2- How does a mobile node secure registration messages using the FA Challenge mechanism?
3- To verify the integrity of a message that has an authentication extension appended, what does the recipient do?
4- What are the main differences between IPv6 and IPv4?
5- Consider a Mobile Node with a single interface whose Home Address is 192.168.10.30 and Home Agent is 192.168.10.1. Let us assume that the MN roams away from home to FA 192.168.100.6, and then to another FA, 192.168.200.6. It then finds itself still roaming, but not within the domain of a FA. At this point, it obtains a Collocated CoA and continues to roam. After some times, it returns home. Explain step by step of the sequences of the above problem.
6- Describe macro mobility and micro mobility in mobile IP.
7- Explain the differences between WiFi and WiMax.
8- True or False: Before a 802.11 station transmits a data frame, it must first send an RTS frame and receive a corresponding CTS frame.
9- Consider a 802.11 mobility environment in which a wireless station moves from one BSS to another within the same subnet. When the APs are interconnected with a switch, an AP may need to send a frame with a spoofed MAC address to get the switch to forward frames properly. Why?
10- Suppose there are two ISPs providing Wi-Fi access in a particular café, with each ISP operating its own AP and having its own IP address block.
A. Further suppose that by accident, each ISP has configured its AP to operate over channel 11. Will the 802.11 protocol completely break down in this situation? Discuss what happens when two stations, each associated with a different ISP, attempt to transmit at the same time.
B. Now suppose that one AP operates over channel 1 and the other channel 11.
11- Consider two mobile nodes in a foreign network having a foreign agent. Is it possible for the two mobile nodes to use the same care-of address in mobile IP? Explain your answer.
12. Consider the following scenario. Node A is registered with a Home Agent (HA) in Austria under the IP address 1.0.0.10. Node B is registered with a HA 2.0.0.1 in Belgium under the IP address 2.0.0.10. Both nodes are initially in their home networks.
• Node B moves to a subnet in Switzerland controlled by a Foreign Agent (FA) 3.0.0.1.
• Node A initiates a TCP connection with node B (node A knows B’s domain name).
• Node A moves to the same Swiss subnet, and then continues using the same TCP connection.
13. Describe all relevant packets exchanged between all entities in this scenario, assuming that
nodes A and B use
a. Basic Mobile IP with a FA COA.
b. Basic Mobile IP with co-located COA.
c. Mobile IP with the reverse tunneling extension (FA COA or co-located COA). (Hint: You might want to look at RFC 3024 to get some details right.)
d. Mobile IP with the route optimization extension. Can both FA COAs and co-located COAs be used with this extension?
14. Describe the type of exchanged packets, and the IP addresses they contain.
15. Mobile IP
a) List the entities of mobile IP and describe data transfer from a mobile node to a fixed node and vice versa. Why and where is encapsulation needed?
b) Show the steps required for a handover from one foreign agent to another foreign agent.
c) Name the inefficiencies of mobile IP regarding data forwarding from a corresponding node to a mobile node. What optimizations are possible and what additional problems do they cause?
d) Explain packet flow if two mobile nodes communicate and both are in foreign networks. What additional routes do packets take if reverse tunneling is required?
e) Show the structure of the packets of each step (slides 9-10) between the original mobile user and the (now mobile) correspondent.
16. What are the problems with TCP over wireless network?
17. Snoop:
f) We described the snoop protocol when the MH is the TCP-receiver. What is the problem with snoop when the MH is the TCP-sender?
g) Describe a possible solution to this problem
18. According to RFC 2581 on TCP congestion control, a TCP receiver should use the delayed ACK algorithm. This algorithm gives the receiver the option to delay an ACK, if it is for an in-order segment, but must acknowledge every second full-sized segment. What are the main drawbacks of this algorithm in wireless networks?
19. Consider two mobile nodes in a foreign network having a foreign agent. Is it possible for the
two mobile nodes to use the same care-of-address? Explain your answer.
20. Consider a mobile node MN from network X. The user of MN wishes to communicate with a corresponding node CN in network Y. The node MN moves from X to a foreign network A.
• Describe the sequence of messages that are required in Mobile IPv4 so that MN and CN can continue
to communicate. Give the purpose of each message, where it is from, where it is to, and the path that it takes. Include both the user data messages and the Mobile IP control messages.
• Now, consider the case where CN moves to foreign network B while MN is still in the foreign network A. Can CN and MN still communicate? (Does Mobile IP support both endpoints moving?) Show the message flow to indicate how it will succeed or fail in this case.
SAMPLE ANSWER
A foreign Agent may broadcast constantly advertisements by agents who have different challenges included. Therefore a mobile node may be using unused challenges for the authentication. For authentication to a foreign agent FA the mobile nodes have to include a new defined extension known as MN-FA challenge extension to tell which challenge is used in its authentication extension. Then some rules are defined to judge if an authentication extension is valid in regard to FA change. The FA challenge is in the registration of request message with AAA authentication extension and mobile foreign authentication extension. When an authenticator is generated it includes the extension then the challenge is authenticated through the foreign authentication extension.
To verify the integrity of a message that has an authentication extension appended, the recipient will compare the value of the authenticator in the extension that is appended to that in storage.
IPv4 is the old version of protocol used for internet. It numeric address is written in 32-bit decimal of four numbers kept apart by a period .This numbers are within the range of zero to 255.For example 0. 0 .0 .0 to 255 .255. 255. 255.While IPv6 is newer version of internet protocol with a 128-bit numeric addresses which are written in hexadecimal.
The micro mobility is a term that means the mobile node’s movements are inside a network. While in contrast, the macro mobility means that there is movement between different sub networks.
WiMAX produces products that are used by wireless metropolitan networks (WMANs). while products made of Wi-Fi are built to be used in wireless Local Area network ( WLANs).
As MN leaves the address number 1it has to notify MN other network of the roaming and tells it to take care of its address.
It is false that before 802.11 stations transmits a data frame it first must send an Rts frame and a corresponding CTS frame.
The switch contains an entry in the switch forwarding table it connects the wireless station with the earlier AP. Then the new AP creates wireless frame station’s MAC and broadcasts the frames this frame will be received by another switch then the switch updates the forwarding table then the frame is forwarded to the wireless station through the new AP.
The Aps will have varying SSIDs and MAC addresses. A wireless station arriving to the café will associate with one of the SSIDs in one of the APs. After the connection their important link connecting the station. Taking the two Aps to be 1AP and 2AP the new station connects with 1AP then sends a frame when 2AP receives the frame it will not be able to processes the reason being that it is not addressed to it therefore the internet service providers can transmit at the same time in parallel otherwise their the two ISPs have the ability to work in parallel on the same channel. Moreover the two ISPs will be using the same wireless bandwidth. If wireless stations in different ISPs transmit at the same time, there will be a collision. For 802.11b, the maximum total transmission rate when it comes to both ISPs 11MBPs.
Dynamics is a program that is developed in TKK then it is implemented in the hierarchical IP. From that we can deduce that their can exist a hierarchy of FA in the midst of HA and MN. This hierarchy is in a treelike structure. The FA in the lowest level communicates with the MN. The main aim of the hierarchy is to allow Mobile IP scale well quickly to give better HO. MN doesn’t always have to register to a HA, but while moving within the FA hierarchy the tunneling can be changed internally without concerning the HA which can be located on the other side of the world and the connections can be much faster in across the FA.
The exchange protocol is internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) operates at as a network layer protocol it is found inside the IPX/SPXprotocol suite. IPX is an easy configuration of the client computers
Mobile IP entities
Mobile Node (MN)–this is a program that moves the point of attachment to different networks.
Home Agent (HA)–keeps the current location information for the mobile node. This is a router on a mobile node’s home network that dissects data destined through the mobile node; they are later delivered through the care-of address.
Foreign Agent (FA)–Router on a mobile node’s sojourned network, it gives routing services to the mobile node while the mobile node is registered.
Steps in handing over from one agent to another is
Scanning the medium decide
the base station
decide on one of them
reroute data inside the infrastructure network
release resources with the old base station. .
In TCP packets are prone to loss while it is implemented on a wireless network due to congestion and in mobile networks when TCP packets are lost due to disconnection, handoffs and high bit error rates.
