The Individual and the Community
Drawing on the readings and lectures for this topic, examine the tensions between the claim to individual autonomy and the obligation to conform to the expectations of the wider community. Answer with reference to ONE of the following issues: immigration, immunisation, obesity, euthenasia, same sex marriage.
based on this authors and readings, please read them and make it professional.
1.* Theodore Zeldin, An Intimate History of Humanity (1994), pp. 43-54.
2.* Alain de Botton, The Consolations of Philosophy (2000), pp. 3-42.
3. Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the
Ideas that have Shaped our World View (1991), pp. 282-290.
4. Lawrence Stone, ‘The public and private stately homes of England,
1500-1900’, Social Research, vol. 58, no. 1(1991), pp. 227- 251.
5.* Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction (2002), pp. 212- 221.
6. C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 9-25.
7. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (revised edn, 1991), pp. 37-46.
8. Katherine Betts, The Great Divide: Immigration Politics in Australia (1999), pp. 97-134.
above 8 readings are important!
Helena Grehan and Andrew Webster: ‘Introduction to the Unit: Nothing speaks for itself’
Topic One: The individual and the community Lecture 2 (Tuesday, 25 February)
Helena Grehan and Andrew Webster: ‘Autonomous individuals and imagined communities’
WEEK 2
Lecture 3 (Monday, 3 March)
Andrew Webster (History): ‘The Enlightenment creates the individual’
Peta Bowden (Philosophy): ‘Women’s autonomy and the Pill’ WEEK 3
SAMPLE ANSWER
Individual autonomy is the freedom that allows people to do things, within the ethical acceptance, without external manipulation. It is the freedom that allows people to undertake what they deem right in their conscience without external control, as long as they are of stable mind (Wright, 1995). The concept of individual is of central concern, especially, within the diverse community. Several personal issues that should be left at the discretion of the concerned individuals are, at times, greatly controlled by the communities’ perception about them. For instance, issue such as immigration, immunization, obesity, euthanasia and same sex marriage among others are always at the core of individual autonomy with regards to their existence in the community.
For this case, analysis is given to the issue of immunization and individual autonomy as well as how the community plays a role to the effect. Immunization is normally carried out to prevent development of serious health problems and illnesses. For instance immunization against polio or whooping cough. Some of the diseases in which immunization are carried against are sometimes highly contagious. If, there is an immunization against them, the community always have a feeling that it should be mandatory to all individuals of a community who require it (Wright, 1995). However, according to the medicine and health fraternity, individuals have a right to determine what form of health action is administered to them.
The members of a community believes that their general safety and protection is more important than an individual’s freedom or rights. This simply means that, when the community’s interest overrides the rights and freedom of an individual, the community’s interests are prioritized. For instance, a highly contagious disease, but which a vaccine to it is available; then immunization is compulsory to all individuals of a community affected(Wright, 1995). Nonetheless, these moves are contradictory the individual’s autonomy with regards to medication. In this case, community manipulates the actions of individuals.
Although, in some cases individuals may have a free will to decide whether to undertake an immunization against a disease or not. This is only possible when such a disease to which immunization is offered is not easily spread. The individual in this case has all the rights and freedom to decide whether or not to be offered the medication. Nevertheless, the community can still manipulate the decision through sensitization and encouragements that in turn influences an individual’s decision. Individual autonomy is fundamental for a sound community(Wright, 1995), although it is highly regulated by the community itself.
The DEADLINE is DECEMBER 29, 2014. This is a Graduate course. Please use double-spaced format. Responses should be in APA style and must include citations and a bibliography. You are strongly advised to access a variety of information from academic journals and other scholarly works. Ensure that your answers are well-organized and that they respond to the specific question asked, display the range and depth of your learning, and demonstrate your ability to conform to the analysis, writing, and research standards of master’s level work. The question must be answered fully. Do not make your sentences too wordy. Each question needs to be 10 pages and should have at least 9 references.
Question 1
The city of Gainesville, population 54,000, has an undocumented population of immigrants totaling an estimated 3,200 people. This population is clustered largely in the southeastern portion of the city. Law enforcement is faced with the challenge of protecting this population from crime, while at the same time law enforcement is also charged with enforcing laws that prohibit illegal immigration. If law enforcement enforces the immigration policies, then the undocumented immigrants may be hesitant to call the police when they need assistance. As a result, however, crime within this area may increase. If law enforcement does not enforce these laws, then it may be neglecting its duty. What should the police department do? As a part of this, please identify the different stakeholders and constituents impacted by this policy, and assess any social, political, cultural, and ethical implications.
Question 2
What is leadership? As a part of your definition, please differentiate between leaders, managers, and followers. Explore the principles of leadership and how each of the following leadership theories can explain, shape, and improve the governance and management of public policy: Great Leader Theory; Servant Leadership; Transformational Leadership; and Situational Leadership; Be sure to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each theory explored.
SAMPLE ANSWER
PART 1
The city of Gainesville has a sizeable portion of illegal immigrants just like most places in the US. The police department is at a loss as to the action required in dealing with these people. Since they have a mandate to deal with illegal immigrants, they feel they cannot just ignore them. However, dealing with illegal immigration may cause the immigrants to refrain from sharing information with the police which is valuable for fighting crime. Once the illegal immigrants stop contacting police when they have problems, the city may become more prone to criminal activity.
The police department needs to make a choice between two sets of crime. First is illegal immigration which in itself is a violation of the laws in the country (Buchannan, 2006). Second is the lack of information on criminal activities or criminals operating in the city. Thus, the decision made should depend of solution of the greater crime. Research indicates that there is a concerted effort by many state governments in dealing with illegal immigrants. There is a consensus that this group of people is a valuable resource that can help the country develop further. There is also the need for tracking all people within the country for the purposes of planning and providing mandated services. All these factors indicate that the police department needs to consider all the facts before taking a decision.
The recommendation is that the police department overlook the fact that there are illegal immigrants and deal with the provision of security for all people. It is important that all stakeholders be involved in the decisions made and also in keeping Gainesville crime free. The mandate of the police department is to ensure that there is law and order. This can only be achieved if people within the city trust law enforcement enough to volunteer relevant information. The problem with dealing with illegal immigrants at the law enforcement level is that it alienates an important constituent that operates behind the scenes. Since illegal immigrants do not usually have the requisite documentation to operate as normal citizens, they are enlisted in an underground economy that may be a breeding ground for crime (Archibold, 2010). The people that are in that system are largely illegal immigrants making them valuable in combating crime.
There is a major consensus amongst US citizens that there is a problem of illegal immigration. However, the problem is that no one seems to have an idea of how to fix the system. There are many people that are affected by illegal immigration starting with the citizens, the government, legal immigrants and the illegal immigrants themselves. People that directly work with immigrants include lawyers, , social workers, teachers, healthcare providers, small business owners and law enforcement. The main problem that they cite is the lack of integration and assimilation of immigrant communities in the US. The illegal immigrants must seek education for their children and must have access to healthcare facilities. Thus, they divide opinions among many people since some hold that they cost more than they earn for the system. The policy of overlooking the status of illegal immigrants for the sake of maintaining security is largely based on the actions that have been witnessed in various states.
The most common sentiments by members of the American society were that there needed to be more religious tolerance, diversity, integration, citizen engagement, contribution, positive impact, defused tension and access. The society is divided into both liberal and conservative citizens. The major concern for the conservatives is how much money is spent on immigrants in addition to what they can legally do. There also seems to be a misconception about the current immigration law. There seems to be popular support for dealing with illegal immigrants. The terms that are associated with illegal immigrants are mostly about social security. For the immigrants themselves, they simply would want to be treated humanely. There seems to be a general feeling of discrimination with illegal immigrants that are well educated and rich being favoured unlike the poor and uneducated. The law enforcement and immigration officers often speak to the illegal immigrants with harshness and associate them with criminality. Several authors on immigration around the world seem to be in consensus that immigration officials have a common mindset in associating illegal immigration with criminality.
President Obama has severally stated his desire to reform the immigration sector in the US (Obama, 2012). One piece of legislation that is expected to be passed by congress is the DREAM act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors). The act is meant to target people who immigrated to the US before they were 18 years old and who have lived for over five years before the bill was crafted. The act targets those people that have been declared as having good moral character and have graduated from high schools in the US. The people that serve for a period of two years in the military of serve two years in a four year institution of higher education qualify for a six year temporary residence with the option of making it permanent when the period lapses. Although there are many issues with legislation of immigration in the US, there is still a genuine concern that the enforcement of the DREAM act would be tricky. The first point of contention is how to determine a person’s moral character. The people that are opposed to such legislation argue that it may reward illegal immigration and insist that there must be more punitive action against illegal immigrants. There are many states in the US that already have a version of the DREAM act.
