Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance. Write a two to three (2-3) page report (500-750 words) that
describes your experience.
Clearly identify the event location, date attended, the attendees, and your initial reaction upon arriving at the event.
Provide specific information and a description of at least two (2) pieces.
Provide a summary of the event and describe your overall reaction after attending the event.
Use at least the class text as a reference (additional sources are fine, not necessary unless required by your content). Your report should include
connections you make between things observed in your activity and things learned in the course and text.
This is what I have learned in the course:
• the arts, literature, belief systems, and major events in the development of cultures around the globe from the European Renaissance to the contemporary
period.
• Baroque style
• The drama of painting Caravaggio and the caravaggisti
• Beethoven and the rise of Romantic music
• Beethoven; Art and Protest in the 1800s
• Tchaikovsky and Women in Art
• Harlem Renaissance
• Government and the Arts; Abstract Expressionism; Minimalist Music
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Cultural Variables that Affect Americans and Arabs Your essay needs to have at least 12-15 references in it. Discuss some cultural variables that can affect communication between Americans and Arabs when doing business.
Cultural Variables that Affect Americans and Arabs
Use the prescribed textbook and 1-3 other current relevant textbooks. At least eight (8) of your
references should be recent, relevant, peer-refereed journal articles sourced from credible databases (namely Google Scholar, Ebsco Host (Business Source
Premier) or Emerald). Avoid general internet sites.
Criteria for Grading Written Work:
1. Planning (30%) selecting and weighing relevant and reliable evidence, and structuring valid arguments based on that evidence showing discrimination in
selecting key points and summarising the issues; a coherent, logical ‘flow’ of arguments from one point to the next; no point discussed in excess of its
relevance to the main question.
2.Content – Understanding (30%) demonstrating a broad and deep knowledge of the substantive subject-matter, including but not limited to the set textbooks
and readings, particularly those most relevant to the question: covering all major viewpoints relating to the set question or your own selected topic.
3.Content – Analysis (30%) demonstrating your own independent and critical thinking in reaching conclusions (e.g., not merely restating or describing
arguments, or making untested assumptions, on matters open to dispute).
4. Referencing – (10%) – accurate citation of references using the Harvard system.
• Do not use Wikipedia. You must reference and include a bibliography.
Essay question: One of the main aims of Cultural Studies is to critically interrogate ‘natural’ or ‘common sense’ ways of knowing and of being. Explain. (What does critical interrogation entail? What is its purpose? Which of the theories discussed so far can help us to unpack ‘natural’ or ‘common sense’ explanations? Illustrate your claims with examples – choose something considered ‘natural’ or ‘common sense’ and show how a Cultural Studies theory can be used to critically interrogate this explanation) You will be marked on the following criteria in this and the final essay: 1) Extent to which the essay focuses on the specific question chosen. 2)
Essay structure:
1) statement of aims in the introduction;
2) organisation of material (your argument should develop in a logical manner); conclusion.
Effects of Cultural Issues on Cultural Business Practices The person who wants to take this order should be familiar with business management and cultural theory and good grammar.
Effects of Cultural Issues on Cultural Business Practices
Follow the structure that I provide in a word document, must open it.
Read the newspaper first
“Is manufacturing returning from China to the US?”
Report Description: Individual written analysis of a media article
The required length of the report is 1500 words +/- 10% excluding the cover page and reference
list. Students will source a media article from the past TWO years on a cross-cultural topic, online or from any other media source like newspapers,
magazines, radio or TV, (I already find one newspaper for you to discuss)
and explain, discuss and critique how the article illustrates one or more theoretical principles of cross-cultural studies.
The topic for this report
How cultural issues affecting cross-cultural business practices and processes between China and USA
Unit for this report
The unit is cross-culture management !!!!!!!
Reference:
At least 10 academic references, Journal articles and books are better
Harvard referencing system should be used.
Presentation of Assignments
Assignments should meet normal academic and professional standards of presentation, including:
a) All pages, excluding the cover page, should be numbered;
b) Page margins should be 2.54 cm (default margin settings) on all four edges and double spaced;
c) Times New Roman font type and font size of 12 points should be used;
d) Assignments should be free of typographical and grammatical errors
Gay and Bisexual Male Subculture Order Instructions: Please go through the attached document and find the necessary requirements. contact me if possible, I’ll appreciate that. I need this back on time and it has lots of marks attached to it, so I don’t want it screwed up. Finally, I WILL LET YOU CHOOSE ANY SUBCULTURE YOU WISH TO IN OTHER TO GIVE AN EXCELLENT JOB. Thanks a lot.
