I am really very disappointment because my last 3 orders was in APA style instead of the HARVARD style. so please inform the writer to write only in Harvard style.
1. Harvard style only.
2. Single space your work.
3. You should have one Aim and two or three objectives and then 4 research questions.
4. Please find the attached files which have been sent by email.
I really need very high quality paper and thank you for your help and cooperation really appreciate.
Thank you,
Amir
In this stage of the Proposal, you will explore how your work fits existing published work, by reviewing literature on your research topic. While gathering sources for your review, keep in mind that your final literature review for the dissertation should represent a thorough understanding of what has already been written about the subject. In addition, consider how your research question derives from the knowledge you have gained from the resources in your review.
Choose three articles from online library resources which are relevant to the subject of your dissertation, and complete a review of these articles. Discuss the key arguments and findings, describing how you think they apply to your topic and specific research questions, plus the potential implications of these findings for your research.
Remember that you must paraphrase the articles in your own words (appropriately referenced, of course) and synthesize their potential contribution to your research; they should not be presented as a ‘list’ of articles.
SAMPLE ANSWER
MBA W3 PROPOSAL ASS
Introduction
GCC is considered as the leading oil producers, an element that has seen the GCC states reluctance in determining appropriate ways of addressing some of the challenges such as climatic changes that inhibit the oil industry. However, it is significant to ascertain that the ever growing consumption of oil products and the changing technologies and infrastructures are driving the need for developing more energy products directed towards meeting the industrial and domestic energy needs.
Aim of Study:
The aim of the proposed research study is to establish the manner in which climate changes the energy policies of the members of the GCC. The study will also be aimed at exploring the impact as well as significance of oil price drops on the Gulf Cooperation Council Arab states.
Research Objectives
Determine the challenges that member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council come across or face whenever the prices of oil and gas drop.
Establish appropriate measures that GCC states, organizations, states and individuals can employ in addressing this challenge.
The research study will also look into the future endeavours and ventures of the GCC countries in creating a sustainable energy system.
Research Questions
In consideration of the above detailed purpose, it is essential to detail that this study will be detailed to determine the significance and impact of oil price drops on GCC countries, governments, companies, and individuals in consideration of the following research question:
How essential are sustainable energy resources for the oil-rich GCC states that are affected when the prices of oil are lowered?
What are the challenges that GCC states, companies, governments and individuals face when the prices of oil decline?
What are some of the viable solutions into this crisis?
How can these solutions be implemented within the GCC states, organizations, and governments?
Literature Review
According to Morakabati, (2013), the falling of oil prices over the last 12 months is an indicator that the crude oil industry is likely to sink, a factor that is giving the GCC states, individuals, governments and companies an uphill task to ensure their fiscal positions are preserved (pp. 375). The decline in oil prices have also imposed a decline on the revenues of different governments that depend on oil as the backbone of their economies, thus slowing down the economic growth and viability of these economies. Ulrichsen (2012) alleges that the fiscal challenges that arise as a result of this issue vary from state to state with Saudi Arabia considered as the key player in GCC facing the largest fiscal challenge. The primary argument of these authors is directed towards finding a solution towards this challenge (pp.39). The authors of this material therefore purport that the GCC states need to liquidate close to $70billion of foreign reserves including an effort to embark on developing a local debt insurance initiative in addressing this challenge (Arouri, & Rault, pp.243). This material significantly relates to my topic by certainly determining the solution to the research question. The implications of this finding remain significant in detailing efficient approaches that would be employed by GCC states, governments, individuals and organizations in addressing the challenges that rise as a result of the depleting oil prices.
On the other hand, Scherer (2013) addresses the primary research question of this study by establishing a hypothesized result to the question. These authors purport that GCC states, companies, governments and individuals need to initiative efficient intentions directed towards reducing their wide dependency on oil for economic growth. Several GCC states need to resort to liberalization approaches of their financial sectors as one of the fundamental policies that would signal the need to initiate new business ventures through the use of different overseas capital within such economies (pp.42). This would require the initiation of reformative actions that would also ensure comprehensive energy pricing structures are neutrally initiated.
Louis, & Balli (2014) in his material points out to the need for GCC states, organizations, and individuals is supported by the thesis that the trade figures and the financing systems of states has surged the manner in which consumer spend on different products and the business investments made on different economies. However, economist alleges that there is hope since the lower oil prices will be sustained by the decline in rising crude oil prices (pp.26). The author states that the raising export revenues and the budget revenues result from the increases in oil prices.
However, the GCC states, companies, and individuals need to scale up the process of diversification. This requires a heavy spending on fuel for private consumption and the construction industry (Hakro, & Omezzine, 2016, pp.15). On the other hand, states need to integrate the energy sector by raising the productivity within the tourism, construction, real estate, mining, transport, and retail sector with the aim of diversifying the economies of these states in order to depend on several sources of revenue rather than oil. This material remains essential in supporting this thesis since its implications clearly provides a solution into this crisis.
As detailed by these authors, it is essential to indicate that the sharp decline in oil prices indicates the significance of economic diversification in addressing the decline in oil prices that affects different economies, organizations and individuals. As a result of this, it is advisable that GCC states, organizations, individuals and governments need to promote non-oil trade with the aim of supporting a sustainable economic growth (Jaffe, & Elass, 2015, pp, 129). This is attributed to the fact that this implication of this research is directed towards the initiation of a more resilient economy that fundamentally receives immense benefits from a strong macroeconomic growth that result from solid financial duffers, diversification and the integration of these economies with world trade. This requires the development of service and manufacturing industries within these economies, an element that will result in the development of a less dependent oil economy.
Conclusion
As detailed in this literature review, it is imperative to ascertain that the falling oil prices has resulted into economic challenges for several economies within the GCC framework, an element that has given these states, individuals, companies and governments a task of addressing this challenge. However, the research indicates the need for economic diversification as the primary key directed towards addressing the decline in oil prices that has negatively impacted several GCC economies, individuals, governments and states.
References
Arouri, M. H., & Rault, C. 2012. ‘Oil Prices and Stock Markets in GCC Countries: Empirical Evidence From Panel Analysis. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 17(3), 242-253. doi:10.1002/ijfe.443
Hakro, A, & Omezzine, A 2016, ‘Oil Prices And Macroeconomic Dynamics Of The Oman Economy’, Journal Of Developing Areas, 50, 1, pp. 1-27, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 June 2016.
Jaffe, A, & Elass, J 2015, ‘War And The Oil Price Cycle’, Journal Of International Affairs, 69, 1, pp. 121-137, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 June 2016.
Louis, R, & Balli, F 2014, ‘Oil Price and Stock Market Synchronization in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries’, Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50, 1, pp. 22-51, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 June 2016.
Morakabati, Y 2013, ‘Tourism in the Middle East: Conflicts, Crises and Economic Diversification, Some Critical Issues’, International Journal Of Tourism Research, 15, 4, pp. 375-387, Hospitality & Tourism Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 June 2016.
Scherer, B 2013, ‘Macroeconomic Risk Management For Oil Stabilization Funds In Gcc Countries’, Bankers, Markets & Investors, 109, pp. 36-45, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 June 2016.
Ulrichsen, KC 2012, ‘Internal and External Security in the Arab Gulf States’, Middle East Policy, 16, 2, pp. 39-58, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 June 2016.
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1- Mayer, D. K. (2012). Anatomy of a drug shortage. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(2), 107-108.
2- McKeever, A. E., Bloch, J. R., & Bratic, A. (2013). Drug shortages and the burden of access to care: A critical issue affecting patients with cancer.Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(5), 490-495. doi:10.1188/13.CJON.490-495
View the following website:
3- Food and Drug Administration website: www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugShortages/default.htm
In the middle of a patient’s course of chemotherapy, the medication is no longer available due to manufacturing issues. The chemotherapy was prescribed for this patient using scientific evidence and patient outcomes.
Answer the following Questions:
1-How does the shortage of chemotherapy drugs impact health care?
2-Are work arounds such as substitute medications a safe alternative? Why or why not?
3-Identify an intervention that you can implement as the RN to advocate for safe patient care and positive patient outcomes when drug shortages occur.
Requirements of the paper:
1-APA style
2-275 pages minimum
3-Two citations using the articles mentioned above
SAMPLE ANSWER
The shortage of chemotherapy drugs causes the increase in the compromised patients care and healthcare costs. The delivery of healthcare is affected also leading to poor adherence to the research protocols in the health sector. The patient safety is not guaranteed with the shortage of the drugs. There have been many cases of canceled treatment and delayments which negatively impact healthcare. As a result of the delays and cancellations, the patients suffer fatal side-effect toxicities and cases of chemotherapy complications due to the shortage of drugs (Mayer, 2012). Death also occurs due to the medical errors resulting from the shortage of drugs. The shortage of drugs has also negatively impacted the medical reimbursement. The healthcare is affected negatively by the many challenges in reimbursement that result due to the drugs shortage (Mckeever et al, 2013). The shortage of the chemotherapy drugs has prompted the clinicians and pharmacists to find alternative means of solving the crisis. The pharmacists have become proactive and provided a list of the alternative agents for the drugs that are in shortage. The alternative agents provided are compared to the drugs about dosing at the onset of action and duration at the end of clinical dosing. The main reason as to why there are works around when it comes to the drug shortage issues is to deal with the daily challenges and future problems that might come along. The pharmacists and medical practitioners seek to support patient care by coming up with the alternative to acting as substitute medication (Mayer, 2012).
One of the intervention strategies I would adopt is the provision of education and putting more focus on the illness prevention. Such effort that seeks to prevent illnesses is teaching better habits, nutrition and also exercises methods. Communicating with others about the issue to ensure they have a collective voice when it comes to the drugs supply shortage (Mckeever et al, 2013). Advocating for a system that gives a vital and exclusive perspective when it comes to patient care would contribute to having more positive outcomes among the patients. Starting and providing the support groups for the patients and their family members is essential when interacting with them during the drug shortage crisis. In a nutshell, implementing of the efficient and reliable protocol goes a long way in ensuring drug shortage is properly addressed.