Snoop has a duty of reducing the retransmission rate regardless of transmission error.rors, and a delivery that is out-of-order on the wireless link. The problem snoop is when the MH is the sending TCP is that it will not retransmit for safe delivery. One of the solutions is to ensure that MH is the receiving TCP.
ACK has the ability to be to bring up greater delay as it associates with other application and arrangement. If algorithm in use is Nagle’s algorithm you send a third party, the data will be arranged by the sender up to when an ACK is received. In case the sender will not send enough packets to fill a segment size the transfer will be at a stand still until when the ACK delay timeout.
It can happen that Two mobile have the same care-of –address in the same Foreign agent. This is because when it happens that the care-of-address is the address of the visited network, then the addresses will happen to be equal. Once the visited network opens the received datagram and decides the address of the mobile and then separates addresses that will have to be in use when sending the packets differently and separately across mobiles in a Foreign Agent.
When a Mobile user is received by a Foreign Network and links to the network, the Mobile Node gets an IP addresses. Then the Mobile Node is started to run a Registration Protocol. Registration Protocol is used hierarchically and the tunnel is brought forth through the Foreign Agent hierarchy following specific procedure. Each Foreign Agent on the way can check for a tunnel for the specified Mobile node , This will enable them to produce local tunnel updates to give new registration, the protocol goes up to the Home Node which then confirms the tunnel creation. Tunnels are created in a descending order after the MN has been accepted properly by the HA. The lifetime of the tunnel is decided upon during registration by the Mobility Agents .To keep the tunnel open keep Alive protocol is used. The messages includes A foreign Agent may broadcast constantly advertisements by agents who have different challenges included. Therefore a mobile node may be using unused challenges for the authentication. For authentication to a foreign agent FA the MN have to include a new defined extension known as MN-FA challenge extension to tell which challenge is used in its authentication extension. Then some rules are defined to judge if an authentication extension is valid in regard to FA change. The FA challenge is in the registration of request message with AAA authentication extension and mobile foreign authentication extension. When an authenticator is generated it includes the extension then the challenge is authenticated through the foreign authentication extension. Then CN send a confirmation message.
Even when the CN moves to another network they will still communicate since it will be registered on the foreign network with the same Care Address but the messages will be routed to the new network following the same sequence.
The Components of Communication Process Order Instructions: (1) Write a wordy sentence and then a revised version that is clear and concise
(2) What are the steps of Monroe’s motivated sequence?
The Components of Communication Process
What does each accomplish, why is this an effective organizational pattern for many types of sales letters and other persuasive efforts
(3) What are at five of the many things we must consider when revising written communication to ensure it is clear, concise and compelling?.
(4) Describe how you might go about your next job search, consider how you will prepare for an interview and what you will look for as you review and revise your employment documents.
(5) In a communication context, what is meant by shared meaning?.
(6) What are the components of the communication process? Describe a hypothetical business communication scenario, explaining how each of the communication components might impact the ability for all participants to arrive at shared meaning.
(7) Name three barriers to effective intercultural communications.
Do all reports include the same basic format and contents? Please explain.
(9) List five rules that you feel should go to every company’s netiquette rulebook.
(10) What is audience analysis, why is it important in business communication?
(11) Describe how we can phrase a negative message so that it does not offend the recipient, why do we want to take your described approach.
(12) What are some tools and techniques that might be used in a persuasive effort
The Components of Communication Process Sample Answer
Communications
Wordy sentence: In view of the prevailing circumstances of hard economic times, globalization changes; as well as barriers in trade, it is crucial that business leaders such as managers, chief executive officers as well as directors, take charge of the deliberations of businesses such that there is high profitability to enable survival of the businesses in the highly competitive world. Revised version: Business leaders must always ensure proper leadership so as to achieve profitability of the business.
Monroe’s motivated sequence entails five steps of motivated communication. Although the presentation may slightly vary with different conditions, the steps are generally applicable in different situations. The first step is to get the attention of the audience. This step entails usage of attention capturing articles such as storytelling or giving real statistics. This step achieves a great role of ensuring that the audience listens attentively throughout the presentation, (Barker & Gower, pp 299). Step two entails establishing the need. This step is crucial because it gives the presenter the opportunity to describe the situation. In this step, there are efforts to convince the audience that there is a problem, which needs to be solved. However, at this stage, the solution is not yet presented.
Step three entails satisfying the need. Since the problem has already been identified, the presenter now deliberates on the viable solution. The presenter suggests the solution to the prevailing problem. This step is done in such a way that the audience feels that they are part of the solution. Step four touches on visualizing the future. This step could assume positive or negative presentation. In a positive presentation, the presenter talks of how well the condition is bound to improve if the audience embraces the proposed solution. On the other hand, the presenter could portray the vision of how worse the condition is bound to get if the audience does not embark on the proposed solution. This step is built on the conviction that there is an existence of the problem in the first place. Therefore, one is bound to explore each step fully so as to ensure the success of the subsequent steps. The fifth step is the actualization step. This is whereby, the presenter gives out what the audience aught o do in order to accomplish the desired results. The presenter should aim to make the audience feel really responsible for changing the current situation. The presenter is supposed to be precise on what the audience ought o do to achieve the desired change.
The motivated sequence is an effective organizational sequence especially in sales letters and other persuasive efforts because; the audience is approached in a sequential and motivating manner(Barker & Gower, pp 299), The earlier conviction of the audience concerning the availability of a certain problem sets them to yearn for a solution. Again, the tactics used such as rhetorical questions or stories capture the attention of the audience. This way, they are able to give undivided attention to the presenter throughout the presentation. The efforts to convince the audience that they are part of the solution set them to be able to partake in the suggested solution.
The Components of Communication Process and Revising written communication
In written communication, it is crucial that the presenter ensures that the message is clear, concise and compelling. To ensure this, it is paramount to consider various factors. The purpose of the communication must always be in our minds. The goal of communication shapes everything in the communication, (Thomas & Stephens, pp 4). It is, therefore; always important to ensure that whatever is written, is oriented to the purpose of the communication. To ensure clarity in written communication, it is crucial to consider being brief. On this note, one should avoid filler words that are not necessary. It is crucial to state only the important words that are useful for the audience to understand what is intended. Another important factor to consider is giving vivid facts. These are necessary for ensuring that the audience gets a picture of what is intended. When crucial words are omitted, it becomes difficult for the audience to get the core of the message. Another very crucial factor to consider is the audience level of understanding. This determines the level of language be used. If a higher level of language is used to an audience that is not able to capture it, then, there will be a communication breakdown. It is also crucial to consider the factor of courtesy, honesty, and openness. Such factors motivate the audience. Motivation is a crucial factor in communication, (Thomas & Stephens, pp 8). On this note, the presenter should avoid words that touch on insults and dishonesty. The tone of the message should also denote these factors.
In going about a job search, it is crucial to consider the different avenues that are available. For instance, the internet, different newspapers as well as applying to different offices. In preparation for the interview, it is crucial to read widely on matters concerned with the job applied for. This is helpful especially to familiarize oneself with the current developments in the concerned field. In reviewing the employment documents, it is crucial to ensure that the application letter is well written such that it is clear, concise and compelling.
The Components of Communication Process and Communication context
In communication context, shared meaning denotes the situation whereby, the sender of information presents the intended information, and the receiver, receives the information in an intended way. The components of the communication process are the context, the sender (encoder), message, medium, receiver, (decoder) and feedback. In a hypothetical business communication whereby the manager decides to rebuke a worker over the phone, there is an impact to arrive at shared meaning. The context, that is, the prevailing circumstances of both the manager and the worker will impact. For instance, if the manager is in anger, there are high chances of failing to arrive at a shared meaning. The condition of the sender, such as hunger will affect the ability to arrive at shared meaning. The message, since it is rebuking message, may make it difficult to arrive at shared meaning. The medium used, the phone could be having technical problems such that the person on the other side may not hear the other well. This way, there will be difficulties arriving at shared meaning. The condition of the receiver such as a negative attitude to the sender will impact on the ability to arrive at shared meaning. The feedback given such as excuse as to why a certain offense was committed may not be in line with arriving at shared meaning.
Some barriers to intercultural communications include:- negative ethnocentricism, intercultural communication apprehension as well as anxiety that emanates from the language barrier. Not all reports include the same basic format and content. This is due to the different contexts of the reports and the people involved (Thomas & Stephens, pp 9). In companies, it is crucial to understand that different contexts call for an understanding of the presenter. For instance, the senders and receivers are different. The message and the context are different too. Therefore, it is difficult for reports to have a similar basic format and content.