The laws that allow for illegal immigrants to access basic facilities and services are informed by the fact that illegal immigrants might be pushed to crime if they do not have access to basic amenities. In California for example, plans are underway for the illegal immigrants in the state to be awarded driving licenses. The state government thought it prudent since there were increased cases of people driving before they reach the defined age and causing many accidents. There were also increasing cases of theft of motor vehicles by people that were unknown to the system. The best way for dealing with these vices was to allow illegal immigrants access to the department of motor vehicles so that their driving is monitored. Such laws are progressive and are informed by the need of enlisting a large number of citizens in reporting crime. Thus, the best way of dealing with illegal immigrants is not by deporting them but by registering them so that they may make contributions to the societies they inhabit.
The problem with illegal immigrants is not the activities that they involve themselves in. Most people illegally immigrate to the US in search for better life for themselves and their families (Cafferty, 2007). These people are discriminated against by the citizens of the US and are accused of committing acts that they have not. Data on criminality indicates that the most likely people to commit crime are those of American decent. This data was sourced from people that are institutionalised across the country and reveals that citizens are ten times more likely to commit crime that immigrants (Ousey, & Kubrin, 2009). Therefore, the notion that illegal immigrants or immigrants in general are responsible for a lot of ills that bedevil the society is biased and is not based on fact. As a matter of fact, discrimination and negative labelling of immigrants reflects intolerance on the part of the citizens. The singular concern for many immigrants is that they be treated more humanely. However, acts of legislation like the DREAM act are not sufficient in themselves to enlist the help of immigrants in fighting crime. There must be a concerted effort on the part of individual state governments in fighting discrimination of illegal immigrants so that they can volunteer information necessary for fighting crime.
There is much emotion that is elicited whenever immigration is discussed. Partisans on both sides of the debate are usually more concerned with support their positions through conjecture and half-truths rather than with hard facts. The simple fact is that not all illegal immigrants are bad (Camarota, & Vaughan, 2009). While illegal information is in itself a crime, it is not the worst. Modern societies need not act without consideration of all facts. There are many reasons that people immigrate to the US. The major reason is that the country offers opportunities for prosperity in addition to it being a beacon of freedom and democracy. People that choose to immigrate to the US do so with the expectation of enjoying the opportunities there. Therefore, it would be unfair to assume that all those that immigrate illegally are bad. Since research has shown that the immigrants are less likely to commit crimes when compared to natives, the assumption is that they would be invaluable in reporting crimes they witness but are not participants in. what they simply need is empowerment and an equal opportunity.
Immigration as a debate is multifaceted. There are many microeconomic, macroeconomic, and humanitarian aspects that must not be overlooked. The main purpose of the data given by partisans is usually to convict or acquit immigrants in the court of public opinion. However, the fact is that there is an abundance of data that indicates that illegal immigrants are the least contributors to crime in the US. President Obama conceded that the major problem with illegal immigration is not that it makes a mockery of the people trying to immigrate legally but rather that it creates an underground economy where there are unscrupulous businesses that see the opportunity to exploit a cheap labour source (Camarota, 2006). These businesses cut corners by skirting taxes and paying illegal immigrants less than the minimum wage. There are an estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the US today with most of them coming from Mexico (Hoefer, Rytina, & Baker, 2012). These people work in deplorable conditions where the health and safety issues are disregarded. This is a clear indication that avoiding dealing with illegal immigrants leads to breaking of numerous other laws. There is a misinformed notion among Americans that equates the underground economy brought on by illegal immigration with crime (Rumbaut, & Ewing, 2007).
There is no doubt that illegal immigration puts pressure on the system. The one area, other than income and social status that affects all stakeholders is crime. No individual is immune to criminal activity. There is thus a need of enlisting all stakeholders in combating crime. This cannot be achieved by vilifying illegal immigrants. More important however is the fact that these immigrants would be invaluable to the system as they are assimilated in all strata of the society. They are thus a rich source of information that would be important in reducing criminal activity in Gainesville.
Illegal immigration is a red hot in America and especially in the southwest. This is the region that borders Mexico. There is a debate between the two prominent political parties in the US. The democrats view immigrants and their collaborators as an important voting bloc during elections while republicans view them as social conservatives that will eventually vote for them. This political issue is usually at the heart of many discussions. Thus, the decision by the Gainesville police department to overlook the illegal status of immigrants plays into the hands of politicians. It has been reported that democrats prefer keeping the status quo since they advocate for less stiffer action against illegal immigrants thus ensuring their support during elections. However, republicans are much harsher and they advocate for deportation of illegal immigrants. Depending on the political tide in Gainesville, there are many political gains to be reaped for the existence of illegal immigrants.
Illegal immigration is a point of contention for many Americans since the immigrants are viewed as being direct competitors for available jobs with citizens. The jobs that they perform are in competition with those done by economically deprived citizens. The debate is usually between people in the low and high end income brackets in the US with those on the high end supporting illegal immigrants since they are more hardworking and require less pay. There was a shift in focus after 9/11 that made people more wary of the unsecured border with Mexico that may be a route for influx of criminals. However, this was an overreaction as not all immigrants are criminals. The events of 2006 in France made governments around the world more aware of the problems that might arise from having a large immigrant population that is impoverished.
There is uproar in the US due to the fact that the president is willing to change immigration laws to grant illegal immigrants legal status. However, the problem is that no executive action can be taken without consultation with congress. While some people, especially on the republican side feel that illegal immigrants are a burden, there is the question of ethics. One of the most fundamental factors that the police division in Gainesville should consider is that ultimately, immigration involves human beings. Thus, they should be treated in the most humane way. This does not however mean that they should be granted legal status against the rules and laws. The important thing to consider is that the lack of security is a threat to all other laws, rules and rights. The mandate of any police division is to ensure that the citizenry is well protected. This entails having the relevant information at all times in order to curb any planned and intentional action against innocent civilians.
Allowing illegal immigrants to be a source of information is not easy. This is because the citizens living around them will demand contrary action. Thus, there will be action against the police department from the legal residents of Gainesville. While this is to be expected, it is prudent to consider that any acts of insecurity will be blamed on the police department. Therefore, the police must be able to defend their actions to the public. This is no mean feat as disregarding the illegal status of illegal immigrants is tantamount to a circumvention of the law. The social impact of having illegal immigrants is minimal as the population of Gainesville is already cosmopolitan. Therefore, there is expected to be little change in any actions that the police take towards illegal immigrants since there is no way of telling the difference between legal and illegal immigrants at face value. The contrary option of demanding to see the papers of any suspected person would amount to profiling which is against the laws and ethics.
The movement of people from one place to another often results in the exchange of cultures and consequently acculturation. Gainesville is already a cosmopolitan city. The geographic dynamics of the city places it in close proximity to Mexico where most illegal immigrants originate. Thus, the cultural influence that is already prevalent in the city is of mixed origin. The population that is not Mexican will nonetheless experience a degree of influence from having illegal immigrants. One of the most fundamental aspects about culture is language. Most illegal immigrants do not speak English and hence would require effort on the part of the US citizens in communicating with them. Most illegal immigrants are employed below the minimum wage and thus are in odd jobs and those for the low in society. They include house helps and gardeners. These people rarely speak any English and thus require the citizens to learn a bit of their indigenous languages, in most cases Spanish, or the immigrants themselves learn English. The circumstances thus create a conducive environment for exchange of cultures. This is assuming that allowing illegal immigrants to stay and be a source of information for security reasons amounts to granting them legal status.
Back in 2010, the state of Arizona passed a law that required police to check the immigration status of suspected illegal aliens. The law criminalized being in the state without the necessary documentation. This law was met with numerous protests and marches around the US. These protests, organised in May, were aimed at voicing the disapproval of having draconian laws that were unfair to some people. The major source of the problem was that civilians were being victimized just for being suspected of having no legal status. The process of checking legal status would have been unfair to certain races that were suspected of not being natives. These included mostly Mexicans and blacks. This law allowed for racist acts and unfair treatment of some individuals. It exposed the need for serious reforms to the immigration sector in the US.
The immigration crisis in the US has led to initiatives by different states to try and alleviate the situation as the federal government continues to drag its feet with passing legislation that will allow for humane treatment of suspected illegal aliens in the country. Most of the opinions from different quotas argue anywhere from deporting illegal immigrants to allowing them to acquire American citizenship. One thing that is not in doubt is that regardless of the statuses of suspected illegal immigrants, there must be humane ways of treating them. This entails allowing them to have access to basic facilities and services including health, security and education. The action of the Gainesville police department to allow illegal immigrants to phone in and share information or make enquiries can be construed as allowing access to basic services. It ensures that the people are treated in a humane manner and that there genuine concerns are addressed.
The alternative action would be for the police to deny illegal immigrants access to state security. This apart from denying the police access to important information can lead to the proliferation of crime. Human beings have an inherent need of being in a community and having an identity. Thus, denying illegal immigrants’ access to the police can be construed as denying them access to the community in Gainesville. This would be counterproductive to the economy of the city as well as to the reduction in crime. The most important thing to consider is that not all illegal aliens are predisposed to commission of crime and that most of them contribute positively to the communities they live in since they do lowly jobs that many Americans prefer not to.
