessment, Rules and Regulations compliance, ADA compliance recommendations, Court testimony as an expert witness, Development of clinical or academic programs, Insurance claim reviewer, etc.
ALTERNATE ASSIGNMENT: If you are unable to find a consulting PT to interview, you may write a paper about client-related consultation activities that a PT might engage in. Your paper should include the type of consultative activity, how a PT would get involved in the activity, education or expertise required to serve as a consultant for that activity, reimbursement for consultative services (if any), and any legal or risk related factors related to consultation work in that area. The emphasis of the paper should be on the role of a PT as a consultant. For example, the paper should not be about ergonomics, but about how a PT would serve as an ergonomic consultant.
Assignment requirement-
Instructions:All assignments are to be word processed; 12 point font and double spaced are preferred. Other than the forms for Assignment #1, handwritten assignments will not be accepted. Do not use color, pictures, etc. in your documents. Use only black text. Number the pages and make sure your name is on every page.
In this assignment since first option is not possible to interview a Physical Therapist, I would like to use alternate assignment and write the paper. The reference book for this course is Guide TO Physical Therapist Practice 2nd edition. The name of this course is Consultation, Screening and Delegation. I would like to complete this assignment within 7 days. Also when I chatted with your representative he gave me the price as $48.96/ assignment if I take more than 1 assignment. I intend to take more than 1 assignment, but would like to see the outcome of this assignment first.
NB
We will have the task ready by 3rd December 2014; 2300 hrs
SAMPLE ANSWER
Physical therapists are licensed or certified health care professionals who provide services to aid in restoring function, mobility, prevent physical disabilities, and relieve pain of patients with certain injuries or diseases. They work closely with clients and patients to promote and maintain their overall physical fitness for healthy living. Patients may include people who have been involved in an accident and others who may have disabling conditions such as head injuries, fractures, heart disease, back pain, and arthritis among others. Usually, physical therapists work in various settings such as private offices, hospitals, outpatient clinics, sports facilities, and schools. Their work, depending on what they are assigned to do, can be physically demanding as they have to lift, stand for long, and kneel. They also lift patients or help them stand as well as move heavy machineries. Typically, as part of their roles, physical therapists take client’s history and perform tests that help them to identify potential and inherent problems. Based on their analysis, they are able to determine a client’s diagnosis and prognosis, which they use to set goals for rehabilitation and habilitation (Dreeben-Irimia, 2011).
Physical therapists act as consultants through whom they share their advice and opinion with patients, schools, health care providers, businesses, and organizations. Consultations occur upon client’s request. It may also occur when other health care professionals seek advice about physical therapy of their patients. Likewise, schools and business may consult physical therapists on injury prevention and ergonomics. For instance, in school setting, physical therapists may be consulted to perform therapeutic interventions such as prevention strategies and adaptations, and focusing on mobility and safe participation in routines and activities in the learning environments. In school settings, they gather information from stakeholders that help them to plan for their interventions. They collaborate with teachers and parents to promote students’ inclusion in the intervention activities. In this case, they offer education on safe transportation of students, safe play grounds, and how to promote their physical fitness (Scott, Petrosino & Cooperman, 2008).
Dreeben-Irimia (2011) stipulates that physical therapist consultants may also be contacted by businesses to offers their advice and opinions on ergonomics. Ergonomics refers to adapting people’s environment, equipments, and activities to fit their physical capacities and needs. Therapists offer people ergonomic guidelines that should be incorporated in people’s daily activities. In this case, physical therapist assesses the ergonomic needs and determines how to make people more comfortable in their environment while at the same time reducing the risk of injury. To achieve this, physical therapists educate workers on the tips such as exercise and guidelines and back injury prevention.
Physical therapy consultants educate workers on ways of exercising to improve their physical fitness and minimize the likelihood of work place injury. They teach the employees on the benefits of exercising and safe ways to do the same. In such cases, they demonstrate to their employees how to exercise safely. These exercises are majorly concerned in reducing back pain and keeping the body fit to perform various tasks throughout the day. Further, physical therapy consultants also emphasize on workplace stretching. This is in response to the fact that most work place spinal and musculoskeletal disorders culminate from back strains and trauma injuries. As such, physical therapists educate employees Concentra’s warm up and stretching. All these are tailored to specific workplaces where therapists provide approximately one hour training (Dreeben-Irimia, 2011). It is notable that back injuries are as a result of poor posture, repetitive motion, and decreased physical conditioning. Therefore, physical therapists must have this in mind when educating people how to exercise.
Physical therapists also educate schools and workplace how to manipulate their physical environments to make them accessible by people with disabilities. In case a person has a disability or a spinal injury, physic al therapists may advice families on how to modify the environment to accommodate the named victims. These modifications may include ensuring that physical disabled individuals can access bathrooms and dressing areas with ease. Physical therapy consultants are also asked to offer their rehabilitation knowledge by serving as witnesses in legal cases.
Typically, physical therapists are allowed to practice upon completion of graduate degree from accredited academic programs. Students in this field may be required to study topics such as biomechanics, human anatomy, neurological dysfunction management, and musculoskeletal system pathology. They should also participate in internships programs where they provide training in screening, patient care, assessments, and intervention. After completion of the necessary prerequisites, therapists acquire their certificates that allow them to work in various programs related to their field of study. While in practice, physical therapists are governed by code of ethics established by professional organizations.
All physical therapy consultants must acquire a physical therapist degree from accredited physical therapist program and pass the exam, after which they are licensed to practice under a doctor. The degree in physical therapy usually takes approximately 2 -3 years to complete. Upon completion and practicing for one year or more, therapists may enroll for doctor of physical therapy after which they may be allowed to work on their own as consultants in various institutions. They can work independently as ergonomic consultants in work places or schools.
The average salary of physical therapists is about 85,000 dollars depending on the years of experience and position. They are included in the Medicare and Medicaid programs to afford their health care. There are also other reimbursements for physical therapy consultants considering that they work a risky environment. They are at a great risk of acquiring infectious diseases while working with their patients in various ways. It should also be noted that there are legal and ethical considerations that must be put in place when practicing. Consultants are responsible for making professional judgments about their patients while at the same time fulfilling their professional and legal obligations. They should respect their patients and dignity in their work as consultants.
Evidently, physical therapists play a great role in habilitation and rehabilitation. They offer their professional trainings and advices on proper lifestyles in a myriad of settings. In work place and schools, they offer advices on ways of minimizing physical injuries by demonstrating ways of ensuring comfort through exercises. They also offer their professional advice in workplaces, schools, and homes with physically disabled victims. Their main goal is to ensure that they keep the body of their patients and clients physically fit and able to perform various tasks in a variety of settings (Swisher & Page, 2005).
