Details:
In a short essay (500-750 words), answer the Question at the end of Case Study 2. Cite references to support your positions.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.
NRS410V.R.CaseStudy2_Student_02-11-13.docx
*****RUBRIC*******
Case Study 2
1
Unsatisfactory 0-71%
0.00%
2
Less Than Satisfactory 72-75%
75.00%
3
Satisfactory 76-79%
79.00%
4
Good 80-89%
89.00%
5
Excellent 90-100%
100.00%
80.0 %Content
20.0 %Describe your approach to care
Description of your approach to care is not offered.
Description of your approach to care is offered, but incomplete, lacking relevant information.
Description of your approach to care meets the basic requirements of the assignment.
Description of your approach to care is offered in detail.
Description of your approach to care is offered in detail, while demonstrating evidence of deeper insight and/or reflection.
20.0 %Recommend a treatment plan
Recommendation of a treatment plan is not offered.
Recommendation of a treatment plan is offered, but incomplete, lacking relevant information.
Recommendation of a treatment plan meets the basic requirements of the assignment.
Recommendation of a treatment plan is offered in detail.
Recommendation of a treatment plan is offered in detail, while demonstrating evidence of insight and/or reflection.
20.0 %Describe a method for providing both the patient and family with education and your rationale.
Description of a method for providing both the patient and family with education is not offered.
Description of a method for providing both the patient and family with education is offered, but incomplete, lacking relevant information, such as rationale.
Description of a method for providing both the patient and family with education, with as rationale, meets the basic requirements of the assignment.
Description of a method for providing both the patient and family with education is offered in detail.
Description of a method for providing both the patient and family with education is offered in detail, while demonstrating evidence of deeper insight and/or reflection.
20.0 %Provide a teaching plan, using words the patient and family will understand.
A teaching plan is not offered.
A teaching plan is offered, but incomplete, lacking relevant information, such as rationale, or uses terminology the patient and family may not understand.
The teaching plan avoids using terminology the patient and family may not understand and meets the basic requirements of the assignment.
A teaching plan meets the basic requirements of the assignment is offered in detail.
A teaching plan is offered in detail, while demonstrating evidence of deeper insight and/or reflection.
15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness
5.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.
Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear.
Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose.
Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5.0 %Paragraph Development and Transitions
Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed.
Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident.
Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other.
A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose.
There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
5.0 %Format
2.0 %Paper Format (1- inch margins; 12-point-font; double-spaced; Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier)
Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.
Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.
Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.
Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.
All format elements are correct.
3.0 %Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment)
No reference page is included. No citations are used.
Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used.
Reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present.
Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and GCU style is usually correct.
In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
100 %Total Weightage
SAMPLE ANSWER
Care Approach
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a health cardiovascular disorder that affects about 23 million people in the world. The disease is clinically manifested by breathing difficulty, fatigue, general body weakness, peripheral oedema, and moist crackles throughout of the lungs. This is associated with decreased physical endurance and acute distress due to significant changes in their quality. An effective care plan should focus on educating the patient on effective disease management. This will improve the patient quality of life and reduce readmission rates (Hughes, 2013).
In this context, the Neumann’s nursing model is used to develop a care plan for this patient. This is because the recurrent acute CHF is a consequence of suboptimal management. This nursing model ensures that the patient preferences, values and emotions are integrated in the care plan. The theory ensures holistic patient care by assessing the patient physiology variable, sociocultural variable, developmental variable, spiritual variable, and psychological variable. The care plan will also incorporate the family members and care givers to help them understand ways to cope with the illness. The care approach will not only focus on managing the symptoms but will also focus on all patient aspects (Hughes, 2013).
Treatment plan
The treatment plan comprises of therapeutic and non-therapeutic interventions. Therapeutic intervention will include use of ACE inhibitors is prescribed to relax the blood vessels in order to make them wide. This improves blood flow. Aldosterone receptor antagonists are used to remove the excess fluid retained. Angiotensin II receptors is prescribed to ensure better blood flow in the vessels. The non-therapeutic measures will include advice on ways to ensure that medication adherence, financial support available and lifestyle modification for Mr. P’s wife to ensure that she copes with the disease burden (Albert, 2012).
Patient education
The healthcare staff will utilize audio-visual teaching to explain the disease symptoms, management, complications associated with medication non –adherence. This use of audio-visual education method is associated with retention of information than use of verbal education (Apostolo et al., 2012).
Teaching plan
Teaching approaches
Learning strategies
Assessment
Evaluation
Mr P. (76 y/o) diagnosed CHF Symptoms are shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and irregular heartbeat
The patient has difficulty on polypharmacy. The patient have difficulty in maintaining diet restriction
Care-giver feels pressurized by patient condition and its financial implication
.
The best teaching method is use of video tape.
This will help in understanding of the patient disease pathophysiology
Patient will be shown a video on strategies to ensure medication adherence and diet restriction
The care giver is educated on various options available for support and care
To self-monitor CHF symptoms and signs to ensure to reduce re-hospitalization
Simplification of drugs regimen
Suggestion of substitutions that equivalent and cost effective
Train on ways to administer doses
Education on ways medication work. Behavioral objectives to ensure strict adherence to diet
Readiness to learn for both the patient and caregiver
Assess patient and caregiver barriers to effective care including age, fears and anxiety
Patient understands the pathophysiology
Patient understands the strategies to improve medication adherence
Relatives and caregivers understands the various support system available including nursing homes, government geriatric support and American heart association geriatric support
References
Albert, N. (2012). Fluid Management Strategies in Heart Failure. Critical Care Nurse, 32(2), 20-32. doi:10.4037/ccn2012877
Apostolo,A., Giusti, G., Gargiulo, P., Bussotti, M., and Agostoni, P. (2012) Lungs in Heart Failure. Pulmonary Medicine Volume 2012, Article ID 952741, doi:10.1155/2012/952741
Hughes, R. (2013). Treatments to achieve fluid balance in heart failure. Br J Cardiac Nursing, 8(11), 537-540. doi:10.12968/bjca.2013.8.11.537
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Managing Human Resources in Health and Social Care Sample Answer
Managing Human Resources in Health and Social Care
Introduction
Recruiting efficient workers remains an important factor to the success of every organization. Consequently, organizations adopt approaches involving training and developing the most effective employees. Within the health and social care fields it is imperative measures aimed at understanding systems used to monitor and promote the development of employees are integrated.
Managing Human Resources in Health and Social Care
The paper explores the various legislative frameworks that must be observed during recruitment processes. This includes exploring leadership theories which can promote effective team spirit. This is particularly important to progress the healthcare organization leadership and management of the employees as well as the recruitment processes.
Task 1
Factors to Be Considered in Planning and Recruiting Individuals
The element of planning and recruitment can be defined as the process through which organizations find and hire best and qualified employees for a job placement in a manner that is timely and sot efficient (Sumelius, Björkman, Ehrnrooth, Mäkelä, & Smale, pp. 569. 2014). This process therefore requires the consideration of an effective planning process in which the requirements of the job are analyzed, the employees are screened and selected based on their qualifications and integrated in the organization. The primary factors that need to be considered in this process include the qualifications of the applicants and their level of experience.
Many health institutions today have significantly increased their attention towards human resource management. Human resource is the major principle of health systems alongside physical capital (Sumelius et.al.2014). Human resources in relation to health can be defined as a diversified non-clinical and clinical staff in charge of both private and public health care. It is important to consider the fact that the most significant input in the health system is its presentation and the benefits realized from these systems.
The first aspect that needs to be considered in the planning and recruitment of employees is the establishment of the overall aim of the hiring process, with particular focus drawn on the aspects an organization would want to achieve. For instance, some organizations may plan to recruit employees in a bid to replace the existing workers as a result of career advancement, retirements, or in some cases the creation of new job positions. Given this, a clear understanding of the competency, skill sets, and educational experience of individuals remains essential in the recruitment process.