Illegal immigrants are a problem in many societies around the world. They have to be understood and legislated from numerous perspectives. The city of Gainesville is not alone in regards to looking for ways to deal with them. While the city is mandated to look out for the safety and security of its entire population, it must nonetheless prioritize. The integrity of the whole city can only be maintained by ensuring that no people residing within its borders are marginalized. The police division must realize that it thrives on sharing of information with the population. Therefore, it must, in principle, safeguard the opinions, information and rights of these people. This entails giving the illegal immigrants the freedom to report crime and access police services in anticipation of when the state of Florida or the entire country of the US passes legislation to comprehensively deal with the problem of illegal immigration.
References
Archibold, R.C. (2010, June 20). In Border Violence, Perception if Greater Than Crime Statistics. The New York Times, A16.
Buchannan, P. (2006). State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion Conquest of American. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Cafferty, J. (2007). The Frauds, Bunglers, Liars, and Losers Who Are Hurting America: It’s Getting Ugly Out There. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Camarota, S. A. & Vaughan, J. (2009). Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Conflicted Issue. Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved Dec 22, 2014 from http://www.cis.org
Hoefer, M., Rytina, N., & Baker, B.C. (2012). Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2011. Office of Immigration Statistics Policy Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Retrieved Dec 22, 2014 from http://www.dhs.gov/elibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ill_pe_2011.pdf
Ousey, G. C., & Kubrin, C. E. (2009). Exploring the Connection between Immigration and Violent Crime Rates in the U.S. Cities, 1980-2000. Social Problems, 56 (3), 447-473.
Rumbaut, R.G., & Ewing, W. (2007). The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates Among Native and Foreign-born Men.Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center
PART 2
Leadership starts out with a common task that needs completion. The person responsible for the completion of the task enlists the help of others in a process of social influence referred to as leadership. To many people, a leader is the person being followed and whose influence others take to heart. The process of leadership requires an individual to lead others towards the achievement of a common purpose.
Often, people fall prey to labeling titles and other individuals. In many cases, leaders are praised whereas managers and followers are disparaged. However, the simple truth is that people that ascribe to these titles are all important to an organization. The manager has traditionally been associated with functions of administration, directing, organizing, budgeting, staffing, controlling and planning (Judge, & Piccolo, 2004). He/she is an individual charged with looking at tasks and objectives. Managers are those individuals that use head skills including financing and daily operations of an organization. They are concerned about an organization’s bottom line, stability, efficiency and other short term objectives. They are about solving problems that occur in an organization and tactical issues. They make sure that they keep emotional distance from people and use their authority and power to direct subordinates into complying with their demands. The main concern for managers is asking the how and when questions. There is a major bone of contention in the way that people interchangeably refer to managers and leaders. There are fundamental differences between the two groups of individuals and their skills and expertise are required in equal measure for organizations to function properly.
Traditionally, leaders are charged with the functions of synthesizing, aligning, innovating, inspiring and reducing organizational boundaries. They are those people that are charged with ensuring that there are changes within an organization and the management of people. Rather than using head skills like managers, they use heart skills and are concerned with compassion, empathy, courage, character and emotional intelligence. They focus on the opportunities that may arise for a business and the possibilities available in the long term. Strategic issues, listening to other people, connecting and asking questions are also central to being an effective leader. Leaders desire for the personal and professional growth of those they lead and serve and are concerned more about asking what and why questions.
On the other hand, followers are the essential people in an organization that perform the line tasks. Engaged followers are more useful to the achievement of organizational goals than passive followers. Passive followers are characterized by being disloyal and less connected, engaged and committed to an organization. They simply follow the directions they are given and on occasion deliver the results expected of them. Passive followers prefer to work independently, are compliant, reactive and rely on their own wisdom, skills and competencies. They are mostly characterized by saying that tasks outside their job description are not theirs. Therefore, organizations much prefer having engaged followers that are loyal, engaged, committed and connected. While they take directions like passive followers, they add their own initiative. They take responsibility for the expected results and are accountable for the tasks they undertake. Good followers are those that collaborate with their managers, leaders and fellow followers. They do not react to situations but are proactive, diligent, thorough and professional in their undertakings. Rather than complain about tasks that are not in their job descriptions, they argue that their organizations are much better with their inputs where needed.
Most bureaucratic organizations have the distinct roles of managers, leaders and followers. However, more organic organizations that are keen on taking the numerous opportunities in the business environment do not have clear distinctions as their roles overlap. Modern organizations like IBM and Cisco do not follow traditional hierarchies as they understand that every individual is important to an organization. The ideal situation is for an individual to espouse all three roles of leadership, management and followership. Every role has its strengths and weaknesses and an organization benefits by having individuals that can grow into either role. Leadership is important as it is concerned with the future outlook. Management is equally important as it is concerned with short term achievements. Followership is indispensable to an organization since it allows for learning and growth.
There are many theories that deal with leadership. One of the theories is the great leader theory. This theory has its genesis in history where people believe that the greatest achievements of human beings have been as a result of great individuals more commonly referred to as heroes. These are highly influential people that had great impacts on others and history. They are those that rely on charisma, wisdom and their own personal intelligence (Hirsch, 2002). Many of the traditional great leaders used their political power in a decisive manner that had historical impacts. The great leader theory is important as it allows for individuals to use their skills and influences to impact others. However, its main weakness lies in the fact that great leaders are in themselves a result of the societies they grow up in. nowadays, collaboration is more important to the society that individual skills.
The great leader theory attempts to underline the importance of individual charisma and intelligence. It states that people that have the natural skills to lead and influence society can be important in the general outlook of a company or other form of organization (James, 2005). Public policy can benefit from such people as they would dilute bureaucracy in the public sector and get things done more promptly and effectively. The most developed societies, albeit having good social structures, can trace their successes to key individuals in their histories. Great leaders include Abraham Lincoln that emancipated the blacks from slavery (Friedman, & Langbert, 2000), Mahatma Gandhi, an immortalized leader in India and Nelson Mandela. These leaders ensured that their societies became better and were credited with the development and growth of those societies. There are many great leaders in the world today. These people have the natural skills to influence and change others. Most of these leaders are found in political spheres. However, leaders in private business that make noticeable impacts in the world are also recognized for their greatness. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are some of the most noticeable leaders in recent times. They defined the organizations that they were associated with and created trends emulated by others. A great leader is that individual that influences others or events in a manner that is memorable.
Another theory of leadership is that of servant leadership. The concept of servant leadership has existed for many years. Most prominent however is the mention of the philosophy by Lao-Tzu, a Chinese philosopher in the Tao Te Ching between 570 BCE and 490 BCE (Wu, 2006). The greatest definition of a servant leader is the leader whose existence followers are barely aware of. Many ancient writers believed that the king, the leader in many traditional societies, considered good things as those that pleased his subjects rather than his own self. This benchmark of a good leader is founded on the concept of servant leadership. The leader in today’s society enjoys many trappings of power at the behest of followers and subjects. However, in democracies the leader must always be consciously aware that he/she is a privileged servant. The concept of servant leadership is also prominent in religious texts. The Gospel of Mark has a text that has Jesus communicating to his followers. He said that he, unlike the lords of the gentiles, was not a ruler but a servant of the people. He cautioned his disciples that if they wanted to lead people, they must first of all agree to be their servants. The greatest act according to Jesus that indicated his nature as a servant was his death for the sake of all mankind. The concept has also been embraced in other religions including Islam that considers the leader of a people as their servant.
Servant leadership can be associated with participative leadership. All other popular forms of leadership including autocratic and laissez-faire do not fully capture the concept of being a servant. A servant leader is guided by the principles of supporting, enabling and encouraging subordinates to realize their full abilities and potential (Hersey, & Blanchard, 1977). The leader encourages his followers to be active in the decision making process. Employee performance and satisfaction is maximized where leaders act as servants.
The concept of servant leadership goes beyond behaviours that are employee related. It is one that calls for a major paradigm shift in the relationship between the leader and his/her subordinates. The major point of focus is not on the leader and his/her actions but rather on the outcomes that are evidence in the way that his/her subordinates work. The overall results of an organization and the direction it takes are what evidence servant leadership.
Servant leadership is an important concept in influencing public policy. This is because public policy in itself is based on the ideas and wishes of the majority. For a leader to be effective, he/she must first be able to connect with the needs of those at the grassroot level. The best way of knowing what the needs of the people are is by experiencing them firsthand. Thus, the most effective leader is that person that can connect on a fundamental level with those at the end of a pyramid. Public policies mostly concern themselves with fulfillment of the most basic needs that individuals have. However complex the needs of individuals are, they can best be fulfilled by experiencing them. Servant leadership thus enables people in position of influence and power to be in touch with the needs of their constituents whether they are customers, subordinates or the general population.
Transformational leadership is credited with helping many organizations adopt the new global market trends. In the current society, organizations that have the desire to grow must have transformational leaders. This type of leadership is characterized by energy, passion and enthusiasm. Leaders that aspire to be transformational must have a genuine concern of the wellbeing and development of their subordinates. Transformational leadership is primarily about stimulating the intellect of others (Gupta, 2004). Thus, rather than maintain the status quo, leaders in this category prefer challenging it and creating an environment in which creativity can thrive. Followers are driven towards a direction within which they can explore new ways of doing tasks and learning.