References
Dreeben-Irimia, O. (2011). Introduction to physical therapy for physical therapist assistants. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Scott, R. W., Petrosino, C., & Cooperman, J. (2008). Physical therapy management. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby/Elsevier.
Health Policy and Scope of Practice Order Instructions: For this paper, it comes in two sections the and each section will have a reference list at the end of that section, all in APA format.
Health Policy and Scope of Practice
The responses must be clear and detail straight to the point. For section B I will upload the file mentioned in the question in the file section.
SECTION A (1.5-page minimum).
Health Policy and Scope of Practice
Describe a current health policy issue relative to the scope of practice for the role of the NP that is important to you. Appraise the implications of this policy and analyze where the policy issue is in the policy-making process.
Included a reference list at the end of this section hear before starting section B below, it should have a minimum of 4 references for this
section.
SECTION B (1.5 pages minimum)
Health and Wellness Promotion and the NP
A focus on Health and Wellness Promotion is increasingly pertinent in U.S. Health care systems. Review the National Prevention Strategy: America’s Plan for Better Health and Wellness (Healthcare.gov, 2011) attached hear with the questions.
• After you are finished reading, justify the role of the NP as a leader in Health and Wellness Promotion in your paper.
Include a reference list at the end of this section, it should have a minimum of 5 references for this section.
Health Policy and Scope of Practice Resources
Please review the following web resources:
• ANA – Code of Ethics for Nurses
• NCCAM, National Institutes of Health
• The Role of Ethnicity in Variability in Response to Drugs: Focus on Clinical Pharmacology Studies (2008)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – The Data Bank: National Practitioner Healthcare Integrity and Protection (n.d.)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – Office of Minority Health
• MayoClinic Proceedings – Religious Involvement, Spirituality, and Medicine: Implications for Clinical Practice
• HealthCare.gov – National Prevention, Health Promotion and Public Health Council – The National Prevention Strategy: America’s Plan for Better Health and Wellness
• U.S. DHHS, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Healthy People
• Dossey, B. (2008). Theory of Integral Nursing. Advances in Nursing Science. 31 (1), pp. E52–E73 Wolters Kluwer Health.
Health Policy and Scope of Practice Sample Answer
Part 1
Effective advocacy begins with a comprehension of the key issues and positions that influence nursing practitioner practice. The scope of the health practice laws is meant to rethink the role played by nurse practitioners. There is a variety of current health policy issues relative to the scope of practice for the role of the NP. One of the current health policy issues in health workforce shortages. There is a perfect storm of unmet health care needs that is rapidly approaching: for instance, the patient numbers of aged people with health-related issues is reaching intolerable levels, as a consequence of the retirement of a large cohort of professionals. Currently, the situation is such that the number of professional students that are meant to fill these positions is simply not enough to meet the oncoming health service demands. The result is ultimately an impending shortage in the workforce in proportions that cannot have precedence. This policy is important to me and is relative to the scope of NP since NPs are the valuable members of the healthcare system who serve in the capacity of primary care providers in the broad range of outpatient and acute settings (NP Policy Essentials, 2014).
The implications of this policy issue are, of course, the need for nurses. The US has a serious shortage of nurses in the health practice, and the recruitment of more nursing professionals is one part of the solution. Additional teaching professionals are required to deal with the issue from the root. There is a report referred to as “blowing open the Bottleneck” which is a report that was initiated by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Center to spearhead Nursing in America and the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, which basically provides an outline of the solutions whose initiation is underway as a response to the shortages in the nursing faculty across the United States (ExploreHealthCareers.org, 2014). This report further presents the “frontline healthcare workforce” comprising of technicians, nurses, assistant nurse, and other providers involved with the healthcare profession, which it describes as the foundation of a quality system of healthcare delivery. The analysis of the report indicates that the frontline health workforce demand is expected to face a 50 percent increase in shortages to the faculty staff in the next half-decade, and the government is strategizing to ensure that the number of students in the “pipeline” is enough or will reasonably deal with this impending eventuality. Therefore, the workforce shortage policy issue is merely in the planning and implementation stage (chcf.org, 2014).
Health Policy and Scope of Practice References
ExploreHealthCareers.org. (2014) Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://explorehealthcareers.org/en/issues/policy#shortages
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
NP Policy Essentials. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://www.aanp.org/legislation-regulation/policy-toolbox/np-policy-essentials
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
The scope of Practice Laws in Health Care: Rethinking the Role of Nurse Practitioners. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://www.chcf.org/publications/2008/01/scope-of-practice-laws-in-health-care-rethinking-the-role-of-nurse-practitioners
Part 2
America’s Plan for Better Health and Wellness (Healthcare.gov, 2011) is a national prevention strategy that aims at guiding the US in the most achievable and effective means of improving wellbeing and health. This is a strategy that prioritizes the prevention through the integration of actions and recommendations across the wide realms of health improvement to save lives. The strategy brought forth envisions a strategy oriented to prevention where the sector network as one recognizes the value of health for families, individuals, and the community and hence join forces to achieve health outcomes that are better for Americans. The role of Nursing Practice will, therefore, be the foci of the implementation of this strategy (Anderson & McFarlane, 2013).
The role of the Nursing Practice as a leader in health and wellness promotion cannot be stated enough in the national prevention strategy. This is because NP encompasses all the dimensions of the prevention strategy as it interweaves into all aspects of the citizen’s lives, from how to where people live, work, learn and play. The NP, therefore, covers everyone included in the strategy from businesses, government, educators, communities, healthcare institutions, and every single American. The NP has a central role in the implementation of this strategy to create a healthier nation (Andrews et al., 2012).
In fact, the Nursing Practice is the backbone of this comprehensive plan and will be fundamental in achieving the target of increasing the number of healthy Americans in all life stages. NP will actively be involved in actions to help Americans stay fit and healthy (Anderson & McFarlane, 2011). They will do this by helping in the building of safe and healthy community environments, expanding quality preventive services in both community and clinical settings, empowering people to make healthy decisions and eliminating health disparities with assistance from the government (American Nurses Association (ANA), 2012). They will, therefore, be involved in a wide and broad effort for the promotion of wellness and health hence settling the overarching objective of the national prevention strategy in increases the number of healthy Americans in all stages of life. It is only through the nursing practice that evidence-based recommendations that are significant in the improvement of the nation’s health will be achieved since the NP will be actively engaged in the achievement of the strategic directions that are outlined in the strategy (Andrews, 2013). Through the implementation of health policy enrichment programs, the Nursing Practice will mitigate the policies and issues that affect providers and patients as well as they provide services in the various levels in the various different levels of the American society (Aronson et al, 2012a).