An organization, therefore, needs to take consideration of the availability of employees that are required to fill the job requirements and the need to establish is they already work for the same organization (internal recruitment) or reside within other areas (external recruitment). In instances where these employees are unavailable, the organizations need to consider the financial implications that are associated with their pieces of training to meet the required job levels or the need to offer remunerations and relocation incentives to encourage the skilled workers from other areas. Once the organization determines these aspects, the need to attract the right employees for the available jobs is initiated. The jobs are then advertised in areas where there are skilled workers through the newspapers and local employment centers.
The Relevancy of Legislative Measures and Policy Frameworks of UK In the Selection, Recruitment and Employment Process of Personnel at Hounslow Care Ltd
It is essential to determine that policies are defined as the functions that determine an organizations principle and actions that are adopted and proposed by an organization. On the other hand, legislations can be defined as laws that are developed by the government to protect and govern the rights of employees within an organization.
It is necessary that each and every country has its own rules and policies that guide them in the recruitment, selection and employment of personnel. Therefore, it is vital for Hounslow care ltd to apply related policies. It is important to note that the prevailing laws in the United Kingdom gives equal opportunities for every citizen irrespective of the race, religion, community or even gender to access healthcare.
The United Kingdom government provides laws and policies that govern the employment, selection and recruitment of a new workforce. The major laws involved in Hounslow care ltd includes The Race Relation Act, Sex Discrimination Act, Employment policy, legislation Employment Relations and lastly but not least The Race Relation (Colvin, & Gough, pp. 1019. 2015). Legislation Employment and Employment policy helps to ensure that equal wages are paid to the employees and also enforces the tribunal methods of employment are adhered to.
The Sex Discrimination Act in this case protects the employees from discrimination within this organization considering the fact that those seeking for job opportunities are frequently discriminated directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination may entail rejecting their training, denying them a promotion, giving hostile conditions or even worse, rejecting people because of their secluded characteristic (Colvin, & Gough, pp. 1019. 2015). On the other hand, indirect discrimination occurs in situations whereby the terms and the policies of the organization do not favor those individuals with particular protected characteristics.
The Employment Act principally deals with conflict declaration and achievement of the required principles of employment. Hounslow Care ltd is currently focusing on employing more qualified personnel that caters for the whole society. In order for them to effectively achieve this, they must uphold and sustain applications primarily from the people that are not represented in the institution (Colvin, & Gough, pp. 1019. 2015). Additionally, there is a need of supporting the applicants who are bound to feel that equality and justice is not achieved within a recruitment process so that can easily have their issues addressed.
Evaluation of Different Approaches Used to Ensure the Selection of the Best Personnel’s at Hounslow Care Ltd
In achieving this, it is essential to take cognizance of the two main procedures that should be followed during selection and evaluation of workers. This includes interviewing candidates through conducting tests in the centers. An additional approach includes evaluating and ensuring that the candidate is well equipped and can offer high quality services (Hollenbeck, & Jamieson, pp.380. 2015). Therefore, it is highly essential for Houslow Care ltd and other health institutions to adhere to these approaches so that they can be able to choose qualified workers.
It is important to know that conducting interviews is the most crucial step when choosing employees. When conducting interviews, the interviewer talks about the candidate’s impersonation and can make any conclusion (Hollenbeck, & Jamieson, pp.380. 2015). The main advantage of interviewing is that the candidate can easily be evaluated by the interviewer with no possible mistakes since it is one on one. Additionally, this aids in choosing the best out of the candidates since the interviewer is able to distinguish a more confidence candidate. Another approach that can aid in choosing excellent employees is the use of tests where every candidate conducts a test concerning the type of job that is being offered. It is usually assumed that the outcome of the test depicts the job applicant’s mindset.
(M1). Critical analysis of the different approaches of the recruitment process employed in recruiting individuals at Hounslow Care Ltd
In developing an effective approach of recruitment aimed at aiding in the employment of individuals at Hounslow Care Ltd, it is significant that the job description is clearly developed and that give information on the detailed aspects of the job that include the responsibilities, pay, and reporting requirements. On the other hand, there is a need of developing a skills inventory and a job posting strategy. This clearly gives a depiction of the systematic interview process to the candidates as well.
Task 2
2.1 How Individuals Interact In Groups within Health and Social Care Settings
2.1.1: Formation of Groups
It is essential to note that the theories of behavior can be defined as the behaviors that are displayed by leaders since behavior remains the single most predictor of a leader’s results, success and influences. The Tuckman’s model remains the most famous theory that explains the manner in which individual’s work in groups. Tuckman divided the team interaction stages in four phases that include the forming phase, storming, norming, and performing. Armstrong believes that the forming phase implies to the high reliance on leadership as an approach for guidance. Employees within these systems await information on determining what is new with everyone within this system, thus retaining their selves’ as cautious, polite and well organized (Armstrong & Laschinger, pp.134, 2006). During this point, the individuals learn to cope with the opportunities and challenges and try to agree to specific matters in handling tasks, and responsibilities effectively. In order to ensure that interaction and communication is effective between the group members and the co-workers, it is vital that everyone acquires the opportunity to share thoughts, information, and ideas with the aim of knowing each other.
Armstrong alleges that various ideologies are determined to differ within this step for deliberation. Within the step of storming, teams or groups are determined to identify various issues and derive approaches of effectively solving these issues. Storming therefore remains one of the vital steps for a group’s growth (Armstrong & Laschinger, pp.134, 2006). However, this may turn out to be a challenge for individuals within the team who have an issue with disputes. This therefore determines the fact that every individual within the team needs to reflect patience and have the capacity of bearing to the issues since avoiding the element of tolerance and patience within a group may turn out to be a challenge in achieving success within an organization. The efforts of the managers and the supervisors are therefore essential in directing leadership and behavioral patterns within the process.
The forming stage is another essential stage that allows the group members to agree, frankly discuss issues in regards to their views and ideologies with the aim of adjusting to the behavioral patterns and attitudes of the others with the aim of developing an effective work habit (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). This therefore sees the members of a team agree in the rules and values including the change of methods and the inclusion of professional patterns. Managers and supervisors are bound to turn out as more energetic with the capacity to improve more.
2.1.2 Linking the Theories to Health and Social Care
In light of the formation of group’s theory, it is important to determine that the theory primary guides on how effective groups can be developed within the health and social care industry. The theory can be incorporated within this industry in the formation of effective groups that goes through the formation process (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). The Belbin theory on the other hand provides appropriate approaches through which groups can work in partnership. The two theories in this case would aid in the formation of an effective group that incorporates the element of teamwork in the achievement of goals.
2.2. Approaches Used By the Staff within Different Levels in Promoting Efficient Team Work at Hounslow Care Home Ltd
At Hounslow Care Home Ltd, the element of teamwork helps in initiating a collaborative effort between group members geared towards the achievement of an organizations goal (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). Team working therefore brings several individuals within a group together in addressing some of the needs of an organization through the incorporation of group activities where individuals are assigned different roles within the team.
In line with this, it is important to consider the types of groups that include the formal and the informal groups (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). Formal groups are developed by an organizations manager with the aim of achieving a specified goal that meets the needs of an organization. Formal groups exist within organization for the purpose of performing and achieving specific goals and objectives of an organization. On the other hand, informal groups may be considered as self-created groups that are formed for several reasons to fulfill the needs of the workers or teams.
2.2.1 Advantages of Teamwork
Teamwork has the capacity to grant the members of a team an opportunity to learn from each member, thus presenting a potential workforce that is flexible in meeting the needs of an organization (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). On the other hand, teamwork presents members and an organization the opportunity to combine different abilities and ideas together, thus making it easier to discover new work approaches.