Another characteristic of transformational leadership is individualized consideration (Joyce, & Judge, 2004). Followers are offered support and encouragement so that they can realize their full potential. The most important aspect of this leadership style is having an open door policy that allows leaders to listen to the problems of their followers and take a genuine interest in them. The advantage of having such a policy is that leaders get new insights on different problems and plausible solutions. By taking an interest in followers, ideas are shared and the organization benefits from it.
Transformational leadership calls for inspirational motivation. Leaders ascribing to this style must be able to articulate a clear vision for their followers to follow. There must be an additional effort to not only enable followers to perform to the best of their abilities but also to motivate them towards achievement of personal and organizational goals. Leaders must have an idealized influence on their followers. This is because the leader also doubles up as a role model for his/her followers. The process of emulating a leader and internalizing his/her ideals must start by the followers being able to respect and trust that leader.
Transformational leadership is a very important style. Globalization has opened markets and has eliminated national boundaries that were prohibitive for the performance of business. States are now run as companies as competition for resources stiffens. Leaders that can articulate a shared vision for all individuals in a society or group are important. The developing nations are working hard to ensure that they catch up with developed nations. On the other hand, developed nations are expanding their influence so that they can move their goods and services and grow their societies further. Both groups of countries require transformational leaders to move them forward. The most important point to consider is that the input of all stakeholders must be considered. The leader who occupies a position of power or influence must be able to communicate a common sense of direction for all people. Transformational leadership must be considered in its entirety. The leader must have a genuine concern for his/her followers, must challenge the status quo and must have enthusiasm. Additionally, the leader must ensure that he/she communicates the enthusiasm he/she has to followers. The major strength of transformational leadership is that every person’s perspective gets to be considered. Since people are the most important resource to a society or organization, an abundance of different viewpoints gives an avenue for affecting real changes. The weakness however is that transformational leadership can be slow in effecting change due to the fact that many viewpoints have to be considered. In some instance, giving followers much leverage can be counterproductive as they may take advantage of the space they are given.
Situational leadership is another popular theory. The theory’s main point is that there is no universally best style of leadership. Depending on the task at hand and the objectives that require to be met, a leader can tweak his style accordingly (Blanchard, Zigarmi, & Zigarmi, 1985). Thus, success in leadership can be guaranteed by adaptation to prevalent conditions. A leader must be mature. This means that he/she must not only set high standards but must also take responsibility for meeting them. The leader must have the necessary educational and professional competencies in order to fulfill his/her duties and responsibilities. Maturity also reflects a leader’s ability to influence those around him/her to perform their tasks to the best of their abilities. Situational leadership demands that the leader vary his/her approach to different tasks depending on the circumstances and in consideration of all factors. The most important factors to consider are the maturity of the followers and details of the task at hand. Thus, situational leadership requires leaders at any one time to put more or less emphasis on tasks and more or less emphasis on their relationships with followers. The determinant of the choice to take must be the successful completion of a task.
The developers of the situational leadership theory argue that there are four styles of leadership. The first is telling where leaders tell their followers what they are expected to do and how they are expected to do it (Scouller, 2011). The second style is selling where the leader is expected to provide requisite information and direction for followers. In this style, there is more communication between the leader and the followers. The concept is that the leader must sell his/her concepts to followers and they in turn must buy into these ideals. The third style is participating where the leader focuses more on the relationship between him/her and the followers than on directing them. There is a sense of sharing responsibilities and decision making between the leader and his/her followers. The fourth style is delegating where the leader passes most of his/her responsibilities onto followers. The leader is less involved in the decision making process but still takes a keen interest on progress. The first and second styles are more concerned with completion of tasks whereas the latter two are concerned with increasing the capacity of followers.
Situational leadership theory has been improved by its developers and is described by use of the terms commitment and competence. The former espouses motivation and confidence while the latter entails knowledge, ability and skills. These terms are used to describe the different levels of development within the situational leadership model. The evolution of the theory views development as a stepped process. Individuals that are starting out on a new job approach it with little competence, knowledge, skills and abilities, which is compensated by presence of high enthusiasm, commitment and motivation. Development is thus the process through which people move from being rookies to being professionals in their jobs. The role of the leader is to check the level where a person is and apply the right leadership skills. This means that the leader can change his/her style depending on the perceived level of follower development.
The belief in the evolved situational leadership theory is that new task approach is characterized by low competence in terms of transferable skills but the need and energy to learn. The progression of an individual to a higher job level is determined by the experience he/she acquires and the ability of the leader to support him/her in the different levels. As the individual progresses, he/she has gained some competence but has dropped some commitment to the task due to complexity of tasks to levels higher than previously anticipated. The third level of development is characterized by a variation in competence. This fluctuates between moderate and high knowledge, transferable skills and abilities. The commitment level varies too as the individual has gained some task and role mastery. The fourth level of development is characterized by high competence and commitment.
The application of either style is dependent on the maturity of followers. Maturity is also broken down into four levels. The first level entails people at the bottom end of the maturity spectrum since they lack the skills, knowledge and confidence to function on their own. This group thus needs to be pushed for tasks to be completed. The second level entails people that are willing to work on different tasks but lack the skills and knowledge to perform them. The third level entails people that are willing and ready to help with tasks and have more skills than those in the previous level. The distinguishing factor is that this group is characterized by people with low confidence on their abilities for task completion. The last level contains people that can work on their own. These people have the skills and knowledge required and additionally have the required confidence for task completion. Thus, they are more committed.
Situational leadership is important in the formulation of public policy as it allows for leaders to change tact depending on the competencies and skills of their followers. This strength allows for different levels of progress depending on the people being led. Thus, organizations and societies develop at constant pace regardless of the people being led. The weakness however is that the style does not consider mixed groups of people with varying levels of competence and skills. The theory also assumes that all people in leadership positions have the capacity to tweak their approaches at different turns which is too simplistic. The determination of the competence levels of employees is not a one-time approach and requires collection and collation of relevant data which is a long process that might make the change from one style to another redundant if factors change before determination of maturity is completed.
References
Blanchard, K.H., Zigarmi, P., & Zigarmi. D. (1985). Leadership and the One Minute Manager: Increasing Effectiveness through Situational Leadership. New York: Morrow
Friedman, H.H., & Langbert, M. (2000).Abraham as a Transformational Leader. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(2), 88-95
Gupta, V. (2004). Impact of Socialization on Transformational Leadership: Role of Leader Member Exchange. South Asian Journal of Management.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (3rd ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Hirsch, E.D. (2002). The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (Third Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
James, W. (2005). Great Men and Their Environment. Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing
Joyce, E., & Judge, T.A. (2004). Personality and Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 901-910.
Judge, T.A., & Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755-68.
Scouller, J. (2011). The Three Levels of Leadership: How to Develop Your Leadership Presence, Knowhow and Skill. Cirencester: Management Books
Wu, J.H.C. (2006). Lao Tzu, Tao Teh Ching (translation). Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
1)Discuss ways in which your experiences and differing perspectives can help you understand what you have read, and in turn, how your readings can help you expand your thinking about HR roles and responsibilities within an organization.
2)Exploring similarities and differences in your perspectives on the role of an HR leader within an organisation.
3)Sharing alternative perspectives on the notion of the HR leader as a strategic business partner and ‘strategy architect’, using examples from organisations you know well when appropriate.
4)Proposing ways in which traditional aspects of the HR function, such as recruitment, selection, succession planning, performance management, reward management, talent development, and discipline, might be impacted by a shift toward a more strategic role.
5)Asking insightful questions about the experiences of your colleagues and about their interpretations of ideas from the Learning Resources.
6)Extending the discussion into new but relevant areas
The following conditions must meet in the essay:
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 850 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
People management is an integral role within any organization or business entity. The process, undertaken by the human resource department is responsible for the day-to-day running of the business. Owing to the crucial role played by the human resource department, the section has a greater impact in modern day business running processes, as contrasted with the traditional position (SHRM 2008, p. 4). Traditionally, the department performed the basic roles of staffing within the organization, where its major roles involved, sourcing, conducting interviews, recruiting, and orientation.
In the recent days, there has been a raging debate on the role of the human resource department in an organization. Some pundits have been insistent on the traditional roles of staffing the organization. On the other hand, some quarters are of the view that the roles of the human resource personnel be revised to be in tandem with the modern day business world. Hard times and the global economic meltdown have led to the collapse of some businesses. Coupled with stiff competition, it has become increasingly hard for businesses to meet their profitability margins. In a move that saw many firms right size and retrench their personnel, the human resource department remained critical in the entire process. As a result, strategic planning and policy implementation became the role of the human resource department.