Health Policy and Scope of Practice References
American Nurses Association (ANA) (2012). Public health nursing: Scope and standards of practice. Washington, DC: American Nurses Publishing.
Anderson, E. T., & McFarlane, J. (2013). The community as a partner: Theory and practice in nursing (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Anderson, N.L.R., Calvillo, E.R., & Fongwa, M.N. (2012). Community-based approaches to strengthen cultural competency in nursing education and practice. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(1-S), 49s-59s.
Andrews, J. O., Bentley, G., Crawford, S., Pretlow, L. & Tingen, M. S. (2013). Using community-based participatory research to develop a culturally sensitive smoking cessation intervention with public housing neighborhoods. Ethnicity and Disease, 17(2), 331-337.
Aronson, R.E., Wallis, A.B., O’Campo, P.J., Whitehead, T.L., & Schafer, P. (20012a). Ethnographically informed community evaluation: A framework and approach for evaluating community-based initiatives. Maternal Child Health Journal, 11(2), 97-109.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity to utilize community assessment strategies, uncover a community health problem, and identify the components of the problem related to the community dynamics.
Community Dynamics and Health Problem Directions
This paper is expected to be no more than four pages in length (not including the title page and reference list). Typical papers are usually three pages. Below are the requirements for successful completion of this paper.
• Introduction: This should catch the reader’s attention with interesting facts and supporting sources and include the purpose statement of the paper. This should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
• Community: Identify the community by name that you will be using for this paper and provide a brief, general description of the community. Your community should be the area where you live or work. This should be one or two paragraphs.
• Demographic and epidemiological data: Compile a range of demographic (population description) and epidemiological (causes of health problems and death) data for your community by examining census reports, vital statistic reports, city records, morbidity and mortality reports, and other agency sources. Using this data, describe the community and the problem. Compare your community data to state or national data. This comparison will help to identify a community health problem specific to your community. A summary of these data should be no more than one page.
• Windshield survey: Provide a brief summary of the findings from your first assignment. Make sure to discuss elements that link your observations to your identified problem. This should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
• Problem: Using the assessment data, identify the problem that you consider to be a priority concern. Provide a rationale for your choice and relate your choice to one of the Healthy People 2020 specific numbered objectives. Healthy People objectives are located within a topic area under the Objectives page. Your rationale should also include why this is specifically a problem in your community. This should be no more than three paragraphs. Include support of your rationale with at least two scholarly sources such as professional journal articles related to your problem.
• Summary: The summary paragraph of your paper should include a statement about the problem, the population at risk for this problem, and the major direct or indirect factors that contribute to this problem. This information should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
• Reference page: All references cited within the paper should be included on a separate References page.
Community Dynamics and Health Problem Guidelines
• Application: Use Microsoft Word 2010™ to create this assignment.
• Use the categories above as APA headings for the sections of your paper.
• Length: This paper is expected to be no more than four pages in length (not including the title page and reference list). Typical papers are three pages.
• Submission: Submit your file via the basket in the Dropbox: Caring for Populations: Assessment and Diagnosis by 11:59 p.m. MT Sunday of Week 4.
• Technical writing: APA format is required. Review APA tutorials in Doc Sharing and use the resources of Smarthinking for writing tutors.
• Do not use first person (I, me, my, our) in this paper. Make the community the subject even in your windshield survey summary.
• Save your paper with your last name in the document title (e.g., “Smith Assessment and Diagnosis”).
• Late submission: See the course policy on late submissions.
BEST PRACTICES IN PREPARING THE PAPER
The following are best practices in preparing this project.
• Complete the demographic, epidemiologic, and windshield survey prior to choosing a problem to focus on.
• Choose a nursing problem specific to your community.
• Make sure all elements of the paper are addressed and headings for each category are included.
• Review directions thoroughly.
• Cite all sources within the paper as well as on the References page.
• Proofread prior to final submission.
• Check for spelling and grammar errors prior to final submission.
• Use the A column of the rubric below to ensure that you have included all the needed elements.
• Abide by the CCN academic integrity policy.
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GRADING RUBRIC: MILESTONE 2: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS (225 POINTS)
Criteria A
(92–100%)
Outstanding or highest level of performance B
(84–91%)
Very good or high level of performance C
(76–83%)
Competent or satisfactory level of performance F
(0–75%)
Poor or failing or unsatisfactory level of performance Pts
Introduction
10 points Catches the reader’s attention with interesting facts and supporting sources; includes the purpose of the paper
(9–10 points) No purpose provided but “hook” is present
(8 points) Purpose of paper discussed; hook to get reader interested is missing
(7 points) No purpose provided and no attention-getting hook
(0–6 points) /10
Community Data
25 points Community identified and briefly described
(23–25 points) Community identified but description missing
(21–22 points) Community not identified and/or not described
(19–20 points) Community not identified and not described
(0–18 points) /25
Demographic and Epidemiological Data
50 points A range of demographic and epidemiological data for your community examined by census reports, vital statistic reports, city records, morbidity, and/or mortality rates and other agency sources, and compared to state or national data
(46–50 points) Some demographic and epidemiological data described or missing state or national comparison
( 42–45 points) Little demographic and epidemiological data and missing state or national comparisons
( 38–41 points) Lacking demographic and epidemiological data and missing state or national comparisons
(0–37points) / 50
Windshield Survey
10 points Community windshield survey findings briefly described; findings relate to the identified problem
(9–10 points) Windshield survey findings described but not clearly related to the identified problem
(8 points) Windshield survey lacks sufficient assessment and relation to the identified problem
(7 points) Windshield survey findings not described
(0–6 points) /10
Problem
50 points Assessment data used to identify the problem; rationale provided for your choice and related to one of the Healthy People objectives; supportive data provided to validate this as a problem in your community
(46–50 points) Problem not related to Healthy People objective or lacks rationale or lacks supportive data
(42–45 points) Problem not related to Healthy People objective and lacks rationale or lacks supportive data
(38–41 points) Problem not related to Healthy People objective, lacks rationale, and lacks supportive data
(0–37 points) /50
Application of Evidence-Based Literature
30 points Two or more quality references from professional literature cited that clearly support your rationale
( 28–30 points) Two references cited, but the information in reference may be biased or not directly relevant to your rationale
( 25–27 points) Only one reference cited that is directly relevant to the rationale
( 23–24 points) No references cited or one reference cited that is not relevant to the rationale
(0–22 points) / 30
Community Dynamics and Health Problem Summary
10 points Includes a statement about the problem, the population at risk for this problem, and the major factors that contribute to the problem
(9–10 points) Summary lacks reiteration of identified problem or population at risk or contributing factors