References
Mayer, D. K. (2012). Anatomy of a drug shortage. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(2), 107-108.
McKeever, A. E., Bloch, J. R., & Bratic, A. (2013). Drug shortages and the burden of access to care: A critical issue affecting patients with cancer.Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(5), 490-495. doi:10.1188/13.CJON.490-495
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The objective of research design and methodology is to help us organize our research in a way so that it can achieve our research goals. The selection of an appropriate research methodology will greatly depend on our epistemological perspective (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson, 2012). Both positivism and social constructionism has a number of methodologies that we can choose from depending on our research problem and the broader context in which we are going to carry out our research. For positivism, researchers can choose from experimental and quasi-experimental methods. And as we know, social constructionism approach is more concerned about several possible truths and outcomes in a research. Constructionism does not believe that there is one absolute truth and as such it has a larger group of methodologies that researchers can choose from, such as action research, cooperative inquiry, archival research, ethnography and narrative methods.
After reviewing the different available methodologies, I initially seem to prefer the narrative method more than others. This method states that stories are an important part of an organization and should be given due consideration in a research. The argument is that there are information and insights about organizations that can only be obtained through learning the organizational stories rather than conventional methods (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson, 2012). These stories can be gathered either through participant observation or through conversations and interviews with relevant people in the organization. The advantage of this method is that it provides researchers with a broad view of the research problem and the situation in the target organization(s). They are also helpful in understanding the relationship between employees and the organization and so I expect it to be relevant to my proposed research problem i.e. cultural implications of 360 degree performance appraisal in Kabul based non-profit organizations. My previous employer, FAO decided to adopt the 360 degree performance feedback approach back in 2011 but faced a lot of problems in the process. I was with FAO at the time and could identify some of the problems why this initiative was not success. And recalling those issues, I feel a narrative method can give me greater flexibility to carry out an in depth research by talking to FAO employees and listening to their stories about why the 360 degree initiative was not successful.
Case method seems another approach which can be relevant and appropriate for my research problem. In this method, the researcher focuses on one or small number of organizations and studies them in depth. Advocates of positivism approach support multiple case studies while those in favour of social constructionism prefer one case study (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson, 2012) and so it might be prudent for me to also consider focusing on one particular organization. I think it would be a particularly appropriate approach considering that most non-profit organizations in Kabul have similar structures and systems. My only concern with case method is that it seems the collection of data will require a reasonable amount of time. Given that we have around nine months for our dissertation, I will hope that this amount of time will suffice for case method approach.
Using case method, Swain et al (2004) carried out their research on the City of Milwaukee Health Department (MHD). MHD was using the conventional method i.e. supervisor to employee approach of performance appraisal in the past. The authors tried to investigate whether employee performance will improve if the MHD decided to use the multi-rater 360 degree performance appraisal system. They conducted interviews with senior managers and other employees in the organization. The use of 360 degree performance appraisal has been successful in private sector organizations but the question was whether a public sector organization MHD can also benefit from adopting such a system. This reminds me about the challenges we faced with my previous employer FAO (which is also non-profit UN organization) while trying to adopt the 360 degree performance appraisal. Initially there was a lot of optimism about the initiative but the end result was not as satisfying as we expected. However MHD’s story is different as they were successful in implementing the 360 degree performance feedback approach. Unlike FAO, MHD decided to involve employees at all levels in the development and implementation of the program. This can be a relevant area for my research as in the case of FAO, our senior management were not able to consider training or involvement of employees in the process of deploying the 360 degree performance appraisal. At the time I felt FAO employees did not take ownership of the new system and simply accepted it as an administrative requirement imposed on them by senior management.
On the other hand, Lee and Akhtar (1996) have used mixed method of research to investigate about the determinants of employee willingness to accept feedback for improving their performance. They conducted their research in two phases. In the first phase they used a questionnaire and distributed it to 100 employees in both public and private sector organizations. In the second phase, they conducted focus group interviews with employees. Based on results, they were able to identify objectives of appraisal, performance planning, fairness and accuracy of performance appraisal as vital determinants for employees to have a positive impression and attitude towards performance feedback. In this case, the use of mixed method seems a suitable approach as the research problem is not very complex or broad. The authors were trying to inquire about determinants of employees’ willingness to accept performance feedback for which a questionnaire approach combined with interviews could work well. However, the same approach may not be appropriate for my research about 360 degree performance appraisal and its cultural implications as a questionnaire may not be able to capture the different perspectives, ideas and outcomes in the context of a complex phenomena like societal or organizational culture.
References:
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. & Jackson, P. (2012) Management research. 4th ed.
London: SAGE Publications.
Lee, J. & Akhtar, S. (1996), “Determinants of employee willingness to use feedback for performance improvement: cultural and organizational interpretation”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7 (4), pp. 878-890 [Online]. Available from: https://liverpool.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=5819396&site=eds-live&scope=site (Accessed: 09 June 2016).
Swain, G. et al. (2004), “Three hundred sixty degree feedback: Program implementation in a local health department”, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 10 (3), pp. 266-271 [Online]. Available from: http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/ (Accessed: 09 June 2016).
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Positivism and social construction ism stem from philosophies of knowledge and disciplines that literally have shaped various practices and research in the last centuries. Positivism theories are based on assumptions that conclusive decisions on world view can be made through examination of evidence, our senses and empirical research. Social construction ism world view argues that a set of social interactions that exist between certain people can be fully understood through examination of various factors that contribute, shape or influence circumstances. Positivism draws its foundation on quantitative and empirical data that most positivists’ researcher s believe are reliable (Fletcher and Baldry 2000).
Three hundred Sixty Degree Feedback organizations systems are very popular in some businesses but have limited application in public health entities (Swain 2004). This feedback system is very effective in boosting employee morale, performance, organizational culture and the other organizational target outcomes. The City of Milwaukee Health Department (MHD) has succeeded in implementing the system for several years. MHD succeeded in perfecting the 360 degrees performance and feedback appraisal systems by involving its entire staff at all levels during the introduction and subsequent development and implementation of the system. Unlike other organizations like FAO that failed to implement the system successfully in the first instance due to lack of goodwill from its employees, MHD realized that the contribution of its employees was crucial to the success of the exercise (Swain 2004).
The linkage between performance and feedback can be related to the differences in the behaviors of the leaders against their subordinates especially in an environment where the leaders practice authoritarian leadership style. The differences affect the effectiveness of the feedback systems.
The factors determining employee willingness to embrace feedback systems are many and varied. Utilizing mixed methods of research various factors were identified such as positive management impression of the whole concept of the feedback system, employees’ involvement, fairness and accuracy in performance appraisal systems (Fletcher and Baldry 2000). Case method of re-searching on a limited number of companies and thoroughly studying them in depth provides a deeper insight as advocated by the proponents of positivism. Social construction ism favors a single case study that focuses on specific organization. The major misgiving is that, case method requires more time to gather additional data collection that may take a longer time (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson 2012). But according to Ellinger et al (2003) job performance and successful appraisal systems augur well with managerial coaching. Employees develop self-awareness and gain clear understanding of their expectations and responsibilities through systematic feedback from their managers. The objective of the feedback systems besides assessing training needs provides a systematic method of uniform communication (Lee and Akhtar 1996).
To conclude, various research methods can be applied when evaluating the effectiveness of feedback systems. Feedback from customers can be utilized to identify the problem areas or strengths to generate ideas in order to improve the services. MHD succeeded in perfecting the 360 degrees performance and feedback appraisal systems by involving its employees at all levels during the development and implementation of the 360 degrees feedback system while FAO failed to implement a successful feedback system due to non inclusion of its employees in its introductory stages (Lee and Akhtar 1996). Employees develop self-awareness and gain clear understanding of their expectations and responsibilities through systematic participation in the entire process.
References
Ellinger, A. D., Ellinger, A. E., & Keller, S. B., 2003, Supervisory coaching behavior, employee satisfaction, and warehouse employee performance: A dyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435-458.
Fletcher, C. and Baldry, C., 2000, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Volume 73, Issue3 pgs 303 – 319, September.
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. & Jackson, P., 2012, Management research. 4th ed.
London: SAGE Publications.
Lee, J. & Akhtar, S., 1996, Determinants of employee willingness to use feedback for performance improvement: cultural and organizational interpretational, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7 (4), pp. 878-890 [Online]. Available from: https://liverpool.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=5819396&site=eds-live&scope=site (Accessed: 09 June 2016).
Swain, G. et al., 2004, Three hundred sixty degree feedback: Program implementation in a local health departmental, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 10 (3), pp. 266-271 [Online]. Available from: http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/ (Accessed: 09 June 2016)
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Assignment Essay
Hello Witter Sir, how are you today
Thank you so much for helping me for this essay assignment. This is a 2000 words essay related to Human Dignity and Gender Selection.
In this unit university wants student to follow criteria as they give us in a sample plan for essay. Please check the sample plan for essay.
They give us 2 perspectives and relevant reading. So reading will be the main source to find out the information but you can use the other resources too, but put more focus of the give reading.
I am going to attach those readings with material, please go through it before starting essay.
You have to give answer of given question for perspective 1 and perspective 2. You don’t have to follow question answer format, please follow the essay format include answer to those questions.
• Perspective 1 is belongs to Quadrant 1A so I am going to include material given to us for read for the understanding of quadrant 1A
• Perspective 2 is belongs to Quadrant 1B so I am going to include material given to us for read for the understanding of quadrant 1B
Task: 2000 words (or equivalent)
Choose one case study from those presented.
Check the case study in attached material + Sample essay plan, otherwise they wont mark the paper, if i dont follow the sample plan
Explain why you believe this to be an issue where human dignity is a critical factor.