In the modern times, the human resource department is responsible for strategic management with an organization. Aside from providing the organization with labor, the human resource department is critical to the success of the organization. Business strategists have discovered that the key process in achieving success lies not in the dissemination of ideas, rather, in their implementation (Dave Wayne & Dani, 2009, p. 25). Once the managers and other top personnel lay policies for company growth, their role remains mere overseeing. The bulk of the work in getting the employees to actualize the policies on paper is the role of the human resource department. This important role played by the department in achieving corporate success has made business strategists to rethink the roles of the human resource department (Dave, Wayne & Dani 2009, p. 24). The human resource department no longer takes a secondary position but is involved directly in the management of the organization or business entity.
Strategic decision-making involves using available data to predict future trends or works towards premeditated goals. A high impact human resource department plans effectively, the execution and implementation of an organization’s business ideas (Stacey 2011, p. 3). The human resource department has to observe the prevailing trends in the business word and orient its operations effectively. In fact, the department has overtaken some functions previously executed by the marketing department. Market search and customer feedback analysis are no longer the reserve of the marketing department. The modern human resource personnel even conduct monitoring and evaluation. In the former days, there was a distinct department that did monitoring and evaluation. However, the department‘s roles integrated with those of the human resource department.
The evolving roles of the human resource department have a huge impact on the traditional roles of recruiting, selection, succession planning, performance management, reward management, talent management, and discipline (SHRM 2008, p. 6). Businesses no longer look for persons who can fit the prescribed profile but whose knowledge and expertise will influence the business positively. This new development requires a high impact human resource department to handle (Stacey 2011, p. 5). It will be easier to attain the premeditated goals as the same department is involved in outsourcing and recruiting. The human resource department will be more dynamic and robust, leading to better performance of the business entity.
A number of companies have adopted the new strategy in human resource management to their advantage. By tapping into the strategic roles, the businesses are able to overcome market barriers and position themselves competitively in the market (Stacey 2011, p.8). Most technological and marketing companies utilize this role to evaluate the impact of their products on the market. As a result, the businesses are able to get valuable feedback that enables them to improve on their products or adopt better approaches to customer service. For instance, Facebook Incorporated, social media company uses strategic management to explore new markets and test new products. For instance, the acquisition of Whatsapp, a social utility application, was borne out of a strategic management decision arrived at by the human resource department. In the meeting, the company resolved that because of the increasing communication virility amongst the youths and middle aged, the company should look for a medium that allows the process ‘on the go’. The purchase of the application has brought the company much profit. Other companies include the technological giant Apple Incorporated. Apple Incorporated uses strategic management to tap into new markets and expand its outreach.
Overly, the evolving concepts on human resource management have introduced dynamism into organizations. As contrasted with the traditional docile roles, the modern functions are crucial to the existence of the businesses (SHRM 2008, p.3). it is about time these roles were more diversified.
List of References
Dave, U., Wayne B. & Dani J 2009, The Role of Strategy Architect in the Strategic HR Organization. People & Strategy. Vol. 32, Issue 1.
Stacey, H 2011. The Top Best Practices for the High-Impact HR Organization. Bersin & Associates. Available at: www.bersin.com
Survey for Human Resource Management (SHRM) 2008, HR’s Evolving Role in Organizations and its Impact on Business Strategy. SHRM Research.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
HR professionals play a variety of roles within an organisation. Increasingly, these roles are becoming strategic in nature, as HR managers are seen more as leaders and strategic partners with other business leaders. In organisations in which the HR leader’s role is shifting, many leaders and managers may see the value in a more strategic role for HRM; others may be unclear how HRM can add value. In some organisations, the notion of HRM as a strategic partner may still be on the horizon, awaiting an HR leader who possesses the competencies and vision needed to help the organisation move in a new direction. This week’s Key Concept Exercise provides you an opportunity to examine the notion of a strategic role for HRM.
To prepare for this essay:
•Read and consider the notions of the HR leader as a strategic business partner and ‘strategy architect’ (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2009).
•Reflect on the role of the HR leader in the context of changes in the nature of work and work environments.
•Think about an organisation you know well. To what degree does the human resource manager in that organisation serve as a strategic business partner?
The following conditions must meet in the essay:
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 1100 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from
relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Please don’t use Wikipedia web site.
6) I need examples from peer reviewed articles or researches.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
The role of the human resource department within an organization has changed from the traditional conception (SHRM 2008, p. 4). In the traditional setting, the human resource department performed staffing the organization, wherein the crucial roles included, sourcing, interviewing, recruiting, and orientation. Whereas staffing equipped the organization with skilled work force to run its day-to-day operations, the present times have made business strategists to rethink the roles of the human resource department (Dave, Wayne & Dani 2009, p.24). Unlike the secondary position the human resource department took in critical decision-making, the department now assumes a central position in strategic management and policy implementation.
Strategic decision-making involves taking concerted steps to avert a future crisis. As concerns the running of a business entity, this process involves making decisions that will make the business more profits. The centrality of the human resource department lies in the implementation of the company policies (Dave Wayne & Dani, 2009, p. 25). People implement the company’s policies and strategic blueprints. Strategic decisions are no longer within the purview of the top echelons in the organization. The top personnel’s roles in the organization are currently mere ratification and assent. Once the human resource department shapes the way forward, the managers serve to ensure the employees observe them.
Owing to the hard economic recession that hit businesses globally, most of them had to restructure in order to stay afloat. The process of restructuring involved, changing the manner and scale of operations, right sizing, and retrenching. Personnel managers had to devise ingenious ways of going through the aforementioned processes without hampering the operations of the business or sending a bad signal to former employees and the public at large. In addition, the very competitive market situation has forced companies to go an extra mile in order to position itself profitably in the market. Liberalization policies have made it possible for new players to have a stake in the market, with old and established entities. This not only minimizes profits but also threatens the very existence of some businesses.
Against this tirade, some companies with a robust and dynamic human resource management have withstood the test of time. This discourse will analyze two companies whose human resource department has steered them to tremendous success. In the telecommunications sector, Apple Incorporated is a fine example of how strategic management yields better fruit (Jeffrey 2005, p.4). Apple Incorporated uses internal management system to plan and execute its functions. The insight approach ensures that only persons conversant with the mission and vision of the company take the reins. Appointments to top managerial positions follow a thorough filter system (Jeffrey 2005, p.7). In addition, the company operates on set targets and reviews its performance appraisals periodically to evaluate the progress of the company so far.
On the non-profit making schemes sector, Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT) is perhaps one of the best-managed organizations. Its human resource department is the busiest, overseeing operations throughout the worldwide branches. The organization uses best human resource business practices, including, ensuring that the human resource department is part of its corporate strategy. In that, employees are highly motivated as they develop a sense of belonging ( Dave, Brockbank & Dani 2009, p.27).
Overly, the human resource department in today’s business world is crucial to the existence of the business itself (SHRM 2008, p.3). Through strategic business management, the department helps the company achieve its overall objectives.
Jeffrey, C., 2005, The Apple Way. McGraw Hill: New York.
Survey for Human Resource Management (SHRM), 2008, HR’s Evolving Role in Organizations and its Impact on Business Strategy. SHRM Research Department: Alexandria.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Nursing research differs from research in other fields in that nursing draws data and develops interventions from a broad knowledge base (e.g. social science, biology, chemistry, etc.). The advantage of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration is increasingly apparent. Review Bringing Science to Life: The Interdisciplinary Advantage (NINR, 2011).
After reviewing, please address the following:
• Compare and contrast nursing research to that of other fields of study.
• Appraise the role of the NP in the process of collaboration with researchers in other fields.
• Distinguish the role of the NP in clinical trials.
Resources
Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles
• Chapters 4, 9
Please review the following web resources:
National Institute for Nursing Research
NINR – Bringing Science to Life: The Interdisciplinary Advantage
Robert Johnson Wood Foundation
National Institute of Health
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
SAMPLE ANSWER
As compared with other professions, nurses do numerous kinds of duty. They make observations and adjust treatments, patient habits, and medications. Nurses not only observe medical and scientific outcomes, but also human treatment results and emotional behavior that influence treatments. As a result, nursing research is developed to cover all these areas, which other forms of researches easily neglect.
Nursing research is developed on a rigorous scientific inquiry with a significant body of knowledge with the goal of advancing the field of nursing practice, creating positive health impact across the world, and shaping healthcare policy. Nursing practice is structured to meet the goals of optimizing population health and societal well-being (Potempa & Tilden, 2004). The research is coined on holistic study of individuals, their families, communities, and society in general. Unlike most studies, nursing practice encompasses a wide discipline including biobehavioral, translational scientifically approach, and interdisciplinary. A significant development in nursing research is the emphasis on evidence-based practices (Squires, Adachi & Estabrooks, 2008).
Nursing research has a wider scope than other researches. Most researches are developed for a specific outcome, however, any single nursing research is aimed at coming out with diverse outcome. Nursing researches revolves around clinical research, health outcomes research, health systems, and nursing education research. Clinical research is aimed at unearthing behavioral, biological, and other forms of investigations. They are undertaken in any setting where nursing practice takes place (Berlin, Wilsey & Bednash, 2005). Health systems and outcomes research are aimed at examining the quality, availability, and costs of health care services. In addition, the research is aimed at finding ways improving the effectiveness and appropriateness of all clinical practices. Nursing education practice is aimed at empowering young learner and equipping them with necessary skills needed in practice, scientific, and clinical development.