2.2.2 Disadvantages of Teamwork
Team members are likely to experience less motivation and enter into conflicts especially n events where the interests of the team members fail to match an organizations objective. Change resistance also remains one of the challenges that teams are bound to face within a team.
It is imperative to determine the fact that there is not a single developed approach that may be considered as essential in working with a team collaboratively (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). This is attributed to the fact that teams are unique and need to locate their own collaborative working methods in an effect manner. In consideration of Hounslow Care Home Ltd, there is a need to take consideration of the following approaches in establishing an effective team working relationship.
There is a need to ensure that the core objectives of a team and understood explicitly and accepted by every individual.
There is a need to consider the diversity of personality’s ad skills as one of the essential factors in ensuring a team is effectively working. This therefore requires that the members of a team employ their strengths in supplementing the weaknesses of others.
It is important that the levels of transparency and understanding about the responsibilities of the employees is understood clearly.
The members also need to discuss about some of the different subjects that allow them to meet at a point of agreement. This requires that they are provided with the opportunity that grants them social time, a factor that opens communication.
Cultivating trust within the members of a team through the spending of personal time with the team members is essential in understanding the team members.
Engaging the group members within activities that are socially inclined mitigates the barriers that may hamper the performance of the team.
D.3 Creative Thinking in the Planning, Development and Building of an Effective Team in Hounslow Care Home Ltd
In this case, one of the essential elements that I considered in developing an effective group in this organization was to ensure that the diversity of the group members was considered in the formation of the group. This helped in blending different individuals with different traits and abilities within the group, a factor that developed unity of purpose within the group.
Task 3
3.1 How the Performances of Employees Working Within the Health/Social Care Can Be Appraised
The monitoring of the performance of employees can be achieved through several approaches. First and foremost, the identification of the current employee’s performance where improvements are considered as indicators can be developed in a bid to establish the milestones an organization achieves. To ensure these improvements are achieved, the managers are required to link them with the team’s objectives and aims, an aspect that enables employees to understand their roles within the teams.
The element of performance management entails a process that seeks to establish a shared understanding on the aspects that need to be achieved and the manner in which they can be achieved in managing people, a factor that increases the chances of an organization in achieving success (Downey, et.al.2011, pp 280). This therefore determines the fact that several approaches developed to measure performance within an individual in the health care sector and social organization. The approach in this case involves the improvement of the candidates, marketing and performances, a factor that determines the appropriate avenues of improving the performance levels of individuals, the evaluation of specified standards through the inclusion of tests and fixing of standards that need to be achieved.
The manner in which performances of individuals are measured is termed as performance appraisal (Downey, Lee, & Stough, pp. 280.2011). There are five primary approaches of performance evaluation that includes: measurement, feedback, inclusion of positive reinforcement, the sharing of ideas and reaching an agreement. Measurement means the achievement of an organization goals established, with the individual performance level requiring appraisal.
When this information is provided, the individuals within an organization are determined in reference to their performance and progress, a factor that provides feedback (Downey, Lee, & Stough, pp. 280.2011). Positive feedback in relation to criticisms needs to be made in regards to the matters that need to be developed, a factor that initiates a positive and constructive reinforcement. The exchange and sharing of ideas within the next phase in a situation where challenges are faced is measured with the aim of determining the way of recovering performance. Agreement determines the last phase in which employees are considered to understand their objectives and targets and how these may be achieved.
3.2 Individual Training and Development Needs and How They Can Be Identified At Hounslow Care Home Ltd.
In order to identify the development and training needs of the employees, the organization needs to re-evaluate their institution’s business goals with the aim of addressing the crucial activities that include the monitoring of performance quality, the assessment of problem domains, the evaluation of weak points and appraisal (Van Bogaert et.al. 2016). It is essential to consider that everyone has flows and need to keep updates on where there is a need of expanding their knowledge base. After a close observation and measurement of the employee’s performance and progress, the outcomes are achieved that enables the organization to understand the population’s training needs and what is required during training. In this case, having a clear understanding of the employees at Hounslow care Home Ltd helps in developing appropriate training approaches for the employees.
Hounslow care Home Ltd needs to provide the employees with appropriate training resource’s that are aimed at completing the learning process and that advances the aspect of knowledge acquisition and improves the skills expertise, ideas, concepts, and behaviors of employees progress and performances (Van Bogaert, et.al,2016). This can be depicted in an instance where the employees within this organization lack proper communicational skills. After measurement and evaluation, the management of the organization developed a training program aimed at developing these skills among the employees.
3.3 Different Strategies Aimed At Promoting the Continuing Development of Individuals in This Sector
3.3.0 Supervision and Appraisal
Performance incentives and feedback remains fundamental within an organization and that are developed to promote the continuous development of employees within the healthcare sector. Performance feedback infers to a vital approach developed to enhance and boost the performance level of employees in cases where feedback is not provided on how individuals may understand on the performances done (Decramer, Smolders, & Vanderstraeten, pp.354.2013). In this instance, employees need to have information in regards to how they can enhance their professional careers within the sector. Through performance feedback’s, the positive and the negative individual’s within an organization are given the opportunity to solve issues since this aspect updates them on their weaknesses and mistakes and provides them with the opportunity to learn. Performance feedback does not only enlighten the employees on their weaknesses, but provides them with the recommendation of how they can be trained (Decramer, Smolders, & Vanderstraeten, pp.354.2013).
3.3.1 Training versus Education
On the other had, it is imperative to training and education remains significant in promoting the continual development of employees within this sector. The healthcare organization clearly needs to invest in the training and development of its employees in order to effectively improve on their skills and competencies within the work environment (Decramer et.a.2013, pp.315). As detailed, an organization aiming to be effective in the market needs to ensure that its employees are trained to improve their current and future knowledge and performance of employees through an approach that includes the increase of their ability to learn. Appropriate performance based incentives are essential in motivating the employees and considers the increments of wages and the provision of training and developmental programs as part of the benefits enjoyed by the employees.
3.3.2 Mentoring
Mentoring the employees is considered as another effective approach that organizations may use in ensuring the continual development of their employees. The managers in this case are required to guide the employees by offering mentorship and training programs aimed at improving the skills of the employees within their job functions.
D1) How to Monitor My Own Personal Training and Development Needs
In determining my personal training and development needs, it is important to consider the level of productivity within my department. This can be determined through the evaluation of the achieved goals in relation to the organizations goals that will determine the need of training and development.
Task 4
4.1 Leadership Theories That Apply In This Industry
Theoretical, theory explains that leadership patterns and styles commonly depend on the level of leadership. The theory also alludes to the fact that the most successful style of leadership is determined by the conditions under which leaders are subjected to. According to this theory, it is equally important to understand that leadership has three main branches which include democratic, laissez faire styles and authoritarian. Among the three, it is considered that authoritarian is the most efficient especially for the period of disaster (Manroop, Singh, & Ezzedeen, pp.780.2014). However, if a leader decides to use this method every time, it ends up failing since it does not gratify the members. On the other hand, a leader who uses the democratic form of leadership successfully runs his empire since it is most simple and suitable for many situations. There are two main theories of leadership that affect health care facilities which include: transactional theory and the transformational theory.
4.0.1 Transactional Theory
The transactional leadership approach is one that incorporates the element of employee motivation through appeals made through their own interests. In this case, transactional leaders are granted powers from their authorities and responsibilities within an organization, with the employees expected to follow and obey the formal instructions offered by such a leader (Manroop, et.al.2014, pp.345). Transactional leaders on the other hand believe in motivating the employees through the inclusion of punishments and rewards.