Rules that should be in the company’s etiquette book:
Ensure that you give information concerning the inability to attend a function in good time.
Avoid texting as a way of saying that you are making efforts not to arrive late at work
Do not shout while using our mobile phone
Observe courtesy by greeting others
When it calls for queuing, just queue.
Audience analysis denotes the deliberations of a presenter to know as many details of the audience as possible. This is important in business communication because it ensures that there is the achievement of shared meaning. This is because; the audience will find the message relevant to their needs and level. A message that is negative could be phrased by first acknowledging the positive points of the receiver and then making it clear that the information is not tied to other things outside the mentioned point. This approach is important because it makes the receiver feel that the presenter is appreciating them in the first place, therefore, the negative information is meant for rectification and not tied to other factors. In persuasive efforts, some tools and techniques that could be used include emotion and influencing. In emotion, the presenter must appeal to the emotions of the receiver. This way, they will be persuaded. Bargaining is a tool that denotes efforts to convince the other person of the position you are taking. This is a crucial tool when it comes to persuasion and must, therefore, be always used.
The Components of Communication Process References
Thomas, G. F., & Stephens, K. J. (2015). An Introduction to Strategic Communication. Journal of Business Communication, 52(1), 3-11. doi:10.1177/2329488414560469
Barker, R., & Gower, K. (2010). STRATEGIC APPLICATION OF STORYTELLING IN ORGANIZATIONS: Toward Effective Communication in a Diverse World. Journal Of Business Communication, 47(3), 295-312. doi:10.1177/0021943610369782
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Essay Instructions:
STEP 1: A developed understanding of Mayr’s (2008) Ch.1 Introduction: power, discourse and institutions reading from Week 6 is required. Students should read Mayr again and concentrate on the themes in the reading that focus on the media as a production industry that produces content for commercial reasons, and in so doing distributes content that conveys dominant ideologies about its function as a reflection of society’s beliefs, values, principles etc.
STEP 2: A developed understanding of Talbot’s (2007) Ch.1 Introduction: media and discourse reading from Week 7 is required. Students should read Talbot again and concentrate on the themes in the reading that focus on the media as embedded in peoples daily lives and interactions so that through shared knowledges, mediated texts are interpreted as conveying ideas about particular persons social or professional positions.
STEP 3: The ‘identity’ role you will research is: radio shock jock and/or commentators and their activities (see pages 786-787 of Turbide, Vincent & Laforest 2010)
STEP 4: Conduct independent research to locate contemporary * Australian Newspaper content that features the topical professional/social roles mentioned above. Use ANZ Newsstand (Proquest) online library database resource as a starting point. See the link below. *Article must have been published in a (print or online) newspaper publication within the last 12 months. http://www.newcastle.edu.au/library/access/databases-by-title
ESSAY STRUCTURE AND CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
BODY
SECTION 1:
(Approximately 500-700 words)
Having selected this specific newspaper article you are required to consider its purpose as an example of media discourse to answer the following questions:
Which publication did this article appear in and why is it important to identify this? What kinds of ‘institutional procedures and practices’ (Mayr 2008, pp.1-2) may have impacted on why the contents of this article may be deemed to be newsworthy?
Does any of the article’s content explicitly refer to the media’s role as a communication medium?
If it does, why do you think this kind of encoding (Hall in Talbot 2007) has occurred? If it doesn’t, why do you think that choice has been made by those who were responsible for encoding the article?
SECTION 2:
(Maximum 500 words)
Provide a brief general overview of the article’s key story content.
SECTION 3:
(Approximately 1000-1200 words)
Explain how language style and specific instances of terminology have been used to convey the story.
• You should include direct examples from the text.
• You should discuss whose language is being represented (e.g. an
interviewee’s; spokesperson’s; politician’s; the journalist’s?) and explain the
impact this may have on a reader’s decoding of the story’s content.
• If there are predominant ‘visual languages’ used (e.g. headlines; photographs;
captions; by-lines), then you should also discuss how these structural devices frame the story’s meanings.
CONCLUSION
Word Limit: 2500 words (word count does not include the bibliography)
Due Date: Friday 12h June by MIDNIGHT
Submission: Electronic submission of the essay + bibliography to the designated TURNITIN area of the CMNS3270 Blackboard Site. Separate submission of COMPLETED Assessment Item Coversheet required.
NOTE: Ensure that you list the direct URL hyperlink to the actual newspaper article in your bibliography.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Discourses in Shock Jock Radio
Section One
The publication chosen for this work for discourse analysis in this work appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald on March 20th the year 2015. The article was titled, “Shock jock John Laws savages caller claiming to be sex abuse victim”. It takes us through a phone call interview between a shock jock radio presenter known as John Laws and an old man who turned out to be to a victim of sexual abuse during this childhood. This article was very important to identify because it portrays a very sensitive issue in the contemporary society. The manner in which the presenter questions the old victim of sexual abuse portrays the highest level of ignorance about how a victim of abuse should be handled. This article communicates various ideas that are directly linked to various social and political malpractices that still take place in the society where we live in. The fact that the interview was conducted through a phone call meant that there were so many people who were listening to the flow of conversation (Mayr 2008).
There are quite a number of institutional practices and procedures that qualified this article to become a news item.One of the practices than has been witnessed from the side of the media is that of John Law who according to the article, was a radio announcer. For any person who was listening to this it was very clear that Law did not really understand how serious the effects of the sexual abuse were on Brian, despite the fact that event happened more than fifty years ago (Sydney Morning Herald, 2015). The questions that were being asked by John proved that he was already judgemental on Brian and they actually insinuated that it was Brian’s fault that he was sexually abused. It is very unfortunate to hear the presenter ask Brian why he could not resist or fight back the perpetrators knowing very well that he was a minor who at that time could not do anything. Brian called the radio station hoping that he could at least get some help in form of counselling but in real sense, contrary to his expectation, the situation become even worse (Sydney Morning Herald, 2015).Another institutional practice that actually enables this article to become newsworthy is directly linked to Brian’s family. Under normal circumstances one of the major roles of the family institution is to provide its members with love, warmth and security. Brian, right from his childhood until his old age today has not experienced any of these from his family or any relationship. He completely knows nothing about family love. As a result, he has lived a very miserable life believing that nobody in this world is worth his trust.
Another institution that gives a very bad picture from the article is the law enforcement urgency. In the interview, Brian confessed that he had reported to the police that he had been sexually assaulted two times but the police never did anything and instead told him to go far away and forget about the case. Unfortunately, the memories of the ordeals are still very fresh in him mind at 80 years of age. It is the expectation of every member of society that the police should enhance security by arresting law breakers and protecting crime victims (Tschopp, Wells & Barney, 2012). However, for Brian’s case, nothing was done, and the fact that he was a child then did not make any difference. When the police refused to perform their essential duty of providing security particularly to minors who innocently asked for help, it becomes news (Talbot, 2007).
This article served the media’s role of communication despite the controversy created by its content. This information has been encoded to bring to the attention of the reader,the manner in which people can harass victims of abuse either knowingly or unknowingly during interviews (Katju & Markandey, 2011). The case used for this article serves as an eye opener to so many other people whether presenters like John or listeners. Readers of this article would clearly dismiss the impression created and the kinds of questions were asked by John.
SectionTwo
One morning, as was his routine, John Laws was hosting show at the radio station. On this morning, he received an unusual call from one of his listeners who according to the article was named Brian, though not his real name. Brian called the station to make a confession about his childhood predicament where he had been sexually abused as a young boy. Today, Brian is aged 80 years old and he recalls that the event occurred two times in the 1940s, when he was 11 and when he had reached 14. The first instance took place at their home in Goondiwindi and when his family relocated to a different town which he never mentioned, the perpetrator followed him. John seemed so surprised at this turn of events and decided to ask Brian where his parents were all this time. Unfortunately, Brian never informed his parents about all that was happening because he was never loved. To make the situation even worse, Brian never had anybody in the name of friends or relatives that he could trust largely because of the abuse he had experienced and his denial of family love. Today, Brian is completely withdrawn from any relationships with people to an extent that he lives alone.