Analyse at least two perspectives on this particular case. The following questions should act as a guide in your analysis.
1. What understanding of the concept of human dignity appears to be at work in each perspective?
2. What are the social attitudes, norms, or circumstances that may have influenced each perspective? To what extent do these social attitudes, norms, or circumstances impact on the understanding of human dignity in each perspective?
3. How does each perspective justify particular actions or choices with reference to human dignity?
4. In this unit, we have considered human dignity and the human person as multidimensional. If you consider in isolation the argument of each perspective in turn, what aspects of human dignity could be jeopardised by any actions arising from those perspectives?
• APA Referencing
• At least 15-20 genuine references
• 90 % references has to be research based Journal article AND books
• Australian and New Zealand based study articles are preferable.
• Please have a look Rubric guideline for given topic, I need good grades in this assignment so please do me a favour and try to give me a best quality work
if you jump on this link you will find the relevant material
Module 2: What is human dignity? – EQUELLA – Australian Catholic …
https://leocontent.acu.edu.au/integ/gen/4b6f57b3-f707…/40/viewcontent?_…
If you need any other clarification please let me know
Once again thank you so much for you kind co-operation
SAMPLE ANSWER
HUMAN DIGNITY
Introduction
For decades, sex selection has been a controversial issue, choosing the sex of a child is viewed as a justifiable act since there is no harm done to anyone .I believe that gender selection creates balance in a family and culturally viewed as a desirable practice to fulfill social norms. However others ethicists believe that sex selection reinforce the idea of sexual discrimination within our societies (Caulfield & Brownsword, 2012).This explains why there are renewed efforts from civil societies and government to analyze arguments presented by different authors who either support or oppose sex selection.
This essay analyzes the meaning of human dignity from two different perspectives, the essay examines how human dignity is defined by our expression of choices and as an inherent value by the society. Based on a case study, the essay describes the social attitudes, norms and circumstance that influence such choices and their impact on our understanding of human dignity. The essay presents justifications of particular actions concerning sex selection and analyzes some of the features of human dignity that can be put at risk due to actions arising from these two perspectives mentioned therein above.
Perspective 1: The concept of human dignity
Human dignity is defined based on the belief that dignity is inherent; hence, human beings posses specific capabilities that are not found in other creatures. However, people define human dignity differently. Some people view human dignity as human life that represents personhood. From perspective 1, human dignity is defined based on beliefs that dignity is inherent. Peter Singer supports this view arguing that a human being is considered to be a person if s/he is able to display specific capabilities, meaning that the being that bears this dignity is worth the respect. From this perspective, human dignity can be defined as something all humans already posses by simply being human which other creatures do not posses (Dyal, 2014). Despite the various social reasons for sex selection which seem to be justified including having a family balance or replacing the deceased child or for cultural reasons, these reasons do not define human dignity especially in situations where boys are preferred more than girls. Blyth, Frith and Crawshaw argue that gender selection is justifiable for the sake of reproductive autonomy. The authors are against the idea of letting parents select the sex of their children especially in societies where most people have strong preference for male children over female. This is because such actions will discriminate women and girls hence reinforcing sexism ideas in the society. Blyth, Frith and Crawshaw believes that there is no difference between societies in Southern Asia and Eastern when compared to those of European nations as both of them have preference for male children. Based on this perspective, permitting gender selection is considered as discrimination against specific gender making it less valuable according to Dyal (2014).
Kalfoglou et al., (2013) view sex selection as ideas that reinforce sexual discrimination. Selecting a particular sex can cause rejection of the child if the child does not manifest the parents expected gender traits. Based on this viewpoint, Blyth, Frith and Crawshaw believe that legalization of gender selection can enahnce sexist stereotypes within the society because sex selection lowers human dignity (Dyal, 2014). In addition, sex selection has resulted in gender disparities in many countries especially in Asian countries like China and India leading to patriarchal societal agreements perceived to discriminate girls and women (Mudde, 2010).
The social attitudes, norms and circumstances that influence such perspective
Due to advanced technology, the culture of sex selection has become more popular causing harm to females. Parents who are able to access technology have the ability to control the sex of their children escaping societal stigma of failing to give birth to a son. Many parents avoid giving birth to girls since they are viewed as individuals not worth living .Parents perceive that sex selection gives them the ability to choose what type of children they want. However, this process is inhumane since it makes children to be more of products (Webb,2014).
Sex selection can also make parents be unwilling to accept some of their preferred sex shortcomings lowering the child’s self esteem. Having a strong preference for a specific sex can cause harm for the unwanted sex including rejection and killing to avoid societal blames and eliminate shame. But proponents of this idea argue that it is normal for such ideas to be rejected initially especially when people are unfamiliar with the idea. Those opposing the idea of sex selection state that that having children is not a right that one can put conditions to but emphasize that children should be viewed as gifts (De Melo-Martín, 2013). These arguments are based on our cultural beliefs.
Caulfield & Brownsword (2012), base their argument on the traditional pattern of giving gifts whereby a gift is supposed to be received without putting any condition to it. A gift is something we should accept unconditionally, this also applies to children. From a cultural perspective, sex selection promotes the idea of treating children as a commodity; it is compared to buying and selling of children. Choosing some of the features we want is acceptable only to products like cars or other commodities but does not apply to human beings. Therefore, sex selection lowers and discriminates specific gender.
Justification of specific actions in relation to human dignity
Edgar Dahl argues that before a practice can be allowed or prohibited the presumption should be in favour of liberty. According to Edgar, individuas should be permitted to make life choices without any state intervention especially if the situation does not necessarily cause harm to anyone. For him, the objections presented do not show how sex selection causes harm especially for Western societies. Edgar views life as having liberty and people should live as they want to so long as a person does not harm or infringe upon other people rights (Lee, 2016). Proponents of sex selection argue that the practice is considered harmful based on sociological and psychological assumptions. They further argue that since sex selection is an act that is contrary to an individual’s religious or moral beliefs, the practice should not be permitted by legislation (Smolin, 2013).
A report by The Task Force on ethics and laws highlights the common objection arguments used to reject the idea of sex selection. The report indicates that sex selection is compared to playing with God. Such arguments have been applied to all medical innovation before. It started by rejecting the use of chloroform to relieve pain associated with childbirth, this act was viewed as going against God’s will this also applied to the use of inoculation (Li & Pantano, 2013). Ironically, previous medical innovations viewed as going against God’s will have become part of acceptable medical practices, therefore such objections have not been taken seriously, such arguments are considered as religious claims .Proponents of sex selection argue that individuals seeking the option of sex selection should only refrain from the idea if it contravenes his religious beliefs but laws should not be imposed on people based of religious views (Dondorp et al, 2013).
Human dignity that can be jeopardized by actions arising from this perspective
Defining human dignity based on our expression of choices affects public opinion about such ideas. If these perspectives are not comprehensively analyzed by research public opinion will be flawed. The main concern is that people can use limited philosophical analysis to influence policy discussions .The definition of human dignity should not be derived from the fact that it is an individual choice but it should be to view the practice from both public and professional bioethical discussions as recommended by Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2015).
Perspective 2: Human dignity as acquired characteristic.
From perspective 2, human dignity is considered as acquired characteristics. From this perspective human dignity is viewed as pride in oneself or having the sense of own worth as a human being to live a meaningful life that is respectful .Therefore, any situation that compromises or humiliates such position is termed as a threat to human dignity. Choosing particular sex over the other for non-medical reasons places expectations on a specific child, this fails to recognize individual personhood.
Scully, Shakespeare and Banks emphasize on the fact that moral judgment is usually made from a lay person’s perspective. This means that non-experts do not justify the fact that sex selection is immoral. Based on a focus group discussion by the authors, lay people usually do not engage in philosophical arguments; their arguments are based on their beliefs. They use metaphors to support their intuitions, for example they compared children to gifts. From this perspective, children are viewed as parent’s property yet they are their own persons. Putting too much expectations on the selected children does not give them the respect making them not to be autonomous as human beings are suppose to be(Claassens, et al, 2013). Parents who select the sex of their children view their children as different people rather than the individual the child is suppose to be. Wudarczyk et al (2013) argue that choosing the sex of a child is failing to respect the human intrinsic values of the individual child.
Social attitudes, norms and circumstances that influence such perspective
In western societies, there is no preferred sex but selection of sex focuses more on creating gender balance in the family by having both boys and girls. These are common occurrences observed in Australia, Sweden and the UK .Even though sex selection does not have negative effects in these countries; Asian countries like China, Korea and India are faced with challenges associated with sex selection. These countries prefer boys to girls. This has led to over 10 million abortions within the last 20 years (Moskovian, 2013).
Activists in Asia are calling for the ban of sex selection, however, due to the different reasons parents in the UK and India have for choosing the sex of their children, banning worldwide practice of sex selection will not change the situation especially in India. So long as there are religious and economic incentives attached to boys, banning sex selection will not have any effect especially in Asian countries. Given the fact that majority of the UK population would still prefer their first children to be boys, sex selection technology will be misused to fulfill these parents’ desires (Dyal, 2014).
Justification of specific actions in relation to human dignity
The claims made that sex selection does not promote the inherent human value is considered as an intuitive reaction but not a reasonable moral response. The fact that certain human actions are unnatural does not necessary makes these actions morally wrong. For example heart transplant is unnatural but is meant to save human life (De Melo-Martin, 2013). The fact that those opposed to the claims that sex selection ought to be applicable for medical purposes is not considerate. Medical technologies helps couples with sex-linked genetic disorder produce a healthy child, this does not translate to misuse of technology to fulfill their personal desires. Furthermore, those in support of sex selection argue that this practice eliminate girls in a humane way compared to other methods like abortion or neglect, meaning that girls whose birth can be avoided will not be exposed to oppression or any discrimination according to Tregenza-Parker(2013).