Gay and Bisexual Male Subculture
Gay and Bisexual Male Subculture Sample Answer
Introduction
A gay male is a subculture of gay, lesbian transgender, and bisexual culture (LGBT). This subculture consists of gay and bisexual males only. Since its emergence in 1969, it has gained popularity and developed other subcultures. The main subculture of a gay male is the bear, which is characterized by males who exhibit secondary sexual characteristics such as hairy face and body as well as huge muscular bodies (Flores 2011). They share similar ideologies with the mainstream gay male subculture only that it is characterized by males who posses certain features. Gay males continue to suffer from stigmatization from straight individuals. Religious groups and other straight people in the community strongly reject them on the basis of sexual orientation. Some face discrimination in schools and at home. There is also a major crisis of HIV that is affecting gay males. This has further led to gay male stigmatization. Statistics reveal that gay men engage in risky sexual behavior and are at great risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Stigmatization and discrimination made many gays change greatly as they identify themselves with the culture that accepts them. The process of socialization within the subculture has made many gay males to behave in a certain way and feel like part of the community. As time progresses, some countries accepted gays to extent of legalizing their marriages despite the eminent controversies.
An ethnographic description of the subculture
A gay male is a subculture of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT). Although the gay community has been in existence for a long term, gay culture was first instituted in 1969 when a group of seven gay males formed a club to advocate for their rights to be recognized as normal people. Since then, several gay males have come into the open to announce their sexual orientations. The pace at which gay community came into the open in the past was quite slow. Homosexuality has been highly associated with stigmatization; the reason why many gay people would not come into the open. However, today, people are increasingly accepting gay people and associating with them in any way. In fact, there are some countries that recognize gay marriage.
Gay men are exposed to sexual risk behaviors. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d), gay men are at high risk of contracting HIV. Usually, gay men have anal sex, which has been identified as the riskiest way of transmitting the HIV virus. Similarly, their sexual practice also contributes to high chances of acquiring other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and syphilis. It is also notable that gay men have multiple sexual partners; hence, higher chances of acquiring HIV. The kind of lifestyle they lead especially in festivals is likely to spread sexually transmitted diseases to many people.
There are several subcultures in gay male culture such as bears, leather, and chubbies. Bear has emerged as one of the most popular subcultures. It was popularized in 1987 when several terms describing gay people came into the light. The term bear originated from huge and heavy animals referred to as bears. As such, the bear subculture is comprised of masculine and heavy males. Although this subculture claims to welcome everyone, many of them discriminate against men who do not have masculine features. At the height of the bear movement, many masculine gays separated themselves from the larger community. They formed their own clubs where they created sexual and social opportunities for themselves. They have several membership requirements and strict bylaws that every member must adhere to. Bears also hold annual events and events to celebrate their culture. The bear community is recognized in all parts of the world. They have formed several clubs that give them an opportunity to network with other bears (Manley, Levitt and Mosher 2007: 90).
Typically, bears posses secondary sexual features such as hairy body and face. They portray all the characteristics of masculinity. They also like to describe themselves as polite, friendly, and easy going. They are easy to relate with under normal circumstances; however, they are dangerous when provoked. They value teamwork and always protect each other. Most bears are older and are attracted to members of the same community (GAVoice 2011).
The bear subculture has also its own niche in the market. It gives accessories such as t-shirts, porn movies, calendars, and magazines bearing their icons. The subculture has also come up with videos and studios such as Bear Magazine, Bearfilms, Butch Bear, and many others. There are also several smartphones applications and social media websites that are marketable among the bear community. It is notable that as this culture grows, so does it develop its own music and literature. For instance, Bearapalooza is a bear’s music festival that is increasingly becoming popular among the bear members. Likewise, they have Bear Bones Books and a publisher that markets fiction poetry in the bear community. There are also large and organized bear markets where musicians and artists sell their bear based products.
The connection between the subculture and the society
Gay male community obliviously stand opposed to the society and the mainstream culture. Even though the modern culture is continually accepting the gay community, there are still a number of people and groups that continue to discriminate them. Many people usually see gay men as immoral and sinful people. They see their sexual act as unnatural and offensive. Most straight people’s attitudes towards gay men are hostile. They view homosexuality as a moral and natural sin that should be condemned at all costs. Some reject them at a personal level whereas others reject them based on religious beliefs and morality. Gay males often face several types of stigma including verbal, non verbal, physical, and discrimination (Kendall 2004: 209-212).