John made an attempt to cheer him up but it was all in vain. On seeing that John was completely annoyed, he quickly responded by expressing his disappointment on how his time had been wasted in the interview because Brian failed to cheer up even after sharing his story. Brian further expressed his bitterness by saying he did not feel like talking to anybody. He remembered than when he was still a boy, he had reported the matter to the police who never took any action but instead advised him to go away and forget about the case. The police did not refuse to act because they had doubt on Brian’s case but because they just did not want to help him. All this time, as the interview was going on, John was trying to persuade him to come down in a very impolite way. In fact, John kept insisting that the event happened long time ago and it was his choice to forget about it. He even suggested to Brian that he should go to the pub, grab a drink and have as much fun as he can with friends to help him forget about the whole story. However, John Laws has no idea how difficult it is for Brian to forget this event. Nothing changed and Brian became even more furious. On noticing that he had not managed to help Brian in any way, John advised him to change his negative attitude which was his greatest enemy and that God could only help those people who try to help themselves.
In his comments about the case, the president of Adult Surviving Child Abuse, Dr. Kezelman, said that he was happy because John Laws had expressed some feelings of empathy for Brian but continued to say that it was helpless because his understanding of Brian’s situation was still very poor.
Section Three
This article as a media discourse has basically made use of different language styles to convey the information that was intended. One such observable style particularly in this for representing the morning show was the use of a radical version of giving out opinions by use of hosts who are very provocative like John Laws. Some of John Laws utterances in this article are very inciting to the members of the public who are listening as well as other fellow radio presenters (Turbide, 2010). It was clear that Brian who was the interviewee was in a serious trouble but even so, John Laws, the shock jock, further worsens the already worse situation by telling Brian, to simply try to help himself because even God only helps those who try to help themselves. This statement is so provoking both to his subject Brian, the listeners at that time and the readers of this article. In fact this style is one that can actually be able to mobilize the opinion of members of the public due to its provocative image (Saba & Jennifer, 2009). Initially, this kind of show was supposed to entertain the readers by the manner in which it attracted people’s opinions but this did not apply with Brian’s case. The style gave a lot of room for freedom of expression and democracy and as a result, it ended up getting criticisms from readers such as Dr. Kezelman(Zou, 2014).
In the article, John Laws constantly blames Brian for his predicament with full knowledge he was just a child then and could therefore not defend himself. Readers therefore are able to notice the use of irony in this article. Nobody could expect a presenter of John Laws caliber to question his interviewee why he could not rise and fight his assailants when he was being abused. His comments and opinions regarding Brian case were definitely out of place for any person who was reading the article. The use of circulation of discourse has also been noted in the article as restatements and propagators have been identified in the article (Turbide, 2009). When various concepts are circulated in an article, it brings about reinterpretations, repetitions, and reformations of various utterances which further bring in to play sociolinguistic and socio-historical factors. In the radio show as documented, the article records John Law’s repetitive “cheer up” calls to Brian, he has been quoted telling Brian a number of times to try being happy by going to the pub and enjoy some drinks with friends (Mahesh & Dileepkumar, 2014).Towards the end of the article, the President of Adult Surviving Child also becomes repetitive by insisting that John Laws was not in any way helpful during their conversation with Brian because he could not understand the effects of sexual abuse from the perspective of the victim. He also repeated the statement that he was impressed with the fact that John was somehow empathetic even in his lack of understanding (Mattis, 2009).
In the article the name of the caller, “Brian”, was quoted in the first instance to show that it was not his real name but actually a pseudo name. This style is normally used in quite a number of times in the media to hide the identity of the subjects particularly those who have been involved in abuse or victims of certain crimes. The sensitive nature of the issue discussed in the article does not warrant the revelation of the identity of the victim in question (Downie and Schudson, 2009).
The repeated use of direct speeches in the article has did not change the circulating discourse that emerged throughout the article. The circulation of discourse was rather enhanced because the same socio-linguistic and socio-historical factors still came to play (Awad & Isabel, 2011). A large part of the conversation between John Laws and Brian was documented in form of direct speeches rather than reported. For example, when Brian expresses his disappointed by saying that the experience of abuse had completely turned him off in any relationship and therefore could not trust anyone. John Laws responds immediately saying that he had only wasted his time performing the interview because it did not make any difference. The use of pejorative characterization has actually been repeated quite a number of times as we have seen the way John Laws has belittled his caller and kept on blaming him, an event that further worsened the situation (Vincent, 2009). Expectedly, pejorative characterization in this article has been manifested in a very injurious waydue to the fact that there has been a conflict between the two parties involved. The reader will clearly notice that this conflict was brought by the kind of verbal violence that was being perpetuated by the radio host (Peng & Buwei, 2009).
At the beginning of the article, there is a photo of an old man, in a dark room. Below the photo, there is a statement that actually acts as an eye-breaker to the reader of the article. The statement actually reveals that Brian was warned by John Laws to change his attitude. It is clear right from the beginning that indeed John Laws was a hard man considering the manner in which he interviewed Brian. Before anyone begins to read this article, an impression has already been created that there is a victim of sexual abuse who had been harassed during an interview with a radio presenter (Blocher, 2012). This in itself is a factor that creates curiosity to the reader to find out all the details of how it all happened.
This article actually expresses the language of an activist. Right from the beginning he keeps pointing out on the flaws of John Laws for harassing and insulting Brian who was is a distressed situation. The article has been structured in such a way that all the fingers point at the John Laws while much empathy is felt for Brian. At the end of the article, he goes further to seek the opinion of an expert in matters of child abuse. The expert manages to reinforce the point that he was trying to bring home about the savaging of Brian, an old man who still lives with memories of sexual abuse during his childhood.
References
Awad, Isabel. (2011). Latinas/os and the mainstream press: The exclusions of professional diversity. Journalism, 12(5), 515-532.
B P Mahesh, C. G., S, V. M., C, A. R., & Dileepkumar, M. (2014). PRINT MEDIA MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY. International Journal of Applied Services Marketing Perspectives, 3(3), 1047-1051.
Kasumba, S. (2013).A new dimension to neo-institutional sociology.African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 4(1), 122-143. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20400701311303195
Katju, Markandey. (2011). The role the media should be playing in India, The Hindu, November 5: www.thehindu.com
Kirilenko, A., Stepchenkova, S., Romsdahl, R., & Mattis, K. (2012). Computer-assisted analysis of public discourse: A case study of the precautionary principle in the US and UK press. Quality and Quantity, 46(2), 501- 522. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-010-9383-z
Mattis, K. (2009): The adoption of the precautionary principle in environmental policy: Does American media bias undermine public and ecological health and environmental sustainability? Master’s thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
Mayr, A 2008, “Introduction: power, discourse and institutions” in Language and power: an introduction to institutional discourse, Continuum, London, pp.1-18.
Saba, Jennifer. (2009). Specifics on Newspapers from ‘State of News Media’ Report, www.editorandpublisher.com
Talbot, M 2007, “Introduction: media discourse” in Media discourse: representation and interaction, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Tschopp, D., Wells, S., & Barney, D. (2012). The institutional promotion of corporate social responsibility reporting. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 5, 1-18. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1011487472?accountid=45049
Turbide (2010), The circulation of discourse: The case of deprecating remarks on trash radioDiscourse Studies12(6) 785–801 sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
Turbide, O. (2009) ‘Les stratégies de circulation d’une déclaration controversée: l’affaire Parizeau (2003)’, in J.M. Lopez-Munoz et al. (eds) Circulation des discours et liens sociaux: Le discours rapporté comme pratique sociale, pp. 311–26. Québec: Nota Bene.
Veil, S. R., & Husted, R. A. (2012). Best practices as an assessment for crisis communication. Journal of Communication Management, 16(2), 131-145. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13632541211217560
Vincent, D. (2009) ‘Corpus, banques de données, collections d’exemples. Réflexions et expériences’, in S. Bruxelles et al. (eds) Cahiers de Linguistique de Louvain 33(2): 81–96.
Zou, S. (2014). U.S.-based Chinese diasporic media and “social myth”: A comparative critical discourse analysis. Global Media Journal, 7(2), 41-56
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I am writing to apply for Operation Manager Job in relation to the advertisement made in the local job website due for a career in this successful Microfinance institution.