(8 points) Summary lacks two or more of the following: reiteration of identified problem, population at risk, and contributing factors
(7 points) Summary unsatisfactory or not completed
(0–6 points) /10
Presentation
20 points Discussion well organized and logically supports analysis and reasoning; structure clear and compelling to reader; easy to follow author’s reasoning; paragraphs linked together in logical ways; main ideas stand out
(19–20 points) Discussion accurate but limited; some attempt at organization apparent, but in general paper does not flow well
(17–18 points) Paper comes across as disjointed or rambling; flow of paper difficult to follow
(15–16 points) Discussion has errors in content; no discernible attempt at organization; paper is chaotic
(0–14 points) /20
Mechanics
20 points • Title page, running head, and page numbers (3)
• Grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure correct (5)
• References properly cited within paper (5)
• Reference page includes all citations (2)
• Evidence of spelling and grammar checks (5)
(19–20 points) • Minimal errors in APA title page noted
• Minimal errors in grammar, punctuation, and/or sentence structure noted
• Citations present but not in correct format
• References present, with minimal errors in format
• Minimal red or green wavy lines within document
(17–18 points) • Multiple errors in APA format
• Several grammar and punctuation errors noted
(15–16 points) • Citations missing
• References missing or incomplete
• No evidence of proofreading prior to submitting paper
(0–14 points) /20
Total Points /225
My initial windshield survey assignment:
Community Dynamics and Health Problem Criteria Your response
1. Community introduction:
Identify the community you will be using for this assignment. It should be the area where you live or the area surrounding your work setting. The community I will be using for this assignment is the community in which I live, Staten Island New York. Staten Island is one of the five boroughs of New York City and has a population exceeding over 450,000 residents. Staten Island is known as the forgotten borough of New York City and is not often a tourist attraction. Staten Island is the most suburban and least populated of the five boroughs. It is a culturally rich community and a melting pot for many different kinds of races and cultures. There are many historic landmarks in Staten Island including the Staten Island Ferry, Snug Harbor Cultural Center, The Alice Austin House, Historic Richmond Town, The Staten Island Zoo to name a few as well as the future home of the worlds largest Ferris wheel which is set to begin construction within the next year. Staten Island is also known for being the home of the world’s largest garbage dump, the Freshkills Landfill, which has been closed. Thanks to reality television Staten Islanders have recently been on the receiving end of many stereotypes thanks to shows like Jersey Shore in which Staten Islanders have been looked upon poorly. What many people do not realize about Staten Island is that we are a close-knit community that comes together in times of need. In recent history, events such as the September 11th attacks and Hurricane Sandy really pulled Staten Islanders together to help those in need. Volunteers pulled together to help others get there lives back in order following these disasters but unfortunately Staten Islanders are depicted in the media has being loud, obnoxious, uneducated and spoiled thanks to these inaccurate depictions of us on television shows. Staten Island has a rich culture with many exciting experiences and beautiful landscapes to offer residents and visitors alike.
2. Windshield survey
a. vitality People are very visible and outspoken in the community. Staten Islanders are active in the community and hold many events for its residents. Most recently the Richmond County Fair was held on Staten Island and raised money for many important causes. A breast cancer walk was also held in order to help raise money and awareness for Staten Islanders affected by breast cancer. The residents of Staten Island vary in age, race and culture. The predominate age group consists of middle age individuals; the ratio of male to female is about equal with a slightly higher number of females on the island. The predominate race on Staten Island is white, Italians make up a large percent of the nationality on the island which is the reason Staten Island has been given the nickname “Staten Italy” on many television and social media settings. The general appearance of the people I observed appeared to be healthy. There seems to be a trend in extremes, I noticed many very physically fit individuals along with many obese individuals. The younger females were for the most part very clean, kempt and well dressed many wearing designer clothing. Their clothes also tended to be very tight fitting and revealing for the most part. I also observed many well-dressed individuals waiting on express bus stops on their way to work in the city as well as many mothers walking their young children to school and the bus stops. I saw a number of pregnant women walking around two parks as well as the Staten Island mall. As I was driving I also came across a few homeless people asking for change when cars were stopped at lights so the conditions vary as I drive from area to area. I noticed there to be tourists around the Staten Island Ferry terminal and surrounding area but other then that section tourists do not often travel to Staten Island, they prefer to stay in Manhattan and the other boroughs. Staten Island has a very big drug problem; currently the drug of choice within the community is heroin. Many parts of the community such as Port Richmond, Saint George and Mariners Harbor to name a few are drug neighborhoods, in my drive I witnessed a few people obviously intoxicated standing right on the street corners and witnessed an exchange of drugs out in the open next to a deli while I was waiting at a stoplight. There is also a high occurrence of emotional and mental disabilities within the community especially within the neighborhoods I mentioned with the drug problems. The South Shore of Staten Island also has a high occurrence of mental illness which lead to a prescription drug abuse problem a few years ago. New laws have prevented abusers from being able to obtain the prescriptions as easily as they used to. This has helped the issue but has not put an end to it.
b. Indicators of social and economic conditions In general the homes I observed are well kept with manicured lawns in the majority of the community. This varies from neighborhood to neighborhood for example Todt Hill has million dollar mansions where as other neighborhoods are more run down and abandoned. The majorities though have nice, well kept housing. A trend I noticed was the elimination of single-family homes and building multi family townhouses in its place. This is common in every single area of Staten island and the occurrence has been increasing dramatically over the last few years. Staten Island also has a vast array of transportation methods available including buses, a train system, the Staten island ferry and cabs to name a few. These transportation methods are greatly utilized by the residents and there always seems to be multiple people waiting on bus stops at all times of the day and night. Many school children and adolescents utilize the public transportation system to get to school each day as well. Staten Island has a large number of public and private schools as well as day care centers, preschools and programs for childcare run within the many churches of the community. I noticed a trend of high school students tending to hang out outside of school during school hours mostly sitting in groups, many of which were smoking cigarettes. There has been a wide spread campaign to help people quit smoking with many anti smoking billboards and advertisements on buses and bus stops. The pharmacy CVS has even banned selling any kind of tobacco products in their stores and have been placing public advertisements in regards to quitting smoking and information to help individuals quit. Election day just passed and I noticed many campaign signs in people’s yards in favor of candidates that they will be voting for. The community is very outspoken and political and many Staten Islanders tend to run for community offices. I also noticed many seasonal workers in my observation, many lawn care services cleaning people’s yards or leaves and taking care of the yard. This is a common daily occurrence and a very typical sight in your travels around the community.