4.0.2 Transformational Theory
The transformational approach of leadership is one that sees leaders and their subjects raise one another in levels of motivation and morality in order to meet their shared goals. Transformational leaders in this case are viewed as effective and are likely to collaborate wit the employees with the aim of achieving the goals of an organization.
Application of these Theories in this Industry
Since the behavioral theory of leadership aids in reaching to an agreement, it should be used in both social and health care institutions. If this theory is formulated within the conceptual framework of an organization by the leaders in social workplaces, it would be exceptionally easy for t to administer responsibilities and duties for the subordinates. On the other hand, situational theory is more useful in areas where more complicated issues are involved.
4.2 How working relationships can be managed at Houslow care Ltd
Every worker in Houslow care ltd should be positioned accordingly so as to ensure that work is easily monitored. On the other hand, there are other aspects that can be used to ensure that work is administered effectively (Mitchell, Obeidat, & Bray, pp.901. 2013). For example, trust is the main fundamental aspect of any working environment. This can be achieved through the inclusion of teamwork and teambuilding within an organization.
Secondly, employees in Houslow care ltd should know that in any working environment, innovation is very much necessary in order for the organization to offer effective and quality services (Mitchell et.al.2013, pp.901). In order to incorporate this culture within the functions of this institution, it is important that the leaders incorporate the use of emotional intelligence in practice. They should also consider the fact that communication and mutual understanding among the employees is also very vital, a factor that can be achieved through constructive feedback within the organization.
4.3 Evaluating the developments that have been influenced by management approaches
Leadership basically refers to a dynamic and lively relationship between workers and leaders who have a universal interest and are principally motivated by better results (Mitchell, et.al.2013).Team working means working collectively in order to jointly achieve the goals set by an organization.
Actually, team working is the most crucial aspect and each institution should apply as it helps the workers to perform their duties effectively. According to some assessments that have been made, it is important to know that teamwork generates incredible performance and thus should be highly recommended through the initiation of confidence within the team members (Mitchell, et.al.2013).
Recruitment on the other hand entails choosing the most qualified candidates amongst the many who turn up for interviews. In addition, employers need to develop effective communication approaches in order to corporate as teams. Additionally, organizations and managers need to take cognizance of their career development in order to remain relevant in skills.
(M3) Comparison of how different leadership styles can be used within your branch of Hounslow Care Ltd
It is important to consider the fact that leadership remains an essential element for any entity. Different managers present different leadership styles in impacting productivity among the employees. However, it is important to note that an effective leadership style would impact the growth and development of the organization immensely. Employing the delegative approach of leadership would not be an effective approach of leading the organization and the employees to the achievement of their goals since the leaders are in most cases bound to arrive on decisions on their own. However, the participative leadership approach would be effective since the leaders include the participation of the employees in the decision-making process, a factor that would yield results in this organization.
D2. How to address the dilemma of a member of staff who was underperforming
Many organizations consider firing their staff members who do not perform within their organizations. However, it is essential to consider that the underperforming staff members are sometimes affected by some work-related situations that hinder their performance. This would, therefore, require an approach that would ensure that the staffs are motivated and are trained to remain productive within the organization.
Managing Human Resources in Health and Social Care Conclusion
This study has in this case discovered that recruiting best workers is important to every organization. This paper seeks to describe the approaches which involve training and developing the most effective employees. The aims at improving at understanding systems used to monitor and promote the development of employees so that they can work as a team.
Managing Human Resources in Health and Social Care References
Colvin, A, & Gough, M 2015, ‘Individual Employment Rights Arbitration in the United States’, Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 68, 5, pp. 1019-1042, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost,viewed14April2016.RetrievedFrom:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=110155333&site=ehost-live\
Decramer, A, Smolders, C, & Vanderstraeten, A 2013, ‘Employee performance management culture and system features in higher education: relationship with employee performance management satisfaction’, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 24, 2, pp. 352-371, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016 RetrievedFrom;http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=83561511&site=ehost-live
Downey, L, Lee, B, & Stough, C 2011, ‘Recruitment Consultant Revenue: Relationships with IQ, personality, and emotional intelligence’, International Journal Of Selection & Assessment, 19, 3, pp. 280-286, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016.Retrived From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=64905370&site=ehost-live
Findley, S, Matos, S, Hicks, A, Campbell, A, Moore, A, & Diaz, D 2012, ‘Building a Consensus on Community Health Workers’ Scope of Practice: Lessons From New York’, American Journal Of Public Health, 102, 10, pp. 1981-1987, Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016. RetrievedFrom:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tfh&AN=82041368&site=ehost-live
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Manroop, L, Singh, P, & Ezzedeen, S 2014, ‘Human Resource Systems and Ethical Climates: A Resource-Based Perspective’, Human Resource Management, 53, 5, pp. 795-816, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016. RetrievedFrom:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=101763003&site=ehost-live
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Van Bogaert, P, Peremans, L, Diltour, N, Van heusden, D, Dilles, T, Van Rompaey, B, & Havens, D 2016, ‘Staff Nurses’ Perceptions and Experiences about Structural Empowerment: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study’, Plos ONE, 11, 4, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016RetrivedFrom:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=114181107&site=ehost-live
Please follow all the attached instructions carefully
SAMPLE ANSWER
Deep vein thrombosis is a serious health condition often associated with fatal consequences. The patient presents with many risk factors that increase her chances of developing DVT. The patient has had a re-current DVT condition which could be an indicator that she has an inheriting blood clot disorder. This disorder makes the patient’s blood clot with ease. This inherited condition does not cause health complication, unless it is facilitated by other associated risk factors (Aubry, Etheridge, & Couturier, 2012).
Disease pathophysiology and treatment
DVT occurs when a thrombus (blood clot) forms in one of the patients deep veins in their body- normally in the legs. The disease pathophysiology indicates that the disease could be arising from a triad of possible alterations in the venous system. This includes the injury of the vessel wall, changes in blood flow patterns (venous status) and changes in blood constituency (hypercoagulability). These changes occur due to various factors such as pathologies, treatments and therapies. Blood vessel injury can occur due to trauma, invasive treatments of surgery (Aubry, Etheridge, & Couturier, 2012).
Venous stasis is mainly common in patients on prolonged bed rest which causes changes in blood circulation. Patient medication can alter the coagulation of the blood. The most causative agent for this patient is venous stasis and hypercoagulability. Venous stasis is suspected because the patient is old and presents with multiple comorbidities that make her remain at rest for a long time. Hypercoagulability is suspected because the patient is under many medications that could be interacting, affecting coaguability of blood. Additionally, the patient smokes and uses alcohol, additional factors associated with the alterations of her blood constituencies (Songwathana, Promlek & Naka, 2011).
Treatment of deep vein thrombosis aimed at preventing blood clotting from becoming bigger and also to ensure that the clot does not break loose causing further complications such as pulmonary embolism. After this, the next goal is to ensure that risk factors that could lead to re-current DVT are addressed. The main treatment includes blood thinners/ anticoagulant which help in decreasing the ability of the blood to clot (Dunphy et al., 2012).
The medication helps reduce risks of developing additional clots. In this case, the patient is given an infusion of heparin (appropriate doasage) for few days. Upon discharge, the patient is given warfarin. The patient is also given compression stockings which helps prevent edema associated with DVT. Other treatments such as use of filters and clot-busters will be considered if the aforementioned medication regimen fails to improve patient condition (Kibbe, Pearce, & Yao, 2010).