I am a focused and highly industrious citizen in Business Management. As outlined in the job specification, I will focus on all the details that revolve around micro finance. Part of the subjects that I will deal with is Relationship oversightwhich includes the effect of the technology and economic trends on consumption, savings and wealth.
It would beagreat opportunity to work in your company as it will help nurture my skills in the market, am available any time for interrogation or verification.
I appreciate your time and hope to hear from you soon.
Yours Sincerely.
RESUME
CAREER DESCRIPTION
I am an ambitious, organized, focused and ready to learn and goal oriented young professional eager to overcome stiff competition to achieve the best possible results in my work.
I am also committed to continuouspersonal development, am creative and innovative with strong personal integrity and work ethics. I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills and also leadership and team work skills.
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
I am currently pursuing my degree certificate in Business. Besides, I have pursued studies in financial management and public leadership.
WORK EXPERIENCE
Worked with financial institutions where I dealt with
Growing high quality small micro enterprise portfolio.
Managing all client financial relations.
Referees
Principle
School of business
Interview questions
What are your short-range goals?
I am passionate about continuous human interaction and the satisfaction that comes as a result of offering help. I love serving people and therefore I want to part of this company in serving people since I think you guys are doing a great job.
Where do you want to be five years from now?
I am not sure about what the future holds for me. However, am certain that this position will offer me an opportunity and experience in guiding me to make an informed decision.
What special skills do you have?
I have financial skills besides management skills which I believe will help me become more productive in this position.
What kind of job are you most interested in?
I am interested in a job that directly impacts on the lives of other people. Consequently, this will help me work diligently knowing very well that am touching someone’s life somewhere.
What characteristics do you feel are most important for this job?
Leadership
Good leadership will ensure respect and results from both within and outside the business fraternity.
Hard work
So as to realize profits, the position requires dedication.
What is your greatest strength?
Performing well under pressure
I work well under pressure so as to satisfy needsof customers who are the first priority.
What is your major weakness?
I am a perfectionist. I always want to achieve the best in everything that I do.
8. What were your most important achievements in your last position?
I managed to reform performance of the organisation I worked for from a loss making institution into a high profit making institution.
9. Tell me about yourself.
I am pursuing a degree in financial accounting. In addition, I have managed to study business management and leadership.
10. Why do you want to work for this company?
This company stands out as the best financial institution. Over the last five years, it has attracted public interest because of its good customer care relation and service delivery.
11. What kind of recommendation do you think you’ll get from your previous
employer?a very successful leader in my leadership capacity. This is because, over my tenure as an employee in this company, I increased its annual turnover.
12. How do you feel about overtime?
Overtime is one way of encouraging and motivating employees work even within extra hours. It is therefore a good way of increasing production in a company.
13. How long would you stay with us?
I think this is the peak of my career and the beginning of good things. I am here to stay and deliver services to the people.
Why should we hire you?
I am a qualified accountant with a lot of passion in delivering service. My hard work record speaks for itself. If you hire me, I believe I will propel this company to greater heights.
15. Define the following:
Cooperation
Cooperation is the process by which a group of people work together in harmony so as to achieve a common objective.
Responsibility
Responsibility is a situation whereby people within a given organization or institution is answerable in whatever thing they engage in.
Challenging
Challenging is the process by which someone engages in new fields with the main aim of exploring new ways of doing things(Yate & Yate,2012.14).
Imagine a product that might solve a common problem in your industry of interest. Write a sales letter using Monroe’s Motivates Sequence, TARGETING a potential buyer of the product. The letter should be written in standard business format using clear, concise and compelling language, and professional writing skills. In a paragraph following the letter, explain your approach in terms of word choice, audience focus, addressing potential opposition to your product, and your appeals
Despite advancement in information technology, survey show that companies lose billions of dollars in online advertisements. Some of these companies close down because of huge losses resulting from huge expenditure on advertisements. I wonder how comfortable they are out of business or making losses.
Utilization of traditional forms of advertisements requires both financial and human labor. This form of advertisement therefore requires huge investments instead of helping companies generate profits.
Resistance to accept and adopt new technology caused tremendous losses in a company in our state last year. I am here to ensure that you are not part of next year’s statistics.
Every company needs to make profits and reduce on expenses. Change is gradual. It is adopted progressively until it becomes a norm. A rival soft drink company lost over 2 billion dollars as a result of traditional marketing strategies. The online application technology am introducing is cheaper and will save you more than 10 billion dollars annually. A soft drink company in my state is currently using the application and has doubled its annual turnover.
Continue using this old technology for your online advertisements and you will collapse the company due to losses. Consider yourself being nominated the best Company in the region if you adopt this new application.
I have organized a company tour after tea break. Everyone is invited to come with us. Your opinion will really help us identify areas that need immediate improvement. If you will be unable to attend this morning, I have left some pamphlets and business cards. Feel free to call me with inquiries, concerns, and contributions (Livingston, 2010.23).
Acting as supervisor for a company of your choice, draft two examples of formal company e-mails to employees.
The first email will be good-news message delivering information that your employees will likely view as positive.
The second email will be a bad-news email delivering information that your employees will likely view as negative.
Each email will be approximately two-three concise, professionally-written paragraphs in an appropriate tone. Post both emails in the same document.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Business communication in nursing emails
Bad Email
Dear employees,
Our company’s turnover rate for the last financial year is reported to be unexpectedly low. Consequently, the company is experiencing financial downside and this call for a contingency plan to reduce the operation costs. For this reason, the management has agreed to reduce the number of employees.
We have strived to the best of our abilities to avoid this approach but there is no other alternative to stabilize the financial crisis. We regret to inform you that we have to terminate some positions held by new employees, interns and freshers.
We are sincerely grateful for your diligence and commitment towards achieving the company goal. We assure you that this move is only a temporary measure and when the situation stabilizes, we may consider hiring you back. The company will give you some bonus as a measure of our gratitude.
Yours Sincerely,
HR
Good Email
Dear employees,
Kindly accept our warmest gratitude for your hard work and marvelous contributions to the organization. We value the much time and energy dedicated towards achieving the organization goals and mission. It is a great pleasure to know that we can always account on you as we strive to climb even higher.
The company management was delighted to learn that our company was voted among the best performing company in the world. We understand that this was not easy, and that it is your willingness strives above and beyond.
For this reason, the management has decided that every employee shall have a pay raise of 13% of their current salary. The employees will also have increase in major allowances including house allowance, medical allowance and transport.
Yours Sincerely,
HR
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Evaluation of Tannens Communication Theories For our second paper, we will write a supported argument, evaluating some of Deborah Tannen’s theories of communication from the book That’s Not What I
Meant.
Evaluation of Tannens Communication Theories
To support (or refute) Tannen’s theories, we will be using examples from our own communication with others (i.e. friends, family, work associates,
schoolmates, acquaintances), and/ or you may use examples from TV shows or films, to evaluate whether or not Tannen’s theories are evident in contemporary
media.
The overall point of your essay is to decide, of the concepts you explored, if Tannen is correct in her assessment of how people truly communicate and the
issues they come across during that communication. (It may help to realize that your thesis is answering the previous sentence.)
In your essay you will need to explore at least 4 of Tannen’s concepts in detail. Concepts are generally marked as italicized subheadings within chapters.
Most students choose to evaluate concepts that are related within the book in order to have a more unified thesis, for example, evaluating 4 of the concepts
within Chapter 8’s discussion on gender differences, or examining 4 concepts within the “Power and Solidarity” chapter of the book.
You have a lot of information that you may include in your discussion of each concept, including Tannen’s definition of the concept, Tannen’s dialogue
example, a personal example of your own, and/or a media-based example. Overall however, your discussion of each concept should yield for the reader a clear
understanding about how you feel about the validity of each of Tannen’s concepts you investigate. Your own examples will either echo Tannen’s views, or
refute them. It is okay to agree with some of the concepts you explore and not others—your thesis will then just state the difference.
Evaluation of Tannens Communication Theories Essay Specifications
Your essay should be at least 4 ½ -5double-spaced pages (papers less than 4 ½ will be marked down)
You must use standard MLA formatting for in-text citation, general formatting and a Works Cited page.
Include at least 4 quotes from Tannen’s book.