c. Health resources Staten Island has three major hospitals as well as many clinics, rehab centers, nursing homes, doctors offices and outpatient care centers. The hospitals are Staten Island University Hospital North campus in Ocean Breeze, Staten Island University Hospital South campus in Princes Bay and Richmond University Medical Center in Randell Manor. We also have a Veterans Center in St. George that is conveniently located near the ferry Terminal and many bus stops so it is easily accessible. There are many sub-acute and long-term rehab centers located all over Staten Island, most of which are hospital affiliated. There is also numerous long term care facilities and nursing homes. There are many doctors offices located all over the community ranging in all kinds of specialties. I do not exaggerate when I say there are doctors and dentist offices in every neighbored many times multiple within the same building on nearly every street. I also passed a 24 hour walk in clinic that was located next to a housing project and I know there is another clinic like this located on the other side of the island. Staten island also has a large substance abuse and methadone clinic that is affiliated with Staten island University Hospital which is located next to the north campus. There is also a large Staten Island University Psychiatric hospital located right next to the north campus that offers in and outpatient psychiatric care. There are so many available healthcare options including free clinics like planned parenthood available to the community all of which are conveniently located for the residents of Staten Island.
d. Environmental conditions related to health Staten Island is home to the world’s largest landfill. It has been closed for a few years now but it still causes a large amount of air and water pollution to the neighborhood. Besides the poor air quality Staten Island also has a high amount of ground pollution from people littering. In my observation I noticed a few people throwing trash and cigarette butts out of their cars as well as large amounts of trash and debris on the side of the roads. Staten Island has also become very overcrowded in the last ten years and the addition of so many multi family homes has only made this worse. There are twice as many cars on the road now then I remember growing up and this has raised the air pollution significantly. There is barely a time where there is not traffic in the streets and expressways and it is about to get worse now that they have reduced the speed limit to twenty-five miles per hour on all roads. There have also been many new stop signs and traffic lights with cameras; some roads have them at almost every intersection. Being a part of a large city the entire community is very well lit, in my opinion overly lit and to bright. There is also handicap access at every public building. Community buildings, offices and restaurants need to be handicap accessible in order to pass inspections. There are also two YMCA centers within the community and numerous public parks with playgrounds, beaches, boardwalks and sports fields that are utilized all times of the year. These areas are kept clean by the city sanitation department. Most public and private schools also have playgrounds on the campus that are open to the public after school hours. There is also an abundance of restaurants all over the community, easily hundreds of all different types of cuisines. Staten Island is a melting pot of cultures and it is definitely seen in the many different kinds of restaurants in the community. A new trend that has started in the last two years is the appearance of food trucks on the street. The city is trying to make Staten Island more like Manhattan where they have all different kind of food carts on every street. The occurrence of food carts has increased all over the community especially this past summer. This also unfortunately increases the rodent problem. There are many rats, mice, raccoons and other kinds of pest all over the community and in the hotter months mosquitos are a huge problem. New York City is known for its rat problem and Staten Island is not exempt from this problem.
e. Social functioning Staten Island is a very family oriented community. On Sunday I observed many families going to church together. There are many different kinds of churches, chapels and synagogues all over the community due to the diverse cultures living within the community. A large part of the community is Roman Catholic and there are a large amount of catholic churches and schools located all over the island. Neighborhoods are very family oriented, this past Halloween I observed many groups of families and friends trick or treating with their children. Many neighbors also have neighbor watch programs as well as community councils that meet numerous times a year. A big group in my neighborhood is the Westerleigh Improvement Society and is a large group of community members that meet monthly in order to work on and discuss issues within the community. They are always have fundraisers and drives to help improve and clean up the community. This sense of community is not everywhere unfortunately. There is areas of Staten Island that have a high incidence of gang related activity especially in the Port Richmond, Mariners Harbor and St. George areas. There have been a few incidences that made the nationwide news recently in regards to the issues that occurred between gang members and the police in these areas. One particular incident results in a march Al Sharpton held in the St. George section of Staten Island which was very disruptive and ended up dividing the community rather then bringing it together.
f. Attitude toward healthcare I believe that health resources are well utilized in my community. Especially with the recent Ebola scare there has been a definite increase in people utilizing public healthcare options. The emergency departments are being utilized more then normal due to the fear people have of Ebola. There are man free health clinics and government funded healthcare available to the community. Staten Island has a high utilization of government provided healthcare and it is very often utilized. Besides healthcare being readily available to residents there are many out of hospital options as well. Local pharmacies often advertise many wellness and preventive care options. CVS pharmacy have what is called a minute clinic where individuals can go and ask questions, get healthcare advice as well as a check up and preventive medications and vaccines right within the pharmacy. The local hospitals are frequently advertising health related events that they hold in order to increase awareness on healthcare issues and trends. I have also volunteered at health fairs that are held in area high schools for the public to go and get simple health screens and flu shots in order to increase their awareness on health issues. Overall the community has many opportunities for its residents to receive healthcare, wellness visits and preventative treatment in order for the community to remain healthy as a whole. This is especially important with flu season just starting and the advertisements have been more frequent the last few weeks then they were in the summer. The advertisements are sure to raise awareness for the community.
3. Community Dynamics and Health Problem Conclusion
Provide a summary of your findings and your conclusion. What problems did you identify? I have found in my observations that Staten Island is a very diverse community. The different neighborhoods within the community all have their pros and cons. Since we are one of the five boroughs of New York City this diversity is to be expected. It is an interesting occurrence how on a simple drive you can go through so many different types of neighborhoods. A major issue I observed has to do with overpopulation. Single-family homes are things of the past and more multi-family townhouses are being built every day. This is leading to overpopulation of Staten Island. There are more people and more cars on the road, which are all within the same amount of space. This is increasing traffic and pollution of the community as a whole leading to the decline in people’s health overtime. There is also a huge drug issue within the entire community. Many people assume that drug issues tend to be within the lower classes, which is not true in this community. People of all classes and ages are abusing drugs. The biggest drug issues right now are heroin addiction and abusing prescription medications. Driving around I actually observed a drug exchange outside of a deli in the middle of the day. Besides drug abuse alcohol abuse is another big issue within the community. Daily we read about people being caught with and injuring themselves and others driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol. It is a huge problem that is being overlooked in my opinion. Lately there has been an increase in drunk driving checkpoints throughout the community that has brought awareness to and helped the issue. The problem does not discriminate and is an issue all over the community. People are being critically injured and losing their lives over these issues and it is getting out of control. Besides the drug issues there is also a big gang presence on certain parts of the Island that seems to be spreading to new areas each and everyday. The police have been receiving a high amount of scrutiny over a recent issue that occurred during the summer that resulted in the death of a man that was resisting arrest. Since that time the police have been under so much scrutiny it has been preventing them from doing their job due to the large amount of constant criticism they are receiving. It is interfering with them being able to do their jobs efficiently and the crime rate has risen. The majority of Staten Island is a close-knit community but these issues are slowly making the community suffer and break apart. I find more and more people moving off of the island, a move which I myself am planning to make next year. Overall Staten Island has some serious issues but it is the community in which I was born and raised. The majority of my family still live here and it will forever be my home.