Patient’s rick factors
In this regard, the patient is at high risk of recurrent DVT because of the following risk factors. To start with, the patient has osteoporosis complication on her RT knee. This implies that her normal lifestyle comprises of prolonged rest. When patient legs remain still for a prolonged duration, the calf muscles fails to contract effectively to facilitate blood circulation, this increases the likely hood of re-current DVT (Songwathana, Promlek & Naka, 2010). The patient is smokes which increases her risk of DVT. Smoking by products affects the blood clotting and circulation, which further increases her risk for recurrent DVT. Cardiovascular disease complications increase the risk for DVT. This is attributable to the fact that she already has limited heart function, which exacerbates even with minor symptoms of DVT. The age also increases risk factors for DVT. The patient is 74 years (above 60 years) which increases risk for DVT (Kibbe, Pearce, & Yao, 2010).
The patient should be educated on common indicators of the onset of DVT. Generally, the patient experiences general body weakness. This symptom is nonspecific as many health conditions make the patient to be generally weak (Bagot & Tait, 2012). However, if the patient experiences oedema in the affected extremity and feels a bumpy knotty vein, she should seek medical attention immediately. The patient is likely to experience throbbing aching pain on the affected extremity especially during movement (Dunphy et al., 2012).
Nursing Care plans (Songwathana, Promlek & Naka, 2011);
a) Maintain tissue perfusion to manage the thrombus
b) Minimize patient paint to promote maximum patient comfort
c) Prevention of further complication
d) Providing patient education on the disease process and treatment regimen
DISCHARGE PLANS
Discharge the patient when:
a) Tissue perfusion improved in the limb affected
b) Pain and discomfort is resolved
c) Further complication is prevented
d) Disease prognosis and therapeutic needs is well understood
e) Care plan is put in place to meet further needs after discharge
Discharge item
Procedure steps suggested
RN Initials once completed
Reconciliation of medication
RN discusses with the patient/caregiver the post discharge medication including the interaction and side effects.
Patient understands the alternative medications and their consequences
Patient/caregiver given list of post-discharge medication-pharmacists involved if necessary. Patient should call in for any new prescriptions
Confirms medication are available in the pharmacy and covered by patients medical cover post discharge
RN describes the benefits for medication adherence
Transition record
RN completes written transition/discharge summary
Discharge plan reconciled with the transition record and care plan clinical guidelines
Patient instructions
Patient/caregiver provided with simple instructions for primary language of the patient and the care provider. The format is individualised in a manner that patient and caregiver understands, no use of clinical abbreviations
Patient advised not to stop or introduce new treatment without talking to the physician
Patient/care giver is educated on the vital signs and symptoms for recurrent DVT
Follow up
Patient appointment for follow-up care is done
Patient provided with name, address, phone number of healthcare provider, date and time is indicated. Reason for the visit is written in a way that the patient and caregiver understands
Patient/caregiver is encouraged to carry with them the medication list to healthcare provider involved in delivery of their care
Patient counselling for DVT and anti-coagulant therapy
The healthcare provider should review the disease pathophysiology describing possible complications and their clinical manifestation. The patient is taught about the symptoms that they should do if they experience pain, swelling tenderness, redness or other discolouration of the affected leg, rapid pulse, shortness of breath, chest pains, coughing up of blood and raid pulse (Schulman, 2014). These adverse reactions should be checked when taking anticoagulants. The patient should contact her healthcare provider immediately (Davies, Lumsden, & Vykoukal, 2011). This increases the patient/care giver knowledge base from which they can make informed choices.
The patient should be advised to balance between activity and rest. Rest is important as it reduces oxygen demands and nutrients demands of the compromised tissues. The risks for fragmentation of thrombus are reduced significantly. Attaining the balance is important as it prevents further exhaustion. However, prolonged rest is dangerous too. The patient is referred to a physiotherapist to identify the most appropriate individualized activity program (Nyamekye & Merker, 2012).
The RN role is not only treating the disease, but to ensure that the patient obtains holistic healing. This implies that the RN should explore the predisposing factors that could be promoting re-current for DVT. The patient should be given more information on prescription assistance programs if RN identifies concerns of medication cost (Moneta, 2011). Additionally, the patient should be encouraged to stop smoking and should be enrolled in smoking cessation programs. The patient health status requires her to sit for a prolonged time. Therefore, RN should discuss with the patient on measures that can be used to promote blood flow in the extremities. This includes stretching or short walking distances after every three to four hours. The initiation of this new lifestyle will help change behaviors and will prevent DVT re-current (Dunphy et al., 2012).
The patient/care giver should be educated on the importance of adhering to anticoagulant medication to full treatment regimen. This helps in reducing risk factors for re-current DVT. The patient discussion is tailored to the mode of administration. This includes ensuring that the patient is comfortable with the parenteral agent. For oral anticoagulant that requires monitoring of INR, the patient or care giver must be educated on monitoring schedule and requirements. If on the course of the treatment the dosage regimen will change, the schedule is reviewed with the patient to ensure that they understand it (Huether & McCance, 2012). Understanding of these processes is important as it promotes cooperation of the prescribed therapy and reduces the chances of ineffective or improper use of therapeutic measures. This helps in promoting her safety by minimizing risks of deleterious side effects due to inadequate therapeutic responses (Dunphy et al., 2012).
Once the patient is discharged, they need to take steps that will help improve their quality of life. This includes activities such as checking regular medication and treatments. For instance, the patient under warfarin medications needs to have regular blood test to check blood clotting (Ghanny & Crowther, 2011). Their diets should be monitored because foods rich in vitamin K (green leafy vegetables, multivitamins, and bananas) interact with warfarin medication by increasing prothrombin activity. The blood thinners should be taken as directed. The patient should look out for excessive bleeding, normally a side effect for blood thinners medications. Patient safety must be maintained to avoid activities that will cause blood injuries. Other measures such as use of compression stockings should be used to minimize blood clots (Carlson & Pfadt, 2012).
References
Aubry,, F., Etheridge, F., & Couturier, Y.,(2012). Facilitating Change Among Nursing Assistants in Long Term Care. The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 18(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol18No01PPT01
Bagot, C., & Tait, C. (2012). Deep vein thrombosis: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Prescriber, 23(6), 43-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psb.885
Carlson, D., & Pfadt, E. (2012). Preventing deep vein thrombosis in perioperative patients. OR Nurse, 6(5), 14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.orn.0000418810.59376.38
Davies, M., Lumsden, A., & Vykoukal, D. (2011). Chronic venous insufficiency. Minneapolis: Cardiotext Pub.
Dunphy L M Winland-Brown J E Porter B O Thomas D J 2011 Primary care: the art and science of advanced practice nursingDunphy, L. M., Winland-Brown, J. E., Porter, B. O., & Thomas, D. J. (2011). Primary care: the art and science of advanced practice nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Ghanny, S., & Crowther, M. (2011). Management of deep vein thrombosis diagnosed during active labour. Thrombosis Research, 127(2), 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2010.08.011
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis
Kibbe, M., Pearce, W., & Yao, J. (2010). Venous disorders. Shelton, Conn.: People’s Medical Pub. House—USA.
Moneta, G. (2011). Symptomatic perioperative venous thromboembolism is a frequent complication in patients with a history of deep vein thrombosis. Yearbook Of Vascular Surgery, 2011, 83-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yvas.2011.03.009
Nyamekye, I., & Merker, L. (2012). Management of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Phlebology, 27(Supplement 2), 61-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012s37
Schulman, S. (2014). Distal deep vein thrombosis – a benign disease?. Thrombosis Research, 134(1), 5-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2014.04.001
Songwathana, P., Promlek, K., & Naka, K. (2010). Evaluation of clinical nursing practice guideline for preventing deep vein thrombosis in critically ill trauma patients. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 13(4), 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aenj.2010.08.291
Trapeznikova, E., & Vorobyeva, N. (2013). P-016 Hereditary factors of the risk of deep venous [deep vein] thrombosis. Thrombosis Research, 131, S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0049-3848(13)70062-8
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form!