The society imposes stigmatization on a gay male in several levels. It may start at interpersonal levels when family and friends discover that one of their own is gay. At this level, family members may become violent to an extent of ejecting the gay person out. Friends may also alienate themselves from a gay person for the fear of being associated with them. Such people may end up being alone because no one would want to be associated with them. People utter offensive words directed towards gay in public. This may lead to harassment especially for communities that have no places for gay people. Even people in public offices may fail to serve those who are known to be homosexuals. Schools are also a common place for harassment against gay men. Usually, the discovery that one is gay in school can devastate a student to an extent of quitting. This is because students may become very violent towards a gay student and even discriminate him. Such a person is likely to lose all friends and suffer from loneliness. This makes the whole life of gay people in schools quite difficult. Religious groups also condemn homosexuality terming it as an immoral act. According to these groups, homosexuality is a very serious sin that cannot be accepted by God. They strongly refute any act of homosexuality as it goes against the ways of God. It is very difficult to convince religious followers that gay people are the same as straight people with sexuality as the only difference. It is no wonder that gay people have formed their own community where they interact among themselves.
Suresha (2009) confirms that at a political level, gay male continue to face discrimination in several countries. Although the governments of several countries claim that gay people should not be discriminated, they have not been able to stop it. This is evidenced in the fact that many countries have failed to recognize gay marriage. This is also another height of stigmatization. Despite the several demonstrations that gays have conducted in an attempt to fight for their legalization, it is apparent that gay discrimination is still high. Failure to recognize their marriage denies them many benefits that married couples enjoy.
It is clear that the society has not accepted gay males. Although the rate of acceptance has increased over the years, stigmatization is still eminent. There are a group of people that strongly hold that homosexuality is immoral and should never be praised at all costs. As such, much needs to be done for the gay community to be fully accepted in the society.
Gay and Bisexual Male Subculture participation and identity
Gay males have their own lifestyles and characterization. Through the process of socialization, gay males have to act according to the expectations of their subculture. With regard to bear subculture, members of this particular group must possess certain characteristics. Despite having masculine features, they must be friendly, easy going, and show kindness. Since all the members of this community possess these characteristics, any member that wishes to join the community must show these characteristics. One might acquire these characteristics by interacting and socializing with the members of this community. As such, those who join this group will have to acquire the mentioned characteristics such as being friendly and kind.
The festivals that these communities hold also play a great role in gays’ identification. The way they celebrate their festivals and the kind of clubs and bars they attend makes them distinct from the mainstream culture. The lifestyle that they lead can be as a result of interaction with other members of the subculture. The language that they use could also be used to identify this community. This identification process follows mead’s theory of self development, which states that people develops their self through socialization. Therefore, how other people in the subculture behave influences the actions of others. The type of music they listen to and the type of clothes they wear has a huge influence on the lifestyles of new members. When gays join bear subculture, they are expected to conform to the norms of the culture. They must behave in the same way as other older members. They should learn to be friendly and team players. The strict rules of the subculture must be adhered to. Whatever behavior is exhibited in the subculture is what makes bears what they are (Hennen 2008: 49).
The other thing that makes gay males to identify with certain characteristics is their families. Many gay people who have been kicked out of their homes on the basis of their sexual orientation are likely to join the gay male community and particularly bear if they are masculine. They realize that this is their life and who they are; hence, they behave in a similar manner as other gay members. They neglect their behaviors back at home and strive to become someone else.
Neglect by the society may also contribute to self identification of gay males. They are likely to interact among themselves while neglecting the mainstream culture. The more people discriminate against them, the more they form a new kind of family that is peculiar to the mainstream culture. They have to show others that they are proud of who they are even if they are not. They will also hold demonstrations just because other members are doing so. In addition, they learn to listen and love the music played in their subculture. It is evident that socializing with other members of the community helps new members to identify themselves as part of the subculture.
Gay and Bisexual Male Subculture Conclusion
Gay males especially bear subculture is a movement that has increasingly gained popularity. Despite its criticism and stigmatization from the mainstream society, gay males continue to come into the open proudly. The members of this subculture proudly advocate for their gay rights and acceptance (Hennen 2008: 37). On the other hand, people continue to condemn and discriminate them in various institutions and public places. Nevertheless, the gay community has made it clear that it is and will still survive amidst stigmatization. They have identified themselves as a subculture that is harmless and only pursuing its own happiness. This subculture feels that the society should recognize gay males and give them the rights to marry and be like other heterosexual couples. There is a great need to learn about this subculture in order to understand gay males and their ways of life.