Community Dynamics and Health Problem Sample Answer
Introduction
Caring for populations’ assessment is an essential step in ensuring complete patient satisfaction in a population. Assessment of patient progress in health may occur after or during treatment. Diagnosis is part of the population care process which aims at identifying the disease or infection of a community. There are many and different assessment strategies and diagnostic procedures which are employed by a community to uncover its problem so as to provide the best intervention for each of the components of the identified problem. The interventions provided consider any related community dynamics. In this paper, I discuss the how different assessment strategies to identify the health problem of Staten Island, the possible components of the problem associated with family dynamics and diagnosis for the problem
Community
North Shore of Richmond County is one two major communities in Staten Island. It is served by Richmond University Medical Center. It is divided into smaller areas which include George, Port Richmond, Mariner’s Harbour, Stapleton and West Brighton. . North Shore is historically known to be poorer, less literate and subject to cultural and linguistic barriers as a result of a considerable proportion of foreign born residents. These factors have been limiting factors to the community’s access of better health care. According to released by Richmond County Medical Society (RCMS) in 2008 commission, infant mortality in this community was recently approximated to be 60 % higher than the over rate of the entire New York City and almost three times above what was reported in South Shore.
The report commissioned by RCMS identified poverty as a major hindrance to access to health care and has a great impact North Shore’s health status. The sub-regions in North Shore are the leading in poverty levels in Staten Island. For instance, Stapleton (21%), Port Richmond (17.5%), Mariner’s Harbor (17.4%) and West Brighton (15.4%) carry the highest levels of poverty rates. Other regions have lower lover levels poverty levels such as South Shore of Staten Island with a rate of 4.6% in 2007. The community also faces the most serious challenges in terms of healthcare resources, besides poor health status and high poverty levels. Majority of the 2,000 individuals known with HIV/AIDS in RUM come from North Shore.
Demographic and epidemiological data
According to the census carried out in 2,000, persons below 18-years old were represented by 23.7 % while that of the state 23.6%. Those at the age of 65 and over comprised of 15.5% against the state’s 13.8%. In a research carried out by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for 1995-2013, the demographic data obtained collected indicated great levels of inadequacy in all aspect of the community’s well being. The population below 100 % and 200% of the poverty level is 8.9% and 20.7% of 24,412 and 56, 868 respectively and that of the state is 9.3% and 21.7%. Children under the age of 18 years of age leading a life below 100% of the poverty line is for the community and the state are 20.7 % and 21.7% while the unemployed people who are 16–years-old and above is 8.3% of 12, 536. The population of the state Births to women aging 15 to 44 is 58% of 3,256. Infant mortality is 3.1% out of a count of 10. Birth to adolescent mothers is 6.4 % of 210 and those benefitting from publicly funded prenatal care 44.7 in a count of 1,450. On infectious diseases, the community recorded an HIV/AIDS prevalence of in terms of a crude rate of 208.1 in a count of 598, tuberculosis crude rate 5.2 out 15, pertussis 5.6 out of 16, hepatitis-B 80 out of 23. In terms of injury indicators, the crude rates in suicide, homicide, and injury deaths related to a motor vehicle is 4.9(of 14 counts), 10.9 (31 counts) and 2.5 (2.5 of 7). Last, chronic disease indicators, total deaths recorded is 687.3 out of 2,651 counts. The area adjusted rate of cancer, 175.5(of 651 counts), breast cancer deaths 57.6 out of 208 and cardiovascular disease deaths 196.1 out of 794 area counts (Richmond University Medical Center, 2013).
Windshield survey
Community assessment plays an essential role in community nursing. It is important to understand various categories of the residents in the community is fundamental to clarifying the process of assessment. The first category of residents described were the HIV/AIDS young people between the age of 18 and 30 years old. The most of the women were already married while fewer men had spouses. A few of HIV/AIDS positive patients were low income earners while a majority were unemployed and depending on farm produce and small business for survival. Those who suffered from HIV/AIDS related complications received medical attention from a nearby health center. The second category identified was old people aged 75 years and above. Most of them lived in abject poverty and received inadequate attention from their caregivers. Most of them nursed chronic problems such as diabetes and blood pressure. Besides the little support from family members, there no other support system ( Wilkinson & Leuven, 2010).
Problem
The main problem this community is facing is a hindrance to accessing the right health care as well as the availability of healthcare facilities. Statistics show that only 8.7% community members have the AFDC Medicaid Recipients and are 8.7% and 1.1%. As a result of poor health care, infant mortality in the community and the state are 3.1% and 4.4 % respectively. Multiple Assistance Unit Medicaid Recipients Poverty arises from inadequate education of the residents of this community. It was discovered that most members of this community and health care centers had no access to electronic health records. Different age groups showed varying levels of poverty and rationale. Most young people are poor because of unemployment, poor education and substance abuse. Closely associated with this problem is poor medical care to the people. Ability to access proper medical attention depends on one‘s level of education, access to a medical facility and other social-economic facts (Cornelius & Price, 2013).
Community Dynamics and Health Problem Summary
North shore is and its sub-regions are the poorest when it comes to Per Capita Income, the prevalence of disease and access to the diagnostic center. The rates of poverty and disease prevalence are high with poverty as the main underlying problem. Most youths are unemployed. This community has poor access to health care despite a wide range of health related issues it faces. From the windshield survey carried out, it was seen that most people were in abject poverty and help was not soon coming. In conclusion, serious interventions are needed in order to help the community initiate and implement its health programs.
Community Dynamics and Health Problem References
Cornelius, F., & Price, R. (2013). Community health nursing test success an unfolding case study review. New York, NY: Springer Pub.