Aspects of Proposal used at Clinical Site Order Instructions: It is important that the writer note that this is not a research paper, but an Evidence base project.
Aspects of Proposal used at Clinical Site
This is a proposal and not a research paper, it would be important to note that you are not proposing a research project. The writer will also take into consideration that the student is currently completing clinical in a clinical site (Dr. Office setting). And also note that the proposal is on Lack of proper education on the patient with type 2 diabetes. The writer must also talk about hemoglobin A1C when talking about this proposal as the writer in previous papers have not talked about this very important aspect of type 2 diabetes. I will upload the EBP again to help the writer, but he must also understand that it is a continuation of previous papers on this same topic.
Building on work done in the clinical practicum setting this week, and looking toward your ongoing work as an MSN, address the following questions:
1. What aspects of your proposal may be used at the site? (clinical site)
2. What aspects of your proposal may be used in your ongoing work as an MSN?
Aspects of Proposal used at Clinical Site Sample Answer
Aspects of my proposal that can be used at the clinical site
Research indicates that diabetes Type 2 incidences are increasing at alarming rates (LeClair, 2013). The current management standard for diabetes type 2 is the use of pharmacological therapy, which is balanced with diet and exercises to maintain effective glycaemic control and to avoid associated complications. This is important because higher glycaemic levels are linked directly to higher rates of health complications. The glycaemic control is monitored by the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (Stranieri, Yatsko, Jelinek & Venkatraman, 2015).
At the clinical site, the diabetes team should ensure that they have validated screening protocols for diabetes type 2. The evidence-based research recommended HbA1c levels is 7.5% as levels above this threshold are associated with risks for hyperglycemia (Tomar, 2016). It is recommended that HbA1c test is performed at least twice every year for patients who adhere to treatment goals and quarterly for patients not meeting glycaemic goals (Stranieri, Yatsko, Jelinek, & Venkatraman, 2015). However, Evidence-based practice (EBP) recommends the use of individualized insulin therapy.
Additionally, EBP indicates that healthcare provider should conduct a comprehensive assessment of the family functioning such as parental psychopathology, communication, parental support and involvement, and self-care behaviors and attitudes. This helps in designing the most effective patient education plan and implementation of EBP that improves coping strategies for diabetes Type 2 (LeClair, 2013).
Aspects of my proposal that can be used in the ongoing work as an MSN
Evidence-based research indicates that physical activity and diet are the most important aspect of controlling the ABCs of Type 2 diabetes. The ABCs includes (HbA1c, Blood pressure and Cholesterol). Effective management of the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and to attain stable blood sugar control, it is very important for the patients to understand how to balance the food intake and physical activity. This involves patient education using the teach-back technique (Reinehr, 2013).
Anticipatory patient education and counseling of lifestyle modification are routine care are critical especially during the developmental transitions. Evidence-based studies indicate that successful management of diabetes type 2 will need heterogeneous interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, general diabetes education, and skills training. This increases diabetes knowledge which correlates with significant improvements in emotional, physical and developmental outcomes (Stranieri, Yatsko, Jelinek & Venkatraman, 2015).
The healthcare provider in Doctor Office setting should interact with the other multidisciplinary healthcare professionals including dieticians, pharmacists, nurses, physical therapists, psychiatrists, laboratory technicians, and physicians. While an MSN can give an outline of the management of diabetes type 2, it is important to refer the patients to the experts for detailed patient education. This has been found to be effective in improving patient knowledge of diabetes, medication adherence, beneficial stress management attitude and self-care ability and glycaemic control (Fain, 2012).
The training topics that should be covered continuously include the action of insulin, its administration, dosage, blood glucose monitoring, ketone testing and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Additionally, the patient should be educated on the detection and treatment of hypoglycemia (Stranieri, Yatsko, Jelinek & Venkatraman, 2015). Nutrition therapy training should cover what the patient should eat and the quantity. Exercises education includes outlining the effective exercise duration, what to do before and after exercises. It is important to initiate a discussion with the patient and their families on challenging factors associated with coping strategies. Examples of these factors include psychological issues, concerns on body shape or size, substance use, and general issues on patient life (Tomar, 2016).
Aspects of Proposal used at Clinical Site References
LeClair, E. (2013). Type 1 Diabetes and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents. Journal Of Diabetes & Metabolism, 01(S10). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.s10-004
Fain, J. (2012). National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support: Updated and Revised 2012. The Diabetes Educator, 38(5), 595-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721712460840
Reinehr, T. (2013). Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World Journal Of Diabetes, 4(6), 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v4.i6.270
Stranieri, A., Yatsko, A., Jelinek, H., & Venkatraman, S. (2015). Data-analytically derived flexible HbA1c thresholds for type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnostic. Artificial Intelligence Research, 5(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/air.v5n1p111
Tomar, D. (2016). Detection of Diabetes Mellitus Using HbA1C as Diagnostic Criteria. Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Research4(3), http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i3.21
1. Describe the topic and case provided. Sets the scene clearly for essay.
2. Provide description aetiology of Post Natal Depression (PND) and factors associated with the development of PND. Clearly differentiates from ‘baby blues’ and identifies risk factors apparent for Sally.
3. Provide an overview and explanation of common signs and symptoms associated with PND. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
4. Describes the criteria for assessment and diagnosis of Post Natal Depression. Outlines screening tools used pre and postnatal for the identification of PND. Demonstrates a clear understanding of why Sally was diagnosed with PND.
5. Describes the psychological and physiological alterations that may accompany PND. Provides an e overview of Pathophysiology associated with PND to required depth. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
6. Explains the main goal of management for Sally and treatment available. (Pharmacological and non-pharmacological). Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
7. Provide an overview and explanation of short and long term complications associated with PND. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided.
8. Provides an excellent overview and explanation of 3 lifestyle modifications relevant to Sally’s condition. Provides a correct overview of support services available for Sally. Relates clearly and succinctly to the case of Sally provided .
References
• Minimum 14 references (credible sources).
• Word count – 2000
SAMPLE ANSWER
Introduction
Why am I not happy after giving birth? What is wrong with me? These are some of the questions that some women ask themselves a few days after giving birth. Instead of life with a new baby being rewarding and thrilling, it becomes so hard and stressful. What such women do not understand is that several emotional as well as physical changes occur to them when they are pregnant and after they have given birth. These feelings can relapse quickly or they can persist for quite a long period and even get worse a condition referred by physicians as postnatal depression (PND). PND is a disorder characterized by a wide range of emotional and physical alterations that many women experience after birth (O’hara & McCabe, 2013). Normally, PND occurs a few days after a woman has given birth. It is not only experienced after the birth of the first borne only but also with other children. A mother can have abrupt mood swings, sleeping problems, sadness, restless, irritable, lonely, anxious, and a woman’s daily activities are also affected. These symptoms are brought out clearly in the case study provided. For instance, Sally says she feels tired and exhausted from looking after her children, she has lost her appetite, and sleeps for only 4-5 hours a clear indication that she is having sleeping problems. Moreover, Sally reports that she has difficulty concentrating in her accounting work and has recently become forgetful with her daily chores, feels lonely, and does not cope with her situation.
PND is caused by several factors. According to O’Hara (2013), women experience hormonal changes in their bodies that activate depression symptoms after pregnancy. During pregnancy, the levels of progesterone and estrogen hormones increase substantially in a woman’s body. However, the amounts of these hormones decrease drastically to their normal non-pregnant levels within 24 hours of giving birth. This rapid drop in hormone levels has been implicated to depression, the same way that hormonal changes in a woman before she gets her menstrual period affects her moods.