Gay and Bisexual Male Subculture References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. HIV among Gay and Bisexual Men. Retrieved on November 23, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/gender/msm/facts/
Flores, Jacob. 2011. A Reference Guide to the Gay Bear Culture. Retrieved on November 23, 2014. http://www.jacobzflores.com/2011/09/18/a-reference-guide-to-the-gay-bear-culture/
GAVoice. 2011. Bear Necessities: An insiders’ look at an atypical gay culture and community. retrieved on November 23, 2014. http://thegavoice.com/bear-necessities-an-insiders-look-at-an-atypical-gay-culture-and-community/
Hennen, Peter. 2008. Faeries, bears, and leathermen: Men in community queering the masculine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kendall, Christopher. 2004. Gay male pornography: An issue of sex discrimination. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Manley, Eric., Levitt, Heidi., and Mosher, Chad. 2007. Understanding the bear movement in gay male culture: Redefining masculinity. Journal of homosexuality, 53(4), 89-112.
Suresha, Ron. 2009. Bears on bears: Interviews & discussions. New London, CT: Bear Bones Books.
United States has been for years accommodating various communities with different cultures. This interaction has resulted into the development of subcultures that have had tremendous effects on its members that believe in them. One of the subcultures is Otherkin, who believe that they are not humans, either in a spiritual or physical sense. The members of this subculture believe that they are mythical creatures such as elves or vampires trapped in human bodies or that they are a living incarnation of a fictional character, among other beliefs. The members of this culture also associate themselves with animals, plants and other concepts of nature. This subculture is mainly internet-based, and the oldest internet resource for otherkin is the Elven kind Digest. A University of Kentucky student started this mailing list for interested members and elves. The modern otherkin subculture emerged out of these Elven online communities in the 1990s. However, it is postulated that the otherkin subculture consists of other subcultures. These subcultures are, for instance, vampires, therians and draconic. However, although they considered as being part of the otherkin subculture, they are culturally different movements of their own, but often overlap in membership. The otherkin subculture’s members believe that they have supernatural powers that enable them to heal at a faster rate compared to normal humans, or to shift in space.Some members of the members argue that they have these supernatural abilities due to their 20/20 vision and their apparent lack of allergies. Otherkin, however is a not a cult, and it comprises of individuals from diverse religious beliefs, for example, Christians, Jews, Muslims and Pagans. Otherkin are often confused with furries, but the difference is that furries tend to wish to be a different culture while their counterparts believe that they are actually something different from humans.
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Challenges of Implementing Cultural Competence Essay
Order Instructions:
Dear Sir,
Please read the article that it is on the attachment, the answer the following question:
1) Identify the definition of cross-cultural competence.
2) Evaluate and identify the challenges that can occur when attempting to instill cultural intelligence into the workforce.
The following conditions must meet in the paper
1) I want a typical and a quality answer which should have about 830 words.
2) The answer must raise appropriate critical questions.
3) The answer must include examples from experience or the web with references from relevant examples from real companies.
4) Do include all your references, as per the Harvard Referencing System,
5) Wikipedia site for referencing is not allowed.
Appreciate each single moment you spend in writing my paper
Best regards
SAMPLE ANSWER
Challenges of Implementing Cultural Competence
Cross-cultural competence involve the ability, skills, and knowledge of how to deal effectively with people from a variety of cultures. It should not be mistaken to imply a single culture that one has studied for years. A person who has cross-cultural competence is able to interact with people from various cultures comfortably (Eisenberg et al., 2013). It is specifically important for companies that operate internationally as the management must be able to communicate effectively with all its employees and customers. While it is possible to teach cross-cultural competence, various challenges are likely to be experienced when attempting to instill cultural intelligence into the workforce.
Differences in understanding among workers may inhibit an educational process. While some workers may be fast learners, others may be slow at understanding hence calling for more time to be put at helping them catch up. Specifically in regard to virtual communications, older people may either be reluctant in learning about it. The younger generations may on the other hand be reluctant to learn the theoretical part of cultural competence.
Goodman (2012) suggests using a program that is tailored for the company situation so that employees can associate business and culture more easily. There is a likelihood that such a program will be difficult to prepare. Instead, it may require testing over time before it is seen to be effective. The testing time may be translated as wasted time as it may not contribute to the productivity of either the employees or the company.
Language barriers may make creating a culturally competent workplace difficult. While people may understand how to deal and understand each other, language barriers often associated with cultural differences may cause difficulties in instilling the cultural competence (Eisenberg et al., 2013). Even employees who wish to communicate respectfully may not be able to communicate if the barrier is not overcome. Cultural barriers may also be difficult for those learning new language since even directly translated phrases may imply different things in different cultures.