With new developments in nursing practice, such as evidenced based studies, researchers are obliged to collaborate with other parties. Nurses likewise are interested in solving diverse problems away from individual patient. They prefer observing clients in their traditional setting rather the hospital cases alone (Ploeg, Davies, Edwards, Gifford & Elliott, 2007). Usually, gaining access of clients in their natural setting presents numerous challenges. In independent research, nurses rely on diagnosis chain such as public health assistants, physicians, laboratories, and doctors to vital information. Nursing researches cannot be undertaken successfully without legal interventions, which consent and facilitate acquisition of information in their natural setting. Nurses rely on various researches to gather information basic information such as population statistics from statistical departments, geographical maps from the relevant departments, they rely on climatic and whether information to relate their health impact on the population. Additionally, nurses collaborate with educators to promote their values, and technological researches for their research instrumentation and validity (Ploeg, Davies, Edwards, Gifford & Elliott, 2007).
Nurses have a unique practices in clinical domain. The activities are diverse and span over specializations such as medical surgical, neurology, oncology, and mental health. Most of the activities undertaken by nurses are service driven (Schramp, Holtcamp, Phillips, Johnson, Hoff, 2010). There are two distinct nursing roles; CRN and RNC. CRN role is integration of specialized knowledge and skills to collaborate with patients for better outcome. RNC is focused on study management, continuity and care coordination. Some of the work conducted in clinical trials overlaps nursing research practices (Nagel, Gender, Bonner, 2010). In essences, nursing research is a holistic study approach with diverse perspectives.
Nagel, K., Gender, J., Bonner, A. (2010). Delineating the role of a cohort of clinical research nurses in a pediatric cooperative clinical trials group. Oncol Nurs Forum. 37(3):E180– 185
Ploeg, J., Davies, B., Edwards, N., Gifford, W. & Elliott M., (2007). Factors influencing best-practice guideline implementation: Lessons learned from administrators, nursing staff and project leaders. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. Vol 4(4):210-219.
Potempa, K.M., & Tilden, V. (2004). Building high-impact science: The dean as innovator. Nursing Education, 43, 502-505.
Squires J, Adachi A, Estabrooks C: (2008). Developing a Valid and Reliable Measure of Research Utilization Technical Report. Edmonton, AB: Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta.
Schramp LC., Holtcamp M., Phillips SA., Johnson, TP., Hoff J. (2010). Advanced practice nurses facilitating clinical translational research. Clin Med Res. 8(3–4):131–134.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
One method utilized by companies to obtain the long-term capital necessary to run and grow their businesses is by providing the general public with the option to purchase stocks. The company’s first sale of stock is known as the initial public offering (IPO). When a company first offers the IPO, stocks are, on average, underpriced.
• Discuss the implications of such underpricing to established theories of market efficiency.
• Explain the role market efficiency might play in the underpricing theories presented by Loughran and Ritter.
Include a reference list hear 4 references minimum
SECTION B ( 2 pages minimum)
International Finance
Critics of the field of international finance charge that the field is simply “corporate finance with an exchange rate.”
• Critique this statement.
• Do you agree or disagree with it? Why?
• Justify your answer with specific details.
Include a reference list at the end hear 4 references minimum
Resources
• Article
• Loughran, T., & Ritter, J. (2004). Why has IPO underpricing changed over time? Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited, Autumn), 33(3), 5–37. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
The authors of this article research the common practice of underpricing IPOs and how it has drastically fluctuated over the last several decades. They then propose and discuss three hypotheses to explain the level of changes that have occurred.
• Cohen, G., & Yagil, J. (2007). A multinational survey of corporate financial policies. Journal of Applied Finance, 17(1), 57–69. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article reviews findings from a six-country survey of corporate financial policies where it finds that investments were considered the most important financial decision and the internal rate of return was the most commonly used evaluation method.
• Ahern, K., & Weston, J. (2007). M&As: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Applied Finance, 17(1), 5–20. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
This article analyzes and rates the different theories surrounding the goals of mergers and acquisitions.
• Rhodes-Kropf, M., & Robinson, D. (2008). The market for mergers and the boundaries of the firm. Journal of Finance, 63(3), 1169–1211. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
In this article, the authors describe a new model they have developed that helps explain the process companies use for decision making on potential mergers and from using this model, they conclude that like-buys-like in terms of financial ratios.
• Statman, M. (2007). Local ethics in a global world. Financial Analysts Journal, 63(3), 32–41. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
In an increasingly global market, this article discusses the importance of evaluating ethics and fairness in different countries and seeking to improve the level at which is business occurs.
• Poulsen, A., & Stegemoller, M. (2008). Moving from private to public ownership: Selling out to public firms versus Initial Public Offerings. Financial Management, 37(1), 81–101. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
Throughout this research, the authors study over 1700 firms to determine the characteristics of those private companies that choose to sell out to a public company versus those who choose to become public by issuing an Initial Public Offering.
• Gondat-Larralde, C., & James, K. (2008). IPO pricing and share allocation: The importance of being ignorant. Journal of Finance, 63(1), 449–478. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
In making decisions on investing in IPOs, the authors discuss how banks and investors often form coalitions where both groups share the risk and in return the banks give lower-priced offerings to those in the coalition.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Section 1
Initial public offering (IPO) is mostly underpriced or below the market value. Usually, IPOs are in most cases underpriced because of issues relating to liquidity and the uncertainty on the level at which the stock is expected to trade. Low liquidity results to low uncertainty; hence, the need to under price to compensate investors for taking the risk. A company may be aware of the value of shares; however, the investor may not be aware. Therefore, the company must offer a lower price with the intent of encouraging investors. On the other hand, if IPO is offered at a higher price, investors are likely to reject. As such, the company is forced to give low prices to attract as many investors as possible (Gondat-Larralde & James, 2008).
IPOs are less understood by some investors. In fact, there are two types of investors, the informed and the uniformed. The informed investors are knowledgeable about the true value of shares while the uniformed only invest randomly without the knowledge on the value of shares. Usually, the price of fluctuates by the changes in demand as the stock is held constant. The demand is separated in two: informed and uniformed investor demand. If companies had IPOs that reflect their true value, then the uninformed investors would break or lose money as the informed investors would only invest in good IPOs. This would crowd out uninformed investors and be the only people turning profits. The law allows investment banks to allocate shares of oversubscribed that crowds out uninformed investors (Loughran & Ritter, 2004).
Ritter and Loughran stipulate that riskier IPOs are underpriced as compared to less risky ones. This attracts many investors as opposed to overpriced IPOs that discouraged informed investors. Further, it has been observed that IPOs stocks over the long seem to underperform the market. The long term underperformance is an anomaly that shows inefficient market hypothesis with inherent challenges. There is an argument that IPOs have a track record of earnings by the time they go public. The participants fail to realize that earnings growth reverts the stick prices before going public are quite high. It is claimed that SEOs have good returns three years before the issue. The past earnings are then corrected over time slowly (Schwert, 2003). To increase market efficiency, the uninformed investors should reduce uncertainties and gain the necessary information and increase market efficiencies. Analyzing of information can help traders to make informed decisions about IPOs.
Market efficiency refers to the availability of relevant information on stock prices is reflected. This view stipulates that it is not possible for investors to outperform the market since all the information is in stock prices. The concept of efficient markets relies majorly on the ideals of random walk that stipulates that price changes of today are independent of the past (Fama, 1998). This means that the flow of information should be uninterrupted and should not incur any cost. The information should reflect on the prices immediately. The price of tomorrow will change in anticipation to tomorrow’s news, which is unpredictable. Therefore, the prices of tomorrow are also unpredictable and random. This same view claims that efficient markets fails to allow investors to earn high profits without taking high risks.
It is arguable that market efficiency is the function of information cost. Information determines the distribution of IPOs. Thus, the analysis of information market is critical to understand anomalies that might emerge in the market.
References
Fama, E. F. (1998). Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral finance. Journal of financial economics, 49(3), 283-306.
Gondat-Larralde, C., & James, K. (2008). IPO pricing and share allocation: The importance of being ignorant. Journal of Finance, 63(1), 449–478. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
Loughran, T., & Ritter, J. (2004). Why has IPO underpricing changed over time? Financial Management (Blackwell Publishing Limited, Autumn), 33(3), 5–37. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
Schwert, G. W. (2003). Anomalies and market efficiency. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, 1, 939-974.
Section 2
International finance is a body that deals with monetary economics at international levels. It is a body of financial system that protects the framework of finance institutions and legal agreements. The evolution of international finance has led to the development of central bank and other institutions such as multilateral agreements. The central bank is the major player in international finance (Ocampo, 2007). It is charged with the role of currency exchange between various countries. It determines the value of differing currencies in differing countries in relation to another. The foreign exchange rate is open and is determined by many factors. Buyers and sellers must know the value of currency of the countries they are trading with in order to determine the price and exchange rates. The international traders must also understand the fluctuations in the exchange rates.