In the current health care systems, physicians offer services that does not have direct medical benefits but add value to inviduals who seek for such services like cosmetic surgeries and ultrasound. The same view is applicable when it comes to sex selection. Offering sex selection services is also viewed as misuse of limited medical resources, but offering other services like face-lifts is not termed as misallocation of limited medical resources. The idea of sex selection has been misrepresented in most cases (WHO Press, 2011).
The most common argument is that sex selection causes social imbalances of gender in countries such as China and India. The concern that sex ratio is a threat to the western societies is more of an intuitive reaction with not concrete evidence. The idea of calling sex selection a sexist sin is not justifiable because most parents who prefer choosing the sex of their children do so based on the fact that they are motivated by the idea to have children from both sexes. People who belief that raising a boy is different from a girl are those who base their thinking on cultural values of children whereby girls are considerate be different from boys (Cooley & Chesnokova, 2011).
Human dignity that can be jeopardized by actions arising from this perspective
It is not essay to draw legal lines to permit some forms of sex selection while limiting others. The main worry in such situation is how parents are likely to spend their money on technology to ensure that their children are born with the specifications they want. This can result to misuse of technology (Lee, 2016).
Conclusion
It not surprising that sex selection is controversial, different people justify their reasons for gender selection by viewing it as a desirable practice aimed at fulfilling societal norms. Others view sex selection as a practice that reinforces discrimination at the same time goes against the inherent nature of human value. These two perspectives describe human dignity from different views. The case study of sex selection helps us understand some of the social attitudes, norms and circumstances that can influence our choices and how sex selection from these two perspectives can impact on our understanding of human dignity based on the justification presented in support of such actions. In conclusion, it is important to define human dignity from a multi-dimensional perspective than define it from isolated arguments to accurately define its meaning.
References
Caulfield, T., & Brownsword, R. (2012). Human dignity: a guide to policy making in the
Chapman, A. R., & Benn, P. A. (2013). Noninvasive prenatal testing for early sex identification:
A few benefits and many concerns. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 56(4), 530-
547.
Claassens, J. et al (2013). Searching for Dignity: Conversations on human
dignity, theology and disability. Toronto. Sun media.
De Melo-Martín, I. (2013). Sex selection and the procreative liberty framework. Kennedy
Institute of Ethics Journal, 23(1), 1-18.
Dondorp, W., De Wert, G., Pennings, G., Shenfield, F., Devroey, P., Tarlatzis, B., & Diedrich,
(2013). ESHRE Task Force on ethics and Law 20: sex selection for non-medical
reasons. Human Reproduction, 28(6), 1448-1454.
Cooley, D. & Chesnokova, I. (2011). Sex Selection Abortion in Kazakhstan:
Understanding a Cultural Justification, Developing World Bioethics 11, (3). 159–60.
De Melo-Martin, I. (2013). The Ethics of Sex Selection. Ethics and Emerging Technologies, 90.
Dyal, M. (2014). Whether sex-selection for non-medical reasons, using pre-implantation genetic
diagnosis, should be permitted in the UK. University of Birmingham.
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2015). Use of
Reproductive technology for sex selection for nonmedical reasons. Fertility and Sterility,
103(6), 1418-1422.
Kalfoglou, A. L. et al (2013). Ethical arguments for and against sperm sorting for non-medical sex selection: a review. Reproductive biomedicineonline, 26(3), 231-239.
Lee, M. Y. K. (2016). From the case of sex discrimination to the ideas of equality and equal
opportunities. InEthical Dilemmas in Public Policy (pp. 111-127). Springer Singapore.
Li, Q., & Pantano, J. (2013). The Demographic Consequences of Gender Selection Technology.
Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 95, (5): 1549–1561.
McGowan, M. L., & Sharp, R. R. (2013). Justice in the context of family balancing. Science,
Technology & human values, 38(2), 271-293. Current opinion in psychiatry, 26(5), 474.
Tregenza-Parker, G. (2013). Sex Selection for Family Balancing? A Legal and Ethical Analysis.
Smolin, D. M. (2013). Sex Selection, the Missing Girls of China and India, and the Challenges of Technological Control of Procreation. Regent JL & Pub. Pol’y, 6, 49.
Moskovian, A. (2013). Bans on Sex-Selective Abortions: How Far is Too Far?. Hastings
Constitutional Law Quarterly, 40(2).
Mudde ,A. (2010).‘Before You Formed in the Womb I Knew You’: Sex Selection and Spaces of
Ambiguity, Hypatia 25 (3).563–64.
Webb, D. C. (2014). The Sex Selection Debate: A Comparative Study of Sex Selection Laws in
the United States and the United Kingdom. South Carolina Journal of International Law
and Business, 10(1), 6.
WHO Press (2011). World Health Organization, Preventing Gender-based Sex Selection: An
Interagency Statement OHCHR, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN Women and WHO. Geneva.
WHO Press
Wudarczyk, O. A.et al (2013). Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations.
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As you have discovered through this course, nurses are influential members of the community and the political system. Therefore, for the purposes of this assignment you will identify a problem or concern in your community, organization, etc. that has the capacity to be legislated. You will conduct research and state a proposal. Through the legislative process, your proposal for the problem or concern may influence an idea for change into a law.
First, refer to the “How a Bill Becomes a Law” media.
Then, view the “Bill to Law Process” to watch the scenario.
After viewing the scenario, refer to the “Legislative Assignment.” You will need to save the document first in order to use it.
Submit the assignment to the instructor. You also reserve the right to submit your completed proposal to the respective government official. However, this is optional. If you select to submit your proposal as a part of the legislative process, refer to “Find Your Representative” or research the contact information on your own.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.
SAMPLE ANSWER
How a Bill Becomes a Law
The situation
Unsafe abortion among teenagers is one of the major concerns within the health care sector that needs to be addressed. Several stakeholders have recently shared their findings revealing that induce abortion accounts for a high proportion of deaths with many teenagers reporting the largest proportion of admission related to abortion complications in the US according to (UNFPA, 2010).
Background.
Several research findings indicate that increased rates of death related to abortion complication are as a result of unintended pregnancy, especially among teenagers. According to the United Nations Population Fund annual reports, a total of 6.8 million teen pregnancies occur annually across the world. Among these pregnancies one in five is unplanned therefore half of the unplanned pregnancy end up as induced abortion .research further reveal that there are a lot of misconception among young people about contraceptive (UNFPA ,2010).
Several circumstances limit accessibility and use of contraceptives these includes economic status among other important factors. According to the recent research findings, urban teenagers are more likely to have good knowledge and use contraceptive compared to teenagers who live in the rural areas. Some of the barriers that hinder teenagers from accessing family planning services are misconceptions and also their attitudes. Teenagers believe that they are not at risk f getting pregnant. In one the research conducted within the local neighborhood teenagers stated that they fear the side effects of using contraceptives while other indicated that lack of accessibility to these services is the biggest barriers as indicated by the (UNFPA ,2010) annual report .
Assessment of the situation
The Sterilization and the Abortion Act of 1977 are some of the similar legislation introduced to permit young girls to access contraceptives and abortion services without parent consent. Ironically some section of this law makes it illegal to provide contraceptive advice especially for girls below 16 years. Such laws limit the efforts of educating girls on preventing unintended pregnancies. In an attempt to address this concern, under the public health service Act, the Title X family planning program was initiated, this is the only federal program initiated to provide family planning services to the general population (Napili, 2014).
Through the public health service Act under the Title X program, the government allocated $300 million in 2015 to prevent unintended teenage pregnancies. However, the program is not flexible to offer youth-friendly services. Even though medical experts support the expansion of the Title X program to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy, lawmakers argue that this could be an attempt to legalize abortion which for them is an immoral act (Napili, 2014).
Recommendations
I propose that, to prevent abortion-related deaths; there is the need to improve the accessibility of contraceptive among young girls by providing important information to reduce the number of abortion in the country. For my proposal to become a bill, the first step is to make an appointment with my legislator writing a letter about my intentions. My letter will contain facts about unsafe abortion and how induced abortion accounts for a high proportion of deaths. After sending the letter, I will follow-up by calling the office to book an appointment. When given the chance to present my proposal, I would ask for her position on the proposal and also try to be tolerant of the differing views hoping that she will support the proposal.
Reference
Napili A (2014). Title X (Public Health Service Act) Family Planning Program. Washington
Objective: Now that you have had the chance to learn the detail background on ERP systems.
Purpose/ Description: Discuss how you would integrate ERP systems internal and external across your entire organization or an organization of your choice? Describe how you would structure the implementation of your ERP system using the project management framework. Then discuss the positive impact that an ERP will have on the organization that you work for or one of your choices especially the impact on operations and project management. Support your details with in-depth research.
(The writer can choose which organization he wants to write about).
SAMPLE ANSWER
The enterprise resource planning is a set of integrated systems that seek to ensure the efficient management of various critical operations in a given firm. The management will involve both the external and internal resources of a given organization (Chou et al, 2014). The ERP is supposed to facilitate the information flow between the various functions of business in an organization for the management of connections with the external stakeholders. The enterprise resource planning makes it possible for all the firm’s units to have accessibility to the current information and data to support planning and operations. The process entails the integration of the systems with the enterprise information resources. Such processes in an organization include customer services, marketing, human resources, finances and inventory control (Chen et al, 2013). My organization of choice that I seek to integrate the ERP system with other operations is a research marketing and computing firm.