Have an introduction and an argumentative thesis that reveals whether you agree with Tannen’s proposed concepts or not Include detailed observations or examples that either refute or agree with Tannen
A conclusion
My Topic : Communicating in a multi-generational workforce
Hook: (you need a “wow statement” that meets the 85% rule – see the librarian while here
Anchor: (you need a number to demonstrate a problem exists that meets the 85% rule).
The general business problem is each generation has an unique preferred communication/motivational style challenging supervisors of multi-generation workers.
The specific business problem is some managers have little information on strategies to use to motivate each generation.
Purpose statement.
The focus of this qualitative multi-case study is to explore strategies that managers use to motivate a multi generation work force. Data will be collected from 3 HR managers in XXX (city, state) that have successfully motivated a multi generational workforce. The data from this study might contribute to social change by increasing productivity and workplace communications.
Research question: What communication strategies can managers of a multi generational work force use to motivate employees?
Assignment
Page 1
Abstract
[Doctoral Study Title]
by
[your official name]
MS, [university], 200X
BS, [university], 200X
Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Business Administration
Page 2
Background
Text begins here. The purpose of the background is to introduce the topic and problem you will address. You want to briefly indicate why the problem deserves new research. More important, the doc study must address applied research so you will want to identify the need to solve an “applied” business problem. The goal of this section is to encourage readers to continue reading, to generate interest in the study, and provide an initial frame of reference for understanding the entire research framework.
The Background” can be effectively accomplished in no more than one page; brevity and clarity is essential. The “Review of the Literature” will provide a more detailed discussion on the literature pertaining to the topic/problem. Immersing your self in the literature on your topic/problem is crucial to uncovering a viable business problem. Do not underestimate the importance of the literature in aiding identifying a viable business problem.
The research topic is broad in nature; do not narrow the focus to quickly. You want to give the reader, especially those not familiar with the topic, time to get familiar with the topic. Transition the reader to a more a concise presentation of the specific business topic/problem under study. This component focuses on identifying why the study is important, how the study relates to previous research on the topic/problem, and Background
Text begins here. The purpose of the background is to introduce the topic and problem you will address. You want to briefly indicate why the problem deserves new research. More important, the doc study must address applied research so you will want to identify the need to solve an “applied” business problem. The goal of this section is to encourage readers to continue reading, to generate interest in the study, and provide an initial frame of reference for understanding the entire research framework.
The Background” can be effectively accomplished in no more than one page; brevity and clarity is essential. The “Review of the Literature” will provide a more detailed discussion on the literature pertaining to the topic/problem. Immersing your self in the literature on your topic/problem is crucial to uncovering a viable business problem. Do not underestimate the importance of the literature in aiding identifying a viable business problem.
The research topic is broad in nature; do not narrow the focus to quickly. You want to give the reader, especially those not familiar with the topic, time to get familiar with the topic. Transition the reader to a more a concise presentation of the specific business topic/problem under study. This component focuses on identifying why the study is important, how the study relates to previous research on the topic/problem, and Background
Text begins here. The purpose of the background is to introduce the topic and problem you will address. You want to briefly indicate why the problem deserves new research. More important, the doc study must address applied research so you will want to identify the need to solve an “applied” business problem. The goal of this section is to encourage readers to continue reading, to generate interest in the study, and provide an initial frame of reference for understanding the entire research framework.
The Background” can be effectively accomplished in no more than one page; brevity and clarity is essential. The “Review of the Literature” will provide a more detailed discussion on the literature pertaining to the topic/problem. Immersing your self in the literature on your topic/problem is crucial to uncovering a viable business problem. Do not underestimate the importance of the literature in aiding identifying a viable business problem.
The research topic is broad in nature; do not narrow the focus to quickly. You want to give the reader, especially those not familiar with the topic, time to get familiar with the topic. Transition the reader to a more a concise presentation of the specific business topic/problem under study. This component focuses on identifying why the study is important, how the study relates to previous research on the topic/problem, and Background
Text begins here. The purpose of the background is to introduce the topic and problem you will address. You want to briefly indicate why the problem deserves new research. More important, the doc study must address applied research so you will want to identify the need to solve an “applied” business problem. The goal of this section is to encourage readers to continue reading, to generate interest in the study, and provide an initial frame of reference for understanding the entire research framework.
The Background” can be effectively accomplished in no more than one page; brevity and clarity is essential. The “Review of the Literature” will provide a more detailed discussion on the literature pertaining to the topic/problem. Immersing your self in the literature on your topic/problem is crucial to uncovering a viable business problem. Do not underestimate the importance of the literature in aiding identifying a viable business problem.
The research topic is broad in nature; do not narrow the focus to quickly. You want to give the reader, especially those not familiar with the topic, time to get familiar with the topic. Transition the reader to a more a concise presentation of the specific business topic/problem under study. This component focuses on identifying why the study is important, how the study relates to previous research on the topic/problem, and gives the reader a firm sense of what your study is going to address and why. Include a transition statement that leads to problem statement that will provide more specificity regarding the problem.
A well-written transition signals a change in content. It tells your reader that they have finished one main unit and moving to the next, or it tells them that they are moving from a general explanation to a specific example or application. A transition form the background to the Problem Statement is often as brief as one sentence, as follows: The background to the problem has been provided: The focus will now shift to the problem statement. Tip: Many potential business topics/problems can be found in the “Area for Future Research” section of most peer reviewed journal articles.
Page 3
Problem Statement
Text goes here: The problem statement must include four specific components to include the (a) hook, (b) anchor, (c) general business problem, and (d) specific business problem. More important, ensure the problem statement reflects a business problem. You must ensure you map to the rubric requirements. Please review the training video developed by the DBA methodology team before you rework your problem statement. It will help add clarity and save you time. This is the most critical component of the doctoral study and will be highly scrutinized in the review process.
Although the rubric states a maximum word count of 150, the Problem Statement can be effectively written in four sentences; one for each of the four specific components. Do not include any explanatory, prescriptive, or causative information. Often times individuals try to explain the cause of the problem, correlates of the problem, antecedents of the problem, moderators and mediators of the problem, etc. This is not appropriate for the Problem Statement; simply state the problem! The Problem Statement is a concise depiction of the problem. However, it carries a big message; that of substantiating the need for the study.
Page 4
Purpose Statement
Text begins here. The Purpose Statement of the study clearly describes the intent/focus of the investigation. The statement should be crafted into a mini story (200 words) that includes the following six elements (in paragraph format):
• Research method is identified as qualitative, quantitative, or mixed.
• Research design is clearly stated (i.e. case study, phenomenological, etc.).
• Research variables (if a quantitative or mixed method) are briefly identified: independent, dependent (experimental study), or a correlation (relationships, comparison).
• Specific population group of study is identified.
• Geographic location of study is identified.
• Contribution to social change is described.
Page 5
Research Question
Text begins here. Identify the research question that will guide the study. Do not include interview questions in this section.
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Text begins here. In quantitative studies, the theoretical framework, or in qualitative studies, the conceptual framework, illustrates which ideas from the literature ground the research being conducted. You will be presenting your conceptual framework. Theoretical/conceptual frameworks are bodies of knowledge that help to explain and predict phenomena and show how the study will be related to existing knowledge. Some sample conceptual frameworks include (a) systems theory, (b) disruptive innovation theory, and (c) transformational leadership theory. Be sure to (a) name the conceptual framework (b) name the theorist (if applicable), (c) list key concepts of the conceptual framework, (d) identify any key propositions, and (e) identify application to your study.
Significance of the Study
Text begins here. Discuss why the study is of value to business. Discuss how the study may contribute to effective practice of business. Identify how the results might contribute to social change.
page 6
References
Insert References here. Examples of some common types of references follow; see APA 6.22 and Chapter 7 for more details.
These sample entries are tagged with the “APA Reference” style tag, which means the line spacing and hanging indent are automatic. Apply the “APA Reference” style tag to your entries.
Pay special attention to italics, capitalization, and punctuation. The style tag does not govern those aspects of the entry.
Print periodical (journal)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.
Online periodical (journal)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx(x), xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxx
Nonperiodical (book)
Author, A. A. (1994). Title of work. City of Publication, ST: Publisher.
Chapter in a book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1994). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). City, ST: Publisher.