The company requires allocating resources for the program. For a company to instill cultural competence in the work place, it must be willing to go an extra mile and allocate resources for the project (Parekh, 2000). For instance, learning materials must be either purchased or created using the company’s financial resources. The company must also be ready to dedicate its labor time to learning as well as to educate other employees. Employees may also require getting study leaves in an attempt to be culturally competent.
Historical or contemporary differences between various groups may strain the effectiveness of the program (Ewoh, 2013). Employees may either feel distrusted if they get into contact with other communities or they may arouse such feelings from members of other communities. Some employees may also be unwilling to interact with members of the other community if there are similar differences. These will create a difficulty in the learning process. In some cases the situations may arouse pre-existing conflicts.
Creating a culturally competent working often involves an overhaul of the entire company culture. For a company’s workforce to become effectively culturally competent, the idea must be integrated into the work culture (Ewoh, 2013). The overhaul comes with a disruption of the company operations and a reasonable slowdown in production. The culture change also comes with expenses to cover as well as broad consultation of the company’s executives. The company may also require rebranding to show its compliance with certain laws.
Culture is ever changing. While there are certain aspects that are unique to certain cultural groups, it is very difficult to obtain a program that accommodates the changes that will often occur in cultures (Goodman, 2012). Furthermore, culture is not always the same for members of a community. The differences in culture over time make culture difficult to learn. Culture changes moreover do not change in the same direction. This implies that people may find themselves in conflict with people in a cultural setting in which they are competent.
The diversity of culture is very extensive. Even within a foreign country, people can only learn the basics that are generally accepted in the culture (Leavitt, 2010). The rest of the culture is mainly dealt with as situations come up using concepts such as accommodation of those ideas that are seemingly foreign. Learning cultural competence is a gradual process. A company may have to wait for the entire (or most) of the workforce to become culturally competent. Once the company gains momentum, it may make cultural competence a requirement for employment. Before this though, a lot of devotion to the learning process along with patience must be employed.
In conclusion, while cultural competence is very important to any workplace, it comes with a variety of challenges especially to the initiating company. These challenges are mostly those that arise due to difficulties in learning, resource allocation, and the change process. The benefits, however, always outweigh the difficulties, and such constraints should not prevent the implementation process.
References
Eisenberg, J., Lee, H., Bruck, F., Brenner, B., Claes, M., Mironski, J. and Bell, R. 2013. Can business schools make students culturally competent? Effects of cross-cultural management courses on cultural intelligence. Academy of Management Learning \& Education, p.–2012.
Ewoh, A. 2013. Managing and Valuing Diversity: Challenges to Public Managers in the 21st Century. Public Personnel Management, [online] 42(2), pp.107-122. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091026013487048 [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014].
Goodman, N. 2012. Training for cultural competence. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(1), pp.47–50.
Leavitt, R. 2010. Cultural competence. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc.
Parekh, B. 2000. Rethinking multiculturalism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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Now that we have talked about dialects vs. languages and dialect features in class, try to give a linguistic profile of yourself. Tell us what language you speak natively (or languages, if you grew up bilingual), and then explain what dialect of that language you speak, and give some information about the dialect (for example, is it is a regional dialect, an ethnic dialect, etc.) and who else speaks it. Then try to come up with some specific examples of dialect features that are present in your speech that are typical of that dialect. Concentrate not on just lexicon, but also on phonology and syntax. Is there anything specific to your pronunciation as opposed to a mainstream version of the language? Any specific grammatical constructions you are using, which are not part of the mainstream? Has anyone ever commented on your dialect? When traveling to a different place have you ever noticed your own speech differing from that of other people? If you could change your dialect, would you?
For the purposes of this assignment, it does not matter whether you are a native English speaker or not. Talk about your native language, and compare your dialect with the features of your native language!
I need Chinese mandarin as my native language,and any one of the Chinese dialect is ok.
SAMPLE ANSWER
My Dialect and Native Language
The Chinese mandarin happens to be my native language, but I also learnt English right from my early stages in school. I have since grown up as a bilingual with spoken and writing skills in both languages. Chinese Mandarin in general is a tonal language with about 3000 different characters (Ross, Chen, He, & Ma, 2014). Mandarin is a group of varieties of Chinese languages that are spoken across the northern and southwest China. Beijing dialect is the language that I speak. The Beijing dialect is spoken in the Beijing region and City. Beijing Mandarin is basically the root of the standard Mandarin but its usage is greatly limited within the confines of the Beijing region.
The Beijing dialect is consistent with most natives, and greatly employs the ‘er’ sound at the end of words. This accent also tends to enunciate its tone with what I can describe as authority. In some sense, I find it a melodious way of speaking the Mandarin. Again, people from the north will often utter “mei shi’er” as a way of saying “mei guan xi” which people from the south are likely to find perplexing. This aspect of the Beijing accent usually makes it very easy for those who are conversant with the language to recognize and comment on my accent.