At times, the levels of thyroid hormones may also decrease just after a woman has given birth (DelRosario, Chang & Lee, 2013). The thyroid gland is an organ that is responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism. However, when one has low levels of thyroid hormones, he/she can experience symptoms of depression such as decreased interest in activities, fatigue, irritability, difficult concentrating, sleep disorders, depressed mood as well as weight gain. These symptoms are similar to those reported by Sally in her presentation. A simple blood test can be conducted to determine if hypothyroidism is responsible for Sally’s depression. If so, Sally can be put on some thyroid medicines such as thyroxine and levothryronine, which will aid in increasing her hormone levels.
It is vital to note that there are some other factors that can contribute to development of postnatal depression. These factors include;
Broken sleep patterns, feeling tired after childbirth, and lack of adequate rest can keep a mother from recovering her full strength for several weeks,
The stress from variations of routines both at home and work whereby some mothers feel they should be “super moms” to their kids which usually is not the case and results in stress build up.
The feeling of having less free time and less control over it. The mothers feel depressed because they realize they will start staying indoors most of the time and will spend less time with their loved ones and partners.
PND differs from baby blues in various ways. For instance, baby blues’ onset is within 1-2 days after childbirth. It resolves without any intervention within 10 days after birth. Some of the symptoms of baby blues include sadness, mood swings, crying spells, anxiety, and loneliness (Gilbert, 2014). These symptoms are not severe and do not require any medical attention to be taken. Some of the intervention that can be conducted include taking a nap when a baby does, joining support groups, or talking to other moms. This is in contrast with PND which affects the well-being of a woman. It also affects the functioning of a woman for a long time. PND does not relapse easily. For management, PND is treated by a qualified doctor. Support groups, counseling, and medicines can also help.
It is important for mothers to know the common signs and symptoms of PND so that they can seek medical attention at the right time (O’Hara et al., 2009). Some of the sign and symptoms include;
Irritability, where a mother sometimes feels angry for no valid reason,
Anxiety,
Panic attacks are also common with symptoms of nausea, sweating hands, and a thumping heart.
Sleeping problems; mothers find it a bit difficult to sleep even though the baby is sound asleep.
Tiredness; the women are lethargic, cannot cope house chores, taking care of the baby or other tasks.
The women have poor concentration, can be confused and distracted. They also have trouble remembering or making decisions.
Being worried excessively about the baby
Feeling guilty and worthless
No interest in certain activities such as sex
Lack of appetite result in weight loss.
Overeating and weight gain
Tearfulness where a mother can cry often for reasons she understands very well
Obsessive behavior
Having chest pains, headaches, heart palpitations, hyperventilation, and numbness
PND assessment and diagnosis can be missed because the less severe symptoms are usually common after childbirth. Majority of the mental illnesses especially depression have similar symptoms as those of PND. During evaluation, a physician will ask about the patient’s symptoms; what they are? How long they have lasted, and how bad they are. The patient will also be asked on whether she has ever had similar symptoms before. Family or marital problems will also be assessed as well as presence of any family member with mental illness or if the patient has indulged in drug and alcohol abuse (Pearson et al., 2013). The patient’s medical history will also be examined appropriately to determine whether the patient has any physical cause that could be responsible for the manifested symptoms. Moreover, the physician can use screening tools to conduct the diagnosis. Some of these screening tools include;
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: This is a screening tool that consists of ten questions which a patient answers (Cox, Holden & Henshaw, 2014). Upon evaluation, the patient’s answers the probability of having PND. A score of 10 such as the one that Sally had during her pregnancy is an indication that she could be depressed. However, a score of above 10 indicates that the patient is at a high risk of developing PND and therefore should seek quick medical attention. For instance, Sally had a score of 22. This indicated that she had severe PND symptoms and she deserved urgent medical interventions to be taken.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) – This is a tool can be used pre or postnatal for screening, diagnosis, evaluation, and determining the severity of depression in an individual (O’Connor et al., 2016).
Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) are other tools that can be used for PND diagnosis and assessment.
PND has been linked with several psychological and physiological alterations. Some of the psychological changes include the feeling of one wanting to stay indoors and not meeting friends and other ones (Nanzer et al., 2012). A woman can become excessively obsessive whereby a woman tidies her home meticulously and tries to maintain high standards. A mother can also become distressed and may start avoiding scenarios where they experience them such as public areas, social activities, and shopping. Women with PND also develop little interest in their appearance, surroundings, and sex. In addition, one may develop overwhelming fears such as dying while others may develop extreme thoughts about harming their babies. On the other hand, the physiological changes include tearfulness, insomnia, and loss or gain of appetite which results in either weight loss or gain respectively.
The pathophysiology of PND involves a decrease in the brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (DelRosario, Chang & Lee, 2013). These transmitters are responsible for behavioral changes such as mood swings, fatigue, agitation, vigilance, and motivation. These psychological changes arise due to abnormalities in the synthesis, storage as well as release of these hormones. Other implicated causes include abnormalities in neurotransmitter reuptake, and receptors which may result in low levels of the hormones reaching the target site hence result in PND development.
The main goal of treating PND symptoms such as Sally is to manage the symptoms associated with these disorders lest they progress and become severe. PND treatment can be both pharmacological and non-pharmacological (Rudy Bowen & Kazi Rahman, 2012). The pharmacological therapy for PND usually entails the use of antidepressant agents with the main types being;
selective serotonin inhibitors such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
serotonin/dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as bupropion and duloxetine
monoamine oxidase inhibitors,
Tricyclic antidepressants: These agents are normally prescribed to patients with severe PND such as Sally who recorded an EPDS score of 22 during her diagnosis. These agents include amitriptyline and imipramine.
Alternatively, non-pharmacological interventions can be also be used in PND treatment. This is crucial especially to women such as Sally who would like to continue breastfeeding their children at the same time manage their PND condition. Some drugs can traverse into breast milk and may cause dire consequences especially in babies who do not have well developed systems for breakdown of drugs. For instance, Sally can be advised by the physician to use essential oils such as almond oil and grape seed oil for PND management. Lavender, roman chamomile, or marjoram can also be used in a warm water bath before rest to aid in the creation of a sense of more energy for fatigue management. Massage therapy for stress reduction, acupuncture managing thyroid function imbalances, cranial sacral therapy for relaxation, proper diet, yoga, and reiki can also be used (Dennis & Dowswell, 2013).
If PND is left untreated, it interferes with mother-child bonding and can cause severe acute or chronic family complications (Milgrom et al., 2016). The acute complications include;
PND having ripple effect which may generate emotional strain for individuals close to the baby. For instance, Sally’s PND can increase the risk of depression in Tim whenever he is at home. Her children and the neighbor who takes care of Sally’s child at times can also be affected as well. The baby is also at risk of developing behavioral and emotional complications such as eating and sleeping difficulties, hyperactivity disorder/ attention-deficit, and excessive crying.
Chronic complications include delays in language development among babies (Schetter & Tanner, 2012). The mother also develops risks of developing major depression problems in future which may deteriorate her health condition.
Sally can engage in several lifestyle modifications which will help her manage her condition effectively. For instance, she can take part in daily exercises for about 90 minutes every week. Yonkers, Vigod & Ross (2012), report that a 5-15 minute bursts are as effective as longer stretches provided the overall exercise time is maintained. Therefore, Sally can pick her baby and take a walk in the nearby park. She can also resume her social activities such as going to the gym or attending church services. She can find supportive and understanding individuals in these forums who she may share her thoughts, feelings, and experiences with. Besides, Sally will also be to pray and meditate regularly in church; this is a healthy way for a mother to integrate her motherhood. Finally, Sally can start eating meals that will promote her appetite and work on it accordingly.