Richmond University Medical Center Community Health Needs Assessment & Implementation Plan 2013. (2013, January 1). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.rumcsi.org/Resource.ashx?sn=RUMCCOMMUNITYHEALTHNEEDSASSESSMENT2013
Wilkinson, J., & Leuven, K. (2010). Fundamentals of Nursing Theory, Concepts, and Applications. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
For this paper, the writer will use the template as a guide in completing the paper. APA 6th edition is Key to this paper that’s why it is critical to follow the sample paper when completing this paper. The writer must also address all the key requirements mentioned in the questions and give very responses.
Write a 6 page paper (excluding title and reference pages) evaluating the necessity of a more comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment skills for the role NP in contrast to the role of the RN.
Analyze and integrate the impact of cultural competence and ethical decision making models on clinical reasoning, health policy and practice in regard to this more comprehensive understanding in the role of the NP.
Resources
• ANA – Code of Ethics for Nurses
• NCCAM, National Institutes of Health
• The Role of Ethnicity in Variability in Response to Drugs: Focus on Clinical Pharmacology Studies (2008)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – The Data Bank: National Practitioner Healthcare Integrity and Protection (n.d.)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – Office of Minority Health
• MayoClinic Proceedings – Religious Involvement, Spirituality, and Medicine: Implications for Clinical Practice
• HealthCare.gov – National Prevention, Health Promotion and Public Health Council – The National Prevention Strategy: America’s Plan for Better Health and Wellness
• U.S. DHHS, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Healthy People
• Dossey, B. (2008). Theory of Integral Nursing. Advances in Nursing Science. 31 (1),pp. E52–E73 Wolters Kluwer Health.
SAMPLE ANSWER
NPs and the Integral Knowledge Base
Introduction
Nursing is a vital profession in the healthcare field. There are different level of nurses based on experience, training and educational qualifications. This can be registered nurse or nurse practitioners. The scope of practice and authority of these nurses differ from one state to another. Cultural competence is an important aspect of nursing profession given that practice in a culturally diverse setting is inevitable in nursing profession. This paper will look into the difference in the roles of registered nurses and nurse practitioners assess the justification nurse practitioners to have advanced knowledge of pathophysiology, pharmacology and physical assessment. It will also examine the importance of cultural competency in nursing care.
Registered nurse and Nurse Practitioner
A registered nurse is a healthcare practitioner whose main job is educating and treating patients as they assist doctors. In many instances, they also help patients to put up care plan. Some of their responsibilities include administration of medication and therapy, maintaining IV lines for fluids as well as monitoring and recording patient’s condition for doctor’s assessment. The level of education is basically a bachelor’s degree in nursing or a collage diploma. They must work under a physician and are not authorized to prescribe medication and diagnose diseases.
A nurse practitioner often abbreviated as NP is a graduate nurse who has specialized in advanced practice nursing. They are licensed to offer a wide range of care services which include performing physical exam and taking patients history. Unlike registered nurses, nurse practitioners are allowed to order laboratory tests, diagnose, treat and manage diseases. They can also perform certain procedures like lumber puncture and bone marrow biopsy, coordinate referrals, write prescriptions and give hand outs concerning healthy lifestyles and disease prevention. They do work in diverse settings such as neonatology, primary care, women’s health, oncology, school health, pediatrics, nephrology, cardiology, family practice and emergency care among others. Some nurse practitioners are able to work in clinics under no supervision of a doctor while others work together with doctors in a team of public health care professionals. They have two levels of regulation and the scope of practice as well as their authority is highly influenced by the state laws. First they are licensed under the state law, and then obtain certification through national organizations that have consistent professional practice and standards in all states. The laws that govern NP licensing are different in different states, many states nowadays require that NP obtain national certification and a masters degree, other states require that a NP to work with a medical doctor while others have no recognition for nurse practitioners (Iglehart, 2013).
Nurse practitioners are to a greater extent well prepared to give primary care. They have undergone training in managing health problems of many kinds as well as in health promotion. Due to the current challenge that exist in patient care; the role of nurse practitioner can only increase than to reduce. Nurse practitioners are able to work independently in acute care settings and in primary care, their effort can help modulate the cost of healthcare through patient’s education and provision of frontline primary care (An Expanding Role for Nurse Practitioners. (n.d.). In the present day, nurse practitioners are commonly used by Americans in a lot of healthcare needs and they are fully recorgnised by many providers and most healthcare consumers as a vital component of latest healthcare system. For at least fifty years nurse practitioners have given a lot of services in both chronic, acute and community settings, hence they are very important in the healthcare system. It is also expected that NPs are likely to become even more essential as American obtain broader services due to the healthcare reforms (Nurse Practitioners: Shaping the Future of Health Care (n.d.).
Educational pathway
The IOM report acknowledges the fact that nursing has had definitional issues throughout its history, especially in regards to the educational pathways. There are three pathways which are required for initial licensing. First is an associate degrees offered by nursing schools and community collages which takes a period of between two to three years for completion. Secondly is a diploma that is offered by hospitals and take three years. Lastly is a four year degree in nursing usually offered by schools of nursing as well as in universities. The curriculum contains preparatory courses, focus on sciences, public health, nursing research and clinical training. A nurse with a bachelors degree need an additional between 500 to 700 clinical hours that is supervised and a masters degree to qualify as a nurse practitioner (Garcia, 2011).
Increased demand for healthcare
According to Institute of Medicine report of 2010, it is expected that millions of patients will access health services as per the affordable care act by the federal government. Practicing nurse should therefore be well equipped and take the lead in giving that care. Because the roles they play and their ability to take charge of a clinic without the supervision of a doctor. This IOM report of 2010 also serves as the direction that guides nursing profession. The foundation by Robert Wood Johnson indicates that nurse need to have a more strong educational base in order to advance their case for more clinical authority. Nurse practitioners need proper understanding of pathophysiology, physical assessment as well as pharmacology. This will be of great help to them as they diagnose diseases and prescribe drugs especially with the current shortage of physicians to take part in primary care and treat the growing population of newly insured persons. In addition to the current population growth characterized with more aging patients, finding a practitioner has been challenge.
Research has revealed that only close to 25% of graduates from medical schools join careers in primary care as physicians. The state laws governing scope of practice have also placed limits in regard to the clinical boundaries for nurse practitioners; most of them provide primary care in a number of settings. American Medical Association has shown full support for the law on scope of practice indicating the need to promote patient safety and ensure APRNs always provide primary care under the supervision of a physician. Nursing advocates however, are greatly opposed to these restrictions especially in regards to the limit on drug prescription. This is consistent with the IOM report which recommends that nurses need to be given freedom to practice to the extent of their training and education (Iglehart, 2013).