There are various strategies adopted during the process of integration of the ERP systems internally and externally in my selected organization. When it comes to the integration of the systems, I will ensure focus is given to the customer relationship system of management. Customer interface is critical in every organization requiring the exhibition of uniqueness. I would adopt the enterprise service buss to ensure the effective integration of the internal and external systems in the research, marketing and computing firm (Chou et al, 2014). The integration process aims at including the mobile platforms and cloud-based applications that have the new and evolved protocols which are key in integrating the external systems in an organization. Adopting the enterprise service buss helps in decoupling the ERP system with other applications. The ESB system used for integration has the cloud connector that efficiently enables the enterprises to connect with cloud-based applications efficiently. The company in question requires the real times transition making the integration approach suitable in this situation. The approach to be used in this organization supports a wide array various formats of data e.g. the web-based protocols which make the integration easier (Chou et al, 2014). Information systems are core in every organization. In this case, the ESB mode of integration for both the internal and external system would you be used to integrate the whole organization.
Successful implementation of the adopted approach of integration in the organization requires careful planning toe ensure the process is effective in nature. The effective implementation ensures all the internal and external systems are linked together to ensure the smooth operations in an organization. The implementation of the ERP implementation process in an organization has some crucial phases. The phases of the process help are designing the structure for implementation using the project framework leading to success (Hepner & Dickson, 2013). The process of implementation would be structure based on the following phases that have to be followed. These phases are strategic planning, procedure review, and designs, development and data collection, testing and deployment of the project. The assignment of the project team with the employees in various departments in the organization is one of the tasks during strategic planning (Hepner & Dickson, 2013). An analysis of the operations to be improved is done in this phase. The setting of the key objectives is important in this phase of implementing the ERP. Development of the project plan by the team appointed is essential in the process of implementing the process of integrating the ERP. Procedure review is structured as one of the crucial steps during the implementation process. Training on the use of the ERP system and identification of the manual process that should be automated with the ERP systems is carried out. The standard operating procedures are also developed for every aspect of the organization’s operations. The design involves the efforts by the project team to work with the configuration of the systems (Marakas et al, 2014).
Development is the next step that is undertaken during the implementation of the ERP system. The systems are prepared for going live, which entails importing data, completing the necessary customizations and development of the user training. Testing is a paramount structure that is required in any organization while implementing the effective ERP system (Marakas et al, 2014). The alignment of the system with the set requirements is tested in the development and testing structures of the ERP implementation process. The accuracy of information and checking for any adjustments needed is done during the testing phase. Evaluation, going live and deployment is another application structure I would use when following the project development framework. The ERP system is activated safely while another round of testing can be carried out before the launching (Tang, 2015). The data for the internal and external systems is loaded and properly validated before going live. The project team starts adopting the new system in carrying out the operations of the organization.
The ongoing support to the implementation of the systems is the final stage involved in the process which entails the advances efforts requiring attention beyond the initial phase of installation. Adhering strictly to the requirements during the implementation of the ERP system in the organization leads to success and effective integration (Tang, 2015).
The ERP system has massive positive impacts on an organization after its successful implementation. The ERP is very important during any project management process in the organization due to its benefits.ERP system enhances customer responsiveness, productivity, and flexibility. Integration of the system into the core operations maximizes the business efficiency across the entire firm. The organization that conducts the marketing and computing operations improves while the products can be produced faster. There is increased productivity and also the faster delivery of the services. The ERP has the positive impact of improving customer service making the relationship management efficient in nature (Wei & Ma, 2014). Integration of the ERP system makes it possible to forecast supplies to demand the services offered. Another positive impact brought about by the integration of ERP systems is that it eliminates inefficiencies and costs in an organization. The ERP system helps in improving the company’s operations by standardizing the business processes (Tang, 2015). The management of the relationship with vendor results in a company is made easier in lower cost for the purchased items. The level of inefficiencies and increased inventory turns results due to the better resource management in a company made possible by the integration of the ERP system.
Data consistency is a great positive impact that emanates from the integration of ERP system in the organization. The organization of my choice deals mostly with marketing and computing services which deal with a lot of data processes. The business management functions of the organization are efficiently integrated into the ERP system (Nwankpa, 2015). The level of inconsistency from various systems is decreased for the effective running of operations in an organization. The managers of my organization can now easily gather accurate information to ensure the making of informed decisions. The integration of the ERP systems is also a great opportunity to expand the business operations of the organization using the internet forum. All functions and operations are linked together using the ERP systems making it easier to use the internet forum as part of the business strategy leading to success (Nwankpa, 2015).
The web-enabled technology for the organization makes it possible to run business processes, access the correct information and also communicate with the firm’s customers from anywhere in the world. Project management in ERP is usually complex and big in nature. The ability to complete the projects with the inclusion of the e-business in an organization is beneficial leading to success and quick completion of the projects in the most effective manner (Chen et al, 2013). The ERP system enhances the potential growth of the organization and future e-supply and e-commerce investments which are crucial for the organization of my choice. The ERP makes the organization have a decreased order-to-cash cycle which increases cash flow for the company which is essential when it comes to gaining of profits and quick development. The ERP system has positive impacts on the organization by reducing the chances for delays and ensuring the proper budgeting of finances (Hepner & Dickson, 2013).
In a nutshell, ERP system has many positive impacts that lead to the faster growth and development of the organization where the system is integrated. Implementation of the ERP creates data standardization, effective cross-module integration, and industry best practices. The successful implementation of the ERP system with the organization operations and projects enhances the increased flexibility of the firm and improved integrability (Marakas et al, 2014)
References
Chen, F., Wang, Q., Wei, Q., Ren, C., Shao, B., & Li, J. (2013, July). Integrate ERP system into business process management system. In Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI), 2013 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 436-439). IEEE.
Chou, H. W., Lin, Y. H., Lu, H. S., Chang, H. H., & Chou, S. B. (2014). Knowledge sharing and ERP system usage in post-implementation stage. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 16-22.
Hepner, M., & Dickson, W. (2013). The value of ERP curriculum integration: Perspectives from the research. Journal of Information Systems Education, 24(4), 309.
Marakas, G. M., & O’Brien, J. A. (2014). Introduction to information systems. McGraw-Hill Education.
Nwankpa, J. K. (2015). ERP system usage and benefit: A model of antecedents and outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 335-344.
Tang, G. (2015). System Integration of PLM and ERP Based on Cloud computing.
Wei, J., & Ma, Y. S. (2014). Design of a feature-based order acceptance and scheduling module in an ERP system. Computers in Industry, 65(1), 64-78.
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This paper will follow order# 114243 Selling a project to the right management is critical to its survival and overall success.
Purpose: From the project from order# 114243, support for this project and the projects standing in the strategy of the business. Elaborate on how you will develop and implement the process to convince management of its promising benefits and operational effectiveness.
Description: Answer the following discussions:
Now that you have identified critical information over the previous weeks do you see any risks in selling this project to your management team? Explain
You have indicated whether this project fits the strategic plan for the business.
IF this project fits the strategic plan, explain how you plan to present this project to your management?
IF this project does NOT fit the strategic plan, explain how you plan to present this project to your management
SAMPLE ANSWER
Selling Project to the Management
Introduction
Management survival and success is to a great extent influenced by the ability to sell the project to the right management. To achieve this, the project must be feasible and present undisputable benefits and demonstrate operational effectiveness. The project should also be aligned with the organization’s strategic plan and hence ensure that it adds value to the organization. This paper details how I will convince the management on the potential benefits and operational effectiveness of the Samsung Galaxy A10 project. This involves the development and implementation of the process of convincing the management.
Risks in selling the project
Selling the project to the management presents various risks, mostly based on how strategic the project is in relation to the organization’s goals and objectives. There is the risk of having the project rejected by the management if it is not considered feasible enough to warrant funding. Such decisions are informed by factors such as return on investment, presence of more promising projects and management judgment among other factors. Shenar & Dvir (2013) note that at any particular time, managers have to make a decision based on numerous project proposals.
The second risk is that the project may not be within the company’s immediate goals and aspirations. Samsung implements numerous projects depending on what is considered most strategic for the company to compete effectively. If the company’s objective is to promote its electronics business for example, the likelihood of a mobile phone project being funded may lower than a project for developing new television technology. The company’s priorities thereby determine the feasibility of the project. Unfortunately, mobile phone technology is phased out quickly and therefore the project cannot be effectively pushed forward to a later date and it would therefore remain fruitless.
The third risk is that the associated cost may limit the company from investing in the project. This would render the project futile, despite the efforts invested towards its development. Hulett (2012) notes that managers are often biased towards costs and the likelihood of judging the project based on costs are high. This means that the presentation must be convincing enough to make managers look beyond costs and instead consider the impact and future potential of the project. In the event that managers are more concerned about the project cost but find the idea worthwhile, the budget may need to be adjusted, which may impact on certain project parameters.
The ability of the plan to communicate the impact and show costs versus benefits is of great importance. In presenting the project plan, this may not come out as effectively as it should and this presents a risk of the management not understanding the process well (Swathi, 2015). This is the fourth risk and which is mostly associated with the presenter’s ability to connect with the audience, such that what is presented is interpreted in the intended manner. If the management for example fails to capture the idea and justification, the project may end up being rejected. This may also be influenced by personal factors such as bias towards certain technology and past experience with similar projects.
Project presentation plan
This project aligns well with Samsung’s strategic plan, which seeks to provide customers with the highest quality products and the latest phone technology. This insinuates that the project plan involving the production of Samsung Galaxy A10 will be well embraced by the management. It is however important to note that managers are presented with numerous projects, all with high potential to positively impact the organization’s bottom line. Accordingly, the presentation must appeal to the management based on its ability to contribute to the organization’s performance and its feasibility (Maley, 2012). In this regard, demonstrating the alignment of the project to the organization’s strategy is imperative. The presenter’s zeal and passion also contributes significantly to the management’s decision on the project. In this relation, I intend to present the project to the management as detailed below.
The first thing is to prepare effectively for the selling meeting. This includes understanding the project concept and processes, identifying the managers who will be present at the meeting and thinking about potential questions and queries that they may have (Duarte, 2012). Swathi (2015) notes that the trick is to be adequately prepared for the presentation by mastering the facts of the project including the project plans and deliverables, budgets, timelines, risk analysis, possible challenges and how these factors influence the organization’s position.