As Wang and Qin, (2014) note, the most distinct lingual features of the Beijing accent are the tonal and sound variations. For instance, ”言語一聲兒“ is pronounced as (yuan2 yi yi4 shengr1) instead of the (yan2 yu3 yi2 shengr1). It has a different accent and many other lexical differences from the other dialects.
The phonology structure of the Beijing dialect syllables comprises of a nucleus with a vowel (a monophthong, triphthong, or a diphthong) proceeded by an onset (which can be a single consonant, zero onset, or a consonant + glide) followed by a coda consonant (Wang and Qin, 2014). The tone can also be carried by a consonant. Most syllables also tend take the form of open syllables meaning that they have no coda. The number of sounds in the Beijing dialect varies from that of Mainstream Mandarin. Each of the syllables can be pronounced with three to six distinct pitch contours which denote different morphemes. Consequently, the number of tonal contrasts in Beijing dialect differs from the other dialects because it has fewer distinctions (Ross et al., 2014).
Like the Chinese language, Beijing dialect is a very analytic language that has almost no inflectional morphemes. Indeed, I find it similar to English in the sense that it follows a similar structure of sentence that frequently forms sentences in the subject-predicate order. For instance, the predicate may be an intrusive verb, transive verb that is followed by the direct object, and a linking verb that is followed by a predicate normative. Additionally, the writing system for the Mandarin dialect is founded on a series of written logograms. When communicating with members from the other parts of the country such as Henan, Sichuan, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, one notices the difference in terms of accents which are quite distinct. This is because the vocabulary of the Beijing dialect excludes all slang and other regionalism elements. Again, some colloquial words in this dialect are not present in the standard Mandarin Chinese and as such may not be comprehended by others from other regions away from Beijing. I find the Beijing dialect and the Mandarin in general a very rich and interesting language. There would be no intent for me to change the language in any way, instead, I would rather strive to learn more about the language.
References
Ross, C., Chen, P., He, B., & Ma, J. (2014). Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook. New York, NY: Routledge.
Wang, K., & Qin, H. (2014). What is peculiar to translational Mandarin Chinese? A corpus-based study of Chinese constructions’ load capacity. Corpus Linguistics & Linguistic Theory, 10(1), 57. doi:10.1515/cllt-2013-0020
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For this assignment, you will choose 1 group, organization, that is actively involved in engaging the culture:
**I Chose Heritage Foundation**
The goal is to explain and analyze what the organization is doing to impact the culture. You can focus on the strengths and accomplishments of the group, or you could focus on its weaknesses and suggest ways the group could be more effective. Cite your information where necessary.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Impact of Heritage Foundation on the Western Culture
Heritage Foundation is an American organization that upholds respect for customs, supports antimonarchism, defends the western culture against the challenges of modernist beliefs and autocratic administration. It is centered at Washington, D. C. This paper will explain and analyze the impact of this organization on culture and examine the strengths and the accomplishment of the group.
Heritage impacts on culture in various ways. First, in 2006, Heritage launched a website, familyfacts.org, aimed at trussing up support for customary families and communal values of belief (Estelle & Nancy, 2001). Second, by recruiting researchers, the group now reviews social science relating to family life and creed, with outcomes that support a customary understanding of the nuclear, spiritual, heterosexual kinfolk as the prime social unit (Annebert & Jules, 1996). Additionally, the group delivers facts and data on any topics in accessible designs to the decision-making government on any matter that pertains culture. These capture people, from various parts of the world, as many realize that the worth in culture. These strengths have enabled the group to attain some of its goals.
Since the launching of this group, many undertakings have been realized. The Heritage has supported scholars who cycle in and out of high level centralized government posts. It has maintained a strong year-round practicum program and hosts hundreds of open occasions and trains reporters on how to use Heritage’s own computer exploration prototypes (James, 1997). By startingthe family website, it has cemented its reputation as a professional in the kinfolk and religious morals and a persuasive lobby expression for public dogmas that support a conventional family. Finally, the Heritage has maintained many PR departments that have facilitated research enabling it to stand tall in the showcasing and safeguarding of the cultures.
In conclusion, focusing on the strengths of this group, the heritage has actively been in involved in impacting on the culture of American population, as the wave of modernist culture fast creeps in. Through the family media, much information has been made reachable to the general public. This boost safeguards on culture. However, since there are illiterates within the country, the Heritage can modify its advertisement so as to reach those that may not be able to get this information only in the English language.