Conclusion
PND is a common disorder. There are several causes of PND the most common being hormonal imbalance. The signs and symptoms of this disorder are quite distinct and women should be educated properly on them so that they can seek medical intervention the immediately they have such symptoms before it progresses into drastic complications that can affect the family as a whole. PND can be treated easily through pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. Lifestyle modifications are also a crucial step toward leading a PND-free life.
References
Cox, J., Holden, J., & Henshaw, C. (2014). Perinatal Mental Health: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Manual. RCPsych Publications.
DelRosario, G. A., Chang, A. C., & Lee, E. D. (2013). Postpartum depression: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 26(2), 50-54.
Dennis, C. L., & Dowswell, T. (2013). Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7.
Gilbert, P. (2014). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Psychology Press.
Milgrom, J., Danaher, B. G., Gemmill, A. W., Holt, C., Holt, C. J., Seeley, J. R., & Ericksen, J. (2016). Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Women with Postnatal Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial of MumMoodBooster. Journal of medical Internet research, 18(3), e54.
Nanzer, N., Rossignol, A. S., Righetti-Veltema, M., Knauer, D., Manzano, J., & Espasa, F. P. (2012). Effects of a brief psychoanalytic intervention for perinatal depression. Archives of women’s mental health, 15(4), 259-268.
O’Connor, E., Rossom, R. C., Henninger, M., Groom, H. C., & Burda, B. U. (2016). Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA, 315(4), 388-406.
O’Hara, M. W. (2013). Postpartum depression: Causes and consequences. Springer-Verlag.
O’hara, M. W., & McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 379-407
O’Hara, M. W., Schlechte, J. A., Lewis, D. A., & Varner, M. W. (2009). Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: psychological, environmental, and hormonal variables. Journal of abnormal psychology, 100(1), 63.
Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., Kounali, D., Lewis, G., Heron, J., Ramchandani, P. G., & Stein, A. (2013). Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years. JAMA psychiatry, 70(12), 1312-1319.
Rudy Bowen, M. D., & Kazi Rahman, M. B. B. S. (2012). Patterns of depression and treatment in pregnant and postpartum women. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(3), 161.
Schetter, C. D., & Tanner, L. (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice.Current opinion in psychiatry, 25(2), 141
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S., & Ross, L. E. (2012). Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of mood disorders in pregnant and postpartum women.FOCUS.
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Cost Effective Screening for Cervical Cancer Every Year The original Article is attached below
The medical evidence is clear: Cervical cancer screening saves lives.
Cost Effective Screening for Cervical Cancer Every Year
Much of the focus of cost-effectiveness research addresses issues concerning the appropriate screening interval. D.M. Eddy (Screening for cervical cancer, Annals of Internal Medicine 113, 214-226, 1990) studied the issue and estimated that annual screening for a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 22-year-old women screened until age 75 would cost $1,093,000 and would save 27.6 life years. If screened every three years instead, the cost would be $467,000 and 26.8 life years would be saved.
Please compare the three (3) year screening results to that of the one (1) year screening results and write a paper supporting which one you think is more
cost-effective.
In addition to the reference above please review other recent (within the last five years) literature on the benefits and cost of screening for cervical
cancer and present a 1-2 page response in your own words citing all references and sources used to prepare your response.
Please post your formally written work in the drop box and subsequently go to the discussion board to have a discussion with your classmates on the matter by
responding to at least 2 feedbacks from your peers.
Which is more Cost Effective Screening for Cervical Cancer Every Year or Every Three (3) Years?
The question that needs to be commented on is whether it is more cost effective to have a screening for cervical cancer every year or is it more cost
effective to have a cervical cancer screening every three (3) years. In other words, would it be more cost effective, more beneficial, more important, and
more advantageous for women, for families, for society for women to have a cervical cancer screening every year, or have cervical cancer screening every
three (3) years? Please consider the advantages and disadvantages of screening every year then compare the advantages and disadvantages of screening every
three (3) year. After you have compared the advantages and disadvantages of each type of screening please tell me which one you think is more cost effective,
better, more important, more beneficial for the females, for their families and for society.
Do not comment on the overall effectiveness of having a cervical cancer screening by itself. THIS IS NOT WHAT THE QUESTION IS ABOUT. It is already known that
screening for cervical cancer is beneficial and offer many good things to a woman, her family, her friends, and society. THE QUESTION IS WHICH IS BETTER,
TO SCREEN EVERY YEAR OR TO SCREEN EVERY THREE (3) YEARS.
Here are the three web-based text readers from the Web 2.0 commentary. Visit at one of these websites and try the software. Then watch the videos on the
Kurzweil website. Report back on your experience: be sure to include:
1. Which Web 2.0 reader did you use?
2. How did you use it?
3. What kind of print materials did you try to read?
4. How was the ease of use?
5. What special features did you find?
6. compare and contrast with the Kurzweil, and
7. Anything else you think we should know.
8. Reflect on what you learned and how you might use this AT.
Text Aloud
http://www.nextup.com/TextAloud/index.html Would you like to take digital text and convert it to an MP3 or Windows Media file? Then take a look at Text
Aloud, “The World’s Most Popular Text to Speech Tool.” A free download is available to try it out before you buy.
Natural Reader
(free reader)
http://www.naturalreaders.com/
This reader with highlighted text reads MSWord files, text files, Adobe PDF files, web pages and emails where you can change the voice, volume and speed.
Natural Reader Professional and Enterprise versions can also be purchase that offer natural voices.
Kurzweil 3000
(for purchase)
Visit the video gallery: http://www.kurzweiledu.com/video-gallery.html
Kurzweil was the inventor of this, the first, text to speech reader. I saw the first on in the early 1970’s at the VA Hospital where I taught Braille and
daily living skills to veterans returning from the Viet Nam conflict. It was a machine that looked like a copy machine and was actually that big. Stevie
Wonder paid $15,000 for his personal Kurzweil. Now it is a software program that can be loaded to any electronic device. Take a look at the features it
offers teachers and students.
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CommunityMental Health Center for Family Treatment Exam 1. FAMILY ASSESSMENT
You are a social worker employed by a community mental health center that specializes in family-based treatment.
Community Mental Health Center for Family Treatment
You will be using your movie selection
(Stepmom movie which is a 1998 tear-jerker directed by Chris Columbus and starring Julia Roberts, Susan Sarandon, and Ed Harris) to obtain information about
the featured child and family to obtain information for your assessment and treatment plan. When there is more than one child in a family, pick only one
child. Your identified client should be the child, but you need to include the family in your assessment and, in the next assignment, your treatment plan.
You will have to take a bit of poetic license about any of the family members as you like, but try not to make up too much information…use the information in the movie. You will observe the family then prepare a multi-dimensional assessment report. It is required that you use the grading matrix framework found below in the grading matrix. Important criteria include: Multidimensionality, support for inferences, and practitioner impressions, etc.
Exam 1. Grading Matrix
Multidimensionality
(1) Specification of problem
(2) Client Motivation
(3) Client Resources (strengths)
(4) Interpersonal functioning
(5) Intrapersonal functioning
(6) Ethnic/Cultural/Gender
Considerations
(7) Developmental considerations
I. Inferences and Impressions
(8) Supported by evidence (documentation)
(9) Practitioners’ impressions, including initial problems targeted for treatment, but not the treatments yet (that comes in Exam 2).
(10) Suggested measurement of problems (one qualitative & one quantitative)
Compare and Contrast Military Doctors vs Civilian Doctors
I also need an outline that is subject by subject or feature by feature. Doctors working in an environment of armed conflict face situations where patients have overwhelming injuries. There is often limited access to medical resources to provide treatment. And the doctors themselves may be in danger. While doctors are bound by their own professional ethics and the Geneva Conventions, the legal, moral and ethical tenets under which they operate can be seriously challenged.