Besides understanding the components of the project, I will ensure that I demonstrate the knowledge on the problem, which is keeping up with competition, meeting customer growing needs and enhancing profitability; and the solution, which is producing a phone with improved capabilities such as the A10. I will ensure that I effectively demonstrate how the benefits associated with the project are likely to impact on the organization’s profitability. It is at this point that I will indicate how the project feeds into the organization’s strategy. As noted by Maley (2012), a project is more likely to be accepted if it contributes to the company’s strategic goals; hence the reason why it is considered an important aspect when selling a project to the management.
An important factor to consider is to ensure that the management fully understands the value addition potential of the project (Shenar & Dvir, 2013). Quality, customer satisfaction and industry leadership are major concerns for Samsung. A project that promises to improve these aspects is therefore likely to receive positive feedback from the management. In this regard, I would make quality and customer satisfaction my focus; indicating how the project would lead to significant growth in the market share based on the high quality and unique smart phone. To further justify the A10 project, I would demonstrate the phone’s superiority to competing brands and how this would ensure that Samsung can compete effectively in the smart phone industry. A comparison of various smart phones in the same category would serve the purpose of demonstrating how the A10 will compete in the market. This approach is considered effective because it makes major strategy objectives and potential value addition the focus of the presentation.
In presenting the project, it is important that I make the management aware of overall project risks and challenges that are likely to affect the timeline. This should also include the mitigation plans to ensure that the project is successfully completed. Being open about the project shortcomings ensures that the management anticipates such challenges, as opposed to where the presentation only shows the perfect side of the project, only for the challenges to emerge when the project is underway (Thamhain, 2013).
Making a presentation and answering questions may not always be enough to provide adequate information regarding the project. Therefore, I plan to come up with reference documents that can be distributed to the panel for further reference. The documents will provide the information presented in details and with additional models and graphical presentations.
It is important that I leave the management convinced about the project and my presentation must therefore end with a reemphasis of the project’s contribution to the company. This will involve repeating the project goals and objectives and how its implementation will influence the company’s ability to compete effectively in the smart phone market.
To ensure that I address the management questions effectively, I intend to familiarize myself with all the project details, including mitigation plans for possible challenges that are likely to be picked from the presentation (Soriano, 2012). This may be anticipated through prior circulation of the project document to the concerned managers and asking them to make comments on possible issues that they would like to be addressed.
Conclusion
It is clear from this discussion that convincing managers to accept a project can be a daunting task and the presentation must be done in such a way that it is highly persuasive. This includes demonstrating the impact of the project to company strategy and future performance. This discussion also establishes that there are various risks that could emerge the presentation of the project; thus limiting the management’s ability to adopt the project.
In developing the presentation, I will ensure that I emphasize on how the project will affect quality, customer service and profitability. I will also ensure that I am well prepared by understanding all aspects of the project and answering all queries and concerns effectively. Finally, reemphasizing the relevance of the project to the company’s strategic objectives will play an important role in ensuring the managers are well convinced.
References
Duarte, N. (2012). How to Present to Senior Executives. Retrieved from
Swathi, T. S. (2015). The Importance of Effective Presentation for Organizational Success. IUP
Journal of Soft Skills, 9(2), 7-21. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7&sid=ba93f0fb-01b2-4504-8bd5-4cf308c0a6e4%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4108
Thamhain, H. (2013). Managing Risks in Complex Projects. Project Management Journal,
44(2), 20-35. doi:10.1002/pmj.21325. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=290126a3-af89-4de8-a534-9d871089f2a1%40sessionmgr4002&vid=1&hid=4108
Lisy, K. (2014). Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children. The American Journal of Nursing, 114(5), 16. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000446761.33589.70
Makic, M., Rauen, C., Jones, K. and Fisk, A. (2015) Continuing to challenge practice to be evidence based. Critical Care Nurse, 35(2), 39-50. doi:10.4037/ccn2015693
Certain practice habits continue to be used despite the availability of research and other forms of evidence that should be implemented to guide practice interventions. CPT is often prescribed for children with pneumonia, asthma, bronchiolitis, and atelectasis following surgery or mechanical ventilation.
Initial Discussin Post::
What is the expected outcome when implementing CPT?
What are the risks of performing CPT? Do the risks outweigh the benefits?
Is the practice of CPT supported by evidence? Are there safe, alternative interventions that the RN can implement to achieve the same outcome as performing CPT? If so, identify at least one.
Base your initial post on your readings and research of this topic.
*FORMATTING AND STYLE FOR WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS:
*APA style is required for the writing assignments.
The body of your initial post to the discussion question must:
Contain a minimum of 250 words. References, citations, and repeating the question do not count towards the 250 word minimum.
• Contain at least one (1) current professional nursing reference.
o A current professional nursing reference is from current (five [5] years old or less) professional sources published in the United States.
o Sources such as Wikipedia, Medicine Net, nursing blogs etc. are not professional nursing resources and do not count towards the one (1)reference minimum.
Required:
Textbooks for this paper:
Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing**
• Chapter 23: Management of Patients with Chest and Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders (sections on “Atelectasis”, “Acute Tracheobronchitis” , “Pneumonia”, “Aspiration”, “Pleurisy” and “Pleural Effusion”, “Acute Respiratory Failure”,” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome” and “Chest Trauma”)
• Chapter 24: Management of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease (sections on “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” and “Plan of Nursing Care – Care of the Patient with COPD” )
Pharmacology**
• Chapter 41: Drugs for Lower Respiratory Disorders
Nursing Diagnosis Guidebook
• Use your chosen Nursing Diagnosis Guidebook to review the nursing diagnoses specific to the content covered in this module
Maternal and child health nursing**
• Chapter 40: Nursing Care of a Family When a Child has a Respiratory Disorder(sections on “Aspiration”, “Bronchial Obstruction”, “Bronchiolitis”, “Pneumonia”, “Atelectasis” and “Pneumothorax” only)
Web Based and Other Professional Resources:
• Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children (2014)**
• Continuing to challenge practice to be evidence based (2015)
• CDC guidelines for the pneumococcal vaccine
***Required Materials and text book for Nursing 211 course.
Textbooks (Chapter numbers and titles may differ in subsequent editions of a given textbook. If your edition is different, use the Table of Contents in the textbook to locate the appropriate chapters to read):
Hinkle, J., & Cheever, K. (2014). Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing (13th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Kee, J., Hayes, E., & McCuistion, L. (2015). Pharmacology: A patient-centered nursing process approach (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Nursing Diagnosis Guidebook
A pocket-size nursing diagnosis guidebook of your choice that is no more than one edition old, that includes NANDA International-approved nursing diagnoses, definitions, defining characteristics, and possible nursing Interventions.
Pillitteri,A. (2014). Maternal and child health nursing: Care of the childbearing & childrearing family (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Web Based and Other Professional Resources:
American Heart Association. (2014). American Heart Association issues e-cigarettes recommendations.
Jenerette, C. M., Brewer, C. A., & Ataga, K. I. (2014). Care seeking for pain in young adults with sickle cell disease. Pain Management Nursing, 15(1), 324-330 7p. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2012.10.007
Johnson, M. and Pennington, N. (2014). Adolescent use of electronic cigarettes: An emergent health concern for pediatric nurses. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.pedn2014.11.006
Lisy, K. (2014). Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children. The American Journal of Nursing, 114(5), 16. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000446761.33589.70
Mahon, S. Screening for breast cancer: Evidence and recommendations. (2012). Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16 (6), 567-571. doi10.1188/12.CJON.567-571
Makic, M., Rauen, C., Jones, K. and Fisk, A. (2015) Continuing to challenge practice to be evidence based. Critical Care Nurse, 35(2), 39-50. doi:10.4037/ccn2015693
Mayer, D. K. (2012). Anatomy of a drug shortage. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(2), 107-108.
McKeever, A. E., Bloch, J. R., & Bratic, A. (2013). Drug shortages and the burden of access to care: A critical issue affecting patients with cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(5), 490-495. doi:10.1188/13.CJON.490-495
Purbaugh, T. (2014). Alarm fatigue: A roadmap for mitigating the cacophony of beeps. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing; 33 (1), 4-7.
Stevens, S. (2015). Preventing 30-day Readmissions. Nursing Clinics of North America, 50 (Transformational Tool Kit for Front Line Nurses), 123-137. doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2014.10.010
Wilson, B. H., & Nelson, J. (2015). Sickle cell disease pain management in adolescents: A literature review. Pain Management Nursing, 16, 146-151. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2014.05.015
American Cancer Society
CDC guidelines for the pneumococcal vaccine
Drug Shortages page of the Food and Drug Administration website
Pulmonary Hypertension Association
SAMPLE ANSWER
Question 1
Chest Physical Therapy (CPT) is a technique that helps patients breathe more freely and receive more body oxygen. It is based on the theory that when particular back and chest parts are percussed, transmission of shock waves occurs through the chest wall. This in turn loosens the airway secretions. CPT has been used commonly in children with pneumonia. In a well-positioned, the secretions flow into the upper airways and then cleared through deep breathing techniques and coughing. The outcomes of CPT implementation include improved respiratory efficiency, elimination of respiratory secretions, changes in breath sounds, increased blood oxygenation as measured by ABG sampling, and improved chest X-ray findings.
Question 2
Some of the risk factors that have been associated with CPT include pulmonary hemorrhage, vomiting and aspiration, injury or pain to the ribs, spine or muscles, dysrhythmias, bronchospasms, and occasions of acute hypotension in some patients. CPT does more harm than go to the patient.