****the assignment should be a total of 8 to 9 pages !!!
rubic ( will be attaching it shortly)
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, sixth edition, Chapter 7 includes numerous examples of reference list entries. For more information on references or APA style, consult the APA website or the Walden Writing Center website
SAMPLE ANSWER
Abstract
In the recent past, there has been an increase in the multigenerational workforce and this has complicated communication in the workforce. This qualitative paper explores the strategies that managers use to explore and motivate a multigenerational workforce. This study will employ the use of qualitative study with the use of the case study to analyze the research question related to communication in multigenerational workforce. The results from this study are important for businesses as it will be used to contribute to social change by increasing productivity and workplace communications.
Background
According to Armstrong (2008), human resource is an important aspect in the management of any organization due to the fact that they have a direct impact on the success of the business or organization. Therefore, it is important to recognize the significant impact played by the HRM. Innovation in the human resource management in the recent past has called for further studies that can be used to improve the nature of workplace (Brown, 2012). Globalization of business organization has therefore enacted policy issues and has brought more people that differ in their generational background. Expanding generational differing qualities is bringing on requesting for a change in the way by which the superintendents must deal with their HR (Jora & Khan, 2014). The current working environment is experiencing critical changes that present open doors and difficulties in equivalent measure. According to Brown (2012), one of the difficulties realized multi-generational workforce is correspondence among the diverse age fragments. The current American multi-generational workforce compasses four eras, with each having their own particular perspectives and needs. Accordingly, the chief of today confronts a progression of difficulties that debilitate the smooth running of their associations (Jora & Khan, 2014). In such manner, just associations that grasp generational contrasts in correspondence, methods for accomplishing things and methods for correspondence are certain to flourish.
Past studies have majorly taken a gander at methods for drawing in a multigenerational workforce, without narrowing down to the specifics, for example, correspondence. Compelling correspondence among the multigenerational workforce is discriminating in captivating the different representatives and guaranteeing that they are centered around their outcomes (Hiriyappa, 2009). The past homogenous human capital administration may not work successfully for the current various partners in the working environment (Rajput, Marwah, Balli, & Gupta, 2013). Correspondence give the methods by which execution desires are situated, connections created, coordinated effort are empowered, and trust develops inside a multigenerational workforce. Cekada (2012) contends that striking the right adjust among the workers is key in guaranteeing that the needs of every last one of representatives are met.
This study will inspect how the correspondence among the multigenerational workforce can be a test and what could be possible to address the circumstance. This study is exceptionally huge in as it will empower the associations to handle the correspondence weight from among the multigenerational workforce, which has a tendency to grow with time. In addition, this study will give vital bits of knowledge by which the administration can influence the quality of every era of their human capital to exploit their multigenerational workforce.
Problem Statement
In the work places many generations have been working side by side inclusive of the younger and older generations that have resulted in the establishment of the middle generations that holds most of the management roles and the older generations. This older generations is inclusive of executives who are 30 and 40years in their own careers (Whitacre, 2007). The distinction of all the age groups are evident in their own generational differences and if not highly considered they are supposed to put high considerations to reduce any friction that results from misunderstanding between colleagues and bosses.
Baby boomers, generation W and generation X all sit in the same office under the new modern work places implying that there is no great difference between this age and past years (Soto & Lugo, 2013). Generation W is comprised of people who are quickly approaching college age and within no time they will be approaching the age of the working class and thus will mean that generation office will be the new norm. The integration of the new workers is the challenge that has to be put in higher considerations of ensuring that the best is done with the respect to the seniority and experience to the older generation that has more experience in the field. Once the new generation joins the workforce they will require a period of adapting to the job filed which becomes a challenge to the older generation who have to show them the required techniques that ought to be employed in the workforce to the success of the organization.
Communication style is what brings the difference between the two generations that is the younger generation that is now new in the job field and the older generation who have been in the field for a longer time and with high experience about work (Brown, 2012). The younger generation tend to use another form of communication that involves abbreviations, informal language and the colloquialisms that need to be seriously be broken down for better understanding. In some organizations the older workers are accustomed to communicating and this happens with high formality that has to be followed to the latter.
Purpose Statement
Due to increased multigenerational workforce, the general problem is that each generation has a unique and preferred communication/motivational style that challenge the leaders and the supervisors of multigenerational workforce. The main focus of the study is to determine how communication can be a challenge within the multigenerational workforce and what needs to be done to improve the situation. A survey methodology that employs the use of case study can best be used to answer the research questions related to communication in a multigenerational workforce. The focus of this qualitative multi-case study is to explore strategies that managers use to motivate a multigenerational workforce and remove the barrier that may be presented by the multigenerational workforce. For the purposes of this study, data will be collected from 3HR managers within New York City. The data and the result from this study might greatly contribute to the social change by increasing communication and the overall productivity within the multigenerational workforce environment.
A case study is an examination that contains an oral, archival, and discretionary source-based relic of past or present marvels. Right when associated with a study, relevant examination investigation or procedures will get to the sort sources and frameworks that are open, especially in a way that the method has been gotten to some social science examinations. Case study gives an intentional strategy for looking at events, data collection, and information examination, reporting of the researched report. The result of the technique will help the examiner to secure sharp learned utmost of why the event happened as it did, and what may get the chance to be basic to investigate at more broadly later on investigation. Another proposition is that case study can be seen as an examination approach, an exploratory solicitation that examines a sensation inside its real setting. Exactly when depicting the context oriented investigation, a couple of examiners battle that the unit of examination is the most essential point of view for the circumstance study ensuing to independent from focusing on a social event or individuals; it tends to focus on the system or technique for movement.
Research Question
The communication style can be used by the leaders and supervisors who work in a multigenerational workforce has not been fully established. The ability of the people in the multigenerational workforce to enhance their communication is very important as it will enhance proper relationships and improve the productivity of the workforce.
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Social constructionists
Social constructionists, also known as symbolic interactionism, is a theory that considers communication as a perfect transaction of message that comes from the sender to the receiver as a product of information sharing and creation of social meaning. The social constructionist theory argues that how somebody says something determines the meaning of the message by assuming that the ideas are constructed though the social process. It can also be viewed as a constructivist view that that involves an ongoing process that symbolically forms and reforms personal identities involved in the communication process. The social constructionist theory sees communication as a robotic and computer like since it is seen as a transmission model from one medium to another. The constructionist view provides a more realistic view of communication by involving a proper interaction of people through sharing of ideas regarding a particular question. According to social constructionist theory, the human communication occurs in electronic form that doesn’t behave as bits in electronic stream, but more like an electric current that runs from one person to another involved in the communication process.
Social learning theory
The theory of social planning is a social learning theory that is as well referred to as the applied social learning theory when developing interventions to motivate all the farmers who are determined in farming issues. This is aimed at reducing seed sowing, nitrogen fertilizer that should be applied and the insecticides that will later be applied in the soil to improve the soil fertility (Hiriyappa, 2009). This type of theory mainly stresses on the importance of observational learning, all the imitations that have to employ for use in the working sector and the media effects on human behavior that has to be followed in the organization to ensure that codes and ethics are well followed. This theory as well explains that through social modeling any worker in the organization or even outside the organization they are in a better position of adapting to any type of behavior that they need to adapt to. It encourages awareness and high expectations of the future that have to be reinforced or punishments that will be affecting the management through the impacts that it brings to the individuals. Extrinsic factors have to be highly be employed for use in changing all the individual behaviors to ensure that they behave accordingly for the success of the organization. However, new behavior is also learned through learning how the rest people conduct’s themselves in the right way that will be impressive to all. The younger generation tend to use another form of communication that involves abbreviations, informal language and the colloquialisms that need to be seriously be broken down for better understanding. In some organizations the older workers are accustomed to communicating and this happens with high formality that has to be followed to the latter.
Behavioral theory
Theory of planned behavior is applicable in developing the campaign approach and media materials with the aim of driving strategic communication campaign framework to understand how the individual’s behavior ought to be promoted in the right way. This theory works hand in hand with the theory of planned behavior that asserts the intentions to perform certain behavior that is advocated for use in the organization. The attitude of a certain individual is what asserts the intention to behave in a certain way that is needed in the organization. This theory has helped in controlling the norms that were employed for use by the individuals that led to controlling the health matters in the organization (Cekada, 2012). Health campaigns have been reported to be successful through this theory; since, it ensured that people were made aware to ensure that they determine, which type of diseases contribute to the certain behavior that is evident in employees. This helps them in making a good decision that will give them the chance to make good analysis and increase their knowledge in handling matters that arise ahead. This theory help in explaining why some media campaigns have limited success and give a solution on what need to be done to ensure this problem is improved to the right standards. In some organizations the older workers are accustomed to communicating and this happens with high formality that has to be followed to the latter.