References
James, R. (1997). Heritage on the hill. The right’s preeminent PR machine. The National journal, 265(21), 11-18.
Annebert, D. & Jules, L.P. (1996). Religious determinants of academic attainment in the Netherlands. Comparative Education Review, 40(1), 47-65.
Estelle, D. & Nancy, A. (2001). Sex in the consulting room, the examining room and the sacristy: Survivors of sexual abuse by professionals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(2), 204-217.
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Choice one from the following:
1. How does culture affect public policy? You may use a case study as an example.
2. Can the concept of political culture explain public policy choices?
3. What are the implications of postmodernisation for public policy?
4. Is democracy culture specific or universal?
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Since culture influences government policies, and is also influenced in return, one of the public policies of a government should be to create conditions that will promote a vibrant and happy culture. Culture is a dynamic yet constantly changing process, therefore no one definition is correct. However, to better understand how it affects culture, it is important to first consider what a relevant definition should constitute. Hence, a relevant definition should make sense to people in the milieu in which they live so as to give a real sense of direction and meaning. This cultural milieu in which an individual is present can strongly affect the level of happiness and quality of life as it closely influences the type of public policy passed. Public policy, just like culture, can be described in various ways. Therefore, a relevant definition should constitute a determination of who gets what, when, and how they get it. From theory, it can be influenced by any individual or group of people that manages to garner sufficient power to enable them change resource distributions across society. This paper looks at the relationship between culture and public policy, and it also analyses other underlying components that may also affect the two.
How Culture Affects Public Policy
In every country, there is a presence of mixed cultures that end up affecting public policy. Therefore, this means that the people of a country have varying beliefs on what is right and what is wrong. This presence of people with conflicting ideas in a society creates the impression that culture affects public policy by stirring moral disputes over areas to be pursued by law. This, however, is not the case as Enserink et al. (2007: 24) states that culture affects public policy by triggering empirical disagreements over the economic, crime control, national security, and other policy consequences that have been designed to promote the people’s common interest. Since culture is a source of identity for many people within a society, they always try to ensure that even the law respects their identity by not passing any policies that will go contrary to what they believe in their culture. Therefore, when the culture of a certain group encompass customs, code of etiquette, rituals and ceremonies, it is considered very important for the members to maintain all these beliefs. This is why the members of the cultural group may contest public policies that are against their code of etiquette, rituals and custom. If the group is powerful enough, the resulting public policy will be in their favour.
Disagreements on the empirical dimensions of most public policy related issues are quite common. Since different cultures have their own views of what is acceptable and what is not, it is expected that members of the society will have differing beliefs on certain issues such as the death penalty effects, handgun ownership’s role on crime, global warming significance, the health consequences of promiscuous sex and many others. According to research by Griswold (1994), such factual disagreements are polarized across distinct social groups including; ethnic, religious, racial, ideological, and regional groups. Moreover, the factual beliefs are more correlated across discrete and disparate issues. When such groups disagree, the public policy makers have the obligation of hearing them out, before trying to come up with a policy that will not negatively impact either groups, in terms of making them go against their culture. Therefore, it is clear that culture, which varies from one group to the other, will affect public policy as actions will be taken to ensure that the policy does not go against the groups’ customs and beliefs.
Culture affects public policy indirectly since it is what affects the identity of many within a society. As culture changes gradually, so does the identity of its members. However, as viewed in religion and civilisation, an individual will always have a fixed identity which is considered a false concept. This false fixed identity conception undercuts an individual’s identity freedom by making it impossible for the identity to change constantly in line with culture as it is supposed to be. Therefore, cultural diversity is smothered in the process. Since the different cultures expected to influence public policy making in this case will be smothered, the resulting public policy will be flawed as the false fixed identity will result in the contribution of few cultures only. Hence, cultural diversity is yet another value which contributes to the well being and coordination of public policy. It also expands choices for the policy makers since each culture presents its own customs and beliefs that should not be crossed in the public policy. Enserink (2007: 24) argues that diversity can be a very useful resource when it comes to resolving conflict. This is because it enhances conditions and conducive qualities that promote cultural differences, which come about as a result of complex patterns of customs, behaviours, and beliefs. These patterns are what play a major role in determining how public policy developed, as the policy makers will have to come up with ideas that are accepted by all cultures.