Question 3
There is no evidence that supports the use of CPT in evacuating mucus from the peripheral lung regions. Registered nurses have been challenged to evaluate their practice and embrace clinical practices that are evidence-based into their daily practice. Newer and safer interventions have been introduced in clinical practice to aid in curbing the adverse effects of CPT (Lisy, 2014). The interventions include Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT), autogenic drainage, forced expiratory technique (FET), and positive expiratory pressure (PEP). An interview like ACBT aids patients with respiratory conditions in clearing sputum by loosening and moving the sputum from the airways. Conversely, in PEP patients breathe against a resistance to force air behind the mucus and help it move from the air walls.
Reference
Lisy, K. (2014). Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children. The American Journal of Nursing, 114(5), 16. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000446761.33589.70
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Epistemology is one of the basic hypothesis, along with ontology/methodology/others, to discuss philosophy and the starting point to construct any nature/science research. Epistemology explores topics like what is the nature of knowledge/fact, how are they acquired, the boundary between experiential/critical knowledge and what is the criteria to evaluate knowledge (Harmon & Mayer, 1986). Various concepts are drawn upon to address these topics. For example rationalism, empiricism and criticism are used to discuss the nature & source of knowledge, idealism & realism to discuss the very existence of object that knowledge interacts with (how do we know what we know) and dogmatism, skepticism & positivism to sense the boundary of acquiring knowledge (is it possible to have knowledge at all). By contrasting & discussing epistemological stance certain knowledge constructs its theory upon, more critical understanding of the limitation & possibility of the knowledge/authors can be acquired (Easterby-Smith, et al, 2008)
Management & business research focuses on the applicability of certain theory. Since such research is built upon established theory/knowledge (standing on the shoulder of giant), originality is mainly claimed through critical understanding of the limitation & possibility of the researched theory/knowledge, which marks the difference with doctoral thesis where contrition to theory of or even creation of new theory is required. Such requirement connects the formulation of a management research problem with the critical examination/evaluation of epistemological stance towards the authors of particular theory as well as the researcher itself. Having similar epistemological stance between theory author & researcher, for example both believes in knowledge empiricism & objects realism and use social constructionism model, might lead to similar composition of the researcher’s management & business research & produces similar observation/results, which may not satisfy the expectation of originality, applicability and creativity for master level student. In this sense, understanding the epistemological stance both parties take can potentially help the researcher to balance the objectivity of the research by carefully reviewing discussions (supports & criticism) upon the theory researched and acquire in-depth view of the history, contribution, limitation & future trend of certain theory. The author can then base on its own epistemological stance to decide what & how it wish to access the theory itself: Will it choose to support, argue, or neutralize (seeking common ground) different epistemological stances of certain theory that may ultimately lead to new discovery of its applicability.
My research interest is operation model simulation’s applicability in complicated situation (like demand planning & forecasting or factory operation) where human interventions happens a lot. And i see this topic offers an interesting perspective with its epistemological stance embedded between two concepts mentioned by Easterby-smith, et al (2008): social constructionism & positivism. Whilst operation model simulation is a computer science based theory that believes in the connection between data and consequences (a reflection of positivism), demand planning & forecasting/factory operation to a very large extent is an interaction involves multiple stake holders on the supply chain where collective intelligence is valued (a reflection of social constructivism). In fact this observation goes beyond the operation modeling itself but to the underpinned philosophy of supply chain management framework: How to balance various parties’ interest and seek to maximize the efficiency of the supply chain and minimize the cost. Positivism usually offers a starting point from a data mining & phenomenon understanding stand point but when investigation goes deeper social constructivism comes into play from a knowledge/expertise/interest interaction stand point between various parties. From my own experience in managing both, i believe in seeking a common ground between positivism & social constructivism will offer benefit to operation improvement. This might also reveal certain prospect of human-machine interactive relationship into the future.
Reference:
Harmon, M. M., & R. T. Mayer. (1986), Organization Theory for Public Administration, Boston: Little, Brown
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. & Jackson, P. (2012) Management research, 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications
SAMPLE ANSWER
Epistemology: Reply
In this post, the student is spot on by stating that epistemology is one of the fundamental hypotheses, along with ontology and methodology, for discussing philosophy and is in fact the basis for constructing science or nature research. Generally, methodology is concerned with the research techniques and tools, and ontology focuses on people’s suppositions with regard to the nature of things and how the world is made up (Burrell & Morgan, 2011). Conversely, epistemology is concerned with people’s beliefs with regard to how a person may discover knowledge regarding the world (Harmon & Mayer, 1986). In essence, epistemology is a core area of philosophy that is focused on the limits, sources as well as nature of knowledge; this is something which the student has rightly pointed out in the post. To add on what the student has stated in the post, epistemology focuses on issues to do with the creation as well as dissemination of knowledge (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson, 2012).
In addition, the student’s area of research interest, which is the applicability of operation model simulation in complicated situations where there is a great deal of human interventions, is actually an exciting area of research. This topic is really fascinating since it will allow the researcher to delve into the twin concepts of positivism and social constructivism which embed the epistemological standpoint. While positivism offers the basis from a phenomenon and data mining view, social constructivism offers understanding from a knowledge, expertise or interest interaction stance between different parties. Finding a common ground between social constructivism and positivism may present benefit to operation improvement, and may as well allow the researcher to determine particular prospect of human-machine interactive relationship (O’Gorman & MacIntosh, 2015). As such, the topic which the student identified will be a very interesting one to look into.
References
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. & Jackson, P. (2012) Management research, 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications
Harmon, M. M., & R. T. Mayer. (1986), Organization Theory for Public Administration, Boston: Little, Brown
O’Gorman, K. D., & MacIntosh, R. (2015). Research Methods for Business and Management, 2nd Edition, Goodfellow Publishers Ltd: Oxford.
Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (2011). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Heinemann: London
Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Order Instructions: Benchmark Assignment: Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Report
View Rubric Details:
In a formal paper of 1,000-1,250 words, you will discuss the work of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative on the Future of Nursing and the Institute of Medicine research that led to the IOM report, “Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.” Identify the importance of the IOM “Future of Nursing” report related to nursing practice, nursing education and nursing workforce development. What is the role of state-based action coalitions and how do they advance goals of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action?
Explore the Campaign for Action webpage (you may need to research your state’s website independently if it is not active on this site): http://campaignforaction.org/states
Review your state’s progress report by locating your state and clicking on one of the six progress icons for education, leadership, practice, interpersonal collaboration, diversity, and data. You can also download a full progress report for your state by clicking on the box located at the bottom of the webpage.
In a paper of 1,000-1,250 words:
1. Discuss the work of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative on the Future of Nursing and the Institute of Medicine research that led to the IOM report, “Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.”
2. Identify the importance of the IOM “Future of Nursing” report related to nursing practice, nursing education and nursing workforce development.
3. What is the role of state-based action coalitions and how do they advance goals of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action?
Summarize two initiatives spearheaded by your state’s Action Coalition. In what ways do these initiatives advance the nursing profession? What barriers to advancement currently exist in your state? How can nursing advocates in your state overcome these barriers?
A minimum of three scholarly references is required for this assignment.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Please Note: Assignment will not be submitted to the faculty member until the “Submit” button under “Final Submission” is clicked.
*******RUBRIC*********
Benchmark Assignment: Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Report
1
Unsatisfactory
0.00%
2
Less than Satisfactory
75.00%
3
Satisfactory
79.00%
4
Good
89.00%
5
Excellent
100.00%
80.0 %Content
5.0 % Provided an original summary of the key messages of the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Any specific references should be cited.
Did not attempt to provide a summary of the key messages of the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, or failed to cite specific references to the IOM report.
Provided a skeletal summary of the key messages of the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Some of the specific references to the IOM report were cited or were done incorrectly.
Demonstrates a moderate knowledge of the subject. Recognizes the basic ideas. Misinterprets evidence on the committee’s initiative.
Demonstrates good knowledge of the subject. Correctly describes the committee’s initiative. Justifies some of the impacts on the Future of Nursing.
Provided an original summary of the key messages of the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. References specific to the IOM report were properly cited.
15.0 % Identify the role of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative and the American Association of Retired Persons on the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action and the State-Based Action Coalitions
Does not demonstrate knowledge of role. Fails to identify the impact of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing.
Demonstrates minimal knowledge of the subject. Does not adequately visualize or justify the work of the Committee of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing.
Demonstrates a moderate knowledge of the subject. Recognizes the basic ideas. Misinterprets evidence on the committee’s initiative.
Demonstrates good knowledge of the subject. Correctly describes the committee’s initiative. Justifies some of the impacts on the Future of Nursing.
Demonstrates full and deep knowledge of the subject. Develops and explains an informed position on the committee’s initiative, integrates and justifies the impact on the Future of Nursing
15.0 % Identify the importance of the IOM FON report related to the nursing workforce
Does not demonstrate knowledge of the concept or its role. Fails to identify the importance of the IOM FON report related to the nursing workforce.
Demonstrates minimal knowledge of the subject. Does not adequately visualize or justify the importance of the IOM FON report related to the nursing workforce.
Demonstrates a moderate knowledge of the subject. Recognizes the basic ideas. Misinterprets evidence on the importance of the IOM FON report related to the nursing workforce.
Demonstrates good knowledge of the subject. Correctly describes the importance of the IOM FON report related to the nursing workforce.
Demonstrates full and deep knowledge of the subject. Develops and explains the importance of the IOM FON report, integrates and justifies the importance of the IOM FON report related to the nursing workforce.
15.0 % Discuss the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action
Does not demonstrate knowledge of the concept or its role. Fails to identify the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action.
Demonstrates minimal knowledge of the subject. Does not adequately visualize or identify the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action.
Demonstrates a moderate knowledge of the subject. Recognizes the basic ideas. Misinterprets evidence on the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action.
Demonstrates good knowledge of the subject. Correctly describes the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action.
Demonstrates full and deep knowledge of the subject. Develops and explains the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action, integrates and justifies the intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action.