Significance of the Study
This study has a lot of business significance as it will greatly transform the manner in which people view the multigenerational workforce. This study has the potential of improving workplace productivity by increasing job satisfaction among the multigenerational workforce. Employees feel empowered if they if they appreciate their multigenerational differences in the context of communication between them. The smoothness of communication flow is very important to workers since employees feel secure when they are able to receive truthful and updated information from their bosses and their co-workers (Hiriyapa, 2009). The future of the company is guaranteed if everything is communicated in the right way and in the right channels across the multigenerational workforce. Enhanced communication skills will help to reduce the barriers within the multigenerational workforce and enhance understanding among the general workers. The generational differences requires proper understanding among the difference age groups segments as will be highlighted by this research. This study enhances the ability of an organization to offer enhanced job satisfaction, team building, increased commitment and loyalty that an organization needs to improve the productivity of its workers. The ability of an organization to enhance their human resources will enable to move forward and increase on their competitive ability.
References
Brown, S. E. (2012). Attracting, challenging, and leading a multigenerational workforce-A perspective. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 29(1), 29-33.
Cekada, T. L. (2012). Training a multigenerational workforce. Professional Safety, 57(3), 40-44.
Hiriyappa, B 2009, Organizational Behavior, New Age International, New Delhi.
Rajput, N., Marwah, P., Balli, R., & Gupta, M. (2013). International Journal of Marketing and Technology, 3(2), 132-149.
Armstrong, M 2008, Strategic Human Resource Management : A Guide To Action, London: Kogan Page, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost, viewed 31 December 2014
Cahill, Terrence F,E.D.D., F.A.C.H.E., & Sedrak, Mona,P.H.D., P.A. (2012). Leading a multigenerational workforce: Strategies for attracting and retaining millennials. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 29(1), 3-15.
Cekada, T. L. (2012). Training a multigenerational workforce. Professional Safety, 57(3), 40-44.
Jora, R. B., & Khan, S. (2014). Motivating multigenerational human resource. International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives, 3(4), 1276-1281.
Rajput, N., Marwah, P., Balli, R., & Gupta, M. (2013). Managing Multigenerational Workforce: Challenge For Millennium Managers. International Journal of Marketing and Technology, 3(2), 132-149.
Communication in a Multi Generational Workforce Order Instructions: Existing Mixed Methods Studies
Return to your Literature Review and peruse the mixed methods studies you found for additional resources that pertain to your topic.
Communication in a Multi Generational Workforce
Conduct additional searches through the Walden Library for relevant studies that either pertain directly to your topic or that pertain to related topics and could inform a mixed methods study of your topic. Perhaps these studies provide a model, research instrument, framework, or hypothesis that informs your own evolving thinking.
Post a brief synopsis of the mixed methods studies you found as a “.doc” or “.rtf” attachment. For each entry, provide the full APA citation, as well as a brief paragraph that explains the contribution the study makes to your own topic, either directly or tangentially. In the text of your posting (to which you will attach your synopsis), introduce and summarize the mixed methods studies as a collection, and post at least two questions that will elicit suggestions and further responses from your colleagues. Thesis Topic: communication in a multi generational workforce
Communication in a Multi Generational Workforce Sample Answer
Communication in a multi generational workforce
Introduction
Today’s workforce is composed of individuals from four generations each bringing different views and values to the workplace. Mixed methods are very relevant in carrying out such kind of research using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Mixed methods enhance researcher’s capacities for social definition and generalization hence incorporates the best principles in doing research work (Chirino-Klevans, 2009, p34).
Communication in a Multi Generational Workforce Discussion
Qualitative
In studying communication in the multi generational workforce, the study involves various qualitative, techniques based on culture and a survey of people. This ensures that a particular population is well captured in terms of its diverse characteristics. The study entails the culture of small pockets of people covering three mental constructs. This approach addresses the character of the people in terms of values, communication, relationships, and motivation (Cohen & Crabtree, 2006,p109).
Quantitative
At this stage data generated from the qualitative approach is utilized. The data is used to develop instruments that give measurements of the particular character that impacts the behavior of interest. in addition, it looks at the relationship of this behavior with any other related aspect. The factors involved in the survey then enable the researcher to study their interests comprehensively while addressing a larger population. Motivations for human behaviors are very sophisticated. Someone’s volitional decisions are interfered with by the behaviors and the expectations of other people through experience, by tradition, and by the way in which the surrounding is composed (Cohen & Crabtree, 2006 p 100).
Communication in a Multi Generational Workforce Conclusion
Despite the fact that mixed methods are very informative during research work, the study is limited to four groups of people. This may not give a clear picture within each generational cohort.
Therefore the question that requires an answer is “what factors could affect participant’s values, motivation, work ethic, and life view”
Communication in a Multi Generational Workforce References
Chirino-Klevans, I. (2009). Motivating a changing workforce. Retrieved 12/05/10 from http://thinkup.waldenu.edu/archive/item/8825-motivating-a-changing-workforce.htm
Cohen D. & Crabtree B. (2006) “Qualitative Research Guidelines Project.” July 2006.
Retrieved from http://www.qualres.org/HomeRefl-3703.html
Cohen D. & Crabtree B. (2006) “Qualitative Research Guidelines Project.” July 2006.
Retrieved from http://www.qualres.org/HomeMemb-3696.html
I will allow you to write a 2-3 page summary of a current supply chain topic from any company you choose that is related to one of the chapter topics(The Supply Management Handbook, 7th Ed (7th Edition)
SAMPLE ANSWER
Sharing information in supply chains
Introduction
Distributing the order based processed data among the supply chain personnel will give delayed and an exaggerated image of the clients demand. Also, it will maximize the demand accordingly and variability the needs for secured stock. Accuracy in the future demands for information such as forecasting, point of sale data, and customer stock balances will always be present from the stand point of customers. If the demanded information reaches to the suppliers and they are able to use the information to its planning processes, it will have an opportunity or a new chance to optimize customer’s services and at the same time reduce the inventory cost.
For the company to gain from the forecasted oriented information, it is necessary for the company to comprehend the various types of planning information in various contexts.
Concept of sharing information
Supply chain personnel are able to connect with other personnel of different companies and be able to share out the information. To share out the information, it must be an activity while the visibility will have to be a potential result of the processed data sharing that will led to an efficient and effective supply chain, (WANG, 2011).
This concept of sharing information is mostly used when narrating the access to information from the specific locations where the goods will be distributed from, also from the suppliers and lastly to the customer who will consume the goods. This kind of information can be recorded or tracked using radio frequency identification and the use of bar code application. Information distribution can be utilized with references to help obtain information which will be utilized to maximize the control of materials flow. This kind of information is recognized as planning information. The planning information can be either supply related or demand related. The demand related information includes information that is shared between suppliers and clients; customers orders, point of sales, forecasting and available customers orders or stock. For supply related information, it includes supplier stock, advanced notices and delivery that are expected to be delayed.
The value of sharing various types of planning information
Scholars argue that sharing of different information will help an organization to be making dynamic solutions. The solutions will be non stationary in demand and will be in systematic trends. This will be of high value if the demand’s variance will be high; clients will be more reliable than the supplier’s correlation. Also, at times the planning information both the demand related information and then supply related information will mean that the supplier’s inventory will be considered but r the customers; they have to release new replenishments for them.
The value of information sharing
Sharing network have an outcome on the value of the information been shared. It is deduced that the value of information been shared does at times decrease if the sample of retailers increases and vice versa. It can be expressed from a notion of the fact that the bigger population of retailers, the more random variation demanded tends to even out, will reduce the value of the information. The value of information sharing might be affected by whether if the information been shared among only some limited numbers of a organization’s customers or many small customers. It can be concluded that the value of the information sharing will differ depending on whether the information been shared is demand is stationary or non-stationary, (GANS, 2012)
References
Wang, John. Information Systems and New Applications in the Service Sector: Models and Methods. Hershey: Business Science Reference, 2011. Print.