American medical association indicates that some states including District of Colombia permit APRNS to diagnose and treat patients. They are also authorized to prescribe medication and refer patients even without supervision by a physician, some states require that physicians are involved when the nurses diagnose, prescribe and treat patients. Many nurse practitioners view lack of permission to prescribe drugs as the main impediment that bar them from efficient care delivery. The truth is that for a healthcare professional to safely prescribe and administer drug, it is important that one fully understand disease pathophysiology, drug pharmacology and possess physical assessment skills for proper clinical diagnosis. Despite the rapid growth of physicians than the population in the U.S for over 30m years ago, it has been estimated that the nation is likely to face a shortage of close to 62,100, physicians, 33100 Primary care providers and 29000 of other specialist. Nurse practitioners are scarce in a number of areas, an issue that has been influenced by that fact that there is an equal distribution of nurse practitioners and physicians who are mainly concentrated in sub urban and urban areas thus leaving rural areas remain with a few practitioners yet these are the places that most often need medical help (Tornyay, 2008).
Cultural competence in nursing
Cultural competency in care is a nursing practice that is keen to issues that relate to culture, gender, race and sexual orientation. In this process the nurse aims to achieve the capability to effectively provide service in an environment with diverse cultural background. A cultural competence model as proposed by Camphinha-Bacote encompasses cultural knowledge, cultural encounters, cultural skills and awareness. In cultural awareness, the nurse recognizes, and develops interest on beliefs, values, life practices as well as problem solving modalities of other cultures. Cultural awareness helps the nurse to recognize the disparity between their culture and that of their patient’s hence devising appropriate approach to patient diagnosis and care. Cultural knowledge on the other hand is the process of seeking and obtaining education concerning various world views on different cultures (Chaloner, 2003).
This knowledge can help nurses to familiarize with ethnically diverse groups, practices, belief, world views and the strategies for problem solving. This knowledge can be obtained by reading literature on different cultures and participation in continuing education courses about cultural competence as well as attending conferences on the same. Cultural skill also a crucial part of the model helps a nurse to perform a better cultural assessment. This may help a nurse to adequately assess patient’s cultural values. Cultural encounter is concerned with participation within cross-cultural interactions with people who have different cultural backgrounds. These cultural encounters become important when dealing with patients for it helps to avoid stereotyping (A model of care for cultural competence. (n.d.).
Conclusion
Currently, Nurse practitioners have shown the ability to effectively deliver high quality healthcare services at low cost. Base on their high level of training and skills, and their ability to take charge of a clinic without supervision by a physician, Nurse practitioners need to have deep understanding of pathophysiology, physical assessment as well as pharmacology in order to enable them deliver services in a safer manner. This knowledge will enhance their diagnosis, prescription and patient care competence. This is unlike registered nurses who have to work under a physician mainly in patient care and education; they don’t need to have a deep understand of pharmacology, physical assessment and pathophysiology. It is also important to point out the important of cultural competence for proper service delivery in healthcare.
References
Iglehart, J. (2013). Expanding the Role of Advanced Nurse Practitioners — Risks and Rewards. New England Journal of Medicine, 1935-1941.
Tornyay, R. (2008). Making Room in the Clinic: Nurse Practitioners and the Evolution of Modern Health Care. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1093-1093.
Chaloner, C. (2003). Ethics, Power and Policy The Future of Nursing in the NHS Ethics, Power and Policy The Future of Nursing in the NHS. Nursing Standard, 29-29.
Bottom of Form
Garcia, A. (2011). The Future of Nursing: An Introduction to the Institute of Medicine’s 2010 Report. NASN School Nurse, 116-120.
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Cartoon description: Man ordering at a restaurant: “I’ll have the monster triple burger with cheese and giant fries…oh..and a diet cola. I’ve got to watch my weight!”
Please make every effort to complete your primary post by Wednesday night. In addition to your post, you’re required to make at least two substantive replies to your classmates’ posts that show you’ve engaged with the post to which your are replying.
PART 1: Look at the above cartoon. What is this saying about how we eat? I’d like you to discuss the typical diet of people in the U.S. or another MDC compared to a less developed country (LDC) you choose (for example, U.S. compared to Haiti). How does diet differ among regions (i.e. urban-to-rural, south-north-east-west, poor-to-wealthy communities, etc)? Why does it differ? Are there “S.P.E.E.C.H. reasons? Use material from Chapter 6, web research, life experience and other information to back your position.
PART 2: Do diseases only impact an individual – or can they impact a community or population? Give an example and some details about a disease outbreak in your area, past or present, real or potential. How can local policies or local public health systems reduce risk to their community? Use material from Chapter 7, web research, life experience and other information to back your position.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Diet and Disease
Part 1
The description of carton clearly demonstrates the kind of foods that we eat. Most of us eat fast foods and foods that have lots of fats and cholesterol. Cheese, burgers, giant fries and cola are processed foods and this makes a larger percentage of our diet. The diet of people in different countries or social economic status differs (Yaktine & Murphy, 2013). For instance, the diet of people in the U.S. is different with that of majority of people that comes from less developed countries such as Haiti. For instance, the typical diets of a person in US will include fries, processed foods such as chicken, cookies with less vegetables whereas diets of a person from Haiti will consist of more local foods such as carbohydrates, and vegetables.
Diets therefore will differ in terms of the regions where people are living. The diet in urban center is different from that of rural areas. In urban centers, people are busy and therefore tend to take more of fast and processed foods as opposed to rural areas where they consume raw food products from their farms. Wealthy communities as well take different kinds of diets from those people from poor communities. Rich people have the capability to choose the foods they want depending on their own interests while poor people are forced to eat diets within their reach. I think there are no S.P.E.E.C.H reasons explaining this.
Part 2
Diseases not only impact an individual but they impact on the community and can as well impact on the entire population. An outbreak in a region will affect individuals as well as entire community. For instance, the outbreak of Ebola in West African countries such as Liberia impacted on individuals, community and population at large. Individual succumbed to death as communities were forced to stay indoors and avoid coming in contact with people.
People were restricted to exchange handshakes as a mechanism to avoid spread. People therefore failed to attend to the workstations and this made many of them to face challenges in providing for their family. The government as well incurred huge costs in its interventions.
Public policies or public health systems are essential and can help to reduce risk to their communities. They do this by creating awareness about such outbreaks to the community to ensure that they take appropriate measure to prevent further infections and spread of the diseases.