15.0 % Identify the rationale of state-based action coalitions
Does not demonstrate knowledge of the concept or its role. Fails to identify the rationale of state-based action coalitions.
Demonstrates minimal knowledge of the subject. Does not adequately identify the rationale of state-based action coalitions.
Demonstrates a moderate knowledge of the subject. Recognizes the basic ideas. Misinterprets evidence on the rationale of state-based action coalitions.
Demonstrates good knowledge of the subject. Correctly identifies the rationale of state-based action coalitions.
Demonstrates full and deep knowledge of the subject. Develops and explains and identifies the rationale of state-based action coalitions and justifies a rationale for state-based action coalitions.
15.0 % Discuss one state-based action coalition and two initiatives
Does not demonstrate knowledge of the concept or its role. Fails to identify one state-based action coalition and two initiatives.
Demonstrates minimal knowledge of the subject. Does not adequately identify one state-based action coalition and two initiatives.
Demonstrates a moderate knowledge of the subject. Recognizes the basic ideas. Identifies but misinterprets one state-based action coalition and two initiatives.
Demonstrates good knowledge of the subject. Correctly identifies one state-based action coalition and two initiatives.
Demonstrates full and deep knowledge of the subject. Develops and explains the one state-based action coalition and two initiatives, integrates and justifies one state-based action coalition and two initiatives.
15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness
5.0 % Thesis Development and Purpose
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.
Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; the purpose is not clear.
Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. Is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness
5.0 % Paragraph Development and Transitions
Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. The organization is disjointed.
Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident.
Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in the organization and/or in their relationships to each other.
A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to the purpose.
There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness
5.0 % Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.
The prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.
The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
5.0 %Format
2.0 % Paper Format (1- inch margins;12-point-font;double-spaced;Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier)
The template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.
The template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.
The template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.
The template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.
All format elements are correct.
3.0 % Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment)
No reference page is included. No citations are used.
The reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used.
The reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present.
The reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and GCU style is usually correct.
In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
100 % Total Weightage
New York Action Coalition
The Future of Nursing New York State Action Coalition is the driving force for the implementation of the Institute of Medicine recommendations in our state. We are working with diverse stakeholders to create and model innovative solutions that will lead to healthier communities, with nurses leading the way.
Visit Our Website
Blog Posts by:
New York Action Coalition
Fostering Interprofessional Collaboration in Health Care
Collaboration is the cornerstone of success in any team. Interprofessional collaboration is one of the trademarks of several highly successful health care innovations. When nurses collaborate as equals with other health care providers, patient outcomes and quality of more
Issues: Fostering Interprofessional Collaboration, Locations: New Jersey, New York,
Transforming Nursing Education
More highly educated nursing workforce needed to provide more complex patient care, experts say. Many registered nurses (RNs) start—and finish—their post-secondary education with an associate degree in nursing (ADN). But health care experts want more nurses to see more
Issues: Transforming Nursing Education, Locations: National, New York, Texas, Wyoming,
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New York Action Coalition
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Susan Apold
Susan Apold
Professor
New York University College of Nursing
Debbie Stamps
Debbie Stamps
Chief Nursing Officer
Newark-Wayne Community Hospital
Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Sample Answer
Benchmark Assignment: Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Report
With over 3 million practitioners, the profession of nursing forms the largest section of the US’s health care workforce. Nurses play a central role in assisting patients in realizing the objectives of the Affordable Care Act, legislation that forms a wide range of health care overhaul since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. However, some obstacles have hindered nurses from effectively responding to the ever changing clinical settings as well as an evolving health care system. These challenges include a shortage of nurses, technological changes, and the shortage of educational opportunities for nursing. These barriers need to be addressed so that nurses can be in the best position of leading change and advancing health.
Work of RWJF Committee Initiative
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) in conjunction with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) established a major initiative that has served as a guide in the future of nursing. RWJF partnered with IOM in conducting a study and developed a report meant to transform the future of nursing. The IOM committee through this study determined potential challenges that were facing the nursing profession and compiled a report on the modifications in institutional policies at the local, state, and national levels. RWJF through the IOM’s study committee reviewed innovative models of nursing education and care delivery and provided solutions that could be used to improve the quality of care delivery at an affordable cost.
RWJF established the initiative of the “Future of Nursing” that examined the potential of promoting the quality and accessibility of care through the use of nursing-led solutions. The report had recommendations geared towards determining significant roles for nurses in planning and executing an effective and efficient health care system.
Some of the recommendations that were highlighted in the report include an examination of innovative solutions associated with the delivery of care and nursing education with a focus on nursing and the provision of patient care. It was also recommended that the nursing faculty should be expanded, the capacity of schools increased, and nursing education be redesigned in order to ensure that it produces a sufficient number of well-prepared nurses that are able to meet health care demands. Fineberg & Lavizzo-Mourey, (2013) state that clinical and community care in the US has become more complex. Therefore, the education provided should equip nurses so that they can make important decisions linked to care for frail patients and work with sophisticated, life-saving technology. The report also pointed out that the role of nurses within the context of the health care workforce, future technology, nursing shortage, and societal issues should be re-conceptualized. Nurses are called upon to collaborate with different health care professionals and coordinate care across different settings. Moreover, the committee proposed that for improved patient outcomes to be realized, the health care sector should attract and retain competent nurses in different care settings such as acute, primary care, ambulatory care, long term care, public, and community health.
The RWJF used the report in its extensive communication in conjunction with the IOM. To support the initiative, the RWJF sponsored a team of experts who discussed the issues raised by the IOM committee. The IOM also played a vital role in the development of the report. For instance, it provided evidence-based proposals to clinicians, private stake holders as well as the general public and provided independent, objective, and technical advice to policymakers. Additionally, the IOM ensured that the recommendations that were developed had an agenda that was clearly defined with an action plan that was properly formulated.
The Importance of the IOM Report
The recommendations provided by the IOM in report center around the vital intersection between the actions of the nursing workforce and the health care needs of different people across the lifespan (Reed, 2015, November). They are meant to promote the efforts of improving the health of the people of US through contributions of nurses. They have an impact in various nursing aspects such as;
Nursing Practice
Nurses have a great potential of leading innovative strategies tailored towards improving the health care system. However, a number of state regulations limit the scope of nursing practice. Depending on the state, regulations on the scope of nursing practice of a RN may deny or limit prescriptions of medications, admission of patients, assessment of patient conditions, and evaluation of tests. However, the IOM report insists that nurses should provide care to the full extent of their education and training. This has promoted delivery of quality care as nurses provide necessary care with a little limitation of the potential.
Nursing education
Through the report, profound changes were introduced in nursing education both before and after receiving a license (Keating, 2014). This resulted in the betterment of nursing education which has ensured that the current and future generations of nurses provide quality, patient-centered, safe, care across settings. Nurses have also been encouraged to act in response to the demands of the ever-changing health care sector by attaining higher levels of education and training.
Nursing workforce
To address the issue of a nursing shortage, the implementation of the IOM report has led to the entry of a greater number of nurses with a baccalaureate degree early in their life. The report has also resulted in the transformation of the practice environment through a balance of skills and perspectives among nurses and other health care providers.
Role of State-Based Action Coalitions and the Future of Nursing
States in the US have formed state-based coalitions that are aimed at enhancing the implementation of the proposed IOM recommendations. These coalitions mobilize stakeholders in the health care sector in order to promote the development of a clear plan of action. The state of New York has been in the frontline in shaping the future of nursing practice. For instance, it has adopted an initiative that is geared towards promoting nursing education for it to be in line with set standards necessitate so that is can meet the complex nature of the health care sector (Campaign for Action, 2014). The initiative also proposes that nurses should take up leadership roles in the promotion of the health care system. The objective of this initiative is to make sure that nurses know their roles as leaders and the public acknowledges the competence of nurses when promoting strategies. The state of New York has also built a strong and highly-competent nursing workforce. These initiatives have given the state’s nurses the opportunity of contributing actively in the promotion of care delivery.
The state of New York has been barred by barriers which limit proper advancement of IOM recommendations. One such barrier is the shortage of nursing workforce. This has resulted in overworking of the nursing leading to job burnout which in turn prevent delivery of quality patient care. It is also important to note the insufficient of nursing workforce has also resulted in an increase in hospitalization cases. Nursing advocates can play a central role in ensuring that the IOM recommendations are achieved. For instance, the advocates can engage actively in decision making processes that will introduce transformational policies in the health care sector. The barrier of nursing shortage can be addressed through increasing admission of undergraduate nursing students and increasing nursing schools. The policies should also target nursing education so that it can enlighten the nurses on how to deliver quality care despite the myriad of challenges facing the health care sector.
Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Conclusion
The US has the potential of transforming its health care sector and nurses should contribute majorly in this transformation. The IOM report has been essential in the health care sector as it calls on nurses to play a central role in America’s increasingly multifaceted health care system. Moreover, nurses have been urged to adopt leadership roles in all care settings so that they can satisfy the demands of the evolving health care. The health care delivery competencies has enabled nurses to examine the likely evolution of the health care sector, evaluate their career goals, and determine what should be done to achieve the set objectives. Some of the interventions that have been put forward include advancement of academic education, continuing education, as well as certification. These advancements have been necessary in equipping nurses with appropriate skills for tackling the challenges they encounter. However, the efforts of improving the organizational conditions not only rest solely on nurses but also on health care organizations, the government, insurance industry, and professional associations. Collaboration of these diverse parties will help in ensuring that the health sector offers affordable, seamless, quality care that is easily accessible.
Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing References
Fineberg, H. V., &Lavizzo-Mourey, R. (2013). The future of nursing: A look back at the landmark IOM report.
Keating, S. B. (2014). Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing. Springer Publishing Company.
Reed, J. (2015, November). Creating a Culture of Health: Opportunities for Public Health Nursing to partner with State Action Coalitions. In 143rd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (October 31-November 4, 2015). APHA.