International finance determines the value of currency for each country depending on factors. The currency for a particular country has more value if its demand is greater than the supply. On the other hand, when the demand is less that supply, the currency becomes weaker. This does not mean that people will not value that money anymore; rather, they prefer keeping their wealth in another form. The international finance helps people and corporations to determine when to trade and make more profits at international levels depending on the value of currency of the trading countries. The transaction demand for money leads to increased demand for stronger currency. This demand for transaction is determined by the country’s level of GDP, employment and business activities. The lesser the employment level, the less the people will get involved in trade and transactions; hence, weaker currency. Other factor that the international finance is charged with is the adjusting of interest rates. The higher the interest rates, the more the demand for currency and vice versa. For carrier companies, information on exchange rates is crucial in carrying out businesses. Therefore, such companies need to seek the expertise of international finance in order to maximize profits and determine when to trade and when to hold on (Greuning, Scott & Terblanche, 2011).
Even though the exchange rate is crucial in financial market of international communities, this does not mean that corporate finance is all about exchange rates. The basic domestic corporate finance is crucial in the foreign exchange. Likewise, international corporations are greatly influenced by cultural, political, and environmental regulations and changes (Madura, 2011).
Exchange rate is a process in which the pricing system and currency exchange takes place at international levels. Exchange rate changes over time depending on the changes in domestic and international market. Corporations at international levels use critical information availed in the foreign exchange market to help in capital budgeting and making critical decisions necessary for future growth. The managers in the financial sector accept decisive factor of market efficiency and act in the interests of all shareholders. In cases where the exchange rate matters most, international finance corporations purchase power parity to balance the risks inherent in exchange rates and capital budgeting.
It is true that international finance deals with currency exchange; however, there are many more roles than that. It is responsible for advising international traders in order to determine when it is best to trade (Sercu, 2009). As such, international finance is not just exchange rate.
References
Greuning, H. ., Scott, D., & Terblanche, S. (2011). International financial reporting standards: A practical guide. Washington, D.C: World Bank.
Madura, J. (2011). International Financial Management. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, Inc.
Ocampo, G. J. A. (2007). International finance and development. New York, NY [u.a.: Zed Books.
As Dr. Claudia Fernandez and Dr. David Steffen explained in this week’s video program, leadership models offer a helpful blueprint for your growth as a leader, but there is no one model that is right for everyone. Instead, you must find the model that resonates best with you.
Review this list of 13 books on leadership models, and find out more about each one by reading summaries or reviews online or by browsing in a bookstore.
The book that resonates with you and interests you the most, and read sections of it to get a better sense of its theories and approaches.
Leadership Models Book List
Address the following Questions:
1. Reflect on the leadership style that resonates with you and why.
2. Relate the leadership style to specific attention to the congruence of values and motivators between the leadership model and your own.
Please use this Book from the list:
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2004). Primal leadership: Learning to lead with emotional intelligence. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.
Please apply the Application Assignment Rubric when writing the Paper.
I. Paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the texts.
II. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
III. Paper should be well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with doctoral level writing style.
IV. Paper should be mostly consistent with doctoral level writing style.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Leadership Style Journal Entry
There are various leadership styles suitable for different individuals and situations. These leadership styles play a key role in the growth of the leader and the organization. Effective leaders adopt the right style that meets the needs of the organization.
Among the six ‘emotional intelligence’ styles of leadership, the leadership style that resonates with me is visionary. I am a person that always wants to take the organization forward. Many organizations require a sense of direction at various situations and this requires that a leader be visionary to be able to achieve the set goals (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004). I believe that giving people an opportunity in an organization to be creative and innovate will propel the organization to achieving its goals and objectives.
This leadership style requires a leader to have specific values and motivators. The leader is expected to be positive when addressing changes and challenges that come in their way. The leaders must as well be a go-getter and a risk taker to stir the organization forward to achieve the goals set. The leaders must as well exhibit good behaviors by leading as role models (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004). The goals and aims of the organization need to be stated and should be clear to provide direction for the organization. Other leadership models have some relationship with visionary style I embrace in my Leadership. One of the models is the three skills approach. Three skills approach including technical, conceptual and human skills.
A leader is required to be a good problem solver and have the ability to assess situations and make appropriate decisions (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004). Furthermore, a leader must have human skills to create conducive working conditions in an organization. The relationship between various stakeholders is important to triggering achievement of an entity. The model therefore rhymes with the visionary leadership styles, as it as well requires that leaders use their skills and capabilities to provide leadership and move the organization forward.
McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study
McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study
Order Instructions:
McKenzie Corporation’s Capital Budgeting Case Study
The case study, found on page 557 of your course text, deals with the process of corporate budgeting and the types of decisions that must be made. After reading the scenario:
• Briefly answer the six questions at the end (4 to 6 sentences each).
• Include all calculations you were asked to provide.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Question 1. The Expected Value of the company within one year
The economic growth probabilities without expansion are;
Low .30 $25,000,000 $27,000,000
Normal .50 30,000,000 37.000.000
High .20 48,000.000 57,000,000
The expected value without expansion is
(0.3 x 22) + (0.5 x 35) + (0.2 x 45) = 33.1
The expected value with expansion
(0.3 x 26) + (0.5 x 48) + (0.2 x 57), minus the cost of financing (43.2-9) = $34.2 million
With these scenarios, the company would be better off with the expansion since they would be making more than 1 million dollars (34.2-33.1) = $1.1m.
Question 2. Expected value of company debt within one year
Without expansion, the expected value of the company’s debt would be $28m since all of it would be financed by the equity funds. The value of the company’s debt with low economic growth would be bad since it would negatively affect the company value while seeking financing (Bruce, 2003). The expected value of the company debt within one year is very important since it determines their ability to get financing within the following year.
Question 3. Value expected from expansion
The expected value without expansion would be;
The expected value without expansion is (0.3 x 22) + (0.5 x 35) + (0.2 x 45) = 33.1
The expected value with expansion is (0.3 x 26) + (0.5 x 48) + (0.2 x 57), minus the cost of financing (43.2-9) = $34.2m.
Therefore, the overall value created with this expansion is $1.1m. In this scenario, the additional value will be for the stakeholders since the debt is expected to remain the same and the expected value of stakeholders would be $1.1m and zero for the bondholders.
Question 4. The impact of non-expansion on the price of bonds
The prices of bonds will not be affected by the non-expansion of the company since the prices of bonds and the value of the stakeholders will remain the same. However, in case where expansion happens, there will be more equity that will in turn affect the debt to equity ratio to change significantly. This change in equity to debt ratio will also have an impact on the rate of bonds and this value will also affect the return on bonds and the bond market (Wilmott, 2007).
Question 5. Implications of non-expansion on the borrowing needs
If the company fails to expand, there will be implications on the borrowing needs in that the equity will be the same and the company will fail to get financing due to lack of debt equity. The availability of greater equity, which the financiers are keen on, will be lacking and this will lower the borrowing capability of this company. On the other hand, the ability of the company to expand will put them in a position to have more equity that will make them get more financing (Ross et al, 2013). In addition, the expansion will also help their borrowing needs in the following year since they will always have financing through equity.
Question 6. How Equity financing would affect the company
The bond covenant will force the expansion to be financed by equity, which would be a different scenario if it is financed by cash. The benefit of financing the expansion by cash is that the company would not have to pay for the cost of changing equity to cash, making it less expensive (Bailey & Lopez, 2013). On the other hand, the bond expansion would be expensive when financed by equity since the company would have to undergo additional costs of changing equity to cash.
References
Bailey, D. & Lopez-de-Prado, M. (2013): “The Strategy Approval Decision: A Sharpe Ratio Indifference Curve approach”, Algorithmic Finance 2 (1): 99-109
Reimbursement processes and rates for services provided by NPs vary between funding sources. Differentiate between public, private and managed health care plans. Research the application process for NPs to join the panels for reimbursement and the rates of reimbursement for services provided by NPs. Share with your colleagues which panel(s) you researched and what you learned.
Include a reference list at the end of this section 4 minimum.
SECTION B (1.5 pages minimum)
Healthcare Reform and the NP
Health care reform has prompted numerous debates in regard to reimbursements for providers, such as NPs, Physician Assistants (PAs) and MDs. What are the arguments, data, and rationale used by proponents and opponents of healthcare reform? What is your perspective on the implications of healthcare reform in regard to the role of the NP?
Also, in less than 300 words assess how regulatory, legal, and legislative issues impact advanced practice nurses and discuss how this plays into healthcare reform.
Include a reference list at the end of this section 4 minimum.