Cohen (2013: 12) however cautions against diversity as he states that it may end up threatening solidarity when it comes to participations of different cultures in public policy making, especially if it is growing rapidly. All governments from different parts of the world deal with common challenges such as how to manage food, water, infrastructure, education, health, social welfare, the environment, economic development, security, and governance systems. Yet, despite this similarity in challenges, the national governments and other stakeholders use varying public policies to address these issues depending on the country or region. This is an indication that culture affects public policy since different cultures are present in different countries, and the resulting public policies are usually in line with the cultural beliefs of that country (Cohen 2013, p.3). Cohen (2013: 4) further argues that the governments should obtain solid knowledge culture, above other socioeconomic factors that influence human behaviour, which are commonly applied in the modelling of public policy. This is because policy makers will be aware of the differences in beliefs and customs of all the available cultures, thus they will be better placed to create public policies that will be accepted generally across all cultures and produce desirable outcomes.
Frequently, public policy ideas developed and implemented in a certain jurisdiction will be transferred to, or even transformed to comfortably meet the needs and objectives of other jurisdictions (Heath 2012, p. 386). However, these transfers are not always desired, and may not be implementable as a result of the wide range of socio-political, economic, geographical and cultural differences that are existent between jurisdictions. Culture affects public policy in that what is right for one culture may be the opposite when the policy is transferred to another culture. This shows that culture affects public policy by triggering the inclusion of varying cultural ideas to ensure that all ideas from various cultures are included. Therefore, having an improved knowledge on national culture and the differences existing between them can play an important role in informing the international policy transfer practices, and also the joint policy learning exercises (Cohen 2013, p. 5).
To better explain this, a case study that looks at how national culture orientations may be used to better understand the relationship between knowledge construction and policy making, from a cultural perspective, is employed. When it comes to the inclusion of stakeholders who have the power to affect or get affected by the public policy making process, different countries have their own preferences on how the act may be handled to avoid problems which may surface as a result of disagreements (Heath 2012, p. 385). Such public participation in the decision-making or their participatory approaches to public policy has been highlighted as important internationally. This is because culture triggers the participation of groups or individuals in the process of public policy making. This is especially true in fields such as the environmental and technological risk focused decision-making, as well as development policy (Maleki & Bots 2013, p. 377). These public policy fields are what most cultures fight for as they have varying beliefs on each one of them.
In this case study, it is visible that alongside other political, technological, economical, and ecological factors, culture is also an element of public policy. For example, when cultural change takes place, social problems may arise, which will need the policy makers to resolve. According to Heath (2012: 386) the rise in rates of unwed childbearing and poverty of such families raised an issue saw to it that many activists joined hands to urge a focus on the promotion of various factors that would in turn reduce these cases. This form of change resulted to issues for the government as they had to find a way of ensuring that heterosexual, two parent households is achieved so as to reduce the instances of poverty for these families. Therefore, from this perspective, it is clear that culture can influence public policy through its effects on the economy (Kahan 2006, n.p). This example used from the case study shows the relationship since culture, as is depicted in early childbearing and polygamous marriages affected the economy as it enhanced poverty.
Next, this case study also supports the argument that culture affects the interests pursued by policy makers, and thus the eventual content of the public policy (Heath 2012, p. 387). Gollnick and Chinn (2009: n.p) argue that these interests of public policy makers is influenced by culture when these actors take their time to understand the different cultures effectively. Therefore, they will know what will be right and wrong for these cultures. This step will lead them towards wanting to create a policy that will be right for all cultures, thus it affects the content of the public policy. This leads us to the next point.
Culture also influences public policy since it is a source of the ideas that determine the policy (Rao & Walton 2004, n.p). According to the case study, Heath (2012: 387) states that policy scholars have studied the mode through which ideational processes inform the normative and cognitive procedures, which determine the legitimacy perceptions. Culture, therefore, plays an important role in producing ideas to be used for formation of public policy in that it actively articulates, understands consciously, and strategically deploys these ideas (Swidler 1986, p. 280). For policy makers to possess these ideas, they must first be ready to deeply learn and understand the various concepts and views of the different cultures.
Conclusion
Judging from the arguments in this paper, it is clear that culture truly affects public policy since it is the people who decide on what can be implemented. This is usually influenced by their customs, beliefs and world views, which stems from their culture. Since there are different cultures in every country, it is important that public participation is encouraged in the process of policy making. This is because the varying cultures will be expressed, and the policies resulting from the process will be accepted nationally. No group will feel left out in the process, thus no one will feel obligated to reject the policies or cause chaos. From the content of this paper, and the case study used, it is clear that culture affects public policy by triggering empirical disagreements over issues designed to promote the people’s common interest, as a result of false identity resulting to smothered cultures, a difference in what is right and wrong between cultures and many more. Therefore, culture affects public policy from more than one dimension, as is noted in this paper.
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