Resources
Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles
• Chapter 7, 13
Please review the following web resources:
American College of Nurse Practitioners
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
HealthCare.gov
SAMPLE ANSWER
SECTION A: Reimbursement for NP Services
Reimbursements for the services provided by nurse practitioners (NP) constitute a significant part of the health care programs offered in the United States of America and there are considerable variations in the extent of reimbursement rates according to the processes adopted as well as between funding sources (Safriet, 1992). For example, there a various public, private and managed health care plans in the US and there are relative variations between them on basis of the reimbursement rates as well as adopted reimbursement process. In particular, the major health care plans include Medicare, Medicaid as well as commercial indemnity insurers, health maintenance organizations and/or commercial managed care organizations (MCOs) and finally schools or businesses that want provision of health services for their student or employees respectively. Each of the above mentioned health care plans have varied rules and regulations on reimbursement process and rates for the services provided by NPs (Safriet, 1992).
The particular differences that exist between the above mentioned health care programs are in form of management, ownership as well as reimbursement rates as well as reimbursement process. For example, both Medicare and Medicaid health care programs are managed by the government to provide health insurance services to its citizens who meet threshold requirements for inclusion (Stanley, 2010). All the latter health care programs are privately managed or managed by non profit making organizations. Moreover, these health care programs are differently owned where both Medicare and Medicaid are owned by the government while the rest health care programs are either privately managed or managed by non profit making organizations.
Furthermore, in order for the NPs to join the panels for reimbursement the application process also vary considerably as well as the reimbursement rates for the health care services that the NPs provide (Stanley, 2010). In particular, the for an NP to join the Medicare reimbursement panel, the must be holders of state licenses as an NP while at the same time an holder of a certification as an NP by a nationally recognized certifying professional body. Some of the nationally recognized professional bodies for certifying NPs include National Certification Corporation, Americans Nurses Crediting Center, Critical Care Certification Corporation, as well as American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (Stanley, 2010). Moreover, since January 1, 2003 individuals who intend to apply for Medicare reimbursement panel must also be in possession of a master’s degree from a recognized institution of higher learning. Upon meeting the above mentioned requirements an individual NP can apply to join Medicare reimbursement panel (HealthCare.gov).
According to Medicare the reimbursement rates to the services provided by NPs, the NPs are paid 80 per cent of the 85 per cent of the rate of physicians Fee Schedule for any medical procedure where an NP participates since in Medicare an NP must always offer his/her services in conjunction with a physician to qualify for reimbursement (Medicare & Medicaid Services).
Safriet, B.J., (1992). Health care dollars and regulatory sense: The role of advanced practice nursing. Yale Journal of Regulation, 9(2), 417-488.
Stanley, J.M. (2010). Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles, (3rd ed.). New York, NY: F.A. Davis Company.
SECTION B: Healthcare Reform and the NP
Reimbursements for health care providers such as NPs, MDs and Physician Assistants (PA) have prompted numerous debates with regards to health care reform. For instance, over the last two decades key issues that have influence health care system in the United States and in particular with regards to reimbursement for the services provided by health care providers. The key debates have revolved around improvements of health care access while containing the costs and maintaining quality for the health care services. However, the direction of this debate has always been changing in direction on basis of newly upcoming issues (Griner, 1995). For example, the rapid increases of health care costs in the 1980s together with global recessions of the early 1990s brought another new issue regarding to making sure that security of health care benefits that accrue from the health care programs are sustained. Based on this premise, the main debate with regards to reimbursements has not only revolved around the rates or process, but around the cost of health care services access (Stanley, 2010).
The arguments by proponents have been that the cost of health care access should be maintained as low as possible even if it means reducing the reimbursements rates, but on basis of a stringently controlled procedure. This includes devising a procedure through which NPs, MDs and Physician Assistants (PA) reimbursement rates could be maintained as affordable as possible in order to make them easily accessible while ensuring quality is not compromised (Stanley, 2010). Since a considerable number reimbursements are done by public health care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, proponent of reduction in reimbursement rates argue that this would reduce the amount of money the government uses on this programs meaning that if the same budget is maintained the more people would access quality health care affordably courtesy of these public health care programs. On the other hand, the opponents of this debate argue that it would not only compromise with the quality of health care services but also it will significantly reduce the motivation of health care providers such as NPs, MDs and Physician Assistants (PA) as a result of low reimbursement rates (Stanley, 2010). My perspective on the implications of healthcare reform in regard to the role of the NP is that the same reimbursement rates should be maintained, but the government should increase budgetary allocations for these programs to ensure wider access (Stanley, 2010).
Regulatory, legal, and legislative issues have the potential o significantly impact advanced practice nurses into healthcare reform (Safriet, 1992). For instance, regulatory issues help to ensure that the threshold requirements are met by advanced practice nurses in order to guarantee quality. Moreover, the legal and legislative issues impact advanced practice nurses by making sure the necessary laws and rules are formulated to ensure healthcare is stringently controlled with regards to intended reforms (Stanley, 2010).
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Retrieved from: http://www.cms.gov/
Griner, P.F. (1995). The work force for health: Response. 20/20 Vision: Health in the Twenty-first Century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 102-103.
Safriet, B.J., (1992). Health care dollars and regulatory sense: The role of advanced practice nursing. Yale Journal of Regulation, 9(2), 417-488.
Stanley, J.M. (2010). Advanced Practice Nursing: Emphasizing Common Roles, (3rd ed.). New York, NY: F.A. Davis Company.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Informative Speech. In this speech your goal is to inform your audience as to the details of the topic suggestion below. Being an Informative Speech you are not asked to discuss the merits of the program. Your task, as is consistent with an informative speech, is to provide your audience the details (information) as to the proposed topic below:
Social Security is a debated topic in every Presidential Election and one gaining increasing attention as more and more baby boomers retire. For this speech students should research the history and functioning of the current Social Security System. From this research you are to present an informative speech on Social Security. Topics may include: A brief history of the social security system; how to apply for benefits and how one qualifies; the pros and cons of delaying benefits; how to afford to live off of the benefits received from Social Security; strategies to adopt while you are young to be able to afford to retire . . .
Also require an outline in the following format:
Sample Speech Outline
Title of Speech
Purpose: (Your purpose for this speech)
Thesis: (Main Argument that will be covered)
I. Introduction
A. Greeting your audience (simple greeting will suffice)
B. Attention grabber (should inflict emotion or raised attention)
C. Credibility statement (why you should be trusted?)
D. Thesis statement (a sentence detailing the subject that will be provided in speech)
E. Preview of main points (what the main points are that you will go over)
Transition (signals the transition from the introduction to the body)
II. Body
A. Main point 1 (Detail the first main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the first main point to the second main point)
B. Main point 2 (Detail the second main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the second main point to the third main point)
C. Main point 3 (Detail the third main point)
1. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
2. Subordinate point (Detail any subordinate points if necessary)
a. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
b. Support (any supporting documents or evidence)
Transition (signals the transition from the body to the conclusion)
III. Conclusion
A. Signal closing (signal that you are concluding your speech)
B. Restate thesis (restate your thesis statement from earlier)
C. Review main points (briefly go back over all of your main points)
1. Main point 1 (briefly restate main points)
2. Main point 2
3. Main point 2
D. Memorable statement or call for action (your final statement to the audience)
E. Thank the audience for listening (a simple thank you for your time will suffice)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Speech Outline
Introduction
My fellow Americans, I salute you all.
Of late, there have been a lot of discussions regarding Social Security.
I have a lot of experience in this subject.
I’m going to give you some information about the history and the current function of the Social Security System.
Brief history about Social Security in the United States, how to apply for benefits, and how one qualifies for such benefits from the program.
Body
The origin of social insurance has its foundation on economic security.
Throughout human history, societies have strived to deal with this problem through various approaches.
The importance of social insurance was realized more after the Industrial Revolution.
Most Americans lived on their land and their life expectancy was short.
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy for most Americans increased.
This was because of the improvement in health care.
The Social Security was eventually started in America during the Franklin Roosevelt presidency when the Social Security Act of 1935 was enacted.
Not everyone is qualified to receive Social Security Benefits.
An income of at least 40 quarterly credits is required for one to qualify.
One credit is gained by a worker after earring at least $900 in a period of three months.
During this period, Social Security taxes have to be paid on that amount.
The amount of income that one requires to earn a credit changes annually.
This never affects the credits already earned.
When a worker earns 40 credits, he permanently qualifies for the Social Security benefits.
To afford living off on the benefits received from Social Security, it is imperative to ensure that you start paying for the Social Security early enough.
This will also imply that you will have more benefits later.
Calculation is done on the basis of the number of years you have worked.
As such, you should avoid asking for early retirements because the benefits will not be enough to sustain you.
Paying Social Security taxes when young is vital.
This is one of the strategies to ensure you get enough benefits.
Such benefits will sustain you after retirement.
Conclusion
To sum up, the introduction of Social Security in the US was a positive move.
The history and the current function of Social Security are essential as they make us understand how the program came into existence.
Review of the main points.
Social Security was started after the Industrial Revolution.
Workers need to accumulate credits to qualify for benefits.
It is important for us to start saving early to have enough benefits when we retire.
I strongly believe that you now have a better understanding of Social Security and how it operates.
Thank you very much for your attention and may God bless you.